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s Plant-parasitic nematodes infect the roots of crops which bring rigorous economic loss to food industry across the globe. Several plant protection agents are being used but they cause severe negative environmental and health impacts. Recently, organic matter has become an important green alternative for several pesticides including nematicides. In the present study, identification and management of stylet bearing nematodes associated with Malus pumila from different locations of Khanpur, Pakistan, have been presented. Soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of infected M. pumila and isolated using Baermann funnel extraction technique. Collected specimens were killed, fixed and mounted. After identification, cow dung (organic) and carbofuran (inorganic) were applied after taking the first soil samples and soil samples were recollected and analyzed after 3 months of applications. Ten species of nematodes; Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Helicotylenchus vulgaris, Meloidogyne javanica, Meloidogyne incognita, Aphelenchus avenae, Pratylenchus penetrans, Filenchus sheri, Psilenchus hilarulus and Tylenchus semipenetrans were identified from different locations. Results of amendments revealed that carbofuran was found more effective because of its intense toxic properties, whereas nematode decline rate was slow in case of organic amendments. Being an insecticide, carbofuran killed maximum nematodes but it is highly toxic. If the time period is increased, comparable results can be achieved by applying cow dung, which makes it an environmentally friendly option for the protection of plants against nematodes.

Complex diseases caused by Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium fungus in cucumber is the most destructive disease under polyhouses. The experiment was conducted in the polyhouse of the Department of Horticulture, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana, India during summer season (2015–16) to evaluate the potential of bacterial and fungal biocontrol agents against Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum in cucumber. Bioagents - Trichoderma viride (Tv), Pseudomonas fluorescence (Pf), Purpureocillium lilacinum (Pl) were taken 10 and 20 g kg−1 seed and bioagents liquid formulation, 10- and 15-ml kg−1 seed, were mixed with the potted soil. Chemical as well as untreated check were also maintained. All the treatments significantly improved the plant growth parameter, viz., shoot length (SL), root length (RL), fresh shoot weight (FSW), fresh root weight (FRW), dry shoot weight (DSW) and dry root weight (DRW) as compared to untreated check. However, significant reduction in nematode population and maximum improvement in plant growth parameter was recorded with carbofuran followed by higher dose of bioagents liquid formulation. Among the bioagents, bioagents liquid formulation was most effective in suppressing root knot nematode galling (43 / root system) and final population in soil (131 J2s / 200 cc soil) and fungus wilt incidence (25 %) at 30th day of after germination and significantly improved the plant growth parameters - shoot length (147.3 cm), fresh shoot weight (55.6 g), dry shoot weight (22.51 g) and dry root weight (4.50 g) from other bioagents. Bioagents liquid formulation was effective in suppression of root-knot nematode and fungus complex disease than the powder formulations of bioagents. More studies should be needed in future to evaluate the efficacy of bioagents as seed treatments and soil applications under field conditions.

Field studies were conducted on the application of Leucaena leucocephala leaf extracts as an alternative to carbofuran a synthetic nematicide, while possible residues of carbofuran in tomato fruits were also analysed. Acetone, methanol and petroleum ether fractions of the leaves of L. leucocephala were applied at 200 mg/mL in variants of 100 mL, 150 mL and 200 mL to a naturally nematode infested field. Comparison was made with carbofuran a synthetic insecticide and nematicide. Samples of tomato fruits from carbofuran treated and untreated beds were extracted with ethyl acetate for residual pesticide analysis to ascertain the exceedance of the maximum residue limit (MRL). Results revealed that pesticide residue was significantly (p = 0.05) higher in plots treated with carbofuran compared with standard MRL for carbofuran in tomatoes. Crude extracts of L. leucocephala were as effective as carbofuran, while the fraction was however significantly better in producing higher numbers of fruits and reduced nematode population in root and soil of tomato plants.

Phosphate-solubilising bacteria are an important component of sustainable agriculture but their number and performance are reduced due to the presence of pesticides in soils. The potato requires a high amount of phosphorus making it a fertilizer-demanding crop. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim to develop pesticide-tolerant phosphate-solubilising bacterial inoculants for improving growth and phosphorus content in potato. Phosphate-solubilising bacteria were isolated from potato rhizosphere and screened for pesticide tolerance, phosphate solubilisation in the presence of pesticides and growth promotion of potato in pesticide-amended soils. Nineteen phosphate-solubilising bacteria isolated from potato rhizosphere showed phosphate solubilisation ranging from 115 to 747 µg ml−1 with significant difference among the isolates. Out of 19 isolates tested for tolerance against two commonly used pesticides in potato, two isolates showed tolerance up to 7.5 μl ml−1 (3 times the recommended dose) of chlorpyrifos and 0.75 g ml−1 (2 times the recommended dose) of carbofuran. These two pesticide-tolerant bacterial isolates also showed phosphate-solubilisation in the presence of chlorpyrifos and carbofuran, although the phosphate-solubilising ability decreased significantly with increased pesticide concentrations. The isolates were identified as Arthrobacter oxydans PR1PSB2 and Bacillus flexus PR2PSB1 based on phenotypic features, biochemical tests, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF–MS). The bacterial treatments Arthrobacter oxydans PR1PSB2 and Bacillus flexus PR2PSB1 alone or in combined application exhibited a significant increase in the growth parameters, phosphorus (P) content, and soil available P over the uninoculated control under greenhouse conditions in potato in the presence of pesticides. However, the plant growth promotion and P content decreased with an increase in pesticide concentrations. Pesticide-tolerant phosphate-solubilising Arthrobacter oxydans and Bacillus flexus from potato are reported for the first time.

A series of chalcones (1-14) were synthesized, characterized (using IR and 1H NMR techniques), and evaluated with an objective to manage rice root-knot nematode (RRKN) (Meloidogyne graminicola) both under pluronic gel and field conditions. Out of these fourteen compounds, 1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-phenyl-propenone (13) and 1,3-diphenyl-propenone (14) showed promising and dose dependent activity at 10, 20, and 40 mg L-1. A significant reduction in penetration of second stage juveniles (J2s) in rice roots was observed in compounds 13 (9.5-12.0 J2s/plant) and 14 (10.5-13.4 J2s/plant) compared to control plants (PB1121) (13.5-23.6 J2s/plant) in pluronic gel study. The results of field trials indicated that 14, showed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) better plant growth on 28 days after sowing (DAS) compared to 13. Both 13 and 14 reduced gall formation significantly than carbofuran 3 G @1 kg a.i./ha. However, lower concentrations were less effective in field in reducing the gall formation. Also, a significant reduction in the number of galls was observed when soil was drenched with 14 @ 40 mg L-1. However, root dipping was not as effective as soil drenching. The study revealed that both the chalcones have the potential for effective management of RRKN in fields, and can be a better alternative to carbofuran.

