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The genus Salvia is regarded as an important medicinal plant and also as spice worldwide. Current report might be counted as one of the first investigations to reveal the enzyme inhibitory and antiglycation activities, together with phenolic and antioxidant profiles of 80% methanolic extract prepared from the aerial parts of S.virgata (SVM). Furthermore, the bioavailability parameters of major phenolic compounds in SVM were evaluated. An in vitro human digestion simulation model composed of both gastric and intestinal phases was used for this purpose. Total phenolic, phenolic acid and flavonoid components of each of these phases were calculated in order to assess the phenolic profile of the samples. In addition, quantitative analysis of major bioactive compounds (rutin and rosmarinic acid), before and after the simulation, was practiced by employing High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) system. Moreover, the potential of non-digested (ND) and bioavailable (IN) phases on the inhibition of diabetes-related enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) was determined. Also, the inhibitory effect of the samples on the advanced glycation end products (AGEs), formed due to hyperglycemia, was detected. In addition, cholinesterase enzyme inhibition activity of both ND and IN samples was determined. Since, the role of oxidative stress on diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases is well-known, the antioxidant potential of the samples was also estimated by different methods: DPPH and DMPD tests for free radical scavenging activity, FRAP and CUPRAC tests for metal reducing activity and total antioxidant capacity test, as well. The results showed that total phenolic contents, antioxidant potential and diabetes-related and cholinesterase enzymes inhibition of the bioavailable phase were lower than non-digested sample. Besides, in vitro human digestion simulation system had a declining influence on the concentrations of the major bioactive metabolites (rutin and rosmarinic acid).

The genus Hypericum has been utilized in traditional medicine in several parts of the world since ancient times. The utmost activities have been associated with the natural pharmaceuticals prepared from Hypericum species due to their unique chemical profile. In the present study, Hypericum olympicum L. extracts before and after being processing in an in vitro simulated digestion system were submitted to in vitro anti-diabetic assays, i.e., α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition assays and antiglycation assay. The formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is one of the most precursor molecules for the complications of diabetes mellitus. In oxidative stress conditions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and AGEs production increase significantly inside the cells. Furthermore, mechanistically different antioxidant assays, including free radical scavenging and metal-reducing activities, and the total antioxidant capacity assay were conducted. Major flavonoid glycosides (rutin, hyperoside and isoquercitrin) and the main phenolic acid (chlorogenic acid) in the extracts and their bioaccessibilities were also determined by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). The results indicated that amounts of all phenolic compounds analyzed in this study increased throughout in vitro simulated gastric system in comparison with non-digested fraction. Moreover, the results demonstrated that anti-diabetic activity and antioxidant capacity of the extract increased remarkably following the simulation process.

Aerial part preparations of Cistus creticus L., Cistaceae, are traditionally used in Anatolia as a hemostatic agent. The air-dried aerial parts were extracted with methanol. Gels were prepared, followed by the hemostatic activity evaluation using Wistar albino rats in vivo tail tip amputation model. The chemical characterization of the total extract was performed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. The methanol extract was loaded to a hydrogel base to complete a concentration of 2.5 and 7.5%. As a result, the 2.5% extract gel was found more effective on both bleeding time and amount. Hyperoside and tiliroside, which may be the components responsible for the hemostatic properties of the analyzed plant material, were dereplicated as major constituents.

Despite widespread traditional usage of Eryngium species in Anatolia (Turkey), only a limited number of scientific studies exists on E. kotschyi, an endemic species. Previously, extracts from E. campestre and E. kotschyi were reported to have significant anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, urease inhibitory activities of ethanol extracts of E. kotschyi and E. campestre var. virens roots as well as distilled water and ethanol extracts of E. kotschyi aerial parts. The NO and cytokine inhibitory effects were evaluated by Griess and ELISA assays. The antioxidant activities were tested on DPPH center dot, ABTS center dot+ and CUPRAC assays. The EtOH extract of E. kotschyi roots (EKr EtOH) and aerial parts (EKae EtOH) inhibited 50.08% and 41.52% of NO production at 100 mu g/ml, respectively. The EtOH extract of the roots of E. campestre var. virens (ECr EtOH) and EKr EtOH provided 36.22% and 65.23% IL-6 inhibition and 44.24% and 56.84% IL-1a inhibition at 100 mu g/ml. EKae EtOH exerted highest antioxidant activity on ABTS center dot+ (2.4 +/- 0.0005 mu M trolox/mg extract) and CUPRAC (0.97 +/- 0.07 mM trolox/mg extract). This extract was also found the richest among all in terms of phenolics content (6.1 +/- 0.001 mg/GAE/g extract). EKr EtOH and ECr EtOH exhibited strongest DPPH center dot (IC50 = 1.132 +/- 0.057 mg/ml) radical scavenging and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (0.36 +/- 0.005 mM Fe2+/mg extract) activity respectively. The extracts exerted low urease inhibitory activity. Consequently, the results of this study might contribute to the elucidation of the mechanism of in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts.

Oxidative stress is one of the significant precursors of various metabolic diseases such as diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, etc. Various scientific reports have indicated that secondary plant metabolites play an important role in preventing oxidative stress and its harmful effects. In this respect, this study was planned to investigate the phenolic profile and antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of the aqueous extracts from Turkish Cistus species by employing in vitro methods. In vitro digestion simulation procedure was applied to all extracts to estimate the bioavailability of their phenolic contents. Total phenolic, flavonoid, phenolic acid and proanthocyanidin contents were determined for all phases of digestion. In addition, changes in the quantity of the assigned marker flavonoids (tiliroside, hyperoside and quercitrin) were monitored by High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) analysis. The antioxidant activity potentials of the extracts were studied by various methods to reveal their detailed activity profiles. On the other hand, in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes and advanced-glycation end product (AGE) inhibitory activities of the extracts were determined to evaluate the antidiabetic potentials of extracts. The results showed that aqueous extracts obtained from the aerial parts of Turkish Cistus species have rich phenolic contents and potential antioxidant and antidiabetic activities, however, their bioactivity profiles and marker flavonoid concentrations might significantly be affected by human digestion. The results exhibited that total phenolic contents, antioxidant activities and diabetes-related enzyme inhibitions of the bioavailable samples were lower than non-digested samples in all extracts.

Sideritis trojana Bornm. is an endemic plant in Turkey, which is widely consumed as refreshing herbal tea, and used in traditional medicine. This study was designed to elucidate the effect of extraction methods including infusion, decoction, ultrasonic assisted and chemical extraction on phenolic profile, enzyme inhibition and antioxidant capacity. Alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes were tooled for assessing the antidiabetic activity, while HPLC-DAD method was used for the analysis of phenolic compounds. Besides, different methods were applied to the samples to understand their antioxidant activity. Results indicated that there is no considerable difference between infusion and decoction forms of S. trojana in terms parameters mentioned above. The chemical extraction method provided the highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity. In conclusion, S. trojana can be assumed as a good source of phenolic compounds with considerable antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibition capacity. © 2018 South African Association of Botanists

The hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, water, and n-butanol extracts of Arcethobium oxycedri (DC.) M. Bieb. (Santalaceae) were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against acetyl-(AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), related to Alzheimer's disease at 200 mu g/mL using microplate assays. Since oxidative stress contributes much to neurodegeneration, antioxidative effect of the extracts was determined in metal-chelating and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) test systems as well as antiradical effect against 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Total phenol and flavonoid contents of the extracts were calculated spectrophotometrically. Our findings indicated that the EtOAc extract, the richest one in total phenol and flavonoid amount (455.22 +/- 4.35 and 194.45 mg/g extract, respectively) displayed the highest cholinesterase inhibition (45.37 +/- 1.23% for AChE and 94.74 +/- 2.43% for BChE at 200 mu g/mL). Fractionation of the EtOAc led to isolation of (+)-catechin as the major compound. Catechin exerted remarkable antioxidant effect, whereas it did not cause cholinesterase inhibition. Therefore, the EtOAc extract deserves further investigation for its high BChE inhibition. (c) 2018 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Propolis shows a great variation in its chemical content depending on the vegetation around the beehive. Determination of its botanical origin and the chemical characterization are the most important issues for the standardization and the quality evaluation for propolis samples that are intended to be used in the pharmaceutical industry. This study has focused on the identification of the botanical origin of 47 propolis samples collected from different locations in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. Firstly, palynolog-ical and chromatographic analyses were carried out. Then, the major distinguishing components were identified by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), or by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (MS) after isolation of the components. Based on the results, the samples were categorized into three main groups as black poplar-type, Euroasian aspen-type, and non-phenolic-type. Key markers of black poplar-type were assigned as phenolic acids and flavonoids, whereas lasiocarpin B and C (phenolic glycerides) were determined as markers for Euroasian aspen-type propolis. The total phenolics and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC) and antioxidant capacities of the sam-ples were comparatively assessed by free radical-scavenging activity (DPPH) and metal-reducing activity (CUPRAC and FRAP) methods. Additionally, HPTLC-direct bioautography was applied to determine the contribution of components to antioxidant activity. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed similarities in TFC, TPC values, and antioxidant activity related to the sample origins' geographic proximity. The anti-inflammatory activities of the black poplar sub-type and Euroasian aspen-type propolis samples were comparatively investigated on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The black poplar-type propolis extract dom-inated by caffeic acid, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, apigenin, quercetin, kaempferol, pinocembrin, and galangin exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Therefore, chemically char-acterized black poplar-type propolis may be suggested as a good candidate to develop pharmaceutical products. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Okra fruit (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) has been extensively used for the treatment of skin damage and subcutaneous tissue abscess for many years in Turkish folk medicine. Aim of study In this study, we aimed to investigate the wound healing potential of okra fruit by in vitro and in vivo experimental models in detail. Furthermore, based on the results of experiments, a wound healing formulation was developed and its activity profile was studied. Materials and methods For this purpose, the phenolic, flavonoid and proanthocyanidin contents and chemical profile of aqueous and ethanolic extracts prepared from okra fruits cultivated in two different locations of Turkey, i.e. Aegean and Kilis regions, were comparatively determined and the tryptophan levels, which is known to be an influential factor in wound healing, were measured. Antioxidant activity of the okra fruit extracts was determined by DPPH test, ABTS radical scavenger activity, iron-binding capacity, total antioxidant capacity and copper reduction capacity assays. Moreover, antibacterial activity potentials of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of okra fruits were determined. The protective effect of the extracts against H2O2-induced oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory activity were assessed in HDF (human dermal fibroblast) cells and in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages, respectively. The biocompatibility of the gel formulations prepared with the best performing extract were evaluated by human Epiderm™ reconstituted skin irritation test model. Wound-healing activity was investigated in rats by in vivo excision model and, histopathological examination of tissues and gene expression levels of inflammation markers were also determined. Results According to our findings, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of okra fruits were found to possess a rich in phenolic content. Besides, isoquercitrin was found to be a marker component in ethanolic extracts of okra fruits. Both extracts exhibited antioxidant activity with significant protective effect against H2O2-induced damage in HDF cells by diminishing the MDA level. Also, the highest dose of ethanolic extracts has displayed a potent anti-inflammatory activity on LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Besides, both water and ethanolic extracts were shown to possess antimicrobial activity. On the other hand, the formulations prepared from the extracts were found non-irritant on in vitro Epiderm™ -SIT. In vivo excision assay showed that tissue TGF-β and IL-1β levels were significantly decreased by the 5% okra ethanolic gel formulation. The histopathological analysis also demonstrated that collagenisation and granulation tissue maturation were found higher in 5% (w/v) okra ethanolic extract-treated group. Conclusion 5% of okra ethanolic extract might be suggested as a potent wound healing agent based on the antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory tests. The proposed activity was also confirmed by the histopathological findings and gene expression analysis.

The antioxidant and mutagenic/antimutagenic activities of the fixed oils from Nigella sativa (NSO) and Nigella damascena (NDO) seeds, obtained by cold press-extraction from the cultivar samples, were comparatively investigated for the first time. The antimutagenicity test was carried out using classical and modified Ames tests. The fatty acid composition of the fixed oils was characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) while the quantification of thymoquinone in the fixed oils was determined by UPC2 . The main components of the NSO and NDO were found to be linoleic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid. The results of the Ames test confirmed the safety of NSO and NDO from the viewpoint of mutagenicity. The results of the three antioxidant test methods were correlated with each other, indicating NDO as having a superior antioxidant activity, when compared to the NSO. Both NSO and NDO exhibited a significant protective effect against the mutagenicity induced by aflatoxin B1 in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains. When microsomal metabolism was terminated after metabolic activation of the mycotoxin, a significant increase in antimutagenic activity was observed, suggesting that the degradation of aflatoxin B1 epoxides by these oils may be a possible antimutagenic mechanism. It is worthy to note that this is the first study to assess the mutagenicity of NSO and NDO according to the OECD 471 guideline and to investigate antimutagenicity of NDO in comparison to NSO against aflatoxin.

Background:: Oriental planetree (Platanus orientalis) leaf was recorded as a remedy against inflammatory problems and to stop pain, i.e. toothache or knee pain in “The Canon of Medicines” by Avicenna and was also being documented in the Iranian Traditional Medicine. Although such a utilization has not been described in the reliable sources, recently use of its leaves as herbal tea has become popular among the laypeople. Previous studies have shown that only the nonpolar extract from the leaves may have such an efficacy, while possible benefits when it is used as herbal tea have not been investigated. Objective:: The present study aims to reveal the possible efficacy and safety profile of aqueous extract from P. orientalis leaf. Methods:: Aqueous extract of the leaves was submitted to in vivo and in vitro tests to determine its anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antimutagenic activities and also reveal its safety profile. Results:: The aqueous extract (400 mg/kg) procured weak and non-significant anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. Meanwhile, the aqueous extract demonstrated antimutagenic activity in very high concentrations. On the other hand, results of safety evaluation showed that no concern had been observed from the viewpoint of public health. Conclusion:: Despite the popularity of the herbal tea prepared from the leaves of Oriental planetree among the people suffering joint problems to relieve pain, this study has proven that such application would not help them to alleviate their complaints when used as herbal tea.

In this study, qualitative and quantitative analysis of commercially available food supplements composed of olive leaf extract and herbal tea products containing olive leaf were evaluated by High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and a newly developed and validated High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) method for their quality assessment. In addition, leaves of two varieties of Olea europaea L. (var. europaea and var. sylvestris) grown in Turkey which were assigned as reference plant materials and their chemical compositions were also comparatively analyzed by HPTLC. Then HPTLC fingerprints of reference plant materials were compared to the marketed olive leaf samples. For quantification of oleuropein and luteolin 7-O-glucoside (L7G) contents in the samples, a simple and fast HPLC method was developed and validated. Consequently, in water and hydroalcoholic extracts of O. europaea var. europaea leaves, oleuropein contents were found to be 15.89% (w/w) and 15.84% (w/w), while L7G contents were 0.75% and 1.23%, respectively. For the reference materials, oleuropein in O. europaea L. var. sylvestris leaves was found to be 12.77% (w/w, in water extract) and 12.36%(w/w, in hydroalcoholic extract), while the concentration of L7G was 0.51% (w/w) and 0.83% (w/w) in water and hydroalcoholic extracts, respectively. Qualitative analysis of the commercial products revealed that fraud was detected in three of eight olive leaf herbal tea bag brands and two of ten olive leaf food supplements. These samples were found either devoid of oleuropein or they had different HPTLC fingerprint profiles than the reference samples. © 2020 Marmara University Press.

