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The present study investigated whether and to what extent caffeine chronic use can influence the brain oxidative status and the behavioral activity of the C57BL/6 female mice. For this, fifteen animals were randomized in the following groups: Control, Caf10: 10 mg/kg caffeine, and Caf50: 50 mg/kg caffeine. The animals received one daily caffeine dose by i.p route by 120 days. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, the animals were subjected to behavioral tests and euthanized. The blood was used by biochemical analysis and the brain to evaluate the oxidative status and micromineral levels. The caffeine does not influence the anthropometric parameters, lipid profile, and the C-reactive protein levels. In the same way, SOD and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activities maintained the same response profile. On the other hand, catalase (CAT) activity was decreased in both groups receiving caffeine. Despite this, malondialdehyde and carbonyl protein levels did not change among the groups, as well as the distribution of the chemical elements. In the same way, none caffeine dose was caused increased anxiety degree in the animals. Considering the time of caffeine administration, we believe that there was the cellular adaptation triggered by its use, tending to a protective effect on the brain. Amplamente consumida nos alimentos e como suplemento alimentar, a cafeína tem sido estudada devido aos seus efeitos farmacológicos, principalmente no sistema nervoso central (SNC). O presente estudo investigou se o uso crônico da cafeína pode influenciar o estado oxidativo do cérebro e a atividade comportamental de camundongos fêmeas C57BL/6. Para isso, quinze animais foram randomizados nos seguintes grupos: Controle (solução salina à 0,9%), Caf10 (10 mg / kg de cafeína) e Caf50 (50 mg / kg de cafeína). Os animais receberam uma dose diária de cafeína por via i.p. durante 120 dias. Vinte e quatro horas após a última administração, os animais foram submetidos a testes comportamentais e foram eutanasiados. O sangue foi utilizado para análises bioquímicas. No cérebro, foi avaliado o estado oxidativo e os níveis de microminerais. A cafeína não influenciou os parâmetros antropométricos, perfil lipídico e níveis de proteína Creativa. Ademais, as atividades de superóxido dismutase (SOD) e glutationa-Stransferase (GST) mantiveram o mesmo perfil de resposta. Em contrapartida, a atividade da catalase (CAT) diminuiu em ambos os grupos que receberam cafeína. Já os níveis de malondialdeído e proteína carbonilada não se alteraram entre os grupos, assim como a distribuição dos microminerais. Nenhuma dose de cafeína desencadeou comportamento do tipo ansioso nos animais. Portanto, considerando o tempo de administração da cafeína, acreditamos que houve a adaptação celular desencadeada pelo seu uso, tendendo a um efeito protetor no cérebro. Além disso, o espaço amostral reduzido foi uma limitação para entendimentos mais acurados sobre os efeitos da cafeína no SNC. Palavras-chave: Cafeína. Espécies reativas de oxigênio. Comportamento Animal.

This study aimed to evaluate the physiological parameters and the biomass flow and structural characteristics of BRS Massai and BRS Tamani grasses under different irrigation conditions. The rating of gas exchange, biomass flow and structural characteristics were performed in dry periods and dry/rainy season, under the water supply of 30; 60; 90 and 120% of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial arrangement 4x2 (water supply and grass). The experiment was conducted in pots with capacity for 7.5 dm³, using as substrate layer of 0-0.2 m soil. There was no effect (P < 0.05) between the gas exchange in the dry period, having the largest growing parameters of irrigation schemes. In the transition period of dry/rainy, we observed a reversal behavior in relation to the dry period, showing a rapid recovery of grasses under the minor water supply. It was observed quadratic behavior to concentrations of CO2 in the leaf mesophilic (Ci) with maximum point to the BRS Massai grass and minimum point to the BRS Tamani grass, where the major and minor Ci were 119 and 48 ppm in the water supply of 107 and 35% of ETo, respectively. In relation to the biomass flow, the BRS Tamani grass presented greater stem elongation rate and leaf senescence rate in relation to BRS Massai in both periods assessed. In the dry period, we observed a higher biomass production of green leaf blades in the BRS Tamani grass, while in the transition dry/rainy season, the results for this variable were similar, and at the same time that observed higher accumulation of green culm biomass to the BRS Tamani grass, which certainly affected its structure. It is concluded that the application of a minimum daily water supply of 30% of ETo allows the maintenance of BRS Massai and BRS Tamani grasses without incurring the death of tillers and reduction of regrowth vigor, whereas the water supply of 90% of ETo favors the morphophysiological characteristics, especially of BRS Tamani grass. [Morfofisiologia de gramíneas tropicais sob diferentes regimes hídricos em duas estações de crescimento: II. capins BRS Massai e BRS Tamani]. Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros fisiológicos, as características morfogênicas e estruturais dos capins BRS Massai e BRS Tamani sob diferentes condições hídricas. As avaliações de trocas gasosas, do fluxo de biomassa e das características estruturais foram realizadas nos períodos seco e de transição seca/ águas, sob os regimes de lâminas de irrigação de 30; 60; 90 e 120% da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo). Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 4x2 (lâminas de irrigação e gramíneas). O experimento foi conduzido em vasos com capacidade para 7,5 dm³, utilizando como substrato a camada de 0-0,2 m do solo. Houve efeito (P < 0,05) entre as trocas gasosas no período seco, onde os crescentes regimes de irrigação proporcionaram melhores resultados. No período de transição seco/chuvoso observou-se uma inversão de comportamento em relação ao período seco, evidenciando rápida recuperação das gramíneas sob os menores tratamentos de irrigação. Observou-se comportamento quadrático para variável concentrações de CO2 no mesófilo foliar (Ci), com ponto de máximo para o capim massai e de mínimo para o capim-tamani, onde as maiores e menores Ci de 119 e 48 ppm nas lâminas de irrigação de 107 e 35% da ETo, respectivamente. No tocante ao fluxo de biomassa, o capim-tamani apresentou maior taxa de alongamento das hastes e de senescência foliar em relação a cultivar BRS Massai em ambos os períodos avaliados. No período seco, observou-se maior produção de biomassa de lâminas foliares verde no capim-tamani, enquanto que no período de transição seca/águas, os resultados para esta variável foram semelhantes, ao mesmo tempo em que se observa maior acúmulo de biomassa de colmo verde no capim-tamani, o que afetou sua estrutura. Conclui-se que a aplicação de uma lâmina mínima diária de 30% da ETo possibilita a manutenção das gramíneas BRS Massai e BRS Tamani sem incorrer em morte de perfilhos e redução do vigor de rebrotação, ao passo que a lâmina de 90% da ETo favorece as características morfofisiológicas, em especial do capim-tamani. Made available in DSpace on 2021-08-04T12:04:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC-2021-Art-13.pdf: 486559 bytes, checksum: 929bf3fb3ded6ca0719c3d55c68c130d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

This study aimed to evaluate the physiological parameters, the productive characteristics, structural and chemical composition of Urochloa Brizantha cultivars BRS and BRS Piatã submitted to two deferment periods and three using times. The experimental design was randomized complete block design in a factorial scheme 2 x 2 x 3, being two grass cultivars (Paiaguás grass and Piatã grass), two deferment periods (rainy season and dryrainy transition) and three sealing times (40, 80 and 120 days). It was observed that, in the rainy season, the grasses had higher leaf transpiration rate when used for 40 days of deferment (1.66 ?mol m2/s). During the rainy season, the Stomatal conductance was detected only in the grasses used with shorter seal, with an average of 0.07 ?mol m2/s. In contrast, in the period of transition, the concentration decreased to 0.02 ?mol m2/s. In a general way, the BRS Paiaguás presented lower content of NDF. The shorter cycle provided greater biomass production of total forage during the period of rain, approximately 2.78 times more than the same pasture grass deferred during the transition period. Generally, the periods of deferment and moments of use cause effects on structural characteristics of pasture, being that the period of deferment of the transition period and used for 40 and 80 days may be a strategy for keeping animals in critical periods. [Trocas gasosas, características produtivas e composição química de gramíneas tropicais diferidas II: cultivares BRS Paiaguás e BRS Piatã]. Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros fisiológicos, as características produtivas, estruturais e composição química da Urochloa Brizantha cultivares BRS Paiaguás e BRS Piatã submetidos a dois períodos de diferimento e três momentos de utilização. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos completos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 3, sendo duas cultivares de gramíneas (capim-paiaguás e capim- piatã), dois períodos de diferimento (período chuvoso e transição chuvoso-seco) e três tempos de vedação (40, 80 e 120 dias). Observou-se que, dentro do período chuvoso, as gramíneas tiveram maior taxa de transpiração foliar quando utilizadas aos 40 dias de diferimento (1,66 ?mol m2/s). Neste mesmo período, a condutância estomática foi detectada somente nas gramíneas utilizadas com menor tempo de vedação, apresentando média de 0,07 ?mol m2/s. Em contrapartida, no período de transição, a concentração diminuiu para 0,02 ?mol m2/s. De forma geral, a cultivar BRS Paiaguás apresentou menor teor de FDN. O menor tempo de vedação proporcionou maior produção de biomassa de forragem total durante o período da chuva, cerca de 2,78 vezes mais forragem que o mesmo pasto diferido durante o período de transição. De modo geral, ambos os períodos de diferimento e tempos de vedação causam efeitos nas características estruturais da pastagem, sendo que o diferimento no período de transição por um tempo de 40 e 80 dias pode ser uma estratégia para manutenção dos animais em períodos críticos. Made available in DSpace on 2021-08-04T13:00:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC-2021-Art-14.pdf: 3695715 bytes, checksum: e481a0e3e91429f0dc8226bfd723a237 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

Increasing milk production in countries such as Brazil, India and Pakistan implies the generation of dairy by-products such as nutrient-rich bovine whey which, if used in feeding small ruminants would reduce environmental waste and add value to this by-product. Twenty entire male kids weighing an average 17 kg and 5 months age were used. The diet control was composed by Aruana hay, milled whole maize, pelleted soybean and limestone. Bovine cheese whey at 1.5; 3.0 and 4.5% (DM basis) was added to experimental diets. Variables measured included intake, nutrient apparent digestibility, energy balance, and nitrogen balance. Regression equations and Pearson correlations (P ? 0.05) were determined. The 3% diet resulted in greater ether extract (EE) (g/kg0.75) and digestible EE (P ? 0.05) concentrations compared to 0% whey. The consumption of cellulose (g/kg0.75) was greater (P ? 0.05) for kids on the 3.0% diet compared to 0 or 1.5%. Nutrient apparent digestibility was not affected (P > 0.05) by the inclusion of whey. Kids on the 4.5% diet excreted more (P - 0.05) fecal N than those fed no whey; these also retained less N (P ? 0.05) compared to animals fed 3.0% or less whey in their diet. All diets resulted in positive energy and nitrogen balances. Bovine whey can be included in male kid diets up to 4.5% of diet without negatively affecting consumption or apparent digestibility of those diets. [Consumo, digestibilidade aparente e balanço de nutrientes de dietas com soro de leite bovino para caprinos]. Made available in DSpace on 2020-11-20T09:11:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC-2020-Art-37.pdf: 281645 bytes, checksum: ad968c3f9f1b6c4e886a861f400129ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

The application of organic composts derived from animal husbandry or agro-industry is a promising option to improve nutrient cycling and supply of soils and, consequently, forage production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the soil chemical properties and the nutritional state of elephant grass in response to rates of organic fertilizer composted from the waste of small ruminant production and slaughter systems. The experiment was conducted on a Fluvisol of a forage field with elephant grass var. Cameroon, and was arranged in a randomized block design with split-plots with repeated measures over time. Six rates of organic compost (0, 13.3, 26.6, 39.9, 52.3, and 79.8 t ha-1, in plots) and an additional treatment with mineral fertilizers were evaluated in four growth periods (60, 120, 180, and 240 days, in subplots) with four replications, resulting in a total of 28 plots. Soil fertility was evaluated after the fourth growth period, while leaf analysis was determined in every 60-day period. The increasing rates of organic compost increased the concentrations of OM, NH4+, NO3?, NH4+ + NO3?, P and base saturation, while the H+Al values decreased and the N and P contents increased in the plants. Compared with mineral fertilization, soil inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus increased by 34 and 97 % in response to the application of organic compost. In response to the application of organic compost, the leaf contents of all studied nutrients remained adequate in all studied periods, except for the macronutrient N and micronutrient Mn. Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-02T09:07:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC-2020-Arti-42.pdf: 596407 bytes, checksum: fc401c99441070796cbc5fb6f0287828 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