Slow decline disease caused by Tylenchulus semipenetrans is a major threat to global citrus production. Identification of suitable bio-agents that can be applied through a drip irrigation system by growers becomes inevitable for successful citrus production. Hence, field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of different liquid bio-inoculants, such as Bacillus subtilis, Purpureocillium lilacinum, and Trichoderma viride delivered through drip irrigation system on acid lime trees naturally infected with T. semipenetrans. They were applied at 4 L/ha, and their effect was compared with that of the spot application of carbofuran 3G at 100 g per tree. All tested bio-inoculants substantially suppressed the population density of T. semipenetrans in soil and acid lime roots. Among the bio-inoculants, P. lilacinum with 54.9–74.4% and 53.4–74.3% reductions in population in soil and root, respectively, performed best, followed by B. subtilis and T. viride. The effect of P. lilacinum was comparable to that of the chemical standard check carbofuran in location I, but P. lilacinum surpassed carbofuran in location II. Survival in soil and colonization on acid lime roots by P. lilacinum was higher than by B. subtilis and T. viride. The egg mass parasitization by P. lilacinum was also 7.1–7.5 times higher than by T. viride. The suppression of T. semipenetrans by P. lilacinum led to an increase in the number of fruits (19.0–23.3%), fruit weight (20.2–22.3%), and fruit yield (35.4–40.3%) in acid lime trees. The cost–benefit ratio by P. lilacinum was also higher (1: 2.6–1: 3.0), whereas it was lower in carbofuran treatment (1: 2.3—1: 2.4). It is concluded that the delivery of liquid P. lilacinum at 4 L/ha through a drip irrigation system was highly effective and economical for the management of acid lime trees infected with T. semipenetrans under field conditions.

Carbofuran is a broad‐spectrum synthetic pesticide. Its exposure to non‐target mammals affects the biological system through the induction of oxidative stress. Since oxidative stress is a major contributing factor to cellular autophagy and senescence, our present investigation determined the impacts of carbofuran‐induced oxidative stress on cellular autophagy and senescence. A transmembrane protein, Spinster homolog 1 (Spns1), is involved in autophagic lysosomal metabolism. Its mutation accelerates the cellular senescence and shortens the lifespan. Using a transgenic zebrafish line, expressing fluorescent microtubules‐associated protein 1 light chain 3 (EGFP‐LC3) at the membrane of the autophagosome, we found that carbofuran affects autophagic lysosomal biogenesis in wild‐type zebrafish and exacerbates autophagic defect in spns1‐mutant zebrafish. In real‐time mortality study, carbofuran has shortened the lifespan of wild‐type fish. Nrf2 is a stress‐responsive transcription factor that regulates the expression of antioxidant genes (such as gstp1) in the prevention of oxidative stress‐mediated cellular damage. To assess the effect of carbofuran on Nrf2 signalling, we established a dual‐monitoring transgenic zebrafish line, expressing gstp1 promoter‐driven EGFP and mCherry‐tagged Neh2 domain of Nrf2. Our results suggested that the exposure of carbofuran has down‐regulated both Nrf2 and Gstp1 expressions. Overall, carbofuran affects cellular autophagy and accelerates senescence by enervating the Nrf2 signalling.

The presence of pesticide residues in Dendrobium officinale (D. officinale), a commonly used herbal medicine, has attracted much attention in recent years. Therefore, this study presents the levels of 141 pesticide residues in forty D. officinale samples, which were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). And we used a deterministic estimate model to assess chronic and acute dietary exposure risk, as well as the cumulative risks for adults, children, and specific groups of consumers. Furthermore, the residual risk of individual pesticides was sorted by adapting the matrix-ranking scheme. In 92.5% of the samples, 43 pesticides were detected, of which difenoconazole had the highest detection frequency. Multiple residues were detected in 85.0% of the samples, and one sample contained even up to 17 pesticides. The chronic hazard quotient (HQc) and the acute hazard quotient (HQa) were far below 100%, and both cumulative chronic and acute hazard indices (HI) did not exceed 100%. The risk scoring scheme showed that four pesticides were considered to pose a comparatively potential high risk, including difenoconazole, carbofuran, fipronil, and emamectin benzoate. The results indicated that the occurrence of pesticide residues in D. officinale could not pose a serious health problem to the public.

Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of different liquid bio-products such as neem seed kernel extract (NSKE), azadirachtin and humic acid delivered through drip irrigation system on acid lime trees naturally infested with citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans. All the bio-products were applied at 4 L/ha twice at 30 days interval and their effect was compared with carbofuran 3G at 100 g/tree. All the tested bio-products significantly suppressed T. semipenetrans density in soil and acid lime roots. Among them, NSKE was superior that reduced T. semipenetrans population by 56.8–58.1% in soil and 46.4–56.2% in root. Azadirachtin was the next followed by humic acid. The effect of NSKE was comparable to the chemical standard check carbofuran in location I, but NSKE surpassed carbofuran in location II. Suppression of T. semipenetrans infestation and infection by NSKE lead to improvement in the number of fruits (21.3–22.3%) and fruit weight (17.4–20.8%) in acid lime trees. NSKE delivery through drip system resulted in 35.8–37.9% more fruit yield. The benefit-cost ratio was also higher in NSKE (1:3.7–1:4.8) where as it was lesser in carbofuran treatment (1:1.3–1:3.0).

Commercial exploitation of the coffee crop is one of the most important activities in the world’s agricultural sector. One of the main phytosanitary problems affecting the crop is the presence of Meloidogyne incognita. Several measures have been tested for the management of this pathogen, albeit with low efficiency. The objective of this work was to quantify the damage and losses and to manage M. incognita race 1 with Pochonia chlamydosporia and Trichoderma harzianum biological nematicides, comparing them to a chemical nematicide. The experiment was carried out in a commercial area naturally infested by the nematode and cultivated with the conilon coffee variety ‘Vitória INCAPER 8142’, clone V02. The treatments were tested with Carbofuran nematicide and with biological nematicides composed of P. chlamydosporia Pc-10 and T. harzianum ESALQ 1306. The biological products were applied alone or in combination. The lowest NPF (final nematode population) occurred in plants treated with P. chlamydosporia and Carbofuran. P. chlamydosporia was the most effective biological agent in the management of M. incognita. There was a reduction in production with an increase in the nematode population. The highest application costs of management methods for M. incognita race 1 per hectare were for three and two applications of Carbofuran and three applications of P. chlamydosporia + T. harzianum. The treatments with lowest application costs were one application of T. harzianum and one application of P. chlamydosporia. It was concluded that all treatments were efficient for the management of M. incognita race 1, causing a decrease in the roots and soil population. A exploração comercial da cultura do café é uma das atividades mais importantes do setor agropecuário mundial. Um dos principais problemas fitossanitários da cultura é a presença de Meloidogyne incognita. Várias medidas têm sido testadas para o manejo desse patógeno, porém, com baixa eficiência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar os danos e as perdas e manejar M. incognita raça 1 com nematicidas biológicos à base de Pochonia chlamydosporia e Trichoderma harzianum. O experimento foi conduzido em uma área comercial naturalmente infestada pelo nematoide e cultivada com a variedade de café conilon ‘Vitória INCAPER 81421’, clone V02. Foram testados os tratamentos: nematicida Carbofurano; nematicidas biológicos à base de P. chlamydosporia Pc-10 e T. harzianum ESALQ 1306. Os produtos biológicos foram aplicados isoladamente ou associados. As menores populações finais de nematoides ocorreram em plantas tratadas com P. chlamydosporia e Carbofurano. P. chlamydosporia foi o agente biológico mais eficaz no manejo de M. incognita. Houve redução de produção com o aumento da população do nematoide. Os maiores custos de aplicação dos métodos de manejo para M. incognita raça 1 por hectare foram para três e duas aplicações de Carbofuran e três aplicações de P. chlamydosporia + T. harzianum. Os tratamentos com menores custos de aplicação foram uma aplicação de T. harzianum e uma aplicação de P. chlamydosporia. Conclui-se que todos os tratamentos foram eficientes para o manejo de M. incognita raça 1, acarretando diminuição da população do nematoide nas raízes e no solo. &nbsp

