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Samples of Haipao from three cities of Taiwan were analyzed for their microbial population. Two species of acetic acid bacteria and three species of yeast were isolated from tea fungus Haipao using appropriate isolation media. The isolated bacteria were identified asAcetobacter acetiandAcetobacter pasteurianus, based on their biochemical properties, and compared with those of the type strains of the genusAcetobacter. The yeasts wereSaccharomyces cerevisiae, Zygosaccharomyces bailii, andBrettanomyces bruxellensisaccording to conventional phenotypic characterization combined with the Yeast Identification Program. The brew broth analyzed by high−performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was shown to contain glycerol, acetic acid and ethanol. The symbiosis phenomenon between the yeast andAcetobacterwas studied. It was found that the autoclaved yeast cells and ethanol produced by yeasts were helpful forAcetobacterto grow or produce acetic acid. The acetic acid produced byAcetobactercould stimulate the yeast to produce ethanol. The ethanol and acetic acid produced by yeasts andAcetobactermight prevent the competition from other micro-organisms.

An actograph system was developed and used to record hourly locomotor activity for adult cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), soybean loopers, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), velvetbean caterpillars, Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hubner), beet armyworms, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), fall armyworms, S. frugiperda (J. E. Smith), and corn earworms, Heliothis zea (Boddie). The peak nocturnal activity of velvetbean caterpillars and corn earworms was greater than that of the other moths; and, except for these 2 species, males moved more often than females. Pairs were considerably less active and lived for fewer days than the isolated sexes.

Activity spectra were determined for adult cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), maintained under ultraviolet, filtered blue, green, or red fluorescent lighting with 0, 1, 10, or 100% of the diurnal intensity retained during the scotophase. CO2 production and the occurrence of mating were inversely correlated with nocturnal light intensity for UV and green, whereas cyclic red and blue actually enhanced these activities. Considering all light regimes, CO2 output was greatest in response to green, intermediate for red and blue, and least with UV. However, UV illumination resulted in the highest level of mating.

Adult of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hµbner) and corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie) were irradiated with 28, 118, and 337 µm laser emissions, and fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) with the 337 µm emission. When the laser radiation was directed along the longitudinal axis of a plastic tube containing 10 pairs of insects there resulted no significant increase or decrease in the number of insects in the quarter-section of the tube nearest the laser during the 1-h treatment period. Also, pairs of corn earworm maintained in 337 µm radiation displayed mating percentages similar to control groups.

Publisher Summary In vitro studies demonstrated that the enhanced synthesis of norepinephrine in peripheral nervous tissue, which occurs during nerve stimulation, is the result of increased activity of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase in the intact tissue. Because this effect can be prevented by the addition of norepinephrine to the medium that bathes the stimulated tissue, it was presumed that the activation of tyrosine hydroxylase is a consequence of reduced end-product feedback inhibition. Experiments suggest that the activation of tyrosine hydroxylase during nerve stimulation might be mediated by a different process, because the addition to the incubation medium of the synthetic pterin cofactor, 6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin (Me2PtH4), which is able to antagonize competitively the inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase by norepinephrine, does not eliminate the enhanced synthesis of norepinephrine associated with nerve stimulation of the isolated, intact vas deferens preparation. Results suggested that tyrosine hydroxylase is activated during nerve stimulation by a mechanism that is unrelated to an altered affinity for either norepinephrine or pterin cofactor.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on studies on the mechanism of regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity during nerve stimulation. Most of the studies on the regulation of TH activity in adrenergic neurons have been performed with either mouse vas deferens preparations or the hypogastric nerve-vas deferens preparation of the guinea-pig. These tissues contain short adrenergic neurons and the entire cell body, axon and nerve terminals are present intact in the isolated preparations of these tissues. For this reason these tissues may represent a more appropriate model system of in vivo adrenergic neuronal metabolism and, in particular, they may provide a model for central adrenergic neurons, most of which are much shorter than the bulk of the neurons of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. The properties of the enzymes of the mouse vas deferens preparation and the guinea-pig vas deferens preparation are very similar. Both enzymes have a higher affinity for tetrahydrobiopterin than for 6,7-dimethyltetrahydropterin. The guinea-pig vas deferens tissue is capable of converting both tyrosine and phenylalanine to catecholamines, although tyrosine is much the preferred substrate.

The influence of wind speed and direction on the attraction of soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), to a synthetic pheromone source in the field was investigated by employing a pheromone baited electric grid trap and a wind recording instrument. The 6-sided insect trap, with associated electronics, gave information on number and time of insect captures, and direction of their approach. Analysis of 2 years data showed that attraction of soybean loopers to the pheromone is not strongly influenced by wind speed over the range 0-2 m/s. There was evidence for a tendency of the attracted loopers to fly upwind to the pheromone source.