The lack of information on the growth of forage grasses in semi-arid environment, especially from the perspective of irrigation, is one of the obstacles to regular forage supply, as well as to the rational use of irrigation water. The objective with this study was to evaluate the leaf gas exchanges, biomass flow and structural characteristics of buffel grass cultivar Gayndah under different water supplies (30, 60, 90 and 120% of the reference evapotranspiration - ETo) during the dry season and dry-rainy season, in completely randomized design in a split-plot scheme with three repetitions. The experiment was conducted in Sobral, CE, Brazil (3° 45? 00.77? S and 40° 20? 38.55? W, altitude of 101 m) from September 2015 to January 2016. A higher photosynthetic rate was verified during the dry season, evidencing the adaptability of buffel grass to environments with water restriction. Overall, the best morphogenic and structural characteristics and the biomass production were observed in the dry season. The 90% ETo regime leads to maximum amount of forage accumulation, whereas the 30% ETo allows the maintenance of the cultivar Gayndah of buffel grass in a state of latency during the dry season. [Morfofisiologia do capim-buffel cultivado sob diferentes suprimentos hídricos na estação seca e estação seca chuvosa]. Resumo: A carência de informações sobre o crescimento de gramíneas forrageiras em ambiente semiárido, sobretudo sob a perspectiva de irrigação, é um dos entraves para a oferta regular de forragem, assim como para o uso racional da água de irrigação. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se avaliar as trocas gasosas foliares, o fluxo de biomassa e as características estruturais do capim-buffel cultivar Gayndah em diferentes suprimentos hídricos (30, 60, 90 e 120% da evapotranspiração de referência - ETo na estação seca e estação seca chuvosa, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com três repetições. O experimento foi conduzido em Sobral, CE (3° 45? 0.77? S e 40° 20? 38.55? O, altitude de 101 m) no período de setembro de 2015 a janeiro de 2016. Foi verificada maior taxa fotossintética durante a estação seca, evidenciando adaptabilidade do capim-buffel a ambientes com restrição hídrica. De maneira geral, as melhores características morfogênicas e estruturais e a produção de biomassa foram observadas na estação seca. O regime de 90% da ETo proporciona o máximo de acúmulo de forragem, ao passo que o tratamento de 30% da ETo, possibilita a manutenção do capim-buffel, cultivar Gayndah em estado de latência durante o período de estiagem. Made available in DSpace on 2019-07-19T00:41:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2019Morphophysiology.pdf: 956895 bytes, checksum: 157a60cef55474165754fd4d3233d3b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions in the municipality of Sobral, Ceará, Brazil, to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of phosphate fertilizers with different solubilities on the cultivation of sorghum in a Luvisol. The experimental design comprised randomized blocks in a 2 × 6 factorial scheme (two genotypes and five phosphorus treatments plus the control, without phosphorus). The treatments were: monoammonium phosphate, triple superphosphate, sheep manure, organic compost based on livestock residues, and organomineral fertilizer. Three blocks were used, and each plot comprised composed of a pot containing two plants. Sixty-five days after germination, the plants were harvested for evaluation of biometric data, biomass, accumulation of nutrients in the aerial part, soil fertility, agronomic efficiency index of the phosphate fertilizers and triple superphosphate equivalent. The organomineral and triple superphosphate fertilizers had the highest agronomic efficiency for production of sorghum biomass. The more soluble sources (organomineral, triple superphosphate and monoammonium phosphate) enabled a better phosphorus recovery rate and physiological efficiency than the sources with low solubility. Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-09T18:09:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AgronomicEfficiencySorghumJASv11n172019.pdf: 172330 bytes, checksum: ed562031f6ef8e86f1ecac4ec5c7b0e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

This study evaluated the biomass flow of irrigated Pennisetum purpureum cv. Cameroon fertilized with different levels of organic compost made from waste derived from production and slaughter of sheep and goat farming. The experiment was conducted in a cut and carry of elephant grass for four 60 day-cycles. The treatments consisted of levels of organic compost (0; 13.3; 26.6; 39.9; 53.2; 79.8) ton ha-1, besides a mineral treatment with nitrogen and potassium of 720 and 900 kg ha-1 yr-1, respectively. This was a split plot randomized block design with repeated measures over time, in which levels were assigned to plots, and cycles, to subplots. Morphogenetic characteristics of elephant grass were influenced by levels of the compost. Forage production rate had increased linearly with levels of the compost in all cycles, while the forage accumulation rate responded quadratically to doses of compost in cycles 1 