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Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is the etiologic agent of Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA), a disease leading to severe damage in sheep and goats farming due to the lack of serological diagnosis, treatment, and effective prophylaxis. In this context, several strategies in an attempt to discover new antigens to compose diagnosis assays or vaccines are fundamental. Therefore, this study aimed to use bioinformatics software to evaluate the critical chemical characteristics of unknown proteins of C. pseudotuberculosis by selecting them for heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. For this purpose, six protein sequences of ascorbate transporter subunit, UPF protein, MMPL family transporter, Ribonuclease, Iron ABC transporter domain-containing permease, and fimbrial subunit were obtained. In silico analyses were performed using amino acid sequences to access immunodominant epitopes and their antigenic and allergenic potential and physicochemical characterization. The expressed proteins were used as an antigen for serological diagnosis by ELISA. All proteins showed distinct immunodominant epitopes and potential antigenic characteristics. The only proteins expressed were PTS and Ribonuclease. In parallel, we expressed CP40 and all were used with ELISA antigen in 49 CLA positive sera and 26 CLA negative sera. The proteins alone showed 100% sensitivity and 96.2%, 92.3%, and 88.5% specificity for rPTS, rRibonuclease, and rCP40, respectively. When proteins were combined, they showed 100% sensitivity and 84.6%, 92.3%, 88.5%, and 92.3% specificity for rPTS/rCp40, rRibonuclease/rCP40, rPTS/rRibonuclease, and rPTS/rRibonuclease/rCP40, respectively. The results of this study show an excellent correlation of sensitivity and specificity with all proteins. None of the specificity values preclude the potential of rPTS, rRibonuclease, or rCP40 for use in ELISA diagnostic assays since the results of this work are superior to those of other studies on CLA diagnosis described in the literature.

INTRODUCAO: A Linfadenite Caseosa (LC) e uma doenca infecciosa causada pela bacteria Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis e vem ocasionando inumeros prejuizos a industria de carne ovinocaprina. Ela possui duas formas clinicas, a forma superficial, quando ha a presenca de abscessos em linfonodos perifericos ou forma visceral, quando esses abscessos encontram-se nos orgaos internos. A antibioticoterapia hoje existente se torna ineficaz por nao conseguir cruzar essa barreira, como tambem, a vacina comercial hoje disponibilizada possui baixo poder de protecao, necessitando assim de uma nova dose a cada ano o que ocasiona um alto custo. OBJETIVO: realizar um desenho vacinal em busca de potenciais alvos proteicos de Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis para formular uma vacina contra a Linfadenite Caseosa. METODOLOGIA: Para isso, analises in silico utilizando o Vaxign para busca de proteinas secretadas foram feitas e subsequentes analises relacionadas ao potencial antigenico, alergenico e caracterizacoes fisico-quimicas serviram para filtrar as proteinas de interesse. Das proteinas selecionadas foram obtidos os epitopos imunodominantes e sua interacao com o TLR-2 foi determinada. RESULTADOS: Foram encontradas pelo Vaxign um total de 26 proteinas putativas secretadas, sendo realizada as suas caracterizacoes a fim de selecionar as proteinas aptas para possivel formulacao de uma vacina. Destas, nove delas se mostraram antigenicas e nao alergenicas e apos analise fisico-quimicas apenas duas seguiram para analise dos epitopos imunodominantes de celulas B. As proteinas ADL20140.1 e ADL20298.1 apresentaram um total de 2 e 5 epitopos, respectivamente. Apos determinacao do potencial antigenico apenas os epitopos 4, 6 e 7 foram utilizados para o docking molecular com o TLR-2. Os epitopos 4 e 7 apresentaram possiveis interaooes atraves dos dominios LRR enquanto o epitopo 6 apresentou possivel interacoo com o dominio TIR do TLR-2. CONCLUSAO: Diante do uso de bioinformatica e possivel verificar previsoes in silico que possam diminuir etapas dispendiosas experimentais. Com isso, nesse trabalho foi possivel selecionar uma proteina com caracteristicas importantes para compor uma vacina contra LC e ate epitopos imunodominantes que podem servir para formular uma vacina peptidica, esses epitopos apresentaram potenciais interacoes com o TLR-2 indicando uma possivel ativacao da imunidade inata, importante passo para um alvo vacinal. Portanto, esse trabalho fornece informcoes importantes que poderm servir para formular, de fato, uma vacina contra LC.

Multiresistant bacteria represent a global health problem, encouraging the development of effective antimicrobial treatments. In this context, metallic nanoparticles like silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can serve as an alternative to the pathogenic bacterial growth control since AgNPs have minimal risk of promoting bacterial resistance. The chemical methods to synthesize AgNPs involves toxic agents however, an alternative way to obtain them would be employing plant extract due to its redox ability. In the current study, Spondias tuberosa hydroethanolic leaf extract (StHE) was used to assist silver nanoparticle synthesis (AgNP) and to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of both StHE and AgNP against antibiotic-resistant bacterias Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The StHE phytochemical analysis displayed significant polyphenol and flavonoids contents, identified by HPLC. Synthesized AgNPs were spherical with an average size of 3.44–19.46 nm, characterized by UV-Vis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The AgNPs antimicrobial activity displayed higher capacity than the crude StHE, mainly against Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, StHE is an effective source of reducing agents for the AgNPs synthesis, which exhibit high antibacterial potential against multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Residues from wine and juice processing still contain about 70% of the phenolic compounds in grapes. These compounds are valued for having several bioactive properties that are explored in the pharmaceutical and food sectors. This paper aims to summarize the most recent advances in the use of enzymatic techniques for the recovery of bioactive compounds from GP for industrial application. For this, we analyzed scientific articles and patent applications from the last 20 years in the main indexed and patent databases. Among the most used enzymes in the recovery of bioactive compounds in wastes, cellulases, pectinases, tannases, glucoamylases, and proteases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, are the most important. As a result, extracts are obtained with greater retrieval of compounds such as anthocyanins, gallic acid, catechins, epicatechins, and trans-resveratrol and the improvement of coloring, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and vasoprotective properties. Although the use of enzymes for the recovery of phenolics is an old strategy, the number of studies focusing on the functional characteristics and industrial applicability of the extracts obtained has been recently growing. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Phenolic compounds have acted as anti-inflammatories, antioxidants, anticarcinogens, and antimicrobials, being additives or relevant ingredients for various products in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Although there are several techniques for extracting/recovering phenolics from grape pomace, there is still no agreement on which method is ideal. In recent years, several extractions methods have been applied in seeking optimized conditions to recover phenolics from grape residues. Among them, the use of enzymes has been gaining attention for being considered a green and promising technology. The present study aims to carry out a review that would bring a new perspective to the recovery of bioactive compounds from grape residues by enzymatic techniques, with a view to industrial purpose.