Despite the countless number of studies on phenolic compounds from herbal resources and their related bioactivities, their bioavailability factors are generally disregarded. The present study was performed in order to assess the potential bioavailability of major phenolics found in the aerial parts of Lavandula stoechas L. ssp. stoechas. To that end, a simulated human digestion method consisting of both gastric and intestinal phases was conducted. The total phenolic, phenolic acid and flavonoid contents were appraised together with high performance thin layer chromatography analysis of the two phenolic acids (rosmarinic acid and chlorogenic acid) and two flavone glycosides (apigenin 7-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-ß-glucoside). On the other hand, antioxidant potentials of the samples were investigated using assays with different mechanisms such as free radical scavenging tests and metal-related activity tests. According to the results, flavone glycosides had lower bioavailability than phenolic acids, and antioxidant activities were altered due to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.

Propolis is a honeycomb product having very diverse chemical composition and possessing a broad spectrum of biological activities. This study comprehensively evaluated the phenolic profile of Turkish propolis by using a high performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method in combination with image analysis and pattern recognition technique. Also, botanical origin of each propolis sample was determined by comparison of HPTLC fingerprints of propolis samples with that of plant bud extracts and also by palynological analysis. Moreover, HPTLC coupled with 2,2-dipheny1-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) detection technique was used for screening of antioxidant activity of each separated compounds directly on the plate. Results of the present study have demonstrated that Turkish propolis could be classified under three main types; i.e. orange (O) (originated from Populus nigra L), blue (B) (originated from Populus tremula L) and nonphenolic types. Palynological analysis have shown that dominant pollen grains ( gt %45) in propolis samples were: Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae, Castanea sativa Mill., Lotus corniculatus L., Salix spp. In addition, HPTLC-DPPH results showed that O-type of propolis exerted higher antioxidant activity than the other propolis types. Moreover, quercetin, caffeic acid, caffeic acid phenyl ester, pinobanksin and galangin had significant contribution to the antioxidant activity of propolis. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. This is peer-reviewed version of the following article: Guzelmeric, E.; Ristivojević, P.; Trifković, J.; Dastan, T.; Yilmaz, O.; Cengiz, O.; Yesilada, E. Authentication of Turkish Propolis through HPTLC Fingerprints Combined with Multivariate Analysis and Palynological Data and Their Comparative Antioxidant Activity. LWT - Food Science and Technology 2018, 87, 23–32. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2017.08.060] Supplementary material: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2990]

Background: Ebenus boissieri Barbey is an Antalya, Turkey-endemic plant belonging to Fabaceae family. The aerial parts and the roots of E. boissieri Barbey were used in this study. Objective: In the present study, we have examined the apoptotic effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of E. boissieri Barbey in human cervical cancer cell line HeLa. Materials and Methods: To determine the cytotoxic effect, cells were treated with various concentrations of extracts for 24, 48, and 72 h incubation periods. Cytotoxic effects were examined by Cell Titer 96 aqueous nonradioactive cell proliferation assay and the results were corrected by live/dead viability/cytotoxicity assay and trypan blue exclusion assay. Apoptotic effects were studied with multicaspase kit. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release were also measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: According to the results, E. boissieri Barbey extract caused significant increase in caspase levels. Thus, we suggest that the extract induces cells to undergo apoptosis. Especially, there was a sharp induction in caspase-3 activity. Levels of both TNF-α and IFN-γ in extract-treated groups were significantly and dose dependently exalted as compared to their relative controls. Conclusion: The effects of the extract on caspase-3, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels mediate the plausible mechanism of apoptosis induction in HeLa. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report indicating any pharmacological properties of E. Boissieri on HeLa cells. SUMMARY HeLa cell viability was reduced in dose-dependent manner for 72 h with an IC50 of approximate 28.03 μg/mL for aerial and 41.02 μg/mL for rootHeLa cells, exposure to the aerial extract led to 1.9, 3.8, 1.2, 2.4, and 3.45 fold induction of all caspases activities (-2, -3, -6, -8, and -9, respectively)Both 30 μg/mL of aerial and 45 μg/mL of root extracts allowed the production of anticancer cytokines (TNFalpha; IFNgamma) in HeLa cell culture supernatants. Abbreviations used: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); Interferon gamma (IFN-γ); 3-(4, 5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3- carboxymethoxy-phenyl)-2-(4-sulfonyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS); Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS); Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS); para-Nitroanilin pNA; Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA); Sodium Dodesyl sulphate –Polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE); Tris-Buffered Saline (TBS); Hydocloric acid (HCl); Standart Error of Mean (SEM); National Cancer Institute (NCI); half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)

WOS: 000390621600079 Daphne oleoides Schreb. subsp. oleoides is an evergreen shrub which is known for its folkloric usage against various ailments such as arthritic and infectious diseases. The aim of the present study was to comparatively investigate the in vitro anti-inflammatory (nitric oxide inhibitory effects), antioxidant (DPPH center dot,ABTS(center dot+) and FRAP tests) and antimicrobial activities of the extract/subextracts from the aerial parts of D. oleoides Schreb. subsp. oleoides (Thymelaeaceae). The powdered aerial parts were first extracted with methanol and then partitioned into five subextracts (n-hexane, dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), ethyl acetate (EtOAC), n-butanol and remaining water) by succesive solvent extractions. The chemical compositions of the extracts were compared with regard to their total phenolic, total flavonoid contents and fatty acid compositions. The CH2Cl2 and n-hexane extracts exerted the highest inhibitory effect on NO production (61.67 +/- 13.97% inhibition at 50 mu g/ml and 67.91 +/- 11.17% inhibition at 100 mu g/ml, respectively) of LPS-induced Raw 264.7 cells. The EtOAC subextract showed the highest antioxidant effect evaluated by DPPH center dot (IC50: 0.35 +/- 0.12 mg/ml) and FRAP (4.54 +/- 10.01 mM FeSO4/mg extract) tests. The CH2Cl2 subextract was shown to contain the highest levels of flavonoids (0.837 +/- 10.035 mg QUE/mg extract) and was also found to be rich in phenolics (1.063 +/- 10.011 mg GAE/mg extract). Fatty acid analysis of the n-hexane extract revealed hexadecahoic acid and 9,15-octodecadienoic acids to be the major components. The n-hexane and CH2Cl2 subextracts exerted the'highest antimicrobial potential.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Topical formulations such as oily extracts or ointments prepared with the flowering aerial parts of St. John's wort ( Hypericum perforatum L., Hypericaceae) have been used in the management of a wide range dermatological problems including superficial wounds and burns, bruises, contusions and many others in the worldwide traditional medicines. Aim of the study This is the first case study reporting the beneficial effects of an oily extract of St. John's wort in the treatment of pressure sores in a intensive care unit (ICU) patient. Material and methods The oily extract of St. John's wort was applied to a volunteer patient at ICU daily for forty successive days for wound care and treatment. Healing status was monitored macroscopically by measuring the wound size and stages at certain intervals as well as histopathological evaluation of the tissue sections taken at the initial and final dates of treatment. Results Evaluation of the results obtained from the macroscopical and histopathological experimentation have shown that oily extract of St. John's wort provided significant efficacy for the treatment of pressure sore wounds. Conclusion St. John's wort oily extract may be suggested as a cost-effective option for the prevention or treatment of pressure sores in ICU patients.

