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Cancer is one of the leading global causes of death in both men and women. Colorectal cancer (CRC) alone accounts for ∼10 % of total new global cases and poses an over 4% lifetime risk of developing cancer. Recent advancements in the field of biotechnology and microbiology concocted novel microbe-based therapies to treat various cancers, including CRC. Microbes have been explored for human use since centuries, especially for the treatment of various ailments. The utility of microbes in cancer therapeutics is widely explored, and various bacteria, fungi, and viruses are currently in use for the development of cancer therapeutics. The human gut hosts about 100 trillion microbes that release their metabolites in active, inactive, or dead conditions. Microbial secondary metabolites, proteins, immunotoxins, and enzymes are used to target cancer cells to induce cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and death. Various approaches, such as dietary interventions, the use of prebiotics and probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation have been used to modulate the gut microbiota in order to prevent or treat CRC pathogenesis. The present review highlights the role of the gut microbiota in CRC precipitation, the potential mechanisms and use of microorganisms as CRC biomarkers, and strategies to modulate microbiota for the prevention and treatment of CRC.

Background Anti-TB drugs are most common cause of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity worldwide. Reactive metabolite formed during drug metabolism has been involved in a clinical toxicity are described as ‘idiosyncratic’ drug induce liver injury (DILI). We have observed the distribution of glutathione S -transferase (GST) gene polymorphism & its association with drug-induced liver injury in patients taking anti-tubercular treatment. Methods A prospective observational study including 96 patients receiving anti-tubercular treatment. Blood sample was collected for LFT and gene extraction after ruling out other cause of liver injury. DNA extraction for GST gene was done follow by polymerase chain reaction to identify homozygous null mutation at GSTM1 and GSTT1 loci. Association of GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene with DILI was seen. Results Out of 96 tubercular patients under treatment, drug induced liver injury was found in 21 (21.9%) patients and 75 does not develop DILI, GST M1 gene null mutation was observed in 14 (66.7%), GST T1 gene null mutation was observed in 9 (42.9%), Both GST gene null mutation was observed in 8 (38.1%) in DILI group. Conclusion The GSTM1 gene null mutation and both GSTM1 and T1 gene null mutation were a risk factor for the development of DILI. But there is no significant association between GSTT1 gene null mutation and DILI in TB patients.

Aims: Globally, scientists are working to find more efficient antimicrobial drugs to treat microbial infections and kill drug-resistant bacteria. Background: Despite the availability of numerous antimicrobial drugs, bacterial infections still pose a serious threat to global health. A constant decline in the effectiveness of antibiotics owing to their repeated exposure as well as a short-lasting antimicrobial activity led to the demand for developing novel therapeutic agents capable of controlling microbial infections. Objective: In this study, we report the antimicrobial activity of chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles (cAgNPs) augmented with ampicillin (amp) in order to increase antimicrobial response against Escherichia coli (gram –ve), Staphylococcus aureus (gram +ve) and Streptococcus mutans (gram +ve). Methods: Nanostructure, colloidal stability, morphology and size of cAgNPs before and after functionalization were explored by UV-vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, zeta potential and TEM. The formation and functionalization of cAgNPs were confirmed from UV-vis spectroscopy and FT-IR patterns. From TEM, the average sizes of cAgNPs and cAgNP-amp were found to be 13 and 7.8 nm, respectively, and change in colloidal stability after augmentation was confirmed from zeta potential values. The antimicrobial efficacies of cAgNP-amp and cAgNPs against E. coli S. aureus and S. mutans were studied by determining Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs), zone of inhibition, assessment of viable and non-viable bacterial cells and quantitative assessment of biofilm. Results & Discussion: Our results revealed cAgNP-amp to be highly bactericidal compared to cAgNPs or amp alone. The nano-toxicity studies indicated cAgNP-amp to be less toxic compared to cAgNPs alone. Conclusion: This study manifested that cAgNPs show synergistic antimicrobial effects when they get functionalized with amp suggesting their application in curing long-term bacterial infections.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a pediatric malignancy of skeletal muscle lineage. The aggressive alveolar subtype is characterized by t(2;13) or t(1;13) translocations encoding for PAX3- or PAX7-FOXO1 chimeric transcription factors, respectively, and are referred to as fusion positive RMS (FP-RMS). The fusion gene alters the myogenic program and maintains the proliferative state while blocking terminal differentiation. Here, we investigated the contributions of chromatin regulatory complexes to FP-RMS tumor maintenance. We define the mSWI/SNF functional repertoire in FP-RMS. We find that SMARCA4 (encoding BRG1) is overexpressed in this malignancy compared to skeletal muscle and is essential for cell proliferation. Proteomic studies suggest proximity between PAX3-FOXO1 and BAF complexes, which is further supported by genome-wide binding profiles revealing enhancer colocalization of BAF with core regulatory transcription factors. Further, mSWI/SNF complexes localize to sites of de novo histone acetylation. Phenotypically, interference with mSWI/SNF complex function induces transcriptional activation of the skeletal muscle differentiation program associated with MYCN enhancer invasion at myogenic target genes, which is recapitulated by BRG1 targeting compounds. We conclude that inhibition of BRG1 overcomes the differentiation blockade of FP-RMS cells and may provide a therapeutic strategy for this lethal childhood tumor., Nature Communications, 12 (1), ISSN:2041-1723