The immunomodulatory properties of Brazilian red propolis (BRP) have been already described. Also, propolis have been proved to have antibacterial activity on Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. An adjuvant effect of red propolis oil was able to induce a significant anti-C. pseudotuberculosis humoral immune response. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the immunostimulant property of BRP hydroalcoholic extract (BRPHE) in a recombinant vaccine against caseous lymphadenitis. Mice BALB/c were allocated in three groups inoculated with: sterile saline solution (G1); BRPHE (G2); or BRPHE combined with the C. pseudotuberculosis rCP01850 recombinant protein (G3) in two doses within a 21-days-interval. Blood samples were collected for the total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a measurement. Mice were challenged with a virulent C. pseudotuberculosis strain, and other 6 mice were used for IFN-γ and IL-10 levels determination after splenocyte stimulation with the recombinant antigen. G3 showed higher significant levels of antibodies on the 42nd experimental day, with a high IgG2a/IgG1 proportion. G2 and G3 presented significant production of IFN-γ and IL-10, while G3 presented the higher levels of IFN-γ (p 0.05). After challenge, G2 showed a survival rate of 20%, while 70% of mice from G3 survived the experimental challenge. In conclusion, BRPHE used alone has immunostimulant properties specially on cellular immune response, and when used in combination with the recombinant protein rCP01850 induces cellular and humoral immune responses as well as a significant survival of inoculated mice.

The petroleum hydrocarbon contamination represents a worldwide problem, since its accumulation promotes a serious environmental impact. Thereby, the use of microorganisms, such as those from mangrove micro biota, as degrading agents of various carbon sources is poorly exploited in environmental remediation processes. Thus, this in vitro study evaluated the degrading potential of isolated bacteria from mangrove sediments in the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Analysis of the genetic diversity using the 16S rRNA marker revealed closely related (99%) sequences with Proteobacterium, Pseudomonas and Exiguobacterium. Results showed the bacterial growth in the mineral saline medium (MSM) containing 1% petroleum or diesel, as carbon sources. This growth was determinated by optical density at 595 nm for 15 days, with sample withdrawal every 48 h. Bacterial growth indicated the hydrocarbon metabolization. However, bacteria were more efficient at degrading petroleum. Overall, experimental data displayed the potential application of these bacteria in bioremediation processes, due to their metabolic and adaptive capacities to grow in a rich hydrocarbon medium., Los hidrocarburos de petróleo representan un problema mundial, pues su acumulación promueve un serio impacto ambiental. Así, el uso de microorganismos, por ejemplo los de la microbiota de manglares, como agentes degradadores de diversas fuentes de carbono, es poco explotado en procesos de remediación ambiental. Así, este estudio evaluó in vitro el potencial degradador de bacterias aisladas de sedimento de manglar en la degradación de hidrocarburos. El análisis genético usando el marcador 16S rRNA reveló secuencias íntimamente relacionadas (99%) con Proteobacterium, Pseudomonas y Exiguobacterium. Los resultados mostraron el crecimiento de bacterias en medio salino mineral (MSM) conteniendo petróleo o diesel al 1%, como fuentes de carbono. Este crecimiento, determinado por densidad óptica (DO) a 595 nm durante 15 días, con toma de muestras a cada 48 h, indicó la matabolización de hidrocarburos. Sin embargo, las bacterias fueron más eficientes en degradarlos. Por lo tanto, los resultados muestran la potencial aplicación de las bacterias en procesos de biorremediación por su capacidad metabólica y adaptativa de crecimiento usando hidrocarburos.

The present study aims to evaluate the influence of triphenyltin (TPT) exposure on reproductive physiology on Calomys laucha species, since this species inhabits regions susceptible to exposure to this contaminant. Animals exposed to the highest dose (10.0 mg/kg) presented signs of severe intoxication in only 7 days of exposure, demonstrating a higher sensitivity of this species to triphenyltin. The 10.0 mg TPT/kg dose was analyzed separately for short-term exposure and results suggest that exposure to this dose was severely detrimental to sperm activity. Among the main results obtained in the evaluation of sperm kinetics, a reduction in total motility was observed from the 0.5 mg TPT/kg group, accentuated according to the increase in the doses of TPT. In progressive motility, there was a decrease from the dose of 0.5 mg TPT/kg and maintained the plateau until the dose of 5.0 mg TPT/kg. It was also observed an increase in the distances and velocities average path, rectilinear and curvilinear in doses of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg. From the flow cytometry, evaluation a decrease in mitochondrial functionality was observed as the dose increased. Increased membrane fluidity was also observed from the 5.0 mg TPT/kg dose and the acrosome reaction presented higher values at doses of 0.5 and 5.0 mg TPT/kg. We can conclude that TPT causes impairment of the sperm activity, reducing it in individuals exposed in the adult phase.