Raw buffalo, cow and goat milk collected from different locations of Northern India has been analyzed for suspected pesticides viz. azimsulfuron, cypermethrin, thiabendazole, crotonolactone, fluoxastrobin, aldicarb and carbofuran. Buffalo milk tested positive for azimsulfuron (4.51 ng/ml), cypermethrin (7.21 ng/ml) and thiabendazole (4.57 ng/ml). Cow’s milk did not show the presence of cypermethrin and thiabendazole, however, azimsulfuron (0.86 ng/ml), crotonolactone (4.73 ng/ml) and fluoxastrobin (0.54 ng/ml) were determined. Milk of the goats registered the presence of carbafuron (7.69 ng/ ml), fluoxastrobin (5.41 ng/ml) and azimsulfuron (5.28 ng/ml). Since all the milching cattle are herbivorous, these pesticides entered animal through food chain. The consumption of milk containing these pesticides even in traces may be hazardous to human population of Northern India. Concurrent presence of these pesticides may be more hazardous due to their synergistic manifestations. New synthetic molecules like azimsulfuron, fluoxastrobin and crotonolactone may pose severe public health problems.

BACKGROUND Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in soil can promote the uptake of nutrients and xenobiotics by plants. In this study, the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (including Glomus intraradices and Glomus mossea) on the growth of maize, the uptake of carbosulfan and the control efficacy on Spodoptera frugiperda were investigated through maize seed coating. RESULTS Results from the pot experiment showed that carbofuran reduced the mycorrhizal colonization of AM fungi in the early stage of the experiment. The inhibiting effect disappeared in 21-49 DAP, whereas the mycorrhizal colonization rate under the G. intraradices treatment was maintained at ≈90%. Compared with noninoculated treatment, the fresh weights of roots in G. intraradices and G. mosseae treatments increased by 20-41% and 10-23%, respectively. Mycorrhizal treatment could significantly increase the transmission rates (root/soil and leaf/stem) and the carbosulfan accumulation in maize. During the harvest period, the control efficacy against S. frugiperda in mycorrhizal treatment was significantly higher than that in noninoculated treatments (P

Safety issues on the residual effect of pesticides and their metabolites on fruits and vegetables are of utmost importance. Synthetic pesticides remain in fruit and vegetables after harvest causing great health hazards to the consumers. Field studies were conducted on the evaluation of Leucaena leucocephala leaves as an alternative to the use of synthetic nematicide, while possible residues of carbofuran in tomato fruits were also analysed. Acetone, methanol and petroleum ether fractions of the leaves of L. leucocephala were applied at 200 mg/mL in variants of 100 mL, 150 mL and 200 mLto a naturally nematode infested field. Comparison was made with carbofuran a synthetic nematicide. Samples of tomato fruits from carbofuran treated and untreated beds were extracted with ethyl acetate for residual pesticide analysis to ascertain the exceedance of the maximum residue limit (MRL). Results revealed that pesticide residue was significantly (P=0.05) higher in plots treated with carbofuran compared with standard MRL for carbofuran in tomatoes. Crude extracts of L. leucocephala were as effective as carbofuran, while the fraction was however significantly better in producing more numbers of fruits and reduced nematode population in root and soil.

The field experiment was conducted during rabi 2018-2019 at Sorghum Improvement project, MPKV, Rahuri to asses different pest management components against major pests of rabi sorghum. Maximum plant population per plot was observed in plots treated with seed treatment with Imidacloprid 70 WS @ 3 g/kg of seed. The lowest per cent of dead hearts caused due to shoot fly (11.97%) were recorded in T2 where the plots treated with seed treatment with imidacloprid 70 WS @ 3 g/kg. The lowest per cent of dead hearts caused due to stem borer (0.47%) were recorded in treatment of whorl application of Carbofuran 3G @ 8 kg/ha at 35 DAE i.e., T2. The least number of aphids were recorded in the treatment, T6: dimethoate 30% EC @ 1 ml/liter (1.48 aphid/cm2/leaf). Effectiveness of various pest management components on the grain and fodder yield of sorghum indicated that, significantly highest grain and fodder yield (36.20 and 63.00 q/ha, respectively) was obtained from plot treated with imidacloprid 70 WS @ 3 g/kg of seed.

A trial was conducted under green house condition to study the efficacy of some chemicals as soil fumigation and soil application on plant growth characters and reproduction of M. incognita infecting bell pepper. In this study, chemicals viz. metham sodium at 20 ml/m2, 30 ml/m2, 40 ml/m2, fluensulfone at 5 g/m2, 10 g/m2, 15 g/m2 and carbofuran at 20 g/m2 were applied and suitable control was also maintained for comparison. Observations on plant growth characters (shoot and root length, shoot and root weight) and nematode reproduction factors (number of galls per 5g root, number of egg masses per 5g root, nematode population/200 cc soil) and yield kg/plant were recorded. Results showed that metham sodium @ 40ml/m2 was best treatment to improve the plant growth characters, yield and reducing nematode reproduction on bell pepper.

A study was conducted to assess the effect of individual and combined application of Trichoderma viride and other organic amendments on plant growth and nematode multiplication parameters in comparison with chemical, carbofuran 3G and untreated check for management of root-knot nematodes under polyhouse in Bihar. Maximum improvement in the plant growth parameters was observed with combined application of T. viride @ 10 g/pot + neem cake @ 100 g/pot. Carbofuran 3G @ 2 kg a.i./ha was found most effective in controlling root knot nematodes. T. viride @ 10 g/pot + neem cake @ 100 g/pot increased crop yield by 77 %, compared to 60 % with carbofuran. Neem cake had increased the efficiency of the biocontrol agent, which might be partially due to reduction in nematode population by the action of toxicity of fungal bio agents and partly to the fact that neem cake additive served as manure for management of M. incognita.

Bridelia tomentosa (B. tomentosa) is a traditional medicinal plant for treating diverse ailments. Hence, we designed our study to scrutinize the protective effect of the methanol extract of B. tomentosa leaf (BTL) against carbofuran-induced oxidative stress-mediated hepato-toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats for the first time, along with the identification and quantification of phenolic acids and flavonoids by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and evaluation of antioxidant and antiradical activities of this extract. HPLC analysis confirmed the existence of tannic acid, gallic acid, salicylic acid, and naringin in B. tomentosa leaf extract which showed in-vitro antioxidant potentialities with DPPH, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging properties. Co-administration of B. tomentosa leaf extract with carbofuran showed dose-dependent significant protective effects of hepatic toxicity on serum markers such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl-transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, globulin, lipid profile, urea, uric acid, and creatinine. Carbofuran intoxication also revealed an upsurge in malondialdehyde (MDA) and a decline in cellular endogenous antioxidant enzyme levels in rats compared with the control group. However, B. tomentosa leaf extract co-treatment increased the levels of hepatic antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, and amended the MDA level. Similarly, histopathological evaluation further assured that BTL could keep the hepatocyte from carbofuran-induced damage. Therefore, all of our findings may conclude that the phenolic acids and flavonoids of B. tomentosa leaf extract are responsible to neutralize the toxic free radical-mediated oxidative hepatic damages.