Background: Many compounds containing a five-membered heterocyclic ring display exceptional chemical properties and versatile biological activities. Objective: The objective of the present study was to prepare the 5-substituted 2-amino-1,3,4- oxadiazole and 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives and evaluate their potential anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Methods: Twenty-seven derivatives were synthesized by iodine-mediated cyclization of semicarbazones or thiosemicarbazones obtained from condensation of semicarbazide or thiosemicarbazide and aldehydes. The structures were confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS spectra. The antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated by diffusion method and the anticancer activities were evaluated by MTT assay. Results: Twenty-seven derivatives have been synthesized in moderate to good yields. A number of derivatives exhibited potential antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activities. Conclusion: Compounds (1b, 1e and 1g) showed antibacterial activity against Streptococcus faecalis, MSSA and MRSA with MIC value ranging between 4 to 64 μg/mL. Compound (2g) showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans (8 μg/mL) and Aspergillus niger (64 μg/mL). Compound (1o) exhibited high cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cell line (IC50 value 8.6 μM) which is comparable to the activity of paclitaxel, and is non-toxic on LLC-PK1 normal cell line. The structure activity relationship and molecular docking study of the synthesized compounds have also been reported.

Fusarium solani (F. solani) is one of the most important pathogenic fungi, that cause Fusarium dry rot and Fusarium wilt in potato, responsible for low potato yield globally. However, the mechanist...

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) represent a set of microorganisms that play significant role in improving plant growth and controlling the phytopathogens. Unpredictable performance after the application of PGPR has been observed when these were shifted from in-vitro to in-vivo conditions due to the prevalence of various abiotic stress conditions. During growing period, the potato crop is subjected to a combination of biotic and abiotic stresses. Rhizoctonia solani, a soil-borne plant pathogen, causes reduced vigor and yield of potato crop worldwide. In the current study, multi-stress-tolerant rhizobacterial strain, Bacillus subtilis PM32, was isolated from field-grown potato with various plant growth promoting (PGP) traits including zinc and potassium solubilization, biological nitrogen fixation, ammonia and siderophore, as well as extracellular enzyme productions (cellulase, catalase, amylase, protease, pectinase, and chitinase). The strain PM32 exhibited a distinct potential to support plant growth by demonstrating production of indole-3-acetic acid (102.6 μM/mL), ACC-deaminase activity (1.63 μM of α-ketobutyrate/h/mg protein), and exopolysaccharides (2.27 mg/mL). By retarding mycelial growth of R. solani the strain PM32 drastically reduced pathogenicity of R. solani. The strain PM32 also suppressed the pathogenic activity significantly by impeding mycelial expansion of R. solani with inhibition co-efficient of 49.87. The B. subtilis PM32 also depicted significant tolerance towards salt, heavy metal (Pb), heat and drought stress. PCR based amplification of ituC and acds genes coding for iturin and ACC-deaminase activity respectively indicated potential of strain PM32 for lipopeptides production and ACC deaminase enzyme activity. Results of both in-vitro and pot experiments under greenhouse conditions depicted the efficiency of B. subtilis PM32 as a promising bio-control agent for R. solani infection together with enhanced growth of potato plants as deciphered from biomass accumulation, chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid contents. Therefore, it was envisioned that application of indigenous multi-stress tolerant PGPR may serve to induce biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in crops/plants for pathogen control and sustainable global food supply.

Cancers are complex diseases orchestrated by a plethora of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Research spanning over several decades has provided better understanding of complex molecular interactions responsible for the multifaceted nature of cancer. Recent advances in the field of next generation sequencing and functional genomics have brought us closer towards unravelling the complexities of tumor microenvironment (tumor heterogeneity) and deregulated signaling cascades responsible for proliferation and survival of tumor cells. Phytochemicals have begun to emerge as potent beneficial substances aimed to target deregulated signaling pathways. Isoflavonoid genistein is an essential phytochemical involved in regulation of key biological processes including those in different types of cancer. Emerging preclinical evidence have shown its anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. Testing of this substance is in various phases of clinical trials. Comprehensive preclinical and clinical trials data is providing insight on genistein as a modulator of various signaling pathways both at transcription and translation levels. In this review we have explained the mechanistic regulation of several key cellular pathways by genistein. We have also addressed in detail various microRNAs regulated by genistein in different types of cancer. Moreover, application of nano-formulations to increase the efficiency of genistein is also discussed. Understanding the pleiotropic potential of genistein to regulate key cellular pathways and development of efficient drug delivery system will bring us a step towards designing better chemotherapeutics.

