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The natural geographical distribution range of Sedum rubens in continental Portugal is reassessed. Based on the Flora iberica provinces recognised for the country, the occurrence of the species in Ribatejo is confirmed but it is thus far excluded from Beira Alta.

Following the reinstatement of Aloe davyana Schönland (1905: 288) (Fig. 1A) as an accepted taxon at the rank of species, rather than at that of variety under A. greatheadii Schönland (1904: 121) (Smith et al. 2020), we here reinstate A. davyana var. subolifera Groenewald (1939: t. 732). Aloe davyana var. subolifera was accepted by all aloe researchers until it was placed in the synonymy of a broadened concept of A. greatheadii var. davyana (Schönl.) Glen & Hardy (1987: 490), a view with which we do not agree.

Aloe davyana (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae), a winter-flowering aloe that is endemic to the north-central interior of South Africa, is reinstated at the rank of species based on plant size, clumping habit, leaf colour and ornamentation, inflorescence architecture, and several flower characters. In the past it was sometimes treated as A. greatheadii var. davyana.

The tropical African genus Staudtia Warburg (1897a: 128) (Myristicaceae) is most often treated as consisting of two species, the widespread S. kamerunensis Warburg (1897a: 241) and the little-known S. pterocarpa Warburg (1897a: 243), the latter being endemic to the island of São Tomé (São Tomé and Príncipe, Gulf of Guinea). Staudtia pterocarpa has been known by the Portuguese common name Pau-Vermelho (vermelho meaning red), and the Santomean Portuguese names Vlêmê or Pó-Vlêmê, since at least the end of the 19th century (Negreiros 1895: 253). These common names are derived from the pressed bark that exudes a resinous red sap (Negreiros 1901: 85), this exudate being a characteristic feature of the family. The common names have also been explained as reflecting the colour of the timber. The core wood of the other species of Staudtia, S. kamerunensis, commonly known under the trade name Niove, could also take on an ochre-red colour [Phongphaew 2003: 142, as S. stipitata Warburg (1903: 384)]. At the beginning of the 20th century the timber of S. pterocarpa was considered excellent for construction and carpentry and the leaves were used medicinally (Negreiros 1901: 85). Presently the bark of S. pterocarpa is used in traditional medicine (Figueiredo et al. 2011). The species occurs in lowland forest up to ca. 1150 m above sea level and its conservation status is listed as Vulnerable (Oldfield et al. 1998, WCMC 1998).

Walker et al. (2019: 12) suggested that the name Aloe zeyheri (Barber 1870a: 80) (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae) was merely proposed and not validly published for the species of tree aloe today known as Aloidendron barberae (Dyer 1874a: 566) Klopper & Gideon F. Sm. in Grace et al. (2013: 9) (Fig. 1A–C). Aloidendron barberae occurs naturally along the eastern seaboard of South Africa, and slightly inland, and caused quite a stir in botanical circles when it was first and more or less simultaneously collected in South Africa’s Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces.

Aloe arborescens Miller (1768: no. 3 on first page headed “ALO ALO”) (Fig. 1A) is a parent of some intergeneric alooid hybrids, as well as of interspecific hybrids in Aloe Linnaeus (1753: 319), that have become popular in domestic and even industrial-scale horticulture [see for example Smith & Figueiredo 2015: 20, and Figueiredo & Smith 2019 on A. ×caesia Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck (1817: 29)]. Numerous forms of A. arborescens have additionally been provided with cultivar names (Van Jaarsveld 2002, Smith et al. 2021). Where A. arborescens and A. hardyi Glen (1987: plate 1942) (Figs 1B, C) are grown together, these two species hybridise with great ease and offspring of this hybrid are increasingly found in cultivation. However, to date the hybrid with the formula A. arborescens × A. hardyi does not have a name to enable easy communication about it. We here describe this increasingly common horticultural hybrid as A. ×engelbrechtii Gideon F.Sm. & Figueiredo (Figs 2A, B).