Punica granatum, specifically the fruit, has a long ethno medical history and is a phytochemical reservoir of great medicinal value. The phytochemistry and pharmacological actions of all P. granatum components suggest a wide range of clinical applications. The aim of the present study is to investigate the anticancer potential of aqueous extract of P. granatum (AEPG) in experimental models. The chemical composition of the AEPG was assessed by HPLC-DAD. In vivo antitumor activity was assessed in sarcoma 180 bearing mice. To evaluate the toxicological aspects related to the AEPG treatment, hematological, biochemical, histopathological and morphological analyses of treated animals were performed. Gallic acid, punicalagin α, punicalagin β, and ellagic acid were identified as the major phytochemical compounds of the extract. AEPG and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) induced significant inhibition of tumor growth when compared with saline (p < 0.05). The percentage of apoptotic cells was significantly increased in 5-FU (p < 0.01) and AEPG treated groups (p < 0.01). No significant difference was observed between 5-FU and the three doses of AEPG. 5-FU induced toxic effects, such as decrease of body weight, splenic atrophy, and leukopenia, but these effects were not found in AEPG treated groups. The results provide evidence that AEPG exhibits comparable antitumor effects as 5-FU in a murine model, likely the result of increased apoptotic rate, but with no remarkable side effects presented by 5-FU. Key words: Cancer, chemotherapy, Punica granatum, sarcoma 180.

Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA) is a chronic disease that affects also small ruminants. CLA is caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and is responsible for high economic losses due to the formation of superficial and visceral granulomas, the latter is considered as asymptomatic CLA causing high levels of dissemination. Several vaccination strategies, in which the use of synthetic peptides stands out. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the protective potential of peptide vaccines designed to determine the immunodominant epitopes of CP40 against CLA in mice. The animals were divided into eight groups separated in controls (G1—PBS, G2—Saponin and G9—rCP40) and experimental (G3—pep1, G4- pep2, G5-pep3, G6-pep4, G7-pep5 and G8-pep6), these were vaccinated on days 0 and 15 by a subcutaneous route. 60 days after the first immunization, all animals were challenged with C. pseudotuberculosis. On days 0, 15, 60, and 120 after the first immunization, blood samples were taken to measure immunoglobulins. On the same day of the challenge, the splenocytes were isolated and assayed for the production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-10. After vaccinations, the animals were challenged and all of them were affected by the disease which led to their death. The G6 and G8 groups provided 10% protection and the G7 provided 20%. The G3 and G4 groups provided 30% and 40% protection respectively. The peptides showed the production of Total IgG antibodies and cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α), indicating a possible activation of the Th1 type response. However, groups G3, G5, G6, and G8 showed production of IL-17. None of the study groups showed IL-10 production. The immunogenicity of the peptides was not enough to protect these animals and it is believed that the use of adjuvants based on PAMPs may improve the immune response offered by these peptides.

A Tabebuia roseoalba, conhecida popularmente como Ipê-branco, uma planta nativa do cerrado e pantanal brasileiro. Por possuir inúmeras substâncias de interesse terapêutico, há perspectivas de servirem como alternativa no controle de infecções. Com o intuito de verificar a importância dos extratos de Tabebuia roseoalba no cunho científico, foram feitas pesquisas a fim de se confirmar a relevância que o presente trabalho apresenta como inovação tecnológica. Os resultados encontrados nas bases de dados Science Direct e Pubmed, assim como patentes encontradas nos bancos de patentes World Intelectual Property Organization (WIPO) e Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI), foram métodos eficazes para a construção dessa Prospecção. A partir das palavras-chaves antimicrobianos, resistência bacteriana, Bignoniaceae, Tabebuia e Tabebuia roseoalba, na língua inglesa e portuguesa, quando necessário, na base de patentes WIPO revelou 135.638 patentes para antimicrobial, 78.108 para bacterial resistence, 69 para Bignoniaceae, 167 para Tabebuia e 0 para Tabebuia roseoalba. No INPI foram obtidas 1.377 para antimicrobiano, 2.510 para resistência bacteriana, 38 para Bignoniaceae, 31 para Tabebuia e 3 para Tabebuia roseoalba. A partir dos resultados obtidos mediante as buscas de patentes acerca da utilização de potenciais antimicrobiano de Tabebuia roseoalba para o combate de agentes patogênicos, pode-se concluir que o estudo forneceu dados de prospecção científico-tecnológico, visto que auxiliou como uma boa ferramenta para a realização da presente pesquisa pode-se ressaltar a importância da análise prospecção tecnológica, como um meio benéfico no qual pode promover a capacidade de organizar a pesquisa inovadora com base nos interesses e necessidades da sociedade.

As bactérias multirresistentes têm sido uma das maiores causas de infecção e permanência nosocomial. Isso está atribuído a sua capacidade em adquirir resistência a diversos antibióticos, tanto pelo uso incorreto desses medicamentos, como a acomodação ao tratamento proposto. Assim, desta maneira, para essas bactérias, o tratamento convencional com antibióticos não tem o potencial de eliminá-las, sendo assim, diferentes estratégias vêm sendo estudadas, como exemplo a utilização de extratos naturais de plantas medicinais. Diante disso, palavras-chave como: extratos naturais, antibacteriano, Myracrodruon, Myracrodruon urundeuva, Anacardiaceae foram utilizadas para análise prospectiva nos seguintes bancos de dados Science direct, PubMed, SciELO, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) e Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI). Os resultados permitiram identificar um significativo número de artigos científicos em relação às palavras-chave utilizadas, enfatizando que houve uma diferença no quantitativo apresentado por cada base de dados em decorrência das suas particularidades referente a suas áreas de estudo. Nessa perspectiva, o Science Direct apresentou um maior número de achados em comparação aos demais bancos de dados. Referente à atividade antibacteriana da Myracrodruon urundeuva, o PubMED demonstrou um melhor direcionamento, descrevendo em seus registros a presença de compostos farmacológicos encontrados em extratos da planta que configuram seus efeitos relatados na literatura. Com relação ao depósito de patentes, o INPI por ser nacional, apresentou um quantitativo de patentes menor que o WIPO, em contexto mundial, a China é o país que mais apresentou pedidos de patentes até o momento, seguida da Coreia do Sul e EUA. Os achados remetem a uma carência de investimentos tecnológicos por parte da indústria brasileira. Mesmo diante da baixa aplicabilidade terapêutica da Myracrodruon urundeuva, o Brasil ainda se destaca em relação aos demais países. Seu principal uso refere-se a atividades anti-inflamatória, cicatrizante, analgésica e bactericida aplicada à odontologia. A realização da prospecção científica e tecnológica é uma ferramenta indispensável para a cadeia produtiva do conhecimento, sendo necessária para um melhor direcionamento da pesquisa.