The supplementation of Selenium-enriched probiotics is effective in reducing oxidative stress and maintaining meat quality stability in broiler chicken especially under heat stress. An experimental study was conducted to perform Comparative analysis of Selenium yeast with inorganic Se in broilers under heat stress. A total of 120 broilers chicks of one day were assigned to 4 groups each consisting 30 chicks fed on same basal diet but different selenium sources. The basal diet of group D1 was not supplemented with Se source (Negative control), group D2 basal diet was supplemented with inorganic selenium (Sodium selenite 0.22mg/Kg starter phase and 0.15mg/Kg finisher phase), group D3 basal diet was supplemented with commercially available organic selenium (Seleno-methionine 0.22mg/Kg starter phase and 0.15mg/Kg finisher phase) and group D4 basal diet was supplemented with self-developed organic selenium (Se-enriched yeast 0.22mg/Kg starter phase and 0.15mg/Kg finisher phase). The performance parameters i.e. feed intake (FI), live body weight (BW) and FCR were not significantly (p>0.05) effected by selenium supplementation in the starter phase but were significantly (p 0,05) afetados pela suplementação de selênio na fase inicial, mas foram significativamente (p < 0,05) afetados na fase final. A suplementação de selênio afetou significativamente (p < 0,05) o nível de Se sérico em diferentes grupos suplementados. O maior valor de Se sérico (58,20 ± 0,06) foi registrado no grupo D4. Da mesma forma, valor de selênio significativamente menor foi registrado para D4 e maior foi registrado para D1 (11,36 ± 0,08). No entanto, um valor mais baixo de Paraoxonase (PON) sérica foi registrado para D4 (13,24 ± 0,01) e mais alto para D1 (13,33 ± 0,03). A levedura enriquecida com Se comparativamente autodesenvolvida aumentou o acúmulo de Se e melhorou o sistema antioxidante. A glutationa peroxidase (GPx) foi encontrada maior em D4 (12,333 ± 0,03) seguido por D3, D2 e D1 respectivamente. Enquanto a superóxido dismutase (SOD) foi significativamente menor (p < 0,05) em D4 (0,1437 ± 0,003) seguido por D3 (0,1457 ± 0,002). A suplementação de selênio aumentou a taxa de sobrevivência da ave. Aves alimentadas com levedura enriquecida com Se apresentaram maior deposição de Se e melhor capacidade antioxidante em comparação com outras fontes de selênio. A levedura enriquecida com Se apresentou um resultado melhorado na deposição de Se nos tecidos, capacidade oxidativa, maciez da carne e nível de resposta imune em comparação com outras fontes de selênio.

Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient for all living organisms. However, excess supply of Mn as occurring in acid or waterlogged soils has toxic effects on plant physiology and development. Although a variety of Mn transporter families has been characterized, our understanding of how these transporters are regulated to uphold and adjust Mn homeostasis in plants remains rudimentary. Here, we identify two calcineurin-B-like proteins, CBL2/3, and their interacting kinases, CIPK3/9/26, as key regulators for plant Mn homeostasis. We found that Arabidopsis mutants lacking CBL2 and 3 or their interacting protein kinases CIPK3/9/26 exhibit remarkable high-Mn tolerance. Intriguingly, CIPK3/9/26 interact with and phosphorylate the tonoplast-localized Mn and iron (Fe) transporter MTP8 primarily at Ser35, which is conserved among MTP8 proteins from various species. Mn transport complementation assays in yeast combined with multiple physiological assays indicate that CBL-CIPK-mediated phosphorylation of MTP8 negatively regulates its transport activity from the cytoplasm to the vacuole. Moreover, we report that sequential phosphorylation of MTP8 initially at Ser31/32 by the calcium-dependent protein kinases CPK5 and subsequently by CIPK26 at Ser35 provides an activation/deactivation fine-tuning mechanism for differential Mn transport regulation. Collectively, our studies define a two-tiered calcium-controlled mechanism for dynamically orchestrating Mn homeostasis under conditions of fluctuating Mn supply.

In this study, the combined effect of temperature (60 to 80°C) time (10 to 15 min.) and pH (3 to 6) was employed on the anti-oxidant potential (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl-radical scavenging activity-DPPH-RSA, total phenolic content-TPC, and total flavonoid content-TFC) of wild bush Indian honey from high altitudes of Kashmir Valley by using response surface methodology (RSM). The statistical analysis showed that all the process variables had a substantial effect on the responses related to DPPH-RSA, TFC, and TPC, all of which increased as temperature and time increased. With an increase in pH, the antioxidant activity of wild bush honey was significantly decreased. The heat treatment of honey at high temperature (80°C) was found to be more efficacious than at 70 and 60°C, respectively. The findings showed that at higher temperature, browning pigments were formed which enhanced considerably the antioxidant activity of honey.

The ongoing eruption of the COVID-19 pandemic instigated by severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has produce enormous damage to the world. The need of the hour is to stop this pandemic by inhibiting the main protease (MPro) of SARS-CoV-2, which is primarily involved in viral replication. Our study aims to find potential inhibitors for MPro by docking marine fungi-based 90 antiviral compounds against SARS-CoV-2. Among these, 11 antiviral compounds (obeying Lipinski RO5) are selected from 90 docked antiviral compounds on the basis of binding energy range ([Formula: see text]6.4[Formula: see text]kcal/mol to [Formula: see text]9[Formula: see text]kcal/mol) and low inhibition constant values (0.23[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M to 2.5[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M) as compared with remdesivir (reference compound) toward MPro of SARS-CoV-2. Tryptoquivaline F, arisugacin B, and arisugacin A antiviral compounds exhibited effective hydrogen and hydrophobic (alkyl, [Formula: see text]-alkyl, and [Formula: see text]-anion) interactions and are expected to be potential protease inhibitors. Drug-likeness of these lead compounds are elaborated by boiled-egg and bioavailability radar map. The toxicity profile showed that the lead compounds L1, L2, and L3 have no AMES toxicity, skin sensitization, and cardiac toxicity. The RMSD graph proposed that all the complexes, i.e. L1, L2, and L3 are in the adequate RMSD range with the average value of 2.1[Formula: see text]Å. All the complex systems of L1, L2, and L3 showed fluctuations in the acceptable RMSF range of 1.5[Formula: see text]Å to 3[Formula: see text]Å. The molecular dynamics simulation proved the stability of docked complexes L1, L2, and L3 in the binding pocket of main protease. The average hydrogen count of all complexes is [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] H-bonds. The complexes L1-MPro, L2-MPro, and L3-MPro have an average value of [Formula: see text] as 22.44[Formula: see text]Å, 22.63[Formula: see text]Å, and 22.50[Formula: see text]Å, respectively. The lead compounds L1 (tryptoquivaline F), L2 (arisugacin b), and l3 (arisugacin A) in this study are the most promising inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease MPro, which are not reported in ealier studies. Our findings will evoke the scientific interest for their further in vitro and in vivo experimental studies.