Carbofuran is a carbamate pesticide, widely used in agricultural practices to increase crop productivity. In mammals, carbofuran is known to cause several untoward effects, such as apoptosis in the hippocampal neuron, oxidative stress, loss of memory and chromosomal anomalies. Most of these effects are implicated with cellular senescence. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the effect of carbofuran on cellular senescence and biological ageing. Spinster homolog 1 (Spns1) is a transmembrane transporter, regulates autolysosomal biogenesis and plays a role in cellular senescence and survival. Using senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase staining, we found that carbofuran accelerates the cellular senescence in spns1 mutant zebrafish. The yolk opaqueness, a premature ageing phenotype in zebrafish embryos, was accelerated by carbofuran treatment. In the survival study, carbofuran shortened the life span of spns1 mutant zebrafish. Autophagy is the cellular lysosomal degradation, usually up‐regulated in the senescent cells. To know the impact of carbofuran exposure on autophagy progress, we established a double‐transgenic zebrafish line, harbouring EGFP‐tagged LC3‐II and mCherry‐tagged Lamp1 on spns1 mutant background, whereas we found, carbofuran exposure synergistically accelerates autolysosome formation with insufficient lysosome‐mediated degradation. Our data collectively suggest that carbofuran exposure synergistically accelerates the cellular senescence and affects biological ageing in spns1 defective animals.

The present investigation was conducted at College of Agriculture, V. C. Farm, Mandya, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore during Kharif 2019. Attack of shoot fly in foxtail millet causes significant loss of yield at the early stage of crop growth. Delay in the use of insecticide leads to high loss of yield. The most economical and easiest method for the management of shoot fly is seed treatment. In the present study eight different seed treatment chemicals and one standard check with soil application of carbofuran 3G at 33 Kg ha-1 were evaluated against infestation of shoot fly in foxtail millet. The observations were recorded on per cent dead heart from 14 to 35 days after sowing (DAS) at weekly interval. The data on per cent dead heart revealed that, among the different treatments clothianidin 50WG @ 1 g Kg-1 recorded significantly least per cent dead heart (14.84%) compared to rest of the treatments at 35 DAS. The grain and fodder yield were also significantly higher in case of seed treatment with clothianidin 50WG @ 1 g Kg-1 (15.07 and 24.31 q ha-1) followed by thiamethoxam 25WG @ 2 g Kg-1 (14.32 and 22.19 q ha-1). Cost economics of different seed treatment chemicals revealed that clothianidin 50WG @ 1 g Kg-1 recorded highest net returns with maximum cost benefit ratio (1:2.57).

The recently introduced chalcid pest known as the Blue Gum Chalcid (BGC) (L. invasa) is currently one of the major insect pests of Eucalyptus tree species in Ethiopia. A research was conducted in Kalu district, South Wollo, Eastern Amhara, Ethiopia, the main objective of which was to evaluate the effectiveness of synthetic insecticides, hoeing and water showering options against BGC. Two parallel experiments were conducted in the nursery and in the field. Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. saligna, E. viminalis, E. citrodora and E. globulus were considered in the nursery at Chorisa. One to three-year old E. camaldulensis plantations were considered at Tikuro plantation site. At the nursery, seven treatments and at the field 10 treatments were tested in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications from January to February 2019, where treatments were applied 3 times at 15-day intervals. Results from the 1-year old plantation revealed that application of Dimethoate 40%, Carbofuran 3G and Dimethoate 40% + hoeing followed by Carbofuran 3G + hoeing and Thiamethoxam 25WG were effective in checking the BGC insect pest infestation. In the 3-year old plantation, Carbofuran 3G significantly reduced the infestation followed by Dimethoate 40%. At the nursery, Dimethoate 40% and Carbofuran 3G reduced the infestation followed by Carbofuran 3G + Dimethoate 40% and thiamethoxam 25WG. Water showering and hoeing did not reduce BGC infestation in all cases at the field plantations. Treatments that received synthetic insecticides and hoeing had low infestation, the reason for which was the insecticide rather than the hoeing, because the hoeing alone didn’t differ from the control. Application of Dimethoate 40% and Carbofuran 3G with hoeing and weeding activities were recommended to manage and limit BGC insect pest infestations.

SummaryThe prevalent pesticide carbofuran was banned in the European Union (EU) in 2008; however, the extent of its actual elimination from the environment has been little studied. The presence of this pesticide in the livers of the protected raptors the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) and the common buzzard (Buteo buteo) was monitored in Poland from 2008 to 2019 using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis and data from government institutions. Carbofuran residues were detected in the liver samples of the analysed raptors throughout the period studied. In total, carbofuran was detected in the livers of 33% of the eagles and 54% of the buzzards; concentrations were in the ranges of 11–699 and 14–1890 μg kg–1 of dry matter, respectively. Effective measures to eliminate banned pesticides from the market more efficiently are required.

Introduction: Increased rates of pesticide misapplication and follow-on concerns on public health have become subjects of countless distress. The occurrence of pesticides in soils could result in modifications in soil physical, chemical as well as biological properties hence the need for ways to reduce such impacts. Research Gap: Insufficient literatures on extensive identification of pesticides’ degraders from non-impacted soils. Existing literatures are restricted to a particular microbial group (bacteria or fungi). Aim: The study aimed at isolating, characterizing and testing bacteria, moulds, yeasts and actinomyces from soil for the biodegradation of pesticides. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun and Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, Lagos, Nigeria/ four months. Methodology: Carbofuran and Paraquat degrading microorganisms were isolated from a non-pesticides impacted soil using mineral salt medium (MSM). The MSM composed in grams per liter: K2HPO4, 4.8; KH2PO4, 1.2; NH4NO3, 1.0; MgSO4 7H2O, 0.2; Ca(NO3)2 .4H20, 0.4, and Fe(SO4)3, 0.001 supplemented with 2 mM Carbofuran or Paraquat as the only carbon source. The ability of the microbial isolates to utilize Carbofuran and Paraquat was screened on MSM containing 150 part per million of the pesticides as the only carbon source. The isolates were identified using the analytical profile index (API), microscopic and macroscopic characteristics. Results: Bacterial species identified were Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Kocuria, Enterobacter, Chryseobacterium, Corynebacterium, Acinetobacter, Paenibacillus, Lerclercia and Proteus. Actinomyces were Actinomyces isrealii, Actinomyces naeslundi, Actinomyces viscosus 1, Actinomyces meyeri and Actinomyces viscosus 2. Yeast isolates were Candida stellatoidea, Candida krusei and Saccharomyces cerevisiae while moulds were Talaromyces, Cladosporium carionii and Curvularia species. Conclusion: These findings indicated that Carbofuran and Paraquat degrading organisms are readily extant in soils and can be used to facilitate the removal of these pesticides from such polluted environments.

Cholinergic syndrome is a common topic at western medical universities yet rarely observed in clinical practice. The treatment involves muscarinic antagonists, acetylcholinesterase reactivation, seizure control, and supportive measures. Here we report a case of a 52-year old Caucasian male who attempted suicide by ingesting a purple crystal powder that turned out to be a mixture of carbofuran and chlormephos. At clinical examination, the patient presented with salivation, perspiration, diarrhoea, bradypnoea, loss of consciousness, and epileptic seizures. Laboratory tests showed low plasma cholinesterase, and we started obidoxime along with supportive intensive care treatment. He was later transferred to the psychiatry department for further diagnostics and treatment.