Although it is widely assumed that Friedrich Welwitsch, who collected about 10,000 specimens in Angola during a seven-year period in the mid-1800s, only proposed names that were validly published by other authors in the Flora of Tropical Africa (FTA), he also provided Latin descriptions that were attached to the specimens. These descriptions were translated into English and used in FTA. Welwitsch was therefore the only author of those names. As a case study, the nomenclature of new species published in the FTA in the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) is presented. When all the internal evidence in the relevant FTA volume is taken into account, the authorship of all the Kalanchoe species names, bar one, K. welwitschii, which was published by Britten exclusively, is Welwitsch only, and not “Welwitsch ex Britten” or “Welwitsch ex Oliver” as usually cited. Kalanchoe coccinea and K. brachyloba, whose distributions extend beyond Angola, have type localities in that country, and were also based on Welwitsch’s descriptions. An itinerary of Welwitsch’s Angolan expedition and maps showing the areas where he collected in the country are provided. Type localities from where Welwitsch collected the Kalanchoe species published in FTA are placed on the map. The typification of seven Kalanchoe names is clarified, some through correcting previous designations and, where required, second-step lectotypifications.

The genus Kleinia Miller (1754: page headed KI KL) (Asteraceae, subfam. Asteroideae, tr. Senecioneae) has been variously circumscribed over time, but in the past was often regarded as worthy of segregation from Senecio Linnaeus (1753: 866) based on, inter alia, the architecture of ovary wall crystals (Jeffrey 1986) and the prevalence of stem succulence (Halliday 1988: 1) and, to some degree, leaf succulence (see Cicuzza et al. 2017 for an overview). The recently described genus Curio Heath (1997: 136) accommodates mostly low-growing to medium-sized leaf succulents with rather dull-coloured capitula that generally lack ray florets.

From the 1950s to the 1980s the East African taxa of Kalanchoe Adanson (1763: 248) (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) received taxonomic attention in a series of papers by Cufodontis (1957, 1958, 1965, 1967, 1969), Raadts (1977, 1979, 1984, 1985, 1989), and Wickens (1982, 1987) that culminated in the treatment of the genus by Wickens (1987: 30–58) for the Flora of Tropical East Africa (FTEA; Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania). Wickens (1987) recognised 25 Kalanchoe species in the FTEA region, with two species, K. ndorensis Schweinfurth (1892: 865 [as name only in Engler (1892: 232)]) and K. stuhlmannii Engler (1895: 188), treated as imperfectly known.

The valid publication of the name Euphorbia candelabrum Welwitsch (1855: 328) or E. candelabrum Welwitsch (1856: 251) (Euphorbiaceae) is subject to a request for a binding decision, which, following Art. 38.4 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (or Shenzhen Code, see Turland et al. 2018), provides the only means of permanently settling different views on the issue. As some typifications of associated names have not previously been effectively done, the following names are effectively typified here: E. candelabrum Trémaux ex Kotschy (1857: 169), E. venefica Trémaux ex Kotschy (1857: 173), and E. similis Berger (1907: 69). The type citation for E. conspicua Brown (1912: 600) is clarified. The nomenclatural status and type citations for E. confertiflora Volkens (1899: 266) and E. reinhardtii Volkens (1899: 263) are elucidated. These two names were not based on the same type and they are therefore not homotypic. Euphorbia confertiflora is a legitimate name.

The majority of the species of Kalanchoe Adanson (1763: 248) in cultivation in, especially, mild-climate parts of the world originates from Madagascar, a present-day centre of high species diversity for the genus (Gehrig et al. 2001; Descoings 2003; Smith & Figueiredo 2018). Of 45 species, hybrids, and cultivars of Kalanchoe listed by Springate (1995: 178–185) as being cultivated in Europe, both out-of-doors and under glass, 29 (~64%) are either from Madagascar or are based on material originally collected from that country, with the remaining 16 being mainly from eastern and southern Africa, as well as from the Middle East, Socotra, India, and east Asia.