Metabolic engineering is defined as recombinant DNA technology to improve specific biochemical reactions for product formation. We modify the metabolic processes of bacteria to get our desired food by metabolic engineering. Metabolic engineering will enhance these microorganisms' properties and their ability to produce a diverse number of products cost-effectively. To produce amino acids, we modify the central metabolic pathway, biosynthetic pathway, and transport pathway. In many food industries, the production of organic acids through different processes and techniques have proved very beneficial because of their widespread applications. In line with this information, the present review aimed to provide background information for researchers about genetically modified foods for increased food yield to fulfil the nutritional values for average body growth.

Introduction Fungal infections have risen exponentially in the last decade. In fact, candidiasis has become the most frequent type of hospital acquired infection especially in patients receiving treatment for chronic and terminal illnesses in a hospital. A retrospective analysis for a period of twenty year was undertaken to analyze the incidence rate of candidiasis, especially of Candida species, patients treated in a tertiary care center. Materials and methods Clinical data was collected from samples of patients who were receiving tertiary care were presenting with clinically suspected fungal infections. Direct microscopy with 10% potassium hydroxide was done to visualize the presence of fungal elements, and Gram staining was done for any suspected yeast infection. The samples were inoculated on Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar and kept at 22 °C. Results A total of 1256 samples with presumed fungal etiology were included in the study. The maximum number of fungal infections were present in elderly (70–79 years age). Females (53.8%) were more affected (45.5%). 21% isolates were identified as yeast but belonged to non-Candida fungi. Among Candida species, Candida albicans was the most dominant species (58.3%) followed by Candida glabrata (6.4%). The year-round data of fungal cases showed that the highest incident of Candida albicans infection were in January with a mean value of 3.80, while the lowest infections were reported in June, with prevalence of 2.32 of C. albicans. The twenty-year data analysis showed that the years 2001 and 2000 showed the highest incidents of C. albicans, with a mean prevalence of 7.50 and 6.83, respectively. Specimen vs fungal prevalence data showed that 38% of the C. albicans were isolated from body aspirate specimens, followed by 26% from swab specimens. Conclusion The high prevalence of Candida spp. in the present study suggests increased susceptibility of patients with critical or chronic illnesses to fungal infections.

The gradual rise in the resistivity of bacterial strains towards the broad-spectrum antibiotics is alarming and pretence an urgent threat to mankind in the near future. Advanced strategies are a necessity to combat this issue in order to reduce the mortality as well as infection rates. One of the possible routes to address the antibiotic resistivity of bacterial strains is to amplify the effect of antibiotics. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONp) are able-bodied antimicrobial agents that are regarded as non-hazardous and bio-friendly. Herein we describe in our study the successful synthesis and characterization of ZnONp, followed by the induced amplification of the antibacterial activity of Ciprofloxacin by coupling with Synthesized ZnONp. The synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnONp) were characterized using XRD and FE-SEM studies. The particle size of ZnONp was found to be 25–70 nm. The present study aims to investigate the antibacterial effect of synthesised ZnONp against the bacterial strains of S. aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas and S. mutans as well as the study aims to analyse the amplification of the antibacterial activity of Ciprofloxacin on coupling with Synthesized ZnONp. The Disc diffusion technique was used to determine the antibacterial activity of ZnONp, Ciprofloxacin and ZnONp-Ciprofloxacin couple against the bacterial strains. The results indicated that the ZnO nano particles potentiate bactericidal efficacy of ciprofloxacin antibiotics.

Peach is an important stone fruit crop cultivated at commercial scale in Pakistan. While, appropriate selection of rootstock has significant impact on the quality of peach fruit. Therefore, in the current study the influence of three rootstocks viz. ‘GF-677′, ‘Peshawar Local’ and ‘Swat Local’ were evaluated on the quality of ‘Flordaking’ peaches following cold storage during two consecutive years. The fruit from these rootstocks were kept at 0 °C for five weeks were studied for various fruit physical (weight loss, colour, firmness) and biochemical (pH, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), SSC:TA ratio, fruit juice pH, sugars (total, reducing and non-reducing sugars), ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and free radicals scavenging activities) were evaluated. During both years, fruit harvested form trees grafted on ‘GF-677′ exhibited reduced fruit weight loss, changes in Chroma (C*) and highest fruit firmness, Lightness (L*), ascorbic acid contents and radical scavenging activities as compared to fruit harvested from tree grafted on other rootstocks. In conclusion, the post-harvest quality of scion ‘Flordaking’ peach fruit was significantly influenced and best quality can be obtained when it is grafted on ‘GF-677′ rootstock.

Objective: The purpose of the present research was to find out the perceptions of athletes about the usage of painkiller medications for fatigue relief while their sport trainings. Methodology: The data was collected from the athletes (n-80) having vast sport experiences who belonged to two public sector universities through online questionnaires. Afterwards, the collected data was edited into SPSS (v.26) and further analyzed the responses through descriptive statistics. Results: The majority of the athletes affirmed their intake of painkiller medications for the purpose of getting relief to their working group of muscles without claiming any harm or threat physically. Conclusion: These painkillers may be a source of less fatigue and provision of better blood flow to the working muscles of the athletes. Therefore, the athletes should use the painkillers with consultation of the doctor so that they may save themselves from their side effects if any.