Background Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA) is a contagious, infectious, chronic disease caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis , which affects mainly sheep and goats. The clinical prevalence of CLA in Brazil is 30%, resulting in decreased milk production, weight loss, and unusable meat and leather. Prophylaxis is based on vaccination; however, current vaccinations do not offer effective protection against the infection, which makes the development of a new vaccine essential to control this disease. Experimental approach Here, we developed a recombinant vaccine based on CP40 protein (rCP40) combined with an adjuvant (Freund's complete adjuvant or saponin) and evaluated its efficacy in a murine model of CLA. Female BALB/c mice were used in an immunization assay. Key results rCP40 induced high levels of IgG2a and IgG2b antibodies. After challenge with a virulent strain of C. pseudotuberculosis C57 (10 4 CFU/mL), the levels of IgG2a and IgG2b were sustained, indicating a Th1 response. The groups immunized with rCP40 protein (GES and GEF groups) showed 100% protection and was statistically significant in the GES and GEF groups ( p p Conclusions The results indicated the recombinant protein CP40 induced an specific immune response in mice that was able to afford protection after challenge, regardless the adjuvant used in the formulation.

Making wines from tropical fruits with pleasant sensory characteristics has gradually gained potential as a new product within the beverages market. In this study, the ability to ferment cashew apple juice of non-Saccharomyces strains previously isolated from tropical fruits and Saccharomyces were evaluated, as well as their production of desirable volatile compounds. The isolates Torulaspora delbrueckii and Hanseniaspora opuntiae showed higher fermentative capacities in co-fermentations with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The simple and co-fermentative process of the cashew must with these yeasts leads to a highly desirable production of volatile compounds such as phenethyl alcohol, 2-phenethyl acetate and 3-methyl-1-pentanol, and these favoured the organoleptic properties of the product. The concentrations of acetic acid during fermentation were in the range of 0.2–0.5 g/L, which is considered desirable to contribute towards the aromas and flavours of fruit wines. These results highlighted the role of yeast isolates from fruits on cashew juice fermentation and its production of desirable volatile compounds to produce cashew wine.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the auxin 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic) in calli formation from leaf and nodal segments of genipap and to characterize its growth curve. Explants obtained from shoots previously established from in vitro seedlings were used for calli induction. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 3x5x2 factorial with three accessions (NB, SA, SAL), five concentrations of 2,4-D (0.0; 2.0; 4.0, 6.0 or 8.0 mg L-1) and two times of measurement for calli fresh weight (30 and 60 days). There was callus formation in all treatments tested. It was observed that the best response for callus induction from leaf segments was with 2.0 mg L-1 of 2,4-D. For the nodal segment, the response among the accessions was different due to 2,4-D concentrations. The growth curve was plotted according to the fresh weight of callus obtained at intervals of 10 days up to 60 days. Through the established growth curve, the nodal-derived calli from accession SA should be transferred to a new medium, after 40 days of culture. O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar o efeito da auxina 2,4-D (ácido diclorofenoxiacético) na calogênese de segmentos foliar e nodal de jenipapeiro e caracterizar sua curva de crescimento. Explantes obtidos debrotações pré-estabelecidas a partir de plântulas in vitro foram utilizados na indução de calos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x5x2, com três acessos (NB, SA e SAL), cinco concentrações de 2,4-D (0,0; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0 ou 8,0 mg L-1) e dois tempos de avaliação (30 e 60 dias) da massa fresca de calos. Houve formação de calos em todos os tratamentos testados. Observou-se que a melhor resposta de indução ocorreu na concentração de 2,0 mg L-1 para calos oriundos de segmentos foliares. Para o segmento nodal a resposta entre os acessos foi diferenciada em função das concentrações de 2,4-D. A curva de crescimento foi plotada a partir da massa fresca dos calos obtida em intervalos de 10 dias até os 60 dias. Através da curva de crescimento estabelecida, os calos derivados de segmentos nodais do acesso SA devem ser transferidos para um novo meio de cultura, 40 dias após à inoculação.

Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem) extracts have been used in pharmaceutical applications as antitumor agents, due to their terpenes and phenolic compounds. To obtain extracts from neem leaves with potential antiproliferative effect, a sequential process of pressurized liquid extraction was carried out in a fixed bed extractor at 25 &deg, C and 100 bar, using hexane (SH), ethyl acetate (SEA), and ethanol (SE) as solvents. Extractions using only ethanol (EE) was also conducted to compare the characteristics of the fractionated extracts. The results obtained by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry suggested a higher concentration of terpenes in the SEA extract in comparison to SH, SE, and EE extracts. Therefore, antiproliferative activity showed that SEA extracts were the most efficient inhibitor to human tumor cells MCF-7, NCI-H460, HeLa, and HepG2. Hepatocellular cells were more resistant to SH, SEA, SE, and EE compared to breast, lung, hepatocellular, and cervical malignant cells. Neem fractioned extracts obtained in the present study seem to be more selective for malignant cells compared to the non-tumor cells.

Triphenyltin (TPT) is an organotin compound (OT), primarily used in agriculture and in the composition of antifouling paints for ships worldwide. Studies have showed its effects as an endocrine disrupter in several organisms by preventing enzymatic expression and causing reproductive toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exposure to TPT, via breastfeeding, on reproductive physiology in the Calomys laucha species. The experimental design was compound of five groups, two controls and three with different doses of TPT. Moreover, females were exposed by gavage to the TPT for 20 days, from the 1st day postpartum to the 21st postnatal day (PND). Then, the pups were euthanized and the kinetics, organelles, and biochemistry of the sperm were evaluated. The results presented a reduction in total motility in the groups exposed to TPT. Regarding cellular organelles analysis, a loss in membrane integrity was evidenced; the functionality of mitochondria showed diminution followed by increased acrosome reaction. In conclusion, the TPT causes alteration of the reproductive parameters, decreasing the activity and sperm quality in individuals exposed in the breastfeeding phase.