Botanical origin of a bee pollen sample is frequently determined by palynological analysis which also enables classification of the bee pollen samples as monofloral and polyfloral. Nevertheless, palynological analysis does not give an insight on its chemical composition and thus its potential therapeutic activities. In this study, the relationship between the botanical origins, chemical compositions and biological activities of bee pollen samples were comparatively investigated. Firstly, bee pollen samples (PO1-11) were examined by palynological method and 5 of them were grouped as monofloral, and the rest was grouped as polyfloral bee pollen. Then, HPTLC analysis was performed for fingerprinting of the phenolic compounds and caffeic acid, isoquercitrin, galangin and chrysin were found the common phenolic components in the bee pollen samples, and these were assigned as “key markers”. Then, a newly developed and validated HPLC method was applied to quantify these key markers in the samples. Furthermore, their total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were comparatively studied. Bioactivity of bee pollen samples were assessed by in-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity tests. A polyfloral bee pollen sample (PO2) was found to exert the highest antioxidant activity. Besides, PO2 and PO9 (polyfloral) showed the highest antimicrobial activity.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Styrax liquidus is a resinous exudate (balsam) obtained from the wounded trunk of the Liquidambar orientalis Mill. (Hamamelidaceae). Styrax has been used for treatment of various ailments in Turkish folk medicine such as skin problems, peptic ulcers, nocturnal enuresis, parasitic infections, antiseptic or as expectorant. Aim of study In spite of frequent use of styrax in Turkish folk medicine as well as once as a stabilizer in perfumery industry, negative reports have been noticed by the international authority for restriction its use based on some limited evidences from an in vitro study. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of styrax and its ethanolic extract using in vivo and in vitro assays, as well as an antimutagenic assay and also to determine its phenolic constituents with chromatographic analysis. Materials and methods In vitro mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of styrax and its ethanolic extract were evaluated by Ames test performed on Salmonella TA98 and TA100 strains with and without metabolic activation (10– 30,000 µg/plate). The genotoxicity was also studied in vivo by chromosomal aberrations assay on bone marrow of Balb C mice with different its concentrations (500–2000 mg/kg body weight). Cytotoxicity has been evaluated by the MTT assay using L929 cell line. Its phenolic constituents were determined by HPLC analysis. Results Genotoxicological investigations of styrax or its ethanolic extract showed that none of the tested concentrations induced a significant increase in the revertant number of TA98 and TA100 strains with or without metabolic activation, indicating no mutagenicity to the tested strains. Also results indicated that up to 2000 mg/kg body weight, styrax is not genotoxic in mammalian bone marrow chromosome aberration test in vivo. In cytotoxicity study, the IC50 values of styrax and its ethanolic extract were found to be 50.22±1.80 and 59.69±11.77 µg/mL, respectively. Among the studied reference standards the major phenolic acids in styrax balsam was found to be p-coumaric acid (2.95 mg/g), while in its ethanolic extract not only p-coumaric acid (11.46 mg/g), but also gallic acid (1.60 mg/g) were found to the main components. Conclusion The findings of the present study provide scientific basis to the safety of styrax from the viewpoint of genotoxicity risk, and in fact, it was found to be beneficial against genotoxicity.

Context Some Ajuga L. (Lamiaceae) species are traditionally used for the treatment of malaria, as well as fever, which is a common symptom of many parasitic diseases. Objective In the continuation of our studies on the identification of antiprotozoal secondary metabolites of Turkish Lamiaceae species, we have investigated the aerial parts of Ajuga laxmannii. Materials and methods The aerial parts of A. laxmannii were extracted with MeOH. The H2O subextract was subjected to polyamide, C18-MPLC and SiO2 CCs to yield eight metabolites. The structures of the isolates were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and MS analyses. The extract, subextracts as well as the isolates were tested for their in vitro antiprotozoal activities against Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanasoma brucei rhodesiense, T. cruzi and Leishmania donovani at concentrations of 90–0.123 µg/mL. Results Two iridoid glycosides harpagide (1) and 8-O-acetylharpagide (2), three o-coumaric acid derivatives cis-melilotoside (3), trans-melilotoside (4) and dihydromelilotoside (5), two phenylethanoid glycosides verbascoside (6) and galactosylmartynoside (7) and a flavone-C-glycoside, isoorientin (8) were isolated. Many compounds showed moderate to good antiparasitic activity, with isoorientin (8) displaying the most significant antimalarial potential (an IC50 value of 9.7 µg/mL). Discussion and conclusion This is the first report on the antiprotozoal evaluation of A. laxmannii extracts and isolates. Furthermore, isoorientin and dihydromelilotoside are being reported for the first time from the genus Ajuga. © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Ethnopharmacological relevance The liver and kidney are among the most important organs in the body, where metabolic and elimination functions take place. During this process, liver and kidneys may suffer damage due to ingestion or formation of toxic metabolites leading to organ loss and even death. Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) leaf has long been recognized as a popular herbal remedy in traditional medicines with beneficial effects on liver. Aim of the study In phytotherapy leaves are the part used to support the liver functions and for treatment of damage induced by various toxins, while fleshy receptacle is cooked as meal to support liver homeostasis. However, effects of other plant parts on liver such as stems, bracts have not much attracted the attention of scientific community so far. In this study we investigated comparatively the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of different plant parts of artichoke, i.e. receptacles, outer bracts, inner bracts, and stems with that of leaves upon paracetamol-induction in rats. Materials and methods Aqueous ethanol (80%) extracts obtained from the different parts of artichoke were administered for five consecutive days after paracetamol induction to rats. At the end of experimental period blood samples from the experimental animals were taken for biochemical tests, while livers and kidneys were removed for further histopathological evaluation. Results The histopathological examinations of liver and kidney tissues revealed that the receptacle and stem extracts of the artichoke were the most effective parts by improving the experimentally induced pathology in both liver and kidney. Biochemical tests also supported the histopathological data; receptacle, stem and bract extracts reduced serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels, but not alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. Conclusions Histopathological and biochemical studies have shown that receptacle and stem extracts of artichoke were found to exert higher protective activity on liver and kidney damage induced by paracetamol comparing to its bract and leaf extracts, the latest is officially recognized as herbal remedy.

Boza is a popular cereal-based traditional beverage particularly consumed during winter months in Balkan countries and Turkic societies. The present study aims to investigate the influence of different cereal sources and starter cultures used in the commercial production of boza on its chemical and microbiota compositions and physicochemical characteristics. Detailed experimentation has revealed that chemical compositions, i.e. carbohydrates (beta-glucans, starches), organic acids, vitamins, dietary fibers, proteins, fat, and minerals, along with physicochemical characteristics, are subject to significant differentiation depending upon the cereal types and microbial consortia of the starter culture used in boza production. These variations also influence the physicochemical characteristics and the nutritive value of the final product. In the course of the study, various lactic acid bacteria [Lactococcus lactis, leuconostocs (Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, Lc. lactis, Lc. citreum), Lactobacillus spp. (L. plantarum, L. paracasei, L. brevis, L. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii)] and yeasts (Pichia fermentans, Candida colliculosa, Geotrichum sp., and Galactomyces geotrichum) were identified as the members of the microbial community in three boza samples. Results of the present study open a new research line for better understanding of the contribution of the cereal source and microbiota composition of boza beverage to its nutritive value as well as biological effects on human health. © TÜBİTAK. 110O613 Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik AraÅ?tirma Kurumu This study was financially supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK), Project Number 110O613.

Although marshmallow flowers are used more frequently than leaves and roots, only Althaeae folium and Althaeae radix monographs exist in European Pharmacopoeia. The aim of study was to set standards for marshmallow flowers which will be used for its quality assessment. Althaeae flos monograph was prepared based on the main principles described in European Pharmacopoeia for herbal drugs. After setting the limits, the specifications of 33 marshmallow samples purchased from herbal markets were studied to determine their suitability for the proposed monograph. Results have shown that all the commercial samples were obtained not from Althaea, but Alcea species, a close gender, based on the flowers size. Since main characteristics of both flowers were determined to be identical, this would not rise a problem. However, residual parts of insects or snails were found in 28 samples and thus they were evaluated unacceptable to be used in phytotherapy. © 2018, University of Istanbul. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000425561900004 Oleander (Nerium oleander L., fain: Apocynaceae) is an evergreen shrub. Although it is known to be poisonous to humans, a large number of utilizations in folk medicine have been reported against diabetes, rheumatic pain and skin diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the cholinesterase inhibitory activities of oleander flower extracts and to isolate the active components responsible for the activity. The antidiabetic and skin care effects were also determined on some key enzymes (alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase, tyrosinase). The flower extracts obtained with aqueous, polar and apolar organic solvents were evaluated for their phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities. The enzyme inhibitory activities (cholinesterase, alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase and tyrosinase) were examined by microtiter plate assays. Antioxidant properties were evaluated by DPPH, FRAP and CUPRAC assays. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride, respectively. The structures of the isolates were elucidated by NMR and MS experiments. In the present study, cholinesterase inhibitory activity of the EtOH extract of the olaender flowers was investigated and beta-sitosterol and oleanolic acid were isolated as the active components. The less polar extracts (n-hexane) exerted better cholinesterase and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities than those of the more polar extracts (R-H2O, EtOAc) which had better alpha-glucosidase and tyrosinase activities. The highest antioxidant capacity values were obtained from EtOAc and EtOH extracts. The EtOH extract was found to contain the highest levels of total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The results suggest that the flowers of oleander could be a potential source for high value phytochemicals for developing novel drug leads.