The destructive aphid (Sitobion avenae) of wheat, generally accomplished by chemical pesticides, is responsible for the substantial agricultural damages that occur annually. The present experimental study, a protein elicitor, PeBL1, has been examined for the possibility of inducing a defense response to S. avenae in wheat. In comparison to the positive (Water) and negative 70.58 μg ml−1 (50 mM Tris–HCl, pH 8.0) controls, the population growth (intrinsic Increase) rates of S. avenae (second and third generation) with PeBL1-treated wheat seedlings declined. S. avenae preferred control plants for colonizing in an experiment with the host selection compared with the PeBL1-treated wheat plants, with PeBL1 treated wheat seedlings; the nymphal development time of aphid has been extended. In comparison with positive (water) and negative controls, less fecundity was observed with less offspring's in PeBL1-treated wheat seedlings. S. avenae had a harmful surface environment for wheat seedlings treated with PeBL1, caused by trichomes and wax formation. The level of Jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene (ET) was significantly higher, and the PeBL1 treated wheat seedlings had significant accumulations. The findings presented that PeBL1 considerably altered the wheat surface structure so that the replication of S. avenae was minimized and colonization was prevented. Defensive processes also include pathway activation (JA, SA, and ET). A biocontrol study for the use of PeBL1 in the protection against S. avenae has been produced in this area.

Advanced research, development, and application of silver nanoparticles is proceeding in recent times due to their incredible utilization in various fields. Present study was focused on the production, characterization, and antifungal activities of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). An environment friendly extracellular biosynthetic approach was adopted to produce the AgNPs by using bacteria, fungi, and sugarcane husk. Agents used for reduction of silver to nanoparticles were taken from culture filtrate of plant growth promoting bacteria, Fusarium oxysporum and supernatant extract of sugarcane husk. Nanoparticles were also characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Synthesis of colloidal AgNPs was observed by UV-Visible diffused reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS). Primary peak of surface plasmon resonance band was noticed around 339.782, 336.735, and 338.258 nm for bacterial, fungal, and sugarcane husk produced AgNPs. Structure of all biologically produced nanoparticles were crystalline cubic with nano size of 45.41, 49.06, and 42.75 nm for bacterial, fungal, and sugarcane husk-based nanoparticles, respectively as calculated by Debye-Scherrer equation using XRD. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed the presence of various compounds that aid in the reduction, capping, and stability of AgNPs. The antifungal activity of AgNPs was also investigated for sugarcane fungal pathogens Colletotricum falcatum and Fusarium moniliforme. All nanoparticles exhibit prominent antifungal activities. Maximum zone of fungal inhibition was noticed about 18, 19, and 21 mm for C. falcatum while 21, 20, and 24 mm for F. moniliforme in case of bacterial, fungal, and plant-based nanoparticles (15 ppm), respectively. Best fungal inhibition was observed under application of sugarcane husk based AgNPs. Moreover, biologically produced AgNPs responded better towards the suppression of F. moniliforme in comparison to C. falcatum. Mentioned sources in present study can be ecofriendly nano-factories for biosynthesis of AgNPs and mankind should benefit from their commercial application.

Background and Objective: The prevalence of obesity is increasing both worldwide and locally in India. It is considered a major health problem and often leads to other associated diseases such as type 2 diabetes, ischemic heart diseases, stroke and cancer. In the present study, the effects of powder of Rosa damascena flowers on high-fat diet-induced obesity in Wistar albino rats were examined. Materials and Methods: Female Wistar albino rats fed with a High Fat Diet (HFD) (p.o) for 6 weeks were used to induce obesity. Powder of R. damascena (214 mg kg–1 b.wt.) petals administered orally to HFD-fed rats for 6 weeks. Physiological parameters like body weight, food and water intake, fat pad analysis and biochemical parameters like serum lipids, glucose, Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), serum urea and creatinine levels were measured. Results: Treatment with powder of R. damascena flower petals to HFD-induced obese rats resulted in a significant reduction in body weight gain, fat pads, serum lipids, glucose, SGOT, SGPT and creatinine levels as compared to rats fed HFD alone. Further, the extract also showed a significant increase in High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Conclusion: These results exhibit that the R. damascena flower possesses significant anti-obesity potential.

Gymnemic acids are triterpenoid glycosides with gymnemagenin as common aglycone found in Gymnema sylvestre (Gurmar). G. sylvestre is often used in herbal formulations because of its beneficial acti...

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an extensively used anticancer drug, but its cardiotoxic manifestation is a major concern for its widespread clinical use. The observed cardiotoxic attributes have been reported at the therapeutic dose and often result into a high mortality rate and poor clinical outcome. Fall in the level of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammatory cytokines nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL- 1β), apoptotic proteins (caspases) and direct damage to myocardial tissue (histological and ultrastructural damage) are some of the reported manifestations of cardiotoxicity. The observed clinical attributes of CP-induced cardiotoxicity are myocarditis, hemorrhage, thrombosis, myocardial infarction (MI), reduced ejection fraction, altered electrocardiogram (ECG) reading and heart failure. However, unlike Daxarazasone (an adjuvant to reduce doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity), no approved adjuvant is available to mitigate CPinduced cardiotoxicity. Thus, various natural bioactives have been explored for the possible cardioprotective effect against CP-induced cardiotoxicity. In the current manuscript, we have discussed the clinical and preclinical aspects of CP-induced cardiotoxicity, its clinically used combination with other anticancer drugs, and the available therapeutic regimen to mitigate this cardiotoxicity. Further, we discussed the limitations of available synthetic drugs used as an adjuvant and discussed various natural bioactive and their experimental details. This manuscript's overall goal is to throw light on CP-induced cardiotoxicity and summarize all the experimental data so that researchers working in this field may scientifically get up-to-date information in one place.