The use of expanded bed adsorption with three different adsorbents Streamline (SP XL, DEAE and PHENYL) to purify the chitosanase from Metarhizium anisopliae strain with and without clarification using Doehlert design for the optimization of the experiments has been investigated. Chitosanases are enzymes that hydrolyze chitosan, a carbohydrate, resulting oligosaccharides that have many biological remarkable activities, such as anti-cancer, anti-HIV and anti-oxidants activities. The superficial velocity was evaluated in five levels, from 40 to 260 cm h−1, while the type of adsorbent, a qualitative variable, was assessed at three levels, saving materials and time according to the Doehlert design. The results showed that it is possible to purify chitosanase from M. anisopliae by expanded bed adsorption. Chitosanase purification factor ranged from 2 to 3.1-fold and yield ranged from 27.7 to 45.3%. The highest enzyme activity in the elution was 0.06 U/mL values which were higher than or close to those reported. The molecular mass of chitosanase was about 45 kDa using SDS-PAGE.

Continuous increases in the rates of tumor diseases have highlighted the need for identification of novel and inexpensive antitumor agents from natural sources. In this study, we investigated the effects of enriched fraction from hydroalcoholic Brazilian red propolis extract against Hep-2 cancer cell line. Initially 201 fractions were arranged in 12 groups according to their chromatographic characteristics (A-L). After an in vitro cell viability screening, J and L were further selected as promising enriched fractions for this study. The chemical characterization was performed and Biochanin A, Formononetin, and Liquiritigenin compounds were quantified. Through MTT viability assay and morphological changes observed by Giemsa and DAPI staining, the results showed that red propolis inhibited cancer cells growth. Flow cytometry results indicated effects that were partly mediated through programmed cell death as confirmed by externalization of phosphatidylserine, DNA cleaved assay, increase at SUB G1-G0 phase in cell cycle analysis and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that red propolis enriched fractions promoted apoptotic effects in human cancer cells through the mechanisms involving mitochondrial perturbation. Therefore, red propolis fractions contain candidate agents for adjuvant cancer treatment, which further studies should elucidate the comprehensive mechanistic pathways.

Peptide-based vaccines have emerged in recent years as promising candidates in the prevention of infectious diseases. However, there are many challenges to maintaining in vivo peptide stability and enhancement of peptide immunogenicity to generate protective immunity which enhances clearance of infections. Here, a dendrimer-based carrier system is proposed for peptide-based vaccine delivery, and shows its anti-microbial feasibility in a mouse model of Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydiae are the most prevalent sexually transmitted bacteria worldwide, and also the causal agent of trachoma, the leading cause of preventable infectious blindness. In spite of the prevalence of this infectious agent and the many previous vaccine-related studies, there is no vaccine commercially available. The carrier system proposed consists of generation 4, hydroxyl-terminated, polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers (G4OH), to which a peptide mimic of a chlamydial glycolipid antigen-Peptide 4 (Pep4, AFPQFRSATLLL) was conjugated through an ester bond. The ester bond between G4OH and Pep4 is expected to break down mainly in the intracellular environment for antigen presentation. Pep4 conjugated to dendrimer induced Chlamydia-specific serum antibodies after subcutaneous immunizations. Further, this new vaccine formulation significantly protected immunized animals from vaginal challenge with infectious Chlamydia trachomatis, and it reduced infectious loads and tissue (genital tract) damage. Pep4 conjugated to G4OH or only mixed with peptide provided enhanced protection compared to Pep4 and adjuvant (i.e. alum), suggesting a potential adjuvant effect of the PAMAM dendrimer. Combined, these results demonstrate that hydroxyl-terminated PAMAM dendrimer is a promising polymeric nanocarrier platform for the delivery of peptide vaccines and this approach has potential to be expanded to other infectious intracellular bacteria and viruses of public health significance.

Propolis is known for a long time for its health benefits and biological activities. Here, the red variety from the northeast of Brazil was chemically analyzed and extracts were investigated regarding their antioxidant and antitumor activity. Hydroalcoholic extracts, obtained from the red propolis, revealed polyphenol content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging potential and enzymatic activities for catalase-like and superoxide dismutase-like. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated for human laryngeal epidermoid carcinoma cell (Hep-2), human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and human normal epithelial embryonic kidney (Hek-293). Survival analysis for non-tumor cell line showed greater IC50 compared to tumor cell lines, suggesting an increased sensitivity that may correlate with the higher proliferative index of the tumor vs. normal cells. Our results indicate that the Brazilian red propolis is capable of inhibiting cancer cell growth and constitutes an excellent source of antioxidant and antitumor natural agent.

Bacterial resistance is an emerging public health issue that is disseminated worldwide. Silver nanocomposite can be an alternative strategy to avoid Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria growth, including multidrug-resistant strains. In the present study a silver nanocomposite was synthesized, using a new green chemistry process, by the addition of silver nitrate (1.10−3 mol·L−1) into a fermentative medium of Xanthomonas spp. to produce a xanthan gum polymer. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to evaluate the shape and size of the silver nanoparticles obtained. The silver ions in the nanocomposite were quantified by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The antibacterial activity of the nanomaterial against Escherichia coli (ATCC 22652), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29282), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) was carried out using 500 mg of silver nanocomposite. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii multidrug-resistant strains, isolated from hospitalized patients were also included in the study. The biosynthesized silver nanocomposite showed spherical nanoparticles with sizes smaller than 10 nm; 1 g of nanocomposite contained 49.24 µg of silver. Multidrug-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, and the other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria tested, were sensitive to the silver nanocomposite (10–12.9 mm of inhibition zone). The biosynthesized silver nanocomposite seems to be a promising antibacterial agent for different applications, namely biomedical devices or topical wound coatings.