For nine years, from 1835 until his death, the British-born Andrew Beveridge Curror (27 October 1811–11 July 1844) served as surgeon on different ships of the British Royal Navy. From 1839 he sailed on ships of the West Africa Squadron, which aimed at the curtailment of the slave trade along Africa’s west coast. Curror additionally had a strong interest in natural history and collected from continental Africa and Atlantic islands what would become the type specimens of several plant names. We provide biographical information on Curror and an analysis and appreciation of his collecting activities. We additionally provide a list of Curror’s collections that could be located.

Britten (1871: 391–398), when treating the genus Kalanchoe Adanson (1763: 248) (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) for the Flora of Tropical Africa (FTA) project, recognised 18 species as indigenous to that part of Africa (see Oliver 1868 for the geographical coverage of the project). Six of these, 30% of the FTA kalanchoes, were based on material that Dr Friedrich [Martin Joseph] Welwitsch (5 February 1806, Maria Saal, Austria–20 October 1872, London, United Kingdom) collected while he was based in Angola (see also Figueiredo et al. 2018). In the case of four of the species, Britten (1871) explicitly linked them to Welwitsch’s manuscript names by stating “Welw. mss.” after the species names. The four species are (here and further on including the species numbers used by Britten): [#5.] K. brachyloba Welwitsch ex Britten (1871: 392); [#7.] K. platysepala Welwitsch ex Britten (1871: 393); [#13.] K. coccinea Welwitsch ex Britten (1871: 395); and [#17.] K. scapigera Welwitsch ex Britten (1871: 397). One other species, [#15.] K. velutina Welwitsch (1871: 396), was described by Welwitsch and a further species, [#10.] K. welwitschii Britten (1871: 394), was named in honour of Welwitsch by Britten, based on material collected by Welwitsch. Welwitsch also provided voucher material for the occurrence of the widespread [#4.] K. laciniata (Linnaeus 1753: 430) De Candolle (1802: tab. 100), [#11.] K. crenata (Andrews 1797: tab. 21) Haworth (1812: 109), and [#16.] K. glandulosa Hochstetter ex Richard (1847: 312) in Angola (Britten 1871).

The proposed name at new rank ‘Kalanchoe brevicalyx’ (Raymond-Hamet & Perrier de la Bâthie 1915: 88) L.Allorge (in Boiteau & Allorge-Boiteau 1995: 133) (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) was not validly published as a full and direct reference to the place of valid publication of the basionym, K. pinnata var. brevicalyx Raymond-Hamet & Perrier de la Bâthie (1915: 88), with page or plate reference and date, was not clearly indicated (Turland et al. 2018: Art. 41.5). We here validly publish the new combination and status.

The numbering systems used by Júlio Henriques when specimens were prepared for distribution as donations or for determination from the Herbarium COI (Coimbra, Portugal) are addressed, with particular emphasis on the collections made by Adolfo Moller and Francisco Quintas on São Tomé and Príncipe in the 19th century. The conflicting numbers and label data that are found on these collections have been the source of considerable confusion in determining what constitute duplicates, and in many cases the type status of such collections. An understanding of the administrative methodology and numbering system used by Henriques is critical in taxonomic studies on the flora of São Tomé and Príncipe and adjacent areas, as the early collections inevitably included large numbers of type specimens. Previous work done by Arthur Exell to address the issue is analysed and explained, and examples are presented.