Comprehensive analysis of phenolic profiles of botanically different subtypes of Turkish propolis samples were performed using UHPLC-LTQ/Orbitrap/MS/MS method, and additionally total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) as well as their antioxidative activities were evaluated by spectrophotometry. Antimicrobial activity of Turkish propolis against oral cavity bacteria from the genus Streptococcus (S. pyogenes, S. sanguinis, S. mutans) and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 was determined by diffusion and microdilution methods. Extensive fingerprint analysis of Turkish propolis revealed the presence of fifty one phenolic compounds, with fifteen quantified which confirm their affiliation to the two subtypes of the European propolis. All analysed samples have shown antimicrobial potential against all tested bacteria, with S. pyogenes being the most sensitive one. Turkish propolis, especially its orange subtype, can be considered as the high-quality product due to its rich phenolic and flavonoid content, strong antioxidative and antimicrobial activities. Turkish propolis could be, therefore, a good raw material for food and pharmaceutical industry. This is the peer-reviewed version of the following article: Ristivojević, P.; Dimkić, I.; Guzelmeric, E.; Trifković, J.; Knežević, M.; Berić, T.; Yesilada, E.; Milojković-Opsenica, D.; Stanković, S. Profiling of Turkish Propolis Subtypes: Comparative Evaluation of Their Phytochemical Compositions, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities. LWT 2018, 95, 367–379. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2018.04.063] Supplementary material: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2930]

In this study, it was aimed to qualify the rhizome samples of butcher's broom (Ruscus aculeatus L.) gathered from various populations distributed naturally in The Marmara Region of Anatolia (Asian part of Turkey) based on the methods described in European Pharmacopoeia. For this purpose, rhizomes were sampled from 18 divers populations; namely, 6 from Istanbul, 4 from Bursa, 4 from Adapazari, 2 from Balikesir and 2 from Canakkale. For qualitative analysis HPTLC method was used in order identify ruscogenin and stigmasterol and these were determined in all samples. For quantitative analysis, concentrations of total ruscogenin (mixture of neoruscogenin and ruscogenin) were analyzed by HPLC technique. According to The European Pharmacopoeia, Butcher's broom rhizomes should contain at least 1% ruscogenins and the rhizome samples obtained from Bahcekoy, Biga, Karacabey, Poyrazlar, Gonen and Kanlica were found consistent with this limit. For pilot field cultivation trial, rhizome sections were prepared from the selected rhizome samples by cutting carefully from their knuckles. The sections then were planted in the nursery under 3 different crown closures with three replications (one of which to serve control). However, it was observed that the survival ratio of seedlings, which was 1% in the first year in the nursery, declined even further in the 2nd and 3rd years, and finally the seedlings dried up, neither developed a root system nor formed a rhizome. Consequently, further cultivation studies should be carried out under suitable climatic conditions and soil compositions by directly planting the rhizomes. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs [10.7702] This project is funded by Republic of Turkey Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs (Project no: 10.7702).

The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity profile of the Nerium oleander flower EtOH extract/its subextracts (n-hexane, CH2Cl2, EtOAc, remaining H2O) were evaluated on LPS induced Raw 264.7 macrophages. The effects of the crude EtOH extract and its subextracts on nitric oxide (NO) production and cell viability were determined. The most active subextract was determined to be the EtOAc subextract without exerting any toxicity towards Raw 264.7 macrophages. This subextract significantly inhibited NO production of Raw 264.7 macrophages after LPS induction (62.56±1.91% at 200 µg/mL concentration). The levels of iNOS were reduced up to 67.50%. Moreover, this subextract slightly reduced the phosphorylation levels of MAP kinases (p-ERK, p-JNK, p-38). The highest inhibition was observed for ERK phosphorylation, which was inhibited by 20.53% at 200 µg/mL concentration. Through activity-guided fractionation procedures, kaempferol, kaempferol 3-O-?-glucopyranoside and chlorogenic acid were isolated as the main active components. The structures of the active compounds were determined by 2D-NMR techniques and HRMS analysis. All compounds significantly inhibited NO productions. Results of the present study supported the traditional use of N. oleander flowers to treat inflammatory complaints. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity profile of the Nerium oleander flower EtOH extract/its subextracts (n-hexane, CH2Cl2, EtOAc, remaining H2O) were evaluated on LPS induced Raw 264.7 macrophages. The effects of the crude EtOH extract and its subextracts on nitric oxide (NO) production and cell viability were determined. The most active subextract was determined to be the EtOAc subextract without exerting any toxicity towards Raw 264.7 macrophages. This subextract significantly inhibited NO production of Raw 264.7 macrophages after LPS induction (62.56±1.91% at 200 µg/mL concentration). The levels of iNOS were reduced up to 67.50%. Moreover, this subextract slightly reduced the phosphorylation levels of MAP kinases (p-ERK, p-JNK, p-38). The highest inhibition was observed for ERK phosphorylation, which was inhibited by 20.53% at 200 µg/mL concentration. Through activity-guided fractionation procedures, kaempferol, kaempferol 3-O-?-glucopyranoside and chlorogenic acid were isolated as the main active components. The structures of the active compounds were determined by 2D-NMR techniques and HRMS analysis. All compounds significantly inhibited NO productions. Results of the present study supported the traditional use of N. oleander flowers to treat inflammatory complaints.

The current study was carried out in selected districts of the Black Sea region of Turkey, in Trabzon (center), Çorum (İskilip town), Karabük (Yenice town), Amasya (Kapıkaya village), and Amasya (Belmebük village) in order to document the wild plants used by the local inhabitants, i.e. as a remedy or foodstuff or for other purposes. The data were collected from 352 individuals residing in these districts and volunteering to participate in the research through face-to-face interviewing. Depending on the data collected, the parts of the plants used, the purpose in using them, and the ways of preparation (simply cooking or decoction, infusion, poultice, ointment, etc.) were documented. Wild plants that are said to be used were collected with guidance from the informant and herbarium materials were prepared. All plant specimens collected were identified botanically and deposited at the Herbarium of the Faculty of Education of Hacettepe University (HEF). In the survey, the use of 72 plant taxa from 35 families was documented. Most of them belonged to the families Rosaceae (14 taxa), Lamiaceae (5 taxa), and Asteraceae (5 taxa). Among the 150 wild plant used in total, 106 were documented to be used in the treatment of several health problems. In descending order, these health problems were respiratory system disorders (25 remedies; 23.6%), dermatological disorders (21 remedies; 19.8%), gastro-intestinal disorders (20 remedies; 18.9%), endocrine and metabolic diseases (11 remedies; 10.4%), and urinary disorders (11 remedies; 10.4%), respectively.