and 2. The contrast analysis between organic x mineral fertilization revealed, for all cycles, except the first, superiority of morphogenetic indices for mineral fertilizer. It can be concluded that the elephant grass responded to the organic compost and it is recommended the use of 70.63 ton ha-1. [Morfogênese do capim-elefante adubado com composto orgânico proveniente de resíduos sólidos de pequenos ruminantes]. Resumo: Avaliou-se o fluxo de biomassa do Pennisetum purpureum cv. Cameroon irrigado submetido a doses de composto orgânico proveniente de resíduos da produção e abate da ovinocaprinocultura. O experimento foi realizado em capineira de capim-elefante, durante quatro ciclos de 60 dias. Os tratamentos foram doses do composto orgânico (0; 13,3; 26,6; 39,9; 53,2; 79,8) toneladas?ha-1, além de um tratamento mineral (nitrogênio e potássio) equivalente a 720 e 900 kg ha-1 ano-1, respectivamente. Foi utilizado um delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com medidas repetidas no tempo, sendo as parcelas as doses e as subparcelas os ciclos. As características morfogênicas do capim elefante foram influenciadas pelas doses do composto. A taxa de produção de forragem apresentou efeito linear crescente com as doses do composto para todos os ciclos avaliados, enquanto a taxa de acúmulo de forragem respondeu de forma quadrática nos ciclos 1 e 2 às doses do composto. A análise de contraste entre a adubação orgânica x mineral, revelou em todos os ciclos, exceto no primeiro, superioridade dos índices morfogênicos para a adubação mineral. Conclui-se que o capim-elefante foi responsivo ao composto orgânico sugerindo-se uma dose de 70,63 toneladas ha-1. Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T00:56:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2018Morphogenesis.pdf: 247711 bytes, checksum: 5887af39055d8b791196e45076a950eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-21

The present study evaluated the accumulation and export of nutrients in cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) cv. Gigante, fertilized with combinations of nitrogen (10, 70, 100, 130, and 190 kg ha -1 year -1 N) and phosphorus (10, 70, 100, 130, and 190 kg ha -1 year -1 P2O5) under annual and biennial harvests, in Quixadá and Tejuçuoca, using a split-plot randomized block design with four replications. In Quixadá, under annual and biennial harvests, the following orders of accumulation of macronutrients (in kg ha -1 year -1) were found, respectively: K (98.8) > Ca (87.2) > N (46.7) > Mg (26.8) > S (18.4) > P (2.04) and Ca (33.5) > K (31.1) > S (18.6) > N (12.9) > Mg (10.5) > P (0.81). In Tejuçuoca, under annual and biennial harvests, the orders of accumulation of macronutrients were, respectively: K (146.5) > Ca (204.6) > N (128.1) > Mg (75.8) > S (50.3) > P (3.7) and K (397.2) > N (191.3) > S (241.2) > Ca (167.8) > Mg (131.0) > P (14.1). The maintenance/production fertilization in cactus pear should be planned according to productive potential, fertilization and harvest managements, and cultivation region, based on nutritional requirement and considering the nutrient recovery efficiency. Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T00:57:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cnpc2018Accumulation.pdf: 1386536 bytes, checksum: 5056c964bfbab4f1ff48781bfcda2fe8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-21

This study was carried out aiming to evaluate the biomass components of elephant grass cv. Roxo at seven growth ages, during rainy, transition and dry seasons. A completely randomized design was adopted with a split plot arrangement over time. The treatments consisted of seven growth ages (9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54 and 63) and three seasons (rainy, transition and dry). The variables green forage biomass, dead forage biomass, green stem biomass and green leaf blade biomass showed positive linear responses to age and had their magnitude influenced by the evaluated seasons. The live/dead material ratio showed a decreasing linear response as a function of age. The leaf blade/stem ratio showed a negative linear adjustment in the rainy season, reaching a critical value of 1.0 at 59 days, and it showed a quadratic adjustment in the transition season, with the maximum point at 27.53 days; however, this ratio was not influenced by age in the dry season, revealing an average value of 2.22±0.27. The canopy height and leaf area index showed a positive linear response to age in the three seasons. Tiller population density showed quadratic behaviour for age, with maximum estimated values of 134 and 110 til. m-2 at 31.24 and 37.40 days in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. Rainfall seasonality influences the magnitude of the daily increase of the distinct biomass components of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo. [Componentes da biomassa em ?Pennisetum purpureum ? cv. Roxo manejado sob diferentes idades e épocas de crescimento]. Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar os componentes da biomassa em capim-elefante cv. Roxo em sete idades de crescimento, nas épocas chuvosa, transição e seca. Adotou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas no tempo. Os tratamentos consistiram em sete idades de crescimentos (9; 18; 27; 36; 45; 54 e 63 dias) e três épocas (chuvosa, transição e seca). As variáveis biomassa de forragem verde, forragem morta, colmo verde e de lâmina foliar verde apresentaram resposta linear positiva para o fator idade e tiveram suas magnitudes influenciadas pelas épocas de avaliação. A relação material vivo/material morto respondeu de forma linear decrescente em função das idades. A relação lâmina foliar/colmo apresentou ajuste linear negativo na época chuvosa, atingindo valor crítico de 1,0 aos 59 dias e ajuste quadrático na época de transição, com ponto de máxima aos 27,53 dias, e não foi influenciada pelo fator idade na época seca, com valor médio de 2,22±0,27. A altura do dossel e o índice de área foliar responderam de forma linear positiva para o fator idade, nas três épocas. A densidade populacional de perfilhos apresentou comportamento quadrático para o fator idade, com valores máximos estimados em 134 e 110 perf. m-2 aos 31,24 e 37,40 dias de idade nas épocas chuvosa e seca, respectivamente. A sazonalidade da precipitação pluvial influencia a magnitude do incremento diário nos distintos componentes da biomassa em Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo. Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T00:43:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2018Biomasscomponents.pdf: 462904 bytes, checksum: 7d74c3c55b5a1cd0286bd4ee7085d7d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-22

The objective of this study was to evaluate the macronutrient accumulations in leaf, stem, and shoot of elephant grass cv. Roxo. The treatments consisted of seven growth ages (9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, and 63 days) and three growing seasons (rainy, transition, and dry). A completely randomized design and a split-plot time arrangement were used, where the ages were the plots and the seasons the subplots, with three replications. Interaction between the factors age and season of cultivation for the contents and the daily accumulation rates of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S in leaf, stem, and shoot fractions were calculated. The margins of daily accumulation of nutrients N, P, K, Mg, and S presented positive linear behavior in all seasons studied; however, with variation in the magnitude of the response between them. The daily accumulation rate of Ca in the canopy was adjusted to a linear model for the rainy and dry seasons and to a quadratic model for the transition season, reaching a maximum of 4.60 kg ha-1 at 59.76 days of growth. The accumulation of nutrients in elephant grass cv. Roxo showed the following decreasing order: K > N > P > Mg > Ca > S in the rainy and transition seasons, while in the dry season the following decreasing order was observed: K > P > N > Ca > Mg > S. [Acúmulo e partição de macronutrientes em ?Pennisetum purpureum? cv. Roxo manejado em diferentes idades e épocas de crescimento]. Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a marcha de acúmulo de macronutrientes na folha, colmo e na parte aérea do capim-elefante cv. Roxo. Os tratamentos consistiram em sete idades de crescimento (9; 18; 27; 36; 45; 54 e 63 dias) em três períodos de cultivo (chuvoso, de transição e seco). Adotou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado e um arranjo de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, onde as idades foram alocadas nas parcelas e os períodos de cultivo nas subparcelas, com três repetições. Constatou-se interação entre os fatores idade e período de cultivo para os teores e para as taxas de acúmulo diário de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S nas frações folha, colmo e parte aérea. As marchas de acúmulo diário dos nutrientes N, P, K, Mg e S apresentaram comportamento linear positivo para todos os períodos estudados, todavia com variação na magnitude da resposta entre estes. A taxa de acúmulo diário de Ca na parte aérea do dossel ajustou-se ao modelo linear para os períodos chuvoso e seco e ao modelo quadrático para o período de transição, atingindo máximo de 4,60 kg ha-1 aos 59,76 dias de crescimento. O acúmulo dos nutrientes no capim-elefante cv. Roxo apresentou a seguinte ordem decrescente: K > N > P > Mg > Ca > S no período chuvoso e de transição enquanto no período seco observou-se a seguinte ordem decrescente: K > P > N > Ca > Mg> S. Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-10T00:33:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CNPC2018Accumulationandpartition.pdf: 316817 bytes, checksum: 3c43e304a28cb8736ab457145f6bea74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-09