Hoodia currorii Decaisne (1844: 665) is a well-known species of carrion flower from west-central Namibia and southern Angola. Bruyns et al. (2017) reclassified more than 30 stapeliad genera in an enlarged concept of Ceropegia Linnaeus (1753: 211). This resulted in Ceropegia consisting of over 750 species, one of which being then referred to as ‘C. currorii (Hook.) Bruyns’ (2017: 420), based on Scytanthus currorii Hooker (1844: 605). This species of carrion flower is nowadays most widely included in the genus Hoodia Sweet ex Decaisne (1844: 664), and we here treat it as H. currorii. The citation of the author of H. currorii and the citation of its type have been the source of some confusion in the literature and are here clarified.

Although most species of Aloe Linnaeus (1753: 319) flower in winter, the comparatively few taxa of this genus that occur naturally above South Africa’s climatically severe Great Escarpment tend to flower during spring when temperatures are on the increase. Two such species are A. broomii Schönland (1907: 137) and A. grandidentata Salm-Dyck (1822: 3 [species no. 2]).

Francisco Newton (18 May 1864–9 December 1909), who was born in Portugal, travelled to Angola at the age of 16 and during his initial stay, which lasted from 1880 until late-1884 or early-1885, he collected plant specimens. At the time Angola was a Portuguese colony. During a second expedition to Angola that lasted from 1903 to 1905, Newton did not collect any plant specimens. Newton’s plant specimens are kept in several European herbaria, including COI, K, LISU, PO, W, and G, but little is known about collecting activities during his first visit to Africa. We provide an analysis of his work while in Angola in the early- to mid-1880s. Information is provided on the typification of names of vascular plants that Newton collected in Angola.

Herbarium records show that during the second half of the 19th century John Rattray collected several plant specimens at ports of call along the West African coast (Canary Islands, Senegal, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ghana, São Tomé, Príncipe, and Angola). At the herbarium (K) of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, four such specimens are databased, three of which can be examined online. At the herbarium (E) of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland, 26 specimens are databased, twenty of which are imaged. All the specimens we examined have printed labels stating ‘Collected by John Rattray, H.M. Challenger Commission, Edinburgh’ with only a handwritten indication of the locality, for example ‘Loanda’ (Luanda, Angola). The collecting date has been omitted from the labels and there are no further details on the specimens. An investigation of the literature revealed that there is some confusion regarding the origin of the material and the identity of John Rattray, the collector.

The taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe hauseri Werderm. (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) are discussed. Based on available morphological evidence we regard K. hauseri as an accepted, but insufficiently known Angolan species, and do not include it in the synonymy of K. scapigera Welw. The plant collecting activities of Friedrich [Martin Joseph] Welwitsch in Angola are briefly discussed.

The natural geographical distribution range of Kalanchoe waterbergensis van Jaarsv. (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), previously documented only from the type locality, is extended by about 80km in a northeasterly direction in the Waterberg in northern South Africa.

Aspects of the floristics and phytogeography of species of Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in the Waterberg, Limpopo province, northern South Africa, are discussed. In 2001 the Waterberg, which covers an area of 654,033ha (1,616,150.74 acres), was recognised as a Biosphere Reserve. It is shown that after eastern southern Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, eastern Limpopo, South Africa; Eswatini (formerly) Swaziland; southern Mozambique), the Waterberg has the most diverse Kalanchoe flora in southern Africa. A floristic synopsis of, and an identification key to, the kalanchoes of the Waterberg is presented. All the species are described and illustrated.

In the past the names Agave lophantha Schiede (1829) and A. univittata Haw. (1831) (Asparagaceae: Agavoideae / Agavaceae) were variously regarded as referring to the same species, or to two different taxa at either species or infraspecific ranks. In clarifying the nomenclature and taxonomy associated with these two names we show that they apply to the same taxon. We further neotypify both names with the same specimen, Howard Scott Gentry, [Arthur] Barclay & [Juan] Arguelles 20410, (US 2558492, barcode 00044294), which is held in US.

Kalanchoe hirta Harv. was included in the synonymy of Kalanchoe crenata (Andrews) Haw. in the Flora of Southern Africa treatment of the family Crassulaceae. We here reinstate K. hirta as a good species. Descriptions are provided for K. hirta and K. crenata, and characters distinguishing them noted and illustrated. The regional geographical distributions of both species are mapped.