The endemic Vitamin D deficiency in Pakistan and the current COVID-19 epidemic have converged into a double whammy scenario in Pakistan [1]. Nutritional epigenomic studies have highlighted Vitamin D as a master Vitamin influencing various genomic expressions through its active metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [2]. The objective of this study was to evaluate the measurable impact of adjuvant Cholecalciferol therapy in the Cytokine gene expression of COVID-19 patients by quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction analysis. The trial was a randomized control prospective open label interventional trial done on moderate to severe COVID-19 patients with deranged inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers. SunnyD STAT (Vitamin D3 200000 IU) softgels were given at Day 1, Day 3 and Day 5 of the treatment. Optimized quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction analysis showed decreased genetic expressions of Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Interleukin 2RA (IL-2RA) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-a) in the interventional group against the age and co-morbidities matched controls, providing molecular and genetic level evidence for the purported mechanism of amelioration of Cytokines induced pathogenic inflammation. However, inherent limitations of the design restrict the generalizability of the results and warrants caution for extrapolation. We recommend randomized placebo-controlled trials with larger sampling and genome wide profiling to infer more definite interpretations.

Medicinal plants largely serve as a source of bioactive compounds in traditional medicines to cure various diseases. The present study was aimed at chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antihemolytic potential of five different extracts of G. hispida and H. crispum (Boraginaceae). G. hispida methanolic extract displayed highest number (eleven) of polyphenolic compounds by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Functional groups were identified by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and elements (Si, Fe, Ba, Mg, Ti, Ca, Mg and Cr) were observed by using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) which were also highly expressed in G. hispida as compared to H. crispum. Antioxidant activity was determined via six assays and antibacterial activity was observed in decreasing order of methanol > ethanol > chloroform > ethyl acetate > n-Hexane in both species. Cytotoxic potential was investigated against brine shrimps and then liver (HepG2) and skin (HT144) cancer cell lines which was detected highest in the G. hispida ethanolic extract (50.76 % and 72.95 %). However, H. crispum chloroform extract revealed highest (31.869 μg/mL) antihemolytic activity and its methanolic extract indicated highest (13.5 %) alpha-amylase inhibitory potential. Altogether, results suggested that both species could be used effectively in food and drug industries owing to the presence of vital bioactive compounds and elements. In future, we recommend to isolate active compounds and to perform in vivo biological assays to further validate their potential biological applications.

Foxtail millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is a vital crop that is planted as food and fodder crop around the globe. There is only limited information is present for abiotic stresses on the physiological responses to atrazine. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different atrazine dosages on the growth, fluorescence and physiological parameters i.e., malonaldehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (H2O2 and O2) in the leaves to know the extent of atrazine on oxidative damage of foxtail millet. Our experiment consisted of 0, 2.5, 12.5, 22.5 and 32.5 (mg/kg) of labeled atrazine doses on 2 foxtaill millet varieties. High doses of atrazine significantly enhanced ROS and MDA synthesis in the plant leaves. Enzymes activities like ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POD) activities enhanced, while catalase (CAD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities reduced with increasing atrazine concentrations. Finally atrazine doses at 32.5 mg/kg reduced chlorophyll contents, while chlorophyll (a/b) ratio also enhanced. Biomass, plant height, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, minimal and maximal fluorescence (Fo, Fm), maximum and actual quantum yield, photochemical quenching coefficient, and electron transport rate are decreased with increasing atrazine doses.

Background and Objectives: Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world affecting millions of people. The commercially available anticancer drugs lack the selectivity and show several undue side effects during the biologically targeted therapy, thus calling for the exploration of wider chemical space to furnish new structural leads with promising anticancer potential. In this endeavor, we synthesized a series of coumarinyl thiazolotriazoles with diverse functional group tolerance and will be tested for their anticancer properties against cancer cell lines (HeLa and MCF-7) and a normal cell line (BHK-21). Materials and Methods: To overcome such complications, in the current study, we evaluated the cytotoxic effects of coumarinyl thiazolotriazole hybrids on human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cells and normal cells i.e., Baby Hamster Kidney cells (BHK-21) using MTT (dimethyl-2-thiazolyl- 2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) assay. DNA binding studies of compound 6c was performed on Herring- Sperm DNA (HS-DNA) and docking studies were also carried out. The mechanistic studies were performed on potent compounds by fluorescent microscopic studies, release of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) and mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspase-9 and -3 and flow cytometric analysis. Results: As revealed by MTT assay, compounds 6m and 6c were identified as the most potent derivatives among the tested series with IC50 values of 5.64 and 29.1 μM against HeLa and MCF cells, respectively as compared to cisplatin which gave IC50 values of 11.3 and 6.20 μM, respectively. DNA binding studies of compound 6c showed the binding of compound in DNA with Gibbs free energy of ‒17 KJ/mol and docking studies validated the DNA binding studies. Fluorescent microscopic studies using 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and Propidium Iodide (PI) staining confirmed the occurrence of apoptosis in HeLa cells treated with the most active compound 6m. Moreover, compounds 6m and 6c also triggered the release of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) in treated HeLa and MCF-7 cells while a luminescence assay displayed a remarkable increase in the activity of caspase-9 and -3. Moreover, flow cytometric results revealed that compound 6m caused G0 /G1 arrest in the treated HeLa cells. Conclusion: Our results suggested that the compound possesses chemotherapeutic properties against breast cancer and cervical adenocarcinoma cells, thus warranting further research to test the anticancer efficacy of this compound at clinical level.