A field experiment was conducted at Landmark University Omu-Aran, Nigeria from June to November 2017 and repeated at the same time in the year 2018 on a nematode infested soil to evaluate the effects of different amounts of Siam weed compost on the performance of root-knot nematode (RKN) infested tomato. The compost was applied a week before planting as soil amendment at the amount of 0.0, 0.5, 1.5, and 2.0 t·ha−1, while carbofuran was applied at the rate of 3.0 kg·ha−1. Four weeks old tomato seedlings cultivar ‘Roma VF’, which is susceptible to RKN, was transplanted to already prepared soil. Results of the experiment showed that the compost, especially in the amount 2 t·ha−1 and carbofuran at 3 kg·ha−1, brought about significant reduction of the population of RKN in soil and roots, and a significant increase in the growth and yield of tomato. The result of the experiment showed that Siam compost can be used for the managing root-knot nematodes in tomato cultivation, as an environmentally safe factor.

To assess the dietary exposure risks of pesticide residues in snow fungus for the general population and young children, 91 snow fungus samples were collected from major production areas in Fujian Province, China and the presence of 44 pesticides was determined. A total of thirteen pesticides were detected; 65.9% of the samples contained one or more pesticide residues. The most frequently found pesticide was carbofuran, followed by acetamiprid and then imidacloprid. Data obtained were used for chronic, acute, and chronic cumulative dietary exposure risk assessments. The chronic hazard quotient (cHQ) was extremely low for both the general population and young children. The %ADI values of cumulative dietary exposures to organophosphorus pesticides and carbamates ranged from 0.53% to 1.49%, and did not exceed their corresponding ADIs. However, the acute dietary risks from all 13 pesticides, especially carbofuran and methamidophos, were of concern due to the relatively high acute hazard quotient. The risk ranking scheme showed that carbofuran could pose a high risk to snow fungus consumers. Finally, suggestions are made about the potential use in snow fungus cultivation of the pesticides with detected residues.

The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita causes losses in tomato production, making new methods/products to control this parasite desirable. Garlic essential oil (GEO) is potentially useful for controlling M. incognita. Here, GEO was obtained by hydrodistillation, dissolved in water and used against M. incognita in vitro. At 63 μg mL−1, this oil was more active against M. incognita eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) than the nematicide Carbofuran at 173 μg mL−1. The main components of the oil, according to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, are diallyl trisulphide (66.7%) and diallyl disulphide (21.3%), which presented lethal concentrations to 50% (LC50) J2 equal to 36.2 ± 1.7 and 134.4 ± 19.4 μg mL−1, respectively, while the LC50 for Carbofuran was 151.6 ± 2.1 μg mL−1. When the J2 submerged in a solution of the oil at 250 μg mL−1 were used to infest tomato plants, the number of galls and eggs of M. incognita in the roots were reduced to values statistically equal to those obtained when J2 were submerged in a solution of Carbofuran at 415 μg mL−1. The vapour of the oil was also as active in vitro against M. incognita eggs and J2 as the fumigant nematicide Dazomet. The infectivity and reproduction of M. incognita in tomato plants cultivated in substrate inoculated with eggs of the nematode and treated with 0.2 mL of oil per L of substrate were statistically equal to those observed when the oil was replaced by 0.25 g of Dazomet per L of substrate. These findings confirm the activity of GEO and its components against M. incognita, suggesting its potential as a new fumigant nematicide to control the nematode in tomato plants.

This study was designed to investigate carbofuran (CF)-induced pathological alterations in broiler chicks and ameliorative potential of Star anise against these anomalies. Ninety-day old broiler ch...

The greater cane rat, as it is commonly known, is often called grasscutter (in Ghana, Nigeria and other regions of West Africa). Even though is highly patronized as a delicacy by a majority of Ghanaians (akrantie—Twi language) mostly in the rural areas, the persistent reports on people being poisoned as a result of eating food prepared with grasscutter which has been captured/killed by the use of poison are deterring people from consuming the grasscutter meat despite its high protein content. The objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate the actual ingredients that are used in the formulation of poison to capture grasscutter for human consumption. Questionnaires were administered to participants (farmers) who are involved in grasscutter hunting to solicit the ingredient they formulate to poison the grasscutter in their hunting. To prove the activeness of these ingredients, the main ingredient used in formulating the poison to capture the grasscutters were tested on two male grasscutters and these were yellow oleander root (Cascabela thevetia; syn: Thevetia peruviana) powder and carbofuran. The findings of the experimental trial revealed that the grasscutter that was fed with yellow oleander root powder did not die but showed some signs of intoxication and staggered each time it tried to move. However, the grasscutter fed with carbofuran died within 10 hr of being poisoned. Majority of the participants attested to the fact that the use of poison increases their chance of capturing the grasscutter, especially in the dry season since the poison is not washed away by the rainwater. However, consuming grasscutter poisoned with either yellow oleander root power or carbofuran could be detrimental to human health., Consuming grasscutter poisoned with either yellow oleander root power or carbofuran could be detrimental to our health. There is a need to increase public awareness.

Peanut pod borer caused by Etiella zinckenella is one of the important pests of peanut in Indonesia. The symptoms of E. zinckenella attack are blackened pods and rotten seeds, causing yield loss up to 90%. The research aim was to validate the efficacy of various control technology components of peanut pod borer pests. The research was conducted at the Natar (Lampung) experimental station from April to August 2014. The research was arranged using a complete randomized design (CRD) method, the treatment consisted of six control technology components, and treatment was repeated four times. The results showed that the more larvae found in the pods, the greater the damage of the pods are crushed by larvae. Application of lambda cyhalothrin insecticide (P6) starting at 35–70 days after planting (DAP) was not able to suppress larval populations of E. zinckenella so that damaged pods were also larger and not significantly different from without control (P0). Lamda sihalotrin insecticide application also harms the survival of natural enemies (predators and parasitoids). Lamda cyhalothrin insecticides can be combined with other control components such as soybean trap plants, thiametoxam and carbofuran and parasitoid of Trichogramma bactrae-bactrae to control of peanut pod borer. Application of Lecanicillium lecanii biopesticide was combined with chemical insecticides thiametoxam or carbofuran can suppress E. zinckenella larvae and yield loses, beside it can safety against the survival of predators the order Araneida and Coleoptera and parasitoid of Hymenoptera and Diptera. Biopesticides of L. lecanii were combined with tiametoxam or carbofuran insecticides can be recommended for control agents of peanut pod borer E. zinckenella .

The field efficacy of liquid formulations of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Purpureocillium lilacinum and Trichoderma viride was investigated against natural populations of potato cyst nematodes (PCNs) Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida. Two field experiments were conducted using these biocontrol agents applied as seed treatment (ST) at 1 L t−1 of seed and soil drenching (SD) at 5 L ha−1. Their effect was compared with carbofuran 3 G at 1 kg a.i. ha−1. Results showed that all the tested biocontrol agents were capable to reduce PCN egg density or multiplication rate, root penetration and egg numbers cyst−1 at various levels. The biocontrol efficacy also varied according to their delivery method. P. fluorescens-ST was found causing the highest reduction of egg density (83.1–86.5%), multiplication rate (83.1–86.5%), root penetration (67.1–68.1%) and egg numbers cyst−1 (35.4–36.0%). Similar efficacy was observed in P. lilacinum-SD that reduced egg density by 80.9–85.0%, multiplication rate by 80.7–84.3%, root penetration by 62.0–64.4% and egg numbers cyst−1 by 44.3–49.3%. The potato plants from P. fluorescens-ST and P. lilacinum-SD plots were 31.1–49.5% taller than untreated plants which also resulted in 27.2–32.0% higher tuber yield in P. fluorescens-ST and 25.9–30.2% in P. lilacinum-SD plots. The root colonisation of introduced P. fluorescens was 8.6–13.1 times higher in ST than SD. The trend was vice versa in P. lilacinum that colonised 3.1–3.6 times better in SD method than as ST. Their efficacy was comparable to carbofuran application. It is concluded that P. fluorescens-ST at 1 L t−1 of seed and P. lilacinum-SD at 5 L ha−1 are highly effective for management of PCN under naturally infested field conditions.