… European Soc Toxicol

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Ethnobotanical field surveys revealed that various parts of Cichorium intybus L. has been used for wound healing in Turkish folk medicine. Aim of the study: The present study aimed at verifying the efficiency of various traditional prescriptions prepared from the aerial parts and roots of C. intybus experimentally and to define the components responsible from the activity by bioassay-guided procedures. Material and methods: Initially, wound healing activity of the aerial parts, leaves, and roots as well as ashes of either leaves or roots were investigated. Subsequently, roots of the plant were submitted to further detailed investigations. The wound healing activity of the methanolic extract, its subextracts, and fractions were evaluated by using in vivo linear incision and circular excision wound models in rats. The hydroxyproline content of the tissues treated with test ointments were also assessed for the activity evaluation. Moreover, in order to find out a possible involvement of antioxidant activity in wound healing, the test samples were also investigated by DPPH radical scavenging activity and total phenolic concentration were also determined. Additionally anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by using the method of Whittle, which is based on the inhibition of acetic acid-induced increase in capillary permeability. Through the bioassay guided fractionation one compound was isolated and its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods. For the determination of the activity mechanisms, the fractions were screened for hyaluronidase, collagenase and elastase enzyme inhibitory activities. Results: Methanolic extract of C. intybus roots was found to possess potent wound healing activity. Then this extract was subjected to successive solvent extraction with n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate and n-butanol. Each solvent extracts were also applied on the same wound models. DCM subextract was found to be the most active one and through chromatographic techniques DCM subextract was fractionated into several fractions and compound 1 was isolated as the compound being responsible from the wound healing activity. Conclusion: The experimental study revealed that C. intybus methanolic extract displays wound healing effect and ß-sitosterol was determined as the active compound responsible from the activity. © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Gazi Üniversitesi: 02/2010-01 Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik AraÅ?tirma Kurumu This study was supported by 2214-International Doctoral Research Fellowship Programme, provided by “ The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)” and the Scientific Research Project of Gazi University , Grant No: 02/2010-01 .

New diterpenylquinones, combining a diterpene diacid and a naphthoquinone, were prepared from junicedric acid and lapachol. The new derivatives were assessed as gastroprotective agents by the HCl-EtOH-induced gastric lesions model in mice as well as for basal cytotoxicity on the following human cell lines: Normal lung fibroblasts (MRC-5), gastric epithelial adenocarcinoma (AGS), and hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2). Several of the new compounds were significantly active as antiulcer agents and showed selective cytotoxicity against AGS cells.

International audience; An activity guided isolation of the H2O subextract of the crude extract of Melampyrum arvense L. afforded iridoid glucosides aucubin (1), melampyroside (2), mussaenoside (3), mussaenosidic acid (4), 8-epi-loganin (5); flavonoids, apigenin (6), luteolin (7), luteolin 7-O--glucopyranoside (8); a lignan glycoside dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 9-O--glucopyranoside (9); and benzoic acid (10). -Sitosterol (11) and a fatty acid mixture (12) were identified as the active principles of the CHCl3 subextract. The structures of the isolates were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, while the composition of 12 was identified by GC-MS after methylation. Luteolin (7) appeared as the most active compound against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Leishmania donovani (IC50 values 3.8 and 3.0 mg/ml). Luteolin 7-O--glucopyranoside (8) displayed the best antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum (IC50 value 2.9 mg/ml). This is the first detailed phytochemical study on Turkish M. arvense and the first report of the antiprotozoal effect of Melampyrum species and its constituents.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Olive oil extract of the flowering aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae) is a popular folk remedy for the treatment of wounds in Turkey. Aim of the study: In order to prove the claimed utilization of the plant, the effects of the extracts and the fractions were investigated by using bioassay-guided procedures. For the wound healing activity assessment, in vivo excision and incision wound models were applied. For the anti-inflammatory activity, an in vivo model, based on the inhibition of acetic acid-induced increase in capillary permeability was used as well. Moreover, a parallel study was run on Hypericum scabrum L., which is a widespread species of the gender but not known as a folk remedy for wound healing, to provide a preliminary data to compare and emphasize the selection of correct plant species. Results: Initial investigations proved that the olive oil extract of Hypericum perforatum has a significant wound healing effect on excision (5.1-82.6% inhibition) and circular incision (20.2-100.0% inhibition) wound models. In order to determine the active wound healing ingredient(s), aerial parts of the plant was extracted with ethanol, noteworthy wound healing activity profile was observed with the wound models; between 18.3% and 95.6% in excision model and from 13.9% to 100.0% inhibitions in incision model were determined. The ethanolic extract was then submitted to successive solvent extractions with n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate (EtOAc). Each solvent extract was also applied on the same wound models, consequently, EtOAc subextract was found to be the most active one by inhibiting wounds between 17.9% and 100.0% in excision model, subsequently between 9.4% and 100.0% in incision model. However, all subfractions obtained from the EtOAc subextract using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography showed wound healing activity not more than the whole EtOAc subextract, which revealed that a possible synergistic activity that might be questioned. Among the active Sephadex fractions, Fr. A further yielded hyperoside, isoquercitrin, rutin and (-)-epicatechin and Fr. B yielded hypericin as the major components. Moreover, a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity was found for the ethanol extract, EtOAc subextract and Sephadex fractions of Hypericum perforatum. These results suggest that anti-inflammatory activity of the active fractions might have a contributory role in the wound healing effect of the plant. Conclusion: Results of the present study have proved that aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum possess remarkable wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities supporting the folkloric assertion of the plant in Turkish folk medicine. Flavonoids [hyperoside, isoquercitrin, rutin and (-)-epicatechin] and naphthoquinones (hypericins) were found as the active components of Hypericum perforatum. On the other hand, ethanol extract of Hypericum scabrum showed neither remarkable wound healing nor anti-inflammatory activity demonstrating the importance of correct plant species selection in therapeutic applications. © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Gazi Üniversitesi: 02/2007-03 This study was supported by the Scientific Research Project of Gazi University (02/2007-03).

Escins, a triterpene glycoside mixture obtained from the ethanol extract of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Hippocastanaceae) seed, was evaluated for its in vivo effects on the plasma levels of some hormones (leptin, insulin, FT 3, FT 4) and biochemical parameters (glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C concentrations) in mice fed with a high fat diet for 5 weeks. A high fat diet induced a remarkable increment in the plasma leptin (p

Aim of the study: Several Centaurea species (Asteraceae) are used in Turkish folk medicine to alleviate pain and inflammatory symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis, high fever, head ache and for wound healing. Particularly, the aerial part of Centaurea iberica Trev. ex Spreng. has been practiced on wounds for healing. In order to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities of the plant, extracts were prepared with variety of solvents: hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous methanol (85%) from the aerial parts of Centaurea iberica. Materials and methods: The incision by using tensiometer and excision models were used in order to assess the effect of the plant extracts on wound healing in mice and rats. Results were also evaluated histopathologically. In vivo inhibitory effect of the extracts on acetic acid-induced increase in capillary permeability was studied for the assessment of anti-inflammatory activity. Results: The wound healing effect was comparatively evaluated with a reference ointment Madecassol®. Noteworthy wound healing activity was observed for the ointment formulation prepared with 1% methanol extract. The results of histopathological evaluation supported the outcome of both incision and excision wound models. Moreover, the methanol extract exerted remarkable wound healing activity and also demonstrated a significant and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusion: The experimental study revealed that Centaurea iberica displays remarkable wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity. © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. G.U.ET-08.037 Male, Sprague–Dawley rats (160–180 g) and Swiss albino mice (20–25 g) were purchased from the animal breeding laboratories of Refik Saydam Central Institute of Health (Ankara, Turkey). The animals were left for 3 days at room conditions for acclimatization. They were maintained on standard pellet diet and water ad libitum throughout the experiment. A minimum of six animals were used in each group, otherwise described in procedure. The study was permitted by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (Gazi University Ethical Council Project Number: G.U.ET-08.037) and was performed according to the international rules considering the animal experiments and biodiversity rights. 2.3.2

Three sesquiterpene lactones (centaurepensin = chlorohyssopifolin A, chlorojanerin and 13-acetyl solstitialin A) isolated from the aerial parts of Centaurea solstitialis L. ssp. solstitialis (Asteraceae) were investigated for antimicrobial and antiviral activities. For the antimicrobial. activity assessment, both standard and isolated strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis were employed by the microditution method. Herpes simplex type-1, a DNA virus, and Parainfluenza, an RNA virus, were employed for the determination of the antiviral activity of these three sesquiterpene tactones using Vero cell tines. Ampicilline, ofloxocine, ketoconazole, fluconazole, acyclovir and oseltamivir were used as the reference drugs. 13-Acetyl solstitialin A displayed remarkable antibacterial activity against isolated strains of E. faecalis at 1 mu g/ml concentration, which was close to the effective concentrations of ampicillin. The same compound also showed significant activity against the DNA virus, being as potent as the reference compound acyclovir at maximum and minimum concentrations of 16

Three new phenylethyl glycosides, 3′′′′-O-methylmaxoside (=2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(13)-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(16)]-4-O-(E)-feruloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside; 1), digilanatosides A (=2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl O-6-O-(E)-sinapoyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(13)-4-O-(E)-caffeoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside; 2), and digilanatoside B (=2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl O-6-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(13)-4-O-(E)-caffeoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside; 3) were isolated from the aerial parts of Digitalis lanata, along with two known phenylethyl glycosides, purpureaside A and maxoside, a phenylpropanoid glucose ester, 1-O-(E)-feruloyl-β-glucopyranose, a benzoquinolethanoid glucoside, cornoside, a cardenolide, lanatoside C, a furostane-type steroidal saponin, purpureagitoside, and a disaccharide, sucrose. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence (1D- and 2D-NMR, and HR-MALDI-MS).