This study evaluated the biomass flow of massai grass in regrowth subjected to different nitrogen levels (control - no fertilization; 400; 800; and 1200 N kg ha-1year-1) and under rotational stocking with sheep, in a completely randomized design with repeated measures over time. The leaf elongation rate increased with increasing nitrogen levels (N) and the fourth grazing cycle presented a lower value compared with the others. The stem elongation rate responded linearly with increasing levels of N, but it was not influenced by grazing cycles. The senescence rate of leaves remaining before grazing and after grazing were not influenced by the nitrogen fertilization or amended with successive grazing cycles. The phyllochron was influenced only by the nitrogen fertilization, with a decreasing linear response with nitrogen levels. Quadratic response was observed for the average length of leaves with increasing N levels and the grazing cycle 4 presented the lowest value for this variable. For each kilogram N ha-1 year-1, increases of 0.161 and 0.1604 kg ha-1 day-1 were verified in the herbage growth and accumulation rates, respectively. Nitrogen fertilization favors the biomass flow of massai grass, promoting an expressive increase in the production and accumulation of forage.

This study aimed to evaluate the growth index of massai grass during two regrowth cycles in a greenhouse under five levels of nitrogen (0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 mg N/dm3 of soil) and eight growth ages (5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23 and 26 days) in a split-plot design with five replications. The following variables were evaluated: net assimilation rate, herbage growth rate, relative growth rate, leaf area ratio, leaf weight ratio and specific leaf area. The effect of nitrogen was detected on the variables net assimilation rate (regrowths 1 and 2), leaf area ratio (regrowth 1), leaf weight ratio (regrowths 1 and 2), specific leaf area (regrowths 1 and 2) and herbage growth rate (regrowths 1 and 2). The growth ages influenced the relative growth rate (regrowth 2) and the net assimilation rate (regrowth 2). The net assimilation rate presented linear effect, estimated in 0.70 and 2.86 g/m2 leaf.day-1 for the 0 and 600 mg N/dm3 soil, respectively (regrowth 1). For each milligram of N/dm3 added, the leaf area ratio was reduced in 0.0000258 m2 leaf/g plant (regrowth 1). The herbage growth rate was estimated in 1.38 and 37.02 g/m2.day-1 (regrowth 1), and 4.37 and 32.20 g/m2.day-1 (regrowth 2) for the 0 and 600 mg N/dm3 soil, respectively. The massai grass? growth is favored by nitrogen fertilization, and little do the growth ages affect the growth index of the plants.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-02T12:39:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-09-01Bitstream added on 2015-02-02T13:08:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-99402014000300005.pdf: 76118 bytes, checksum: c20839ce76fe787581e6c7f2180b742a (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) A quantificação de unidades amostrais que irão compor a amostra promoverá a otimização da mão de obra, além de diminuir erros inerentes à recomendação e avaliação do estado nutricional. A coleta de folhas de forrageiras para a diagnose do estado nutricional é uma etapa importante para subsidiar a adubação, sendo o tamanho da amostra imprescindível para representar adequadamente a população de plantas a ser manejada. Assim, objetivou-se dimensionar o número de amostras de folhas para a diagnose do estado nutricional de capim-elefante irrigado para corte, bem como o índice de clorofila SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development). A avaliação foi realizada em capineira de capim-elefante, var. Cameroon, com irrigação fixa de baixa aspersão, em área localizada em Sobral-CE, em solo Neossolo fluvico. Coletaram-se 40 amostras simples, em zigue-zague, de maneira aleatória, escolhendo-se folhas recém-expandidas. As variáveis mensuradas foram os teores foliares de macro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S) e micronutrientes (B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn) e o índice indireto de clorofila, com auxílio de um clorofilômetro. Considerando aceitável um erro amostral de 10%, a coleta de amostras simples de 16 e 80 plantas, respectivamente, para macro e micronutrientes em capim-elefante seria adequada. Para a medida indireta da clorofila, 8 amostras são necessárias para obter um erro de 10%. The determination of the amount of sample units that will compose the sample express the optimization of the workforce, and reduce errors inherent in the report of recommendation and evaluation of nutritional status. The leaf collection for diagnosis of nutritional status is an important