Investigation to evaluate the toxicity of carbofuran pesticides on haematological parameters of third instar larvae of Oryctes rhinoceros L. Indicated alterations in total haemocyte count and differential haemocyte count for toxicity assessment. Various doses of carbofuran (0.05g, 0.010g and 0.015 g) applied on insect through oral route and its impact after 24 hours of its application revealed that various doses of carbofuran exert specific alterations in both total and differential haemocytes of insect haemolymph.

Seeds of papaya fruit (Carica papaya) are usually unused for the industry, but they have been previously reported to be anthelmintic. However, the effects and mechanisms involved in papaya seeds against root-knot nematodes (RKN) are poorly studied in soil incorporation. Here, we investigated soil biofumigation with papaya seeds against the RKN Meloidogyne incognita and the effect of their volatile organic compounds (VOCs) separately from non-VOCs. Soil biofumigation reduced the number of galls and eggs of RKN about 100% in tomato roots, by using seeds macerates at 4.0 g 100 mL−1, which is a feasible amount for field applications. The VOCs emitted by the seeds killed 80% of M. incognita second-stage juveniles after a few hours of exposure. Furthermore, the whole volatilome of the papaya seed was identified by gas chromatography. Some of the compounds have already been studied against RKN. Therefore, we examined the efficacy of all nonstudied compounds against M. incognita. The most promising compounds were vinyl acetate, phenylacetaldehyde and benzylacetonitrile with lethal concentrations (LC50) of 61.5, 101.3 and 14.4 μg mL−1, respectively. When vinyl acetate and phenylacetaldehyde were applied to the soil at the recommended commercial nematicide dose (396 μg mL−1), the effect on M. incognita was better than the commercial nematicide (Carbofuran), reducing 70% of the number of galls and eggs. However, benzylacetonitrile reduced galls and eggs only by 25%. These results provide evidence for biofumigation with papaya seeds as a sustainable approach to control RKN and the potential use of their VOCs as nematicidal compounds.

A statistically designed field experiment with ten treatments including an untreated control replicated thrice in Randomized Block Design was conducted in root- knot nematode infested fig (cv. Poona fig) orchard. All the treatments were significantly superior over an untreated control in reducing root- knot nematode population, number of root galls and egg masses and increasing the yield of fig. However, soil application of carbofuran 3G at 2 kg a.i./ha was found to be most effective in reducing root-knot nematode population (53.66%), number of root galls (50.19%) and number of egg masses (45.36%) at intermediate stage and increasing the fruit yield of fig (37.85%) with 1:17.79 ICBR at termination. This treatment was followed by the treatment of phorate 10 G at 2kg a.i./ ha. The reduction in root- knot nematode population, number of root galls and egg masses and increase in fruit yield recorded in this treatment were 49.46, 50.11, 42.31 and 28.19%, respectively with 1: 33.64 ICBR. While, at termination stage, the treatment of Phule Trichoderma plus at 20 kg/ha was found to be most effective in reducing nematode population (40.36%), number of root galls (37.08%) and number of egg masses (41.02%) and increasing the fruit yield of fig (13.54%) with 1: 11.20 ICBR. This was followed by the treatments with rest of the biocontrol agents. The reduction in root- knot nematode population, number of root galls and number of egg masses and increase in fruit yield of fig recorded in these treatments ranged from 32.03 to 38.50, 29.31 to 36.00, 31.90 to 35.97 and 11.54 to 20.75%, respectively with 1: 9.80 to 1: 20.04 ICBR.

This study aimed to determine the mechanism of autophagy, apoptosis and necrosis in the neurons of infant mice (Mus musculus) whose mothers were exposed to carbofuran during the lactation period. This experimental study included 20 mice; carbofuran was administered at LD50 fractions by gavage to mice at the doses of 1.25 mg/kg body weight (BW) (1/4 LD50), 0.625 mg/kg BW (1/8 LD50), and 0.3125 mg/kg BW (1/16 LD50). Mothers were exposed to carbofuran during lactation on Days 1–9. On Day 10, infant mice were sacrificed in order to determine the number of neuron cells expressing protein kinase B (Akt) and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) as autophagy pathway using immunohistochemistry, apoptosis using the Tunel Assay, and necrosis using haematoxylin and eosin staining. The results of Akt, mTORC1, apoptosis, and cell necrosis were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan tests. The results of the study showed that exposing the mothers to carbofuran during lactation caused an increase in necrosis and apoptosis of neuronal cells but did not cause autophagy in neuron cells via the Akt/mTOR pathway of infant mice. The increase in apoptotic neurons opens up opportunities for the prevention and handling of the effects of reactive oxygen species activities due to carbofuran exposure during lactation periods.

Bioefficacy of new formulation of carbofuran 3CG were tested in the field condition against stem borer and leaf folder in paddy during kharif 2017 and 2018 at Agricultural Research Station, Gangavathi, and Karnataka. The results confirmed that carbofuran 3CG is an effective chemical in reducing the pest population. Three doses of carbofuran 3CG (750, 1500 and 3000 g.a.i/ha) were tested along with the fipronil 5% SC, carbosulfon 25% EC and cartap hydrochloride 4G. among the treatments carbofuran 3CG @ 3000 g.a.i./ha effectively reduced stem borer (2.25 and 2.41% of white ears) and leaf folder infestation (0.34 and 0.37 larvae/hill) and increased grain yield during both the years as compared to untreated check.

Yellow stem borer (YSB) is one of the most serious and monophagous pest of paddy in India. Field experiments were carried out to assess the different management modules against the yellow stem borer in paddy during the Kharif season of 2019 and 2020. The results on efficacy of modules revealed that during both the years the minimum ‘Dead Heart’ (DH) (10.1 and 11.4% during the year 2019 and 2020, respectively) was recorded in M3 (clipping of terminal shoots at the time of transplanting and application of cartap hydrochloride 50 SP) followed by M2 (11.9 and 14.5% during the year 2019 and 2020, respectively) in which 1st application was done with fipronil 0.3G and 2nd with NSKE 5% and M1 (19.6 and 20.9% during the year 2019 and 2020, respectively) i.e. farmers’ practice where only carbofuran 3G was applied. ‘White Ear Head’ (WEH) was also recorded minimum in M3 (11.6 and 12.1% in the year 2019 and 2020, respectively) followed by M2 (13.3 and 16.4% in the year 2019 and 2020, respectively) and M1 (20.8 and 22.4% in the year 2019 and 2020, respectively) in paddy. Maximum yield (33.8 and 43.1 q/ha during the year 2019 and 2020, respectively) was also recorded in Module 3 practiced clipping of terminal shoots and spraying with cartap hydrochloride 50 SP with the highest BC(Benefit: Cost) ratio 1.52:1 and 1.94:1 in the year 2019 and 2020, respectively. The overall results of the present study indicating the overall superiority of M3 (clipping of terminal shoots at the time of transplanting and two applications of cartap hydrochloride 50 SP at 40 and 60 DAT) in all the aspects i.e. DH, WEH, yield and BC ratio.

The organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate (CB) insecticides are responsible for inhibition of the Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. The AChE activity, therefore, has been demonstrated to be a potent biomarker for these insecticides in terrestrial and aquatic environments. The objective of this study was to investigate the response of AChE in the brain of four-week old fingerlings of silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus exposed to OP and CB insecticides. The fish fingeling were exposed to three OPs and one CB insecticide as individual and their binary mixtures for 48 h. The OP insecticides with oxon (PO) as well as thion (PS) group gets oxidized to oxon analogs in biological systems. The 50% AChE inhibition (48 h EC50) in fingerling exposed to chlorpyrifos (CPF) and triazophos (TRZ) was evident at 2.3 and 6.7 µg/L, respectively. The toxicological interaction of three OPs and one CB insecticide was evaluated using the toxic unit method. A strong synergism was observed for binary combination of CPF with profenofos (PRF), and CPF with TAZ. In contrast, the mixture of TAZ with PRF and carbofuran (CBF) with CPF and PRF showed antagonistic behavior. Although OP and CB insecticides can break down rapidly in the environment, this study suggests that non-target aquatic biota may be exposed to mixtures of ChE-inhibiting insecticides for a period of several months, in agricultural regions where insecticides are applied for extended periods of the year. And at environmentally relevant concentrations such mixtures may lead to deleterious effects in non-target organisms.

The present study on assessment of nematode management in tuberose was conducted by ICAR- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Madurai during 2014 - 15 and 2015 - 16 at five identified farmers fields in Alanganallur block of Madurai district for an area of 2 ha. The present bio-management was conducted with variety Prajwal. There were four technological options were included in the present assessment such as bulbs were treated with Trichoderma viride + Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 20 g/kg and carbofuran @ 2.5 kg/ha were applied in the field (TO1), bulbs were treated Purpureocillium lilacinum @ 20 g/kg of bulb (TO2) and soil application @ 5 kg/ha and basamid @ 100 g per bed were applied in the each bed and covered with polythene mulch (TO3) and the farmer practices (TO4), application of neem cake @ 250 kg/ha as basal application at the time of last ploughing and indiscriminate application of fertilizers and pesticides spraying were imposed for the present experiment. The present study results revealed that bulbs were treated Purpureocillium lilacinum @ 20 g/kg of bulb (TO2) recorded the minimum days taken for flowering (134.15 days) and farmers practices observed the longest days taken for flowering (147.47 days). TO2 recorded the highest values in vegetative and flowering traits such as plant height (116.24 cm), number of leaves per plant (241.05), spike length (93.50 cm), number of florets per spike (41.80) and floret weight (1.52 g) whereas the farmers practices registered the lowest values in all the vegetative and flowers traits (101.26 cm; 228.14; 88.25 cm; 35.50; 1.09 g). Regards yield characters, TO2 recorded the highest yield per ha (11.18 t/ha) and the lowest yield was noticed in farmer practices (7.75 t/ha). In the case of nematode incidence, the lowest incidence was recorded in TO2 (demonstrated plot) of 10.0 per cent whereas the highest incidence was registered in farmers practices (21.0%). In the case of economic traits, TO2 registered the highest net profit of Rs. 5,10,120 with the B:C ratio of 2.55 and the lowest net profit (Rs. 2,79,250) and B:C ratio (1.64) was noticed in farmers practices.

In this study, a biocompatible solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber with high-coverage capture capacity based on a nitrogen-rich porous polyaminal was developed. The fiber was used to track the bioaccumulation and elimination of carbamates (isoprocarb, carbofuran, and carbaryl) and their metabolites (o-cumenol, carbofuran phenol, and 1-naphthalenol) in living Chinese cabbage plants (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino (var. communis Tsen et Lee)). A case-and-control model was applied in the hydroponically cultured plants, with the exposed plant groups contaminated under three carbamates at 5 μg mL-1. Both bio-enrichment and elimination of carbamates and their metabolites in living plants appeared to be very fast with half-lives at ∼0.39-0.79 and ∼0.56-0.69 days, respectively. Statistical differences in the endogenous plant metabolome occurred on day 3 of carbamate exposure. In the exposed group, the plant metabolic alterations were not reversed after 5 days of contaminant-free growth, although most contaminates had been eliminated. Compared with prior nutriological and toxicological studies, >50 compounds were first identified as endogenous metabolites in cabbage plants. The contents of the glucosinolate-related metabolites demonstrated significant time-dependent dysregulations that the fold changes of these key metabolites decreased from 0.78-1.07 to 0.28-0.82 during carbamate exposure. To summarize, in vivo SPME provided new and important information regarding exogenous carbamate contamination and related metabolic dysregulation in plants.

Despite the awareness that work in the sewage treatment plant is associated with biological hazards, they have not been fully recognised so far. The research aims to comprehensively evaluate microbiological and toxicological hazards in the air and settled dust in workstations in a sewage treatment plant. The number of microorganisms in the air and settled dust was determined using the culture method and the diversity was evaluated using high-throughput sequencing. Endotoxin concentration was assessed with GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) while secondary metabolites with LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry). Moreover, cytotoxicity of settled dust against a human lung epithelial lung cell line was determined with the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and UHPLC-Q-ToF-UHRMS (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry) analysis was performed to determine the source of cytotoxicity. The total dust concentration in the sewage treatment plant was low and ranged from 0.030 mg m−3 to 0.044 mg m−3. The highest microbiological contamination was observed in sludge thickening building and screenings storage. Three secondary metabolites were detected in the air and sixteen in the settled dust. They were dominated by compounds typical of lichen and plants and Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium genera mould. The settled dust from the sludge thickening building revealed high cytotoxicity to human lung epithelial cells A-549 (IC50 = 6.98 after 72 h). This effect can be attributed to a biocidal compound—didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC-C10) and seven toxic compounds: 4-hydroxynonenal, carbofuran, cerulenin, diethylphosphate, fenpropimorph, naphthalene and onchidal. The presence of DDAC-C10 and other biocidal substances in the sewage treatment plant environment may bring negative results for biological sewage treatment and the natural environment in the future and contribute to microorganisms’ increasing antibiotics resistance. Therefore, the concentration of antibiotics, pesticides and disinfectants in sewage treatment plant workstations should be monitored.