1 n-Hexane and ethyl acetate extracts as well as coumarin derivatives obtained from the n-hexane extract of the aerial parts of Seseli gummiferum Pall. ex Sm. subsp. corymbosum (Boiss. & Heldr.) P.H. Davis (Apiaceae) were evaluated in vivo for their anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. The n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of the species were shown to possess significant inhibitory activity against the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema and p-benzoquinone-induced writhing models in mice. Among the isolated coumarin derivatives; (−)-(3’S,4’S)-3’-acetoxy-4’-isovaleryloxy-3’,4’-dihydroseselin (), (−)-(3’S,4’S)-3’- acetoxy-4’-angeloyloxy-3’,4’-dihydroseselin (2), (+)-(3’S,4’S)-3’-hydroxy-4’-angeloyloxy-3’,4’- dihydroseselin (D-laserpitin) (3), (−)-(3’S,4’S)-3’-angeloyloxy-4’-hydroxy-3’,4’-dihydroseselin (4), and osthole (5), only the 3’-acetoxy derivatives 1 and 2 were found to possess potent antinociceptive and anti-infl ammatory activities, per os, without inducing any apparent acute toxicity as well as gastric damage, while all other compounds and extracts were found to be ineffective in the TPA-induced mouse ear edema model assay.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activity of the extracts and their fractions obtained from either the flowers or the leaves of Helichrysum plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum (Asteraceae), by studying inhibition of the growth of a dangerous food pathogen, Escherichia coli O157:H7. The antibacterial effects of the ethanol and water extracts of the flowers and leaves were examined first. Subsequently sub-extracts of the flower ethanol extract (FEE), which was found to be the most effective extract, were examined. As a result, the antibacterial effect of FEE was found to be stronger than that of the chloroform and ethyl acetate sub-extracts. This may due to synergistic activity of several components of the ethanol extract of the flowers. Research Fund of Gazi UniversityGazi University [02/2003-16] This study was financially Supported by the Research Fund of Gazi University (project no. 02/2003-16).

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Rhododendron ponticum L. (Ericaceae) is used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and to alleviate rheumatic pain and against toothache in Turkish traditional medicine. Aim of the study: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of Rhododendron ponticum leaves using in vivo models, and isolation and chemical characterization of the biologically active constituents through bioassay-guided fractionation procedures. Material and Methods: Carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model was used for anti-inflammatory activity and p-benzoquinone induced abdominal contractions model for the antinociceptive activity assessment. Results: The ethylacetate fraction displayed marked anti-inflammatory (28.4-40.7% inhibition) and antinociceptive (50.7% inhibition) effects as compared to reference compounds. Through bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation procedures flavonol glycosides [a mixture of hyperoside and isoquercitrin (1) and quercitrin (2)] along with one flavanone glycoside [6-C-glycosylnaringenin (3)] were isolated as the active ingredients of ethylacetate extract against carrageenan-induced edema and p-benzoquinone-induced writhes and their structures were elucidated by spectral techniques. 1 and 2 also showed a significant anti-inflammatory activity against 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-acetate (TPA)- induced mouse ear edema model. Conclusion: Results of the present study supported the utilization of the plant in Turkish folk medicine and revealed that flavones are the major anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive principles of the leaves. © 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. This study is financially supported by The Scientific Research Fund of Gazi University.

To obtain experimental evidence on the therapeutic efficacy of Geranium species and its phenolic compounds for inflammatory diseases, we examined the effects of the aqueous extract of the aerial parts of Geranium pratense subsp. finitimum (Woronow) Knuth, its fractions and isolated compounds, the mixture of quercetin 3-O-alpha-arabinopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-beta-galactopyranoside (1), the mixture of quercetin 3-O-alpha-glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-galactopyranoside (2), kaempferol 3-O-beta-glucopyranoside (3), (-)-6-chloroepicatechin (4), the mixture of quercetin 3-O-(2"-O-galloyl)-beta-glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-(2"-O-galloyl)-beta-galactopyranoside (5) and myricetin 3-O-(2"-O-galloyl)-beta-glucopyranoside (6), on carrageenan-, PGE(2)- and TPA-induced inflammation in mice and p-benzoquinone-induced writhing reflex to assess anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. The effective dose of materials for the inhibition of carragenan-induced hind paw edema assay was determined to be 100 mg/kg, which was also used in the assays with the extract, its fractions and isolated compounds in all other experiments. The aqueous extract, 1, 2 (100 mg/kg), as well as indomethacin (10 mg/kg) inhibited significantly the formation of the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema. There was also a significant reduction in PGE2-induced hind paw edema and TPA-induced ear edema models with 5, in addition to the aqueous extract and the other active components 1 and 2. In the antinociceptive assay, the aqueous extract and its fractions, as well as 1, 2, and 5 diminished significantly the number of writings. Based on the results obtained it is suggested that the aqueous extract of Geranium pratense subsp. finitimum and its phenolic compounds display anti-inflammatory activity, supporting the folkloric use. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

Extracts obtained from the leaves and branches of various Cistus species have been used worldwide as folk remedy for the treatment of various inflammatory ailments including rheumatism and renal inflammations. Effects of the extracts and fractions from the leaves with non-woody branches of Cistus laurifolius L. (Cistaceae) were studied using two in vivo models of inflammation in mice. Model one was based on observed potent inhibitory activity against carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema and the second model used was acetic acid-induced, increased vascular permeability model. Through bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation procedures three flavonoids; 3-O-methylquercetin (1), 3,7-O-dimethylquercetin (2) and 3,7-O-dimethylkaempferol (3) were isolated as the main active ingredients from the ethanol extract. Later on, these flavonoids were shown to possess potent antinociceptive activity, which was assessed through inhibition of p-benzoquinone-induced writhing reflex. Results of the present study have clearly supported the utilization of Cistus laurifolius in Turkish traditional medicine. Subsequently, three flavonoids were shown to have strong antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, per os without inducing any apparent acute toxicity as well as gastric damage. © 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Gazi Üniversitesi: EF-02/2000-13 This study was financially supported by the Gazi University Research Fund [EF-02/2000-13].