Mangaba tree (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) is a tropical fruit species from Brazil and presents socioeconomic potential. The objective of this study was to determine antioxidant activity, rutin content and genetic similarity among in vivo and in vitro matrices and progenies of six accessions from the Mangaba Active Germplasm Bank of the Embrapa Coastal Tablelands, SE, Brazil. Young leaves of adult matrix plants and in vitro callus methanolic extracts obtained from young leaves resulted in differences between the accessions for the rutin content and high antioxidant activity. The Costa Azul accession, from Bahia, Brazil outstood with values above 3,000 g of dry extract/g of DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrilhydrazyl) in in vitro callus coming from nodal and internodal segments (3,023.73 and 3,136.80 g of dry extract/g of DPPH, respectively). Rutin was not found in extracts resulting from in vitro callus of mangaba tree. The difference among the values obtained for DPPH analysis are superior when compared with in vivo leaf extract, with the in vitro Costa Azul accession (nodal and internodal) outstanding, concluding that in vitro callus induction can interfere with chemical compounds of the plant. The markers detect genetic similarity under in vitro cultivation conditions. The Costa Azul accession group itself in isolation from others and EC50 concentrations differentiated between leaf and callus are obtained. O EC50 is superior in extracts deriving from in vitro callus, with the in vitro Costa Azul accession (nodal and internodal).

Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a disease caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis bacteria that affects sheep and goats. The absence of a serologic diagnose is a factor that contributes for the disease dissemination, and due to the formation of granuloma, the treatment is very expensive. Therefore, prophylaxis is the approach with best cost-benefit relation; however, it still lacks an effective vaccine. In this sense, this work seeks to apply bioinformatic tools to design an effective vaccine against CLA, using CP40 protein as standard for the design of immunodominant epitopes, from which a total of 6 sequences were obtained, varying from 10 to 16 amino acid residues. The evaluation of different properties of the vaccines showed that the vaccine is a potent and nonallergenic antigen remaining stable in a wide range of temperatures. The initial tertiary structure of the vaccine was then predicted and a model selected. Later, the process of CP40 protein and TLR2 receptor binding was performed, presenting interaction with this receptor, which plays an important role in the activation of the immune response.

BACKGROUND: This aim of this study was the production and rheological characterisation of xanthan gum by Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae IBSBF 1230 using industrial media and experimental design techniques in a bench bioreactor. RESULTS: The optimised conditions for the production of xanthan starting with 900 mL of cheese whey were 1 g L−1 magnesium sulphate, 20 g L−1 potassium phosphate, 28 °C temperature and initial pH 7.2 at 390 rpm agitation and 1.5 vvm aeration, resulting in 36 g L−1 gum in 72 h. The highest viscosity obtained in the production optimisation study was 1831.34 mPa s at 25 °C with 30 g L−1 gum. The use of CaCl2 resulted in the highest solution viscosity under conditions of 25 °C, 1 g L−1 salt and 46.8 g L−1 gum, with a value of 1704.53 mPa s. CONCLUSION: In this study, cheese whey, a by-product of the dairy industry, was used as substrate in the production of xanthan gum, a valuable product in food applications, with optimised high gum production in a bioreactor and a wide range of viscosity values. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

The proposal of the present study was to select and carry out the molecular characterization of strains of Xanthomonas sp. in order to correlate with gum production and determine possible genetic alterations during the study. The gums produced were also evaluated rheologically. Ten strains of Xanthomonas were used in the screening and the best ones in terms of productivity were Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae 1230 (8.93 g/L), X. campestris pv. campestris 254 (9.49 g/L) and X. campestris pv. campestris 1078 (9.67 g/L). The gum produced by X. campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae presented the best apparent viscosity. The results for the profiles of the bands produced by RAPD showed considerable genetic variability amongst the evaluated strains, making not possible to neither group the strains according to pathovar or species, nor correlate the band profile with the productivity obtained. According to the RAPD analysis, no detectable mutations occurred in these bacteria during the study.

The cheese whey is an abundant residue obtained during the cheese processing and its disposal in the environment causes several drawbacks. The bioconversion of this by-product in added-value products is an important alternative to overcome this environmental problem. In this work, the feasibility of using cheese whey as carbon source for xanthan gum production was investigated using two strains of Xanthomonas campestris. The cheese whey:sucrose ratio and the supplementation of the medium were investigated by a Central Composite Design (CCD) in order to improve the xanthan gum production. Maximum xanthan gum productions were observed after 72 h using cheese whey as sole carbon source, 0.1% (w/v) MgSO 4 × 7H 2 O and 2.0% (w/v) of K 2 HPO 4 , yielding approximately 25 g L −1 . This value is quite higher than some results presented in the literature using glucose as substrate. Although the production was similar for the two strains, chemical composition and ionic strength presented several differences in chemical characteristics between the polysaccharides produced.

Propolis is known for its biological properties and its preparations have been continuously investigated in an attempt to solve the problem of their standardization, an issue that limits the use of propolis in food and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic effects of extracts of red, green, and brown propolis from different regions of Brazil, obtained by ethanolic and supercritical extraction methods. We found that propolis extracts obtained by both these methods showed concentration-dependent antioxidant activity. The extracts obtained by ethanolic extraction showed higher antioxidant activity than that shown by the extracts obtained by supercritical extraction. Ethanolic extracts of red propolis exhibited up to 98% of the maximum antioxidant activity at the highest extract concentration. Red propolis extracts obtained by ethanolic and supercritical methods showed the highest levels of antimicrobial activity against several bacteria. Most extracts demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. None of the extracts analyzed showed activity against Escherichia coli or Candida albicans. An inhibitory effect of all tested ethanolic extracts on the growth of Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain epimastigotes was observed in the first 24 h. However, after 96 h, a persistent inhibitory effect was detected only for red propolis samples. Only ethanolic extracts of red propolis samples R01Et.B2 and R02Et.B2 showed a cytotoxic effect against all four cancer cell lines tested (HL-60, HCT-116, OVCAR-8, and SF-295), indicating that red propolis extracts have great cytotoxic potential. The biological effects of ethanolic extracts of red propolis revealed in the present study suggest that red propolis can be a potential alternative therapeutic treatment against Chagas disease and some types of cancer, although high activity of red propolis in vitro needs to be confirmed by future in vivo investigations.