International audience; Characterizing human exposure to pesticides is challenging because their metabolites have a broad diversity of chemical structures. We aimed to study the interest of associating suspect screening and targeted analysis to identify multiple pesticide exposure of pregnant women. Approximately 300 urinary samples collected during early pregnancy (France) were analyzed by UHPLC/HRMS using both a suspect screening approach and targeted multiresidue analysis. Sixty-eight pesticides were selected according to available data on agricultural practices and analytical feasibility and 435 known or putative metabolites were added based on the literature. Compounds detected using the two approaches were compared and the place of residence was studied as a determinant of exposure for illustrative purposes. Suspect screening resulted in the characterization of 28 pesticide metabolites, corresponding to three fungicides (azoxystrobin, fenpropimorph, and procymidone), three herbicides (an arylphenoxypropionic acid derivative, chlorpropham, and phenmedipham), and one insecticide (carbofuran). The targeted approach led to the identification of pyrethroids, organophosphorus, fluazifop-P-butyl, and chlorpyrifos in >60% of samples and prochloraz, bromoxynil, diazinon, and procymidone in 10 to 50%. Both urban and rural areas were identified as being determinants of exposure, depending on the active substance. This combined strategy better characterizes pesticide mixtures. Suspect screening allows the detection of metabolites of pesticides that are rarely studied and not measured in biomonitoring studies, mainly because it allows the detection of conjugated phase II metabolites (azoxystrobin and fenpropimorph). The targeted approach complements it with the detection of highly polar and low molecular-weight metabolites, the confirmation of the parent compound, and the quantification of compounds for which analytical standards are commercially available or may be synthesized (organophosphorous, pyrethroids, and fluazifop-P-butyl). In addition, we detected several metabolites that have never been described in humans (fenpropimorph and azoxystrobin), which deserve to be candidates in the selection of markers of exposure.

The Niayes area, by its climate and its morpho-pedology, is a favorite area for market gardening in Senegal. For vegetables, it is accredited to more than 60% of harvests. Among the cultivated speculations is the cabbage (Brassica oleracae var capitataL.). With a view to alleviating the negative effect of pests, a variety of pesticides are used by producers. This study was undertaken with a view to contribute to a better knowledge of the pesticides used in the production of Cabbage (Brassica Oleracea) in the Niayes. Specifically, it aims to characterize the pesticides used in the area and to determine their impacts on the environment and the health of producers. To carry out this study, a survey was carried out among 163 cabbage producers in the Niayes area (Mboro and Diogo) from February 06 to March 03, 2018. The data entry and processing of the results were made thanks to the Epi info software and Excel spreadsheet. The results showed that 87.1% of producers use chemicals. At the end of this study, 24 active ingredients, mainly comprising four (4) major chemical families, were identified. The most widely used pesticides are insecticides, insecticides-acaricides-nematicides and herbicides with respectively 56%, 12% and 11% of citations. Profenofos is the most cited active ingredient with 21.1% followed by emamectin benzoate with 14%, pendiimathalin (12%) and carbofuran (11%). In addition, Organophosphates and Amino-Phosphates are the most representative chemical families with 48% and 15% citations, respectively. Among the producers; 85.9% have already suffered from poisoning from the use of pesticides. 43% of producers reported the death of insects and other animals as a result of the treatments.

The banana tree (Musa spp.) is the second most produced fruit crop and the first most consumed in Brazil. Among the constraints affecting the crop and causing production losses are the plant-parasitic nematodes. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of neem (Azadirachta indica), Annona muricata (soursop) and A. squamosa (sugar apple) aqueous leaf extracts in the treatment of banana plantlets cv. Comprida, naturally infected by plant-parasitic nematodes, under greenhouse conditions. Four concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2%) of extracts were tested in addition to the controls (Carbofuran and water); and immersion period of plantlets of 60 minutes. A completely randomized design in a factorial scheme (3x4) with eight replications was used. The experiment was evaluated three months after treatments were applied, observing the sprouting percentage of the seedlings, the nematode’s population in the soil, rhizome and roots, and the reproduction factor. There was a significant interaction between extracts and concentrations for the final population of nematodes in the root, in the rhizome and in the total final population. A reduction of the final population in the soil, root and rhizome and reproduction factor was observed in the plantlets treated with neem, soursop and sugar apple extracts when compared to the negative control (water). KEYWORDS: Musa spp., Alternative control, Pratylenchus spp. RESUMO: A bananeira (Musa spp.) é a segunda frutífera mais produzida e a primeira mais consumida no Brasil. Os nematoides estão entre os principais problemas que afetam a cultura e causam perda de produção. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da utilização de extratos foliares aquosos de nim (Azadirachta indica), Annona muricata (gravioleira) e A. squamosa (pinheira) no tratamento de mudas de bananeira cv. Comprida, naturalmente infectadas por fitonematoides, em condição de casa de vegetação. Foram avaliadas quatro concentrações (0,5, 1,0, 1,5 e 2%) dos três extratos, além das testemunhas (Carbofurano e água) e um período de imersão das mudas de 60 minutos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (3x4) com oito repetições. A avaliação do experimento foi realizada três meses após a aplicação dos tratamentos, observando-se as seguintes variáveis: percentual de brotação das mudas, a população de nematoides no solo, rizoma e raízes, e o fator de reprodução. Houve interação significativa entre extratos x concentrações para a variável população final de nematoides na raiz, no rizoma e a população final total. Observou-se redução da população final no solo, na raiz e no rizoma e no fator de reprodução nas mudas tratadas com extratos foliares de nim, gravioleira e pinheira comparada com a testemunha negativa (água). PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Musa spp., Controle alternativo, Pratylenchus spp.

El uso de plaguicidas en el mundo aumenta en forma desproporcionada cada día, por lo que se necesitan urgentemente adecuados agentes bioindicadores. Para una oportuna evaluación del riesgo ambiental de los ambientes acuáticos dulceacuícolas en Perú, se requiere el empleo de organismos biológicos como la planaria de agua dulce Girardia festae (Borelli, 1898) (Tricladida: Dugesiidae). Las planarias son importantes componentes de los ecosistemas límnicos, algunas tienen amplia distribución geográfica, son sensibles a contaminantes, poseen alta capacidad de regeneración y son de fácil cultivo en el laboratorio. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto subletal del insecticida carbofurano sobre la regeneración de G. festae. Se evaluaron planarias seccionadas en tres niveles (cefálico, medio y caudal) realizando dos cortes transversales (amputación prefaringeal y postfaringeal) en el plano dorso-ventral y se individualizaron en un medio control (agua de grifo autoclavada) y en dos diluciones del carbofurano (1,17 mg L-1 y 2,34 mg L-1) en envases plásticos de 30 mL. El bioensayo ecotoxicológico se concluyó a 17 días de exposición hasta lograr la regeneración completa de las planarias. La parte media regenerada logró un mayor porcentaje de crecimiento en el control en comparación con las dos concentraciones de carbofurano. En contraste se observó la hormesis, en las partes cefálicas y caudales regeneradas, al lograr un mayor porcentaje de crecimiento en 2,34 mg de carbofurano L-1 en comparación con el control.

The use of chemicals to boost food production increases as human consumption also increases. The insectidal, nematicidal and acaricidal chemical carbofuran (CAF), is among the highly toxic carbamate pesticide used today. Alongside, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO) are also used as pesticides due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The overuse of these pesticides may lead to leaching into the aquatic environments and could potentially cause adverse effects to aquatic animals. The aim of this study is to assess the effects of carbofuran and copper oxide nanoparticles into the cardiovascular system of zebrafish and unveil the mechanism behind them. We found that a combination of copper oxide nanoparticle and carbofuran increases cardiac edema in zebrafish larvae and disturbs cardiac rhythm of zebrafish. Furthermore, molecular docking data show that carbofuran inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in silico, thus leading to impair cardiac rhythms. Overall, our data suggest that copper oxide nanoparticle and carbofuran combinations work synergistically to enhance toxicity on the cardiovascular performance of zebrafish larvae.