Infusions of Yerbascum lasianthum flowers have been used for hemorrhoids in Turkish folk medicine. In order to evaluate the scientific basis for this practice, in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Verbascum lasianthum Boiss. ex Bentham flowers were investigated. A methanolic extract of the flowers was shown to possess significant inhibitory activity in the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model and in p-benzoquinone-induced writhings in mice. Through bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation procedures eight compounds, 6-O-(4'''-O-trans-p-coumaroyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosylaucubin (1), 6-O-(4'''-O-trans-p-methoxycinnamoyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosylaucubin (2), sinuatol (3), aucubin (4), gemposidic acid (5), catalpol (6), ajugol (7) and ilwensisaponin A (8) were isolated and their structures were elucidated by spectral techniques. An iridoid glucoside, aucubin (4) and a triterpenoid saponin, ilwensisaponin A (8) were found to possess significant antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities, per os without inducing any apparent acute toxicity or gastric damage. Results of the present study support the continued and expanded utilization of plants employed in Turkish folk medicine. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Background Dried fruits of Berberis crataegina (Berberidaceae) have been frequently consumed as food garniture in Turkish cuisine, while its fruit paste has been used to increase stamina and in particular to prevent from cardiovascular dysfunctions in Northeastern Black Sea region of Turkey. This study investigated this folkloric information in order to explain the claimed healing effects as well as to evaluate possible risks. Methods Total phenolic, flavonoid and proanthocyanidin contents and antioxidant capacity of the methanolic fruit extract were evaluated through several in vitro assays. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of B. crataegina fruit extract were also assessed in both cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) and human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Results The extract showed protective effects against ferric-induced oxidative stress and had a relatively good antioxidant activity. It also ameliorated the H2O2 mediated DNA damage in lymphocytes, suggesting the protective effect against oxidative DNA damage. Conclusion The methanolic extract of B. crataegina fruits may be a potential antioxidant nutrient and also may exert a protective role against lipid peroxidation as well as oxidative DNA damage.

63rd International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Medicinal-Plant-and-Natural-Product-Research (GA) -- August 23-27, 2015 -- Budapest, Hungary WOS: 000367558100418 The in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of subextracts (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, remaining water) of the methanol extract of the leaves of Sambucus ebulus L. (Adoxaceae) were investigated for their inhibitory activities on the activation of Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) on lipopolysaccharide induced Raw 264.7 cells. The n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate subextracts inhibited NF-κB activation at 50, 100 and 100 µg/mL concentrations, respectively. Two flavonoid mixtures [quercetin-3-O-β-D- glucopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside], two flavonoids [isorhamnetin-3-O- β-D-glucopyranoside (1), isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (2)] were isolated from ethyl acetate subextract. 10-O-acetylpatrinoside (3) and a new iridoid [Sambulin B (4)] was obtained from chloroform and n-hexane subextracts respectively. Structures were elucidated by NMR and MS. The compounds exerted inhibitions between 30 – 80% on NF-κB. Flavonoids were applied to cells at 25, 50, 75 and 100 µg/mL concentrations. Sambulin B was applied at 6,25, 12,5, 25 and Sambulin A applied at 12,5, 25 and 50 µg/mL concentrations.

Bardakci, Hilal/0000-0001-8799-6565 WOS:000366065200026 This study was designed to evaluate the phenolic profiles and antioxidant potentials of different solvent extracts of four Scutellaria L. (Lamiaceae) taxa, S. hastifolia, S. velenovskyi, S. albida ssp. albida and S. orientalis ssp. pinnatifida, which are used in,traditional medicines for various purposes. Among the investigated species, S. hastifolia was selected for further biological and phytochemical studies according to the results of preliminary screening assays. Phytochemical studies on S. hastifolia yielded a new phenylethanoid glycoside (hastifolioside) together with 16 known metabolites. The structures of the compounds were established on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. The antioxidant potentials and the antiinflammatory activities of the crude extracts of S. hastifolia as well as the isolates were evaluated through DPPH radical scavenging capability, linoleic acid lipid peroxidation inhibition and soybean LOX inhibition assays. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. TUBITAK-SBAGTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [109S480]; GSRTGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT Prof. Dr. Cigdem Kaspar is highly acknowledged for performing the statistical analyses of studies. This study was funded by TUBITAK-SBAG (Project no: 109S480) and GSRT, both are greatly thanked.

A new nonglycosidic iridoid, sambulin B (1), was isolated from the methanol extract of Sambucus ebulus L. leaves along with a recently reported new nonglycosidic iridoid, 10-O-acetylpatrinoside aglycone (sambulin A) (2); 2 flavonoids, isorhamnetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3) and isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside (4); and a mixture of 2 flavonoids (5), quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and quercetin-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside. Their structures were elucidated by 1-D and 2-D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) experiments. Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [SBAG 110S197] We greatly acknowledge the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for its support (SBAG 110S197).

Ethanolic and aqueous extracts from five plant species used in Turkish traditional medicine were evaluated for in vivo hypercholesterolaemic and antioxidant activities: Agrostemma githago L., Potentilla reptans L., Thymbra spicata var. spicata L., Urtica dioica L. and Viscum album var. album L. We assayed the effects of the administration of plant extracts on serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-C, LDL-C, glucose, AST and ALT concentrations in mice fed with cholesterol-rich diet. In addition, plasma TAA, MDA and NOx levels in the same animals were assayed. All the aqueous plant extracts did not affect the serum cholesterol concentration. However, the ethanolic extracts of Agrostemma githago, Thymbra spicata and Viscum album decreased the serum cholesterol concentration in the mice fed with high-cholesterol diet without inducing any gastric damage. The ethanolic extracts of Thymbra spicata, Viscum album, Potentilla reptans and Urtica dioica and the aqueous extract of Agrostemma githago increased the serum HDL concentration, whereas the ethanolic extracts of Agrostemma githago, Thymbra spicata, Viscum album and Urtica dioica decreased the serum LDL-C concentration. Thymbra spicata and Viscum album were observed to decrease the serum triglyceride concentration. Among the plant extracts studied, the ethanolic extracts of Thymbra spicata significantly decreased the MDA level in mice. The ethanolic extract of Potentilla reptans increased in NOx. None of these plants showed statistically prominent activity on plasma TAX Results of the present study indicated that the ethanolic extracts of Agrostemma githago, Thymbra spicata and Viscum album showed potent hypocholesterolaemic activity in the mice fed with a diet containing high-cholesterol. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

The ethanolic and aqueous extracts prepared from different parts of Pistacia vera L. (Anacardiaceae) as well as its oleoresin were evaluated for their in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. Among the extracts screened, only the oleoresin was shown to possess a marked anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model in mice without inducing any gastric damage at both 250 and 500 mg/kg doses whereas the rest of the extracts were totally inactive. While the oleoresin was found to display significant antinociceptive activity at 500 mg/kg dose, the ethanolic and aqueous extracts belonging to fruit, leaf, branch and peduncle of Pistacia vera did not exhibit any noticeable antinociception in p-benzoquinone-induced abdominal contractions in mice. Fractionation of the oleoresin indicated the n-hexane fraction to be active, which further led to recognition of some monoterpenes, mainly a-pinene (77.5%) by capillary gas chromatography-triass spectrometry (GC-MS) as well as the oleoresin itself. alpha-Pinene was also assessed for its antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in the same manner and exerted a moderate anti-inflammatory effect at 500 mg/kg dose. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Viscum album L. has been used in the indigenous systems of medicine for treatment of headache and some inflammatory diseases. In order to evaluate this information, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the five flavonoids (5,7-dimethoxy naringenin or 4′,6′- dimethoxy chalcononaringenin) derivatives, isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the extract from V. album ssp. album, were investigated, namely 5,7-dimethoxy-flavanone-4′-O- β-ᴅ-glucopyranoside (1), 2′-hydroxy-4′,6′-dimethoxy-chalcone-4-O-β-ᴅ-glucopyranoside (2), 5,7-dimethoxy-flavanone-4′-O-[2″-O-(5‴-O-trans-cinnamoyl)-β-ᴅ-apiofuranosyl]-β-ᴅ-glucopyranoside (3), 2′-hydroxy-4′,6′-dimethoxy-chalcone-4-O-[2″-O-(5‴-O-trans-cinnamoyl)-β-ᴅ-apiofuranosyl]- β-ᴅ-glucopyranoside (4), 5,7-dimethoxy-flavanone-4′-O-[β-d-apiofuranosyl- (152)]-β-ᴅ-glucopyranoside (5). For the antinociceptive activity assessment the p-benzoquinone- induced writhing test and for the anti-inflammatory activity the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model in mice were used. The ethyl acetate fraction in a dose of 250 mg/kg as well as compounds 2 and 5 in a 30 mg/kg dose were shown to possess remarkable antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities per os without inducing any apparent acute toxicity as well as gastric damage