Background Acne is an inflammatory condition principally affected by genetic and dietary factors. Investigation into functional polymorphisms of TNF-α gene and their association with acne vulgaris will be helpful in exploring genetic influence on skin immune mediated inflammatory events. In the present study, we analyzed association of TNF-α gene polymorphisms, its expression levels and lipid profiles in a large cohort of acne patients and controls. Methods We used PCR-RFLP to study association of TNF-α polymorphisms at -857C/T, -863C/A and -1031 T/C sites with acne vulgaris. Lipid profiles were measured using enzymatic end-point method. The serum levels of TNF-α and apolipoprotein a were measured using ELISA. NIH, LDlink was used to investigate patterns of linkage disequilibrium across south Asian reference genome (Punjabi from Lahore Pakistan). Results We found that TNF-α -863 polymorphism is strongly associated with acne in overall population as well as in gender and severity based groups of acne patients. Polymorphisms at -863 and -1031 position were in linkage disequilibrium. Importantly, TNF-α serum level was significantly increased in acne patients with severe disease symptoms. Furthermore, levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were significantly increased, whereas high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level was significantly decreased in acne patients. The levels of apolipoprotein a varied widely in studied populations and no significant difference was found in the analyzed groups. Conclusion In conclusion, we found that TNF-α expression increases in acne patients affected by TNF-α polymorphisms, and that the lipid profile is specifically disrupted in acne patients.

Food and nutritional security continue to be the issues of concern in developing countries like ours. Exploring the reservoir of high potential unexplored genetic resources could address the world’s food and nutritional insecurity. The availability of diverse data and the population structure of any crop germplasm is a valuable genetic resource for discovering genes that can help achieve food and nutritional stability. We used seven ISSR and seven SSR markers to investigate diversity among 63 buckwheat genotypes, including landraces from India's northwestern Himalayas. Various parameters such as percent polymorphism, PIC, resolving power, and marker index was used to evaluate the inequitable efficacy of these markers. We foundthat both marker systems are effective in detecting polymorphism in buckwheat germplasm. Seven ISSRs produced 55 polymorphic bands, while seven SSRs produced 32bands. When compared to ISSRs, SSRs had a greater average PIC value (0.43) than that of (0.36). ISSRs, on the other hand, had a resolving power of (4.38) compared to (1.42) for SSRs. The hierarchical cluster analysis dendrogram divided genotypes into three major clusters. We found that both marker systems were equally accurate in grouping buckwheat genotypes according to their geographical origins. Using 7 ISSR and 7 SSR markers, the model-based STRUCTURE analysis established a population with two sub-populations that correspond to species-based groupings. Within the population, there was a high level of genetic diversity. These results have consequences for both buckwheat breeding and conservation efforts.

Tuberculosis (TB) treatment is lengthy and inflicted with severe side-effects. Here, we attempted a novel strategy to reinforce host immunity through NOD-like receptor (NOD-2) and Toll-like receptor (TLR-4) signaling in the murine model of TB. Intriguingly, we noticed that it not only bolstered the immunity but also reduced the dose and duration of rifampicin and isoniazid therapy. Further, we observed expansion in the pool of effector (CD44hi, CD62Llo, CD127hi) and central (CD44hi, CD62Lhi, CD127hi) memory CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells and increased the intracellular killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) by activated dendritic cells [CD86hi, CD40hi, IL-6hi, IL-12hi, TNF-αhi, nitric oxide (NO)hi] with significant reduction in Mtb load in the lungs and spleen of infected animals. We infer that the signaling through NOD-2 and TLR-4 may be an important approach to reduce the dose and duration of the drugs to treat TB.

This study was conducted at the tissue culture laboratory in Pakistan. Suckers obtained from the banana cv. Grand Nain to explore the effects of different concentrations of BAP and IAA. After inoculation with Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and the Indole-3- acetic acid (IAA) the suckers first turn into the brown after 5-10 days then turned into a green mass-like structure after 30 days. From this mass-like structure shoots and roots were developed. Among the different concentrations, BAP 7.5 mg/l and IAA 0.5 mg/l showed the highest number of shoots 0.75, 2.75 and 6.25 per explant and shows the highest shoot lengths which 1.03 cm, 2.45 cm and 3.40 cm respectively. IAA is essential for only roots proliferation. The roots of different lengths were produced when the concentration of IAA 0.5 mg/l was used and 2.93 cm, 4.63 cm and 5.88 cm roots length produced at 15, 30 and 45 days after occultation respectively. Then these plants were transferred to the greenhouse for hardening acclimatization with the environment, the hardening process took place, and the established plantlets are ready for planting.

Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), has become a key pest of transgenic cotton crop in Pakistan. As insecticides are losing effectiveness, there is dire need to work on microbial and bioinsecticides for early season management of whitefly. The current study was designed for the evaluation of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae and synthetic insecticides against whitefly to find out their effectiveness under laboratory and field conditions. Under laboratory conditions, significantly higher mortality (74-84%) was observed in treatments of synthetic insecticides (spirotetramat, flonicamid, pyriproxyfen and buprofezin) and bioinsecticides (Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae) against laboratory reared whitefly populations. However, when applied against whitefly at three locations under field conditions, these products (insecticides and entomopathogenic fungi) reduced the population ranging from 14-63% for nymphs and 16-62% for adults of whitefly. Synthetic insecticides, insect growth regulators (spirotetramat and pyriproxyfen) were found effective as nymphicidal action, whereas flonicamid and diafenthiuron were better as adulticidal action. Bioinsecticides showed the least effectiveness under the field conditions. This study is the first report of field evaluation from Pakistan and would help in application of entomopathogenic fungi as alternative technique for pest management in future.