Background Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is an infectious disease that affects small ruminants and is caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. This disease is responsible for high economic losses due to condemnation and trim of infected carcasses, decreased leather and wool yield, loss of sales of breeding stock and deaths from internal involvement. Treatment is costly and ineffective; the most cost-effective strategy is timely immunisation. Various vaccine strategies have been tested, and recombinant vaccines are a promising alternative. Thus, in this study, different vaccine formulations using a recombinant protein (rCP40) and the CP09 live recombinant strain were evaluated. Five groups of 10 mice each were immunised with saline (G1), rCP40 (G2), CP09 (G3), a combination of CP09 and rCP40 (G4) and a heterologous prime-boost strategy (G5). Mice received two immunisations within 15 days. On day 30 after primary immunisation, all groups were challenged with a C. pseudotuberculosis virulent strain. Mice were monitored and mortality was recorded for 30 days after challenge. Results The G2, G4 and G5 groups showed high levels of IgG1 and IgG2a; G2 presented significant IgG2a production after virulent challenge in the absence of IgG1 and IgG3 induction. Thirty days after challenge, the mice survival rates were 20 (G1), 90 (G2), 50 (G3), 70 (G4) and 60% (G5). Conclusions rCP40 is a promising target in the development of vaccines against caseous lymphadenitis.

Evaluation of in vitro biological potential of plant species Sebastiania corniculata (Euphorbiaceae) Isabelle Souza de Melo Silva, Raissa Fernanda Evangelista Pires dos Santos , Andriele Mendonca Barbosa , Klebson Silva Santos , Mariene Ribeiro Amorim , Flavia Manuella Ribeiro de Mendonca , Ingridy Viana Lucena , Thiane de Vasconcellos Costa Melo , Genilson Sarmento Lins Junior , Patricia de Albuquerque Sarmento , Francine Ferreira Padilha , Maria Lysete de Assis Bastos 2

Background The treatment of bacterial diseases has become an increase public health problem, since the conventional antimicrobial substances lose their effectiveness due to the microbial resistance phenomenon [1]. Silver is a metal with potential antibacterial activity, and showed significant efficacy against several species of bacteria. The silver activity to prevent microbial growth is enhanced when the metal is found as nanoparticles [2]. Silver nanoparticles (NPAG) have their bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity based on their ability to kill or inhibit growth of bacteria. Pathogenic microorganisms, both gram positive and negative were sensitive to NPAG. The NPAG may be employed in conjunction with the biopolymers forming a nanocomposite that emerge as a promising therapeutic alternative. The xanthan gum is a biopolymer with interesting properties for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, acting as gelling and stabilizing [3]. The present study in focused on the evaluation of silver nanocomposite activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The disk diffusion well technique was used to assess the efficiency of the silver nanocomposites against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results indicated that the developed product has a broad spectrum of activity against the tested bacteria.

A mathematical model was developed to predict breakthrough curves during purification of the two chitosan- ases from Metarhizium anisopliae by expanded bed adsorption, taking into account the axial dispersion of liquid and using Streamline DEAE and SP XL adsorbents, anion and cation exchange resins, respectively. All the experiments were performed without clarification (with cells) aiming at the reduction of unit operations in future projects of separation processes, thereby reducing capital and operating costs. Chitosanases are enzymes that hydrolyze the carbohydrate chitosan, resulting in oligosaccharides that have many remarkable biological activities, such as anti-cancer, anti-HIV and antioxidant activities. The two adsorbents had similar performance in relation to hydrodynamics and mass transfer. The results of the parametric sensitivity analysis agree with the literature, and the model was validated with an average high degree of fit (94.68%) between simulated and experimental data obtained in this work

The effects of aeration and agitation on the properties and production of xanthan gum from crude glycerin biodiesel (CGB) by Xanthomonas campestris mangiferaeindicae 2103 were investigated and optimized using a response surface methodology. The xanthan gum was produced from CGB in a bioreactor at 28 °C for 120 h. Optimization procedures indicated that 0.97 vvm at 497.76 rpm resulted in a xanthan gum production of 5.59 g L(-1) and 1.05 vvm at 484.75 rpm maximized the biomass to 3.26 g L(-1). Moreover, the combination of 1.05 vvm at 499.40 rpm maximized the viscosity of xanthan at 0.5% (m/v), 25 °C, and 25 s(-1) (255.40 mPa s). The other responses did not generate predictive models. Low agitation contributed to the increase of xanthan gum production, biomass, viscosity, molecular mass, and the pyruvic acid concentration. Increases in the agitation contributed to the formation of xanthan gum with high mannose concentration. Decreases in the aeration contributed to the xanthan gum production and the formation of biopolymer with high mannose and glucose concentrations. Increases in aeration contributed to increased biomass, viscosity, and formation of xanthan gum with greater resistance to thermal degradation. Overall, aeration and agitation of CGB fermentation significantly influenced the production of xanthan gum and its properties.

The use of microorganisms for biotransformations of monoterpenes has stimulated the biotechnological market. Aiming at the highest efficiency in the process of strains screening, the application of molecular biology techniques have been proposed. Based on these aspects, the objective of this work was to select different strains able to convert limonene using fermentative process and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The results obtained in the fermentative screening, from 17 strains tested, pointed out that four microorganisms were able to convert limonene into oxygenated derivatives. The RAPD study showed a polymorphism of 96.02% and a similarity from 16.02 to 51.51%. Based on this it was possible to observe a high genetic diversity, even among strains of same species, concluding that the RAPD was not able to correlate the genetic characteristics of the microorganism with the results obtained from the biotransformation process.