Summary: The nomenclature associated with the name Aloe greenii is reviewed. The name was validly published in 1875 by William Robinson, and five years later, in 1880, the same binomial was republished by John G. Baker for what is today interpreted as a maculate aloe endemic to eastern southern Africa. The name A. greenii Baker is therefore a later homonym of A. greenii Rob. However, the descriptive statement included in the protologue of A. greenii Rob. is inadequate to confidently restrict the use of this name to any known species, and its application remains unresolved. A replacement name, A. viridiana Gideon F.Sm. & Figueiredo, is here published for material thus far known as A. greenii Baker.

The infrageneric classification and nomenclature of the genus Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae) is reviewed, with special reference to the southern African representatives of the genus. Three subgenera are recognised: Kalanchoe subg. Kalanchoe, K. subg. Bryophyllum (Salisb.) Koorders, the basionym of which is Bryophyllum Salisb., and K. subg. Kitchingia (Baker) Gideon F.Sm. & Figueiredo, the basionym of which is Kitchingia Baker. Kalanchoe subg. Kitchingia is here typified. Kalanchoe subg. Calophygia Desc. is not upheld.

The nothogeneric name ×Gonimara Gideon F.Sm. & Molteno is established for the hybrid between Gonialoe variegata (L.) Boatwr. & J.C.Manning [= Aloe variegata L.] and Kumara plicatilis (L.) G.D.Rowley [= Aloe plicatilis (L.) Burm.f.]. We do not treat Tulista Raf. as including Gonialoe (Baker) Boatwr. & J.C.Manning. The nothogeneric name ×Kumalista G.D.Rowley, in which ×K. corderoyi (A.Berger) G.D.Rowley was included, is therefore a synonym of ×Gonimara, and ×K. corderoyi, the only nothospecies known in ×Gonimara, is a synonym of ×G. corderoyi (A.Berger) Gideon F.Sm. & Molteno. We also provide notes on, and clarify the typification of, the name Aloe variegata, the basionym of Gonialoe variegata.

A small, shrubby representative of Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae) that is in cultivation in South Africa is described as a cultivar, K. ‘Margrit's Magic’ Gideon F.Sm. & Figueiredo. The likely parentage (K. manginii Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier and K. pubescens Baker) of the cultivar, although speculative, is discussed. Unlike some similar cultivars, K. ‘Margrit's Magic’ does extremely well terrestrially, in virtually any soil type, even heavy clays. The cultivar is very cold-hardy and has striking foliage and flowers. Plants are multibranched, with the branches remaining erect to somewhat leaning. The coin- to heart-shaped leaves of this cultivar are borne sub-densely dispersed along the stems and branches. They are bright green with a reddish margin, which becomes more pronounced in full sun. The flowers are uniformly crimson red. The combination of these characters clearly separates this cultivar from other Kalanchoe cultivars.

Cultivars established in the three nothogenera ×Graptophytum Gossot, ×Graptoveria Gossot, and ×Pachyveria Haage & Schmidt (Crassulaceae) have entered specialist and general horticulture, and are increasingly and widely cultivated, especially in mild-climate parts of the world. However, uncertainty has existed regarding the place of valid publication and authorship of two of these nothogenus names ×Graptophytum Gossot and ×Graptoveria Gossot. We show that both names were validly published in a littleknown book, Liste des Plantes Grasses sauf Cactees du Jardin Botanique des Cedres, which was published by J. Marnier-Lapostolle in 1949. Both names should be attributed to [Pierre] Gossot. ×Pachyveria was validly published by Haage & Schmidt in 1926. Notes are included on the author attribution ‘Haage & Schmidt’.