step, and the sample size necessary to adequately represent the population to be assessed. Thus, the objective was evaluation to the number simple design of leaf samples for the diagnosis of nutritional status of elephant grass irrigated for cutting and SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) index. The study was conducted in elephant grass, with a low fixed sprinkler irrigation, in an area located in Sobral-CE in alluvial soil. It was collected 40 samples simple, randomly, choosing newly expanded leaves. The variables measured were foliar concentrations of macro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) and micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and the indirect index of chlorophyll, using a chlorophyll meter. Considering an acceptable error of 10%, the collection of single samples of 16 and 80 plants, respectively, for macronutrients and micronutrients in elephant grass would be appropriate. For the indirect measurement of chlorophyll (SPAD index) 8 plants would be required to obtain a 10% error. Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos Universidade Estadual de São Paulo Universidade Estadual de São Paulo Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinária

To evaluate biomass components of Massai grass under five doses of N (0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 mg N/dm3 soil) during three cycles of growth (establishment, regrowth 1 and regrowth 2) this study was carried out. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in a completely randomized design with measures repeted over time and five replications. In the three cycles, nitrogen doses had increasing linear effect on green herbage dry matter (GHDM), green leaf dry matter (GLDM), on the tiller population density (TPD) and on forage density. Canopy height and foliage height were the highest ones in establishment of regrowth 2, respectively, and they decreased at the highest doses of nitrogen. Irrigation depth was the greatest at the highest doses and in regrowth 1. Water use efficiency responded positively to the doses, being the regrowth 2 the highest values were obtained at the highest doses of nitrogen. Nitrogen use efficiency by Massai grass is influenced by fertilizantion as well as by the cycles. Nitrogen fertilization has positive effects on the components of Massai grass biomass.

Resumo: Avaliou-se a composição químico-bromatológica de silagens de forrageiras lenhosas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos pelas espécies forrageiras: Prosopis juliflora, Mimosa tenuiflora, Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, Gliricidia sepium e Leucaena leucocephala. Verificou-se que as silagens de jurema preta, jucá e sabiá, apresentaram altos teores de MS, acima de 35%. A silagem de leucena apresentou maior teor de PB (22,40%) e maior pH (5,5), enquanto que a silagem de algaroba apresentou o menor teor de EE (2,83%). A silagem de gliricídia resultou em maior teor de N-NH3 (10,93%) e de NDT (66,94%) e menor teor (3,79%) de lignina. A silagem de sabiá apresentou maior teor de FDN (64,09%), enquanto seu teor de FDA (35,54%) foi semelhante à da silagem de jurema preta (35,76%). As silagens de algaroba e gliricídia apresentaram os maiores teores de CNF (28,32 e 26,86%, respectivamente) e menores teores de hemicelulose (13,39 e 12,65%, respectivamente). As silagens de leucena e gliricídia apresentaram menores teores de celulose com 14,77% e 15,53%, respectivamente. As silagens das forrageiras lenhosas estudadas nesse trabalho apresentam boa qualidade e podem ser fontes de alimento animal. [Evaluation of the chemical composition of woody forage silages of the Brazilian semiarid]. Abstract: The aim of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition of the woody forage silage in the completely randomized design with six treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of forage species: Prosopis juliflora, Mimosa tenuiflora, Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala and Caesalpinia ferrea. It was found that the silages jurema preta, jucá and sabiá, showed higher levels of DM more than 35 %. Leucena silage presented a higher content of CP (22.40 %) and higher pH (5.5), while the algaroba silage presented lowest level of EE (2.83 %). Higher levels of N-NH3 (10.93 %) and TDN (66.94 %) and lowest content of lignin (3.79 %) were found for gliricidia silage. Sabia silage presented a higher content of NDF (64.09%), while its ADF valor (35.54%) was similar to jurema preta silage (35.76 %). Algaroba and gliricidia silages presented highest levels of NFC (28.32 and 26.86%, respectively) and lower hemicellulose (13.39 and 12.65%, respectively). Leucena and gliricidia silages showed lower levels of cellulose with 14.77 and 15.53%, respectively. The woody forage silages studied in this work shown a good quality and can be used as sources in animal feed.