This work was aimed at the production and rheological characterization of biopolymer by Sphingomonas capsulata ATCC 14666, using conventional and industrial media. The productivity reached the maximum of 0.038 g/L·h, at 208 rpm and 4% (w/v) of sucrose. For this condition, different concentrations of industrial medium were tested (2.66, 4, 6, and 8%). The best productivity was obtained using pretreated molasses 8% (w/v) (0.296 g/L·h), residue of textured soybean protein 6% (wt/v) (0.244 g/L·h) and crude molasses 8% (w/v) (0.192 g/L·h), respectively. Apparent viscosity presented similar results when compared with those in the literature for other biopolymers.

Study of the biological potential of in vitro extracts for Zeyheria tuberculosa (Bignoniaceae) Isabelle Souza de Melo Silva, Raissa Fernanda Evangelista Pires dos Santo, Naelia Monique Moreira Brito Silva, Andressa Leticia Lopes da Silva, Ingridy Viana Lucena, Andriele Mendonca Barbosa, Klebson Silva Santos, Thiane de Vasconcellos Costa Melo, Genilson Sarmento Lins Junior, Francine Ferreira Padilha, Patricia de Albuquerque Sarmento, Maria Lysete de Assis Bastos

Evaluation of antibacterial and toxicity activity in vitro of extracts from Tournefortia bicolor S.W (Boraginaceae) Isabelle Souza de Melo Silva, Andressa Leticia Lopes da Silva, Raissa Fernanda Evangelista Pires dos Santos, Renata Rego de Souza, Andriele Mendonca Barbosa, Klebson Silva Santos, Mariene Ribeiro Amorim, Lenilson Santos da Trindade, Laiza Canielas Krause, Eliane Aparecida Campesatto, Francine Ferreira Padilha, Maria Lysete de Assis Bastos

Here we investigated alterations in the protein profile of Hep-2 treated with red propolis using two-dimensional electrophoresis associated to mass spectrometry and apoptotic rates of cells treated with and without red propolis extracts through TUNEL and Annexin-V assays. A total of 325 spots were manually excised from the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and 177 proteins were identified using LC–MS–MS. Among all proteins identified that presented differential expression, most were down-regulated in presence of red propolis extract at a concentration of 120μg/mL (IC50): GRP78, PRDX2, LDHB, VIM and TUBA1A. Only two up-regulated proteins were identified in this study in the non-cytotoxic (6μg/mL) red propolis treated group: RPLP0 and RAD23B. TUNEL staining assay showed a markedly increase in the mid- to late-stage apoptosis of Hep-2 cells induced by red propolis at concentrations of 60 and 120μg/mL when compared with non-treated cells. The increase of late apoptosis was confirmed by in situ Annexin-V analysis in which red propolis extract induced late apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The differences in tumor cell protein profiles warrant further investigations including isolation of major bioactive compounds of red propolis in different cell lines using proteomics and molecular tests to validate the protein expression here observed.

Background Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) has high relevance. It is a chronic disease that affects sheep and goats. The causative agent is Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, facultative intracellular bacteria. The prevalence of caseous lymphadenitis is high in many regions of the world, including South America. Brazil has 78% of seroprevalence in goats [1,2]. Therefore, prophylaxis becomes the best strategy as an effective vaccine able to eradicate disease, but also to formulate a serologic test able to detect visceral cases. One of the first steps for developing of a serological test and an effective vaccine is the choice of a target, which must present appropriate antigenic characteristics. The CP40 protein (corynebacterial protease 40) have been studied in several studies. This protease is considered one of the virulence factors of C. pseudotuberculosis. Encoded by the gene CP40 and characterized as a serine protease, proteins responsible for several functions, such as providing the activation of pro-inflammatory citocines which will help in the activation of the immune response. However the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential immune serine protease recombinant in BALB/c mice.

Tropical mangroves are considered one of the most productive ecosystems in the world, characterized by high rate of cycling of organic matter and nutrients that occurs between the oceans and terrestrial environments. This paper proposes the characterization and evaluation of structures and diversity of microbial communities in the soil of mangroves in three conservation areas located in Sergipe. The samples were analyzed by the extraction, purification and analysis molecucar. Soil samples were collected in PVC tubes 50 cm long and 50 mm in diameter, placed vertically in the sediment of three different regions of the state of Sergipe, in triplicate. For the extraction of total DNA from soil was used Power Soil DNA Kit, an aliquot of 5 µl of the extracted DNA was subjected to electrophoresis on agarose gel 1 % (w/v) stained with ethidium bromide (0,5 mg/ml gel) in TAE buffer. Was used as standard molecular 2 µl of Low Mass DNA Ladder. The gel was subjected to an electric field of 80 V for approximately 30 min and then photo-documented. The extracted DNA was also quantified by spectrophotometer. For purification of PCR products was used Kit GFXTM PCR DNA and Gel Band Purification by following the manufacturer's directions and visualized on agarose gels and subjected to an electric field of 80 V for approximately 30 min. With tags generated by using a primer specific 16S constructed a data matrix and calculated the diversity of the samples, using the Jaccard coefficient and UPGMA. The results were generated from the software FreeTree by which a dendrogram was obtained. The genotypes were grouped into three groups among the samples, group I: genotype accesses of the region 1, group II: genotype accesses of region 2, and group III: visualize genotype accesses of the region 3, checking the genetic distance between accesses collected from the regions. The high degree of polymorphism identified among samples represents heterozygosity for this marker, which can contribute to infer genetic relationships. Such diversity will in comparison studies of the diversity present in genomic databases. Thus, we conclude that there is diversity among the genotypes of the studied samples. The 16S rRNA gene has been used extensively in phylogenetic inference of microorganisms, however, because it is an initial study is still in the process of identification the total sequences of mangroves to continue with studies analyzing sequences isolated. In an attempt to attribute function to these genes and then use the potential of lineages. Observing this, we realize that the genotypes showed diversity among the samples collected. Such diversity will in comparison studies of the diversity present in genomic databases. Thus, we conclude that there is diversity among the genotypes of the studied samples. These results allow to conclude that the mangrove has exclusive characteristics, besides contributing to initial information on the study, to select genotypes that may be possible potential in bioremediation and other biotechnological products and industrial to be explored from the knowledge that diversity.