A number of species of South African Aizoaceae / Mesembryanthemaceae have become naturalised in both continental Portugal and its islands. One such species, Lampranthus glaucus (L.) N.E.Br., was once recorded as indigenous to the Algarve province in southern Portugal (as Mesembryanthemum brachyphyllum Welw.), and historically also recorded from further north in the country, near the coastal city of Porto. As one consequence it was eventually recorded as an exotic species in Europe, in the first edition of Flora europaea, and as a misidentification in the second edition of this work. We clarify the identity of this material, with notes on other exotic aizooid species recorded for Portugal.

The most commonly cultivated member of the Crassulaceae in southern Africa is a hybrid between representatives of the genera Graptopetalum Rose and Echeveria DC., in the nothogenus ×Graptoveria Gossot. However, to date there has been doubt as to the name that should be applied to this hybrid. Plants form distinct stems that are unable to retain the rosettes in an erect position, so becoming pendent, or creeping when grown on flat ground. The leaves of this ×Graptoveria are borne in dense, apical rosettes, have an obovate-spathulate shape, and are sometimes obscurely keeled. They are light glaucous-grey and pink-infused in full sun, and the margin is a lighter, whitish blue colour. The flowers are light yellow, with the central section of the petals longitudinally light greenish infused. The combination of these characters clearly separates this hybrid from any Crassulaceae taxa indigenous to southern Africa. The parentage of the hybrid has been postulated as E. elegans Rose and G. paraguayense (N.E.Br.) E.Walther. This hybrid is exceedingly common in southern African horticulture; however, it has not become invasive after many decades of cultivation, and shows no signs of becoming problematical. The history and nomenclature applicable to the hybrid are clarified, and the cultivar name ×Graptoveria ‘Fantome’ Aube ex Gideon F.Sm. & Bischofb. is established for it.

An overview is provided of the contributions of Friedrich Welwitsch (1806–1872), to the development of horticulture in Portugal while he was stationed in this country (1839–1853), with special reference to succulent plants. Welwitsch is best known for his collecting and floristic work in Angola in south-tropical Africa, but he also significantly contributed to the enhancement of general gardening in Portugal, his adopted country. Some of the material he collected in Angola as living propagules made their way into cultivation in Portugal. Information is also provided on two forgotten Portuguese personalities commemorated in the names of two genera Welwitsch described: one, Bento Antonio Alves, was a nurseryman, and the other, Joaquim Januario de Saldanha Machado, a succulent plant grower. The two little-known genus names are Alvesia Welw. (Leguminosae) and Machadoa Welw. ex Benth. & Hook. (Passifloraceae). Notes are provided on Welwitsch's interest in succulent plants in general.

Summary: The homotypic nomenclature of the name Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (Crassulaceae), a Madagascan species widely naturalised in mild-climate parts of the world, is clarified. Four years before Lamarck in 1786 published the basionym, Cotyledon pinnata, of Persoon's combination, Linnaeus [filius], in 1782, published the name Crassula pinnata L.f. We show that the name Crassula pinnata, which is sometimes incorrectly cited as the basionym of Persoon's combination, is of unresolved application.

Taxonomically, Kalanchoe rotundifolia (Haw.) Haw. (Crassulaceae) is one of the most complex of the southern African representatives of the genus. The expression of its vegetative morphology, especially leaf shape and plant size, is exceedingly variable. The reproductive morphology is more constant in terms of the size and shape of the corolla tube and lobes, as well as in the upper part of the corolla tube and lower part of the corolla lobes invariably becoming twisted at the post-anthesis stage. However, flower colour ranges from a yellow-infused light orange through pinkish-red to scarlet. At present we conclude that treating the species as a variable complex in southern and eastern Africa, as well as Socotra, is taxonomically the most sensible. We provide an amplified description and geographical distribution map for K. rotundifolia, and discuss and illustrate some of the remarkably variable forms. A neotype is designated for the name Kalanchoe integerrima Lange.

Taxonomically, Kalanchoe paniculata Harv. has in the past been confused with K. brachyloba Welw. ex Britten. We clarify the application of the name K. paniculata, illustrate the species, amplify its description, and provide information on its taxonomic history, biology, uses, and distribution.

Summary: We provide information on the discovery of the material known as Kalanchoe rotundifolia (Haw.) Haw. (Crassulaceae) in southern Africa, and clarify the typification of the name Kalanchoe rotundifolia. The plate held at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, which was previously designated as the lectotype of the name, is in fact a neotype. This plate, published here for the first time, illustrates the staghornleaved form of the species.

Summary: Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi Raym.-Hamet & H.Perrier is recorded as naturalised in the Western Cape Province in South Africa's Klein Karoo, which is a recognised Centre of Endemism. The taxonomy, nomenclature, and biology of K. fedtschenkoi, a low-growing, shrub-like species that produces a multitude of plantlets on the margins of detached leaves, is discussed, and the species is described and illustrated.

Summary: In southern Africa, the family Crassulaceae consists predominantly of low-growing to medium-sized succulent herbs and shrubs, with only four taxa (three species and a subspecies) attaining tree-like dimensions. We discuss the taxonomy of the three tree-like taxa in the genus Crassula L. (Crassula arborescens (Mill.) Willd. subsp. arborescens, C. arborescens subsp. undulatifolia Toelken, and Crassula ovata (Mill.) Druce) that have been accorded National Tree List numbers in South Africa. The species are described, illustrated, and their geographical distribution ranges are mapped. A key to differentiate the taxa is provided.

Summary: The nothogeneric name ×Astrolista Molteno & Figueiredo is established for the naturally occurring hybrid between Astroloba corrugata N.L.Mey. & Gideon F.Sm. and Tulista pumila (L.) G.D.Rowley. The only nothospecies we recognise in ×Astrolista is ×A. bicarinata (Haw.) Molteno & Figueiredo. The plate held at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, which was previously designated as the lectotype of the name Apicra bicarinata, is in fact a neotype. This plate is here published for the first time.

Summary: In 1920, William Trelease published the name Agave panamana Trel. (Asparagaceae: Agavoideae / Agavaceae) based on material from Urava Island (Isla Uraba), Panama Bay, along the Pacific coast of Panama. This name is nowadays usually included in the synonymy of the very variable A. angustifolia Haw. [var. angustifolia]. A. panamana is here illustrated and its description comprehensively amplified to enable its comparison with A. angustifolia. Reference is made to the uses and considerable morphological variation found in A. angustifolia.

Summary: The taxonomy of Kalanchoe brachyloba Welw. ex Britten, a common species in the western, central, northern, and eastern parts of southern Africa, and further north to central Africa, is reviewed. Although having affinities with K. paniculata Harv., K. brachyloba is a distinctive species characterised by its sessile, arched, oblong-lanceolate leaves that are lengthwise-folded upwards along the midrib, and have a velvety feel to the surface. The leaf margins are coarsely and irregularly serrate-lobed to crenate, rarely entire as in K. paniculata, which has flat to variously floppily folded, subcircular to broadly ovate leaves. K. brachyloba is one of the few southern African species of which the flowers are twisted below the free portions (lobes) of the petals. An amplified description and a distribution map are provided for the species. The name K. brachyloba is lectotypified, and the typification of several of its synonyms is clarified.

Summary: The taxonomy of Kalanchoe longiflora Schltr. ex J.M.Wood (Crassulaceae), which is endemic to the Maputaland-Pondoland Region of Endemism in South Africa, is discussed and clarified. An amplified description is provided for the species, and differences from K. sexangularis N.E.Br., a species with which it has been confused in the past, are recorded.

The genus name Brochoneura Warburg (1895a: 179; also mentioned in Warburg 1895b: 272) was published with a single species described in it, B. usambarensis Warburg (1895a: 180; also mentioned in Warburg 1895b: 272) from East Africa. Note that both Warburg (1895a) and Warburg (1895b) were published in July 1895 (Stafleu & Cowan 1976: 763). The description of Brochoneura was though clearly published by Warburg (1895a: 179). In Warburg (1895a: 179, but not in Warburg 1895b: 272), reference was also made to three unnamed Madagascan species that likely belong in Brochoneura, but without combinations having been made for them in that genus. In a subsequent publication, Warburg (1897) included these three Madagascan species in Brochoneura, as B. madagascariensis (Lamarck 1791: 163) Warburg (1897: 234), B. acuminata (Lamarck 1791: 164) Warburg (1897: 237), and B. vouri (Baillon 1885: 454) Warburg (1897: 238). Warburg (1897) also retained his earlier B. usambarensis, which dates from 1895, in Brochoneura, but indicated it with a “(?)”, as was done by Warburg (1895b: 272).

As part of ongoing studies in the genus Astroloba Uitewaal (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae), the typification of the name A. herrei Uitewaal is clarified. The name is typified with an illustration included in the protologue of the name, as the previously designated lectotype is not extant.

The lectotypification of the name Bryophyllum prolifera Bowie ex Hook., basionym of Kalanchoe prolifera (Bowie ex Hook.) Raym.-Hamet, with a specimen (Hort. Kew, 1857, Madagascar, s.c. s.n. (K K000232802) held at the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K) is clarified. Previous efforts to typify the name have not been effective. This Madagascan species has been introduced to most tropical parts of the world where it often became naturalised.

The history of the discovery of Aloe pluridens Haw (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae) by the Kew collector James Bowie in 1822–23 in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and its subsequent description in 1824 is discussed. The surprising dearth of published illustrations of this long-known species is emphasised and the first known photograph dating from only 1900 is reproduced. It is also shown that a painting at Kew by George Bond that dates from 1829 does not qualify as having been associated with the species by the author of the name, Adrian Hardy Haworth and cannot supersede the specimen on which the name A. pluridens was previously effectively neo-typified. The name A. pluridens Haw. var. beckeri Schönland is lectotypified and it is shown that the name Aloe atherstonei does not have a type as it was previously typified on an apparently non-existent specimen. Additionally the species is illustrated both in habitat and in cultivation. Observations on the ecology and cultivation of the species are also included.

Although the family Crassulaceae has a very wide global distribution range, the family has definite areas of high present-day species diversity. These include the southern Africa subcontinent, Mexico, and parts of southwestern North America, Mediterranean Europe, and parts of the Orient. Five of the c. 34 genera recognised in the Crassulaceae are represented naturally in southern Africa. These genera, Adromischus Lem., Cotyledon L., Crassula L., Kalanchoe Adans., and Tylecodon Toelken, are illustrated and briefly discussed with reference to their diversity and distribution ranges in the subcontinent and beyond. To familiarise the reader with the genus-rank diversity in southern African Crassulaceae, a pictorial gallery of southern African genera, excluding Kalanchoe, in the family is presented.

The history of Kalanchoe discovery including the taxonomic history of the genus in southern Africa is discussed. Important collectors and researchers on Kalanchoe and their contributions to the taxonomy of the group in, especially, southern Africa are highlighted. These researchers include William H. Harvey, Selmar Schonland, Raymond-Hamet, R. Harold Compton, Rosette Batarda Fernandes, Hellmut R. Toelken, and, more recently, Neil R. Crouch. Reference is made to botanical works of art with southern African Kalanchoe species as subject, especially plates of those that appeared in The flowering plants of South Africa and (The) (F-)flowering plants of Africa. The number of southern African species of Kalanchoe is noted. The common names recorded for, and applied to, the kalanchoes of southern Africa are comprehensively tabulated and briefly discussed. Common names used for, or associated with, particular species are given in the taxonomic treatments of those species.