The present study investigated the water quality index (WQI) of the Kshipra river at Dewas, Madhya Pradesh, India, using native fish Labeo rohita, and plant Eichhornia crassipes. The temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, turbidity, and dissolved solids were found to be within the prescribed limits. However, heavy metals concentration exceeded the limit except for Cu and Zn. Their occurrence in river water was as follows: Ni > Fe > Cd > Cr > Mn > Zn > Cu. Among these heavy metals, Cd was found to be highly bioavailable, whereas Zn was the least bioavailable metal. Based on WQI, the water was found to be unfit for drinking, and the high WQI value was due to the presence of Cr and Cd. In fish tissues (muscle, liver, gut, gills, and kidney), the highest and lowest metal pollution index was found in gills (45.03) and kidneys (12.21), respectively. Bioaccumulation of these metals resulted in significant depletion of energy reserves (protein, glucose, and glycogen) and also altered hematological parameters. Moreover, liver function tests showed hepatic damage in the exposed fish. In-plant, both the bioaccumulation and mobility factor exceeded 1 for all these metals. On the other hand, the translocation factor was found to be beyond 1 for Fe, Ni, and Zn. These high values make this plant fit for phytoextraction of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Cd and phytostabilization of Cr in water. Moreover, consumption of L. rohita from the Kshipra River does not pose a non-cancer risk as the target hazard quotient was below 1, but it may pose cancer risk because of the presence of Cr in the range of 1.402 × 10−3 to 1.599 × 10−3.

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is the most important vegetable crop in the Asia Pacific region, with Pakistan being the seventh largest producer. There are many biotic and abiotic factors affecting its production in terms of quantity and quality including insect pests as a significant constraint. In Pakistan, the brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis is the major insect pest of brinjal. However, some other chewing and sap-sucking insects are also essential pests. Bt-brinjal, a transgenic variety, has been introduced in India and Bangladesh for the management of lepidopteran pests. Before the commercialization of transgenic brinjal in Pakistan, it must be assessed for its effects on the environment and non-target organisms. This study is presenting the overview of transgenic brinjal as an option to manage brinjal shoot and fruit borer along with current and future challenges in areas of its commercialization.

Cadmium (Cd) is highly toxic metal for plant metabolic processes even in low concentration due to its longer half-life and non-biodegradable nature. The current study was designed to assess the bioremediation potential of a Cd-tolerant phytobeneficial bacterial strain Bacillus sp. SDA-4, isolated, characterized and identified from Chakera wastewater reservoir, Faisalabad, Pakistan, together with spinach (as a test plant) under different Cd regimes. Spinach plants were grown with and without Bacillus sp. SDA-4 inoculation in pots filled with 0, 5 or 10 mg kg−1 CdCl2-spiked soil. Without Bacillus sp. SDA-4 inoculation, spinach plants exhibited reduction in biomass accumulation, antioxidative enzymes and nutrient retention. However, plants inoculated with Bacillus sp. SDA-4 revealed significantly augmented growth, biomass accumulation and efficiency of antioxidative machinery with concomitant reduction in proline and MDA contents under Cd stress. Furthermore, application of Bacillus sp. SDA-4 assisted the Cd-stressed plants to sustain optimal levels of essential nutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg). It was inferred that the characterized Cd-tolerant PGPR strain, Bacillus sp. SDA-4 has a potential to reduce Cd uptake and lipid peroxidation which in turn maintained the optimum balance of nutrients and augmented the growth of Cd-stressed spinach. Analysis of bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) revealed that Bacillus sp. SDA-4 inoculation with spinach sequestered Cd in rhizospheric zone. Research outcomes are important for understanding morpho-physio-biochemical attributes of spinach-Bacillus sp. SDA-4 synergy which might provide efficient strategies to decrease Cd retention in edible plants and/or bioremediation of Cd polluted soil colloids.

Cadmium is a phytotoxic metal which threatens the global food safety owing to its higher retention rates and non-biodegradable nature. Optimal study of microbe-assisted bioremediation is a potential way to minimize the adversities of Cd on plants. Current study was aimed to isolate, identify and characterize Cd tolerant PGPBs from industrially contaminated soil and to evaluate the potential of plant-microbe synergy for the growth augmentation and Cd remediation. The Acinetobacter sp. SG-5, identified through 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, was able to tolerate 1000 mg/l of applied Cd stress and ability of in vitro indole-3-acetic acid production, phosphate solubilization, as well as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase activity. A Petri plate experiment was designed to investigate the impact of Acinetobacter sp. SG-5 on applied Cd toxicity (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 μM) in maize cultivars (3062-Cd tolerant, 31P41–Cd susceptible). Results revealed that non-inoculated maize plants were drastically affected with applied Cd treatments for growth, antioxidants and mineral ions acquisition predominantly in susceptible cultivar (31P41). PGPB inoculation positively influenced the maize growth by enhanced anti-oxidative potential coupled with optimum level of nutrients (K, Ca, Mg, Zn). Analysis of morpho-physio-biochemical traits after PGPB application revealed that substantial Cd tolerance was acquired by susceptible cv. 31P41 than tolerant cv. 3062 under applied Cd regimes. Research outcomes may be important for understanding the growth responses of Cd susceptible and tolerant maize cultivars under Acinetobacter sp. SG-5 inoculation and likely to provide efficient approaches to reduce Cd retention in edible plant parts and/or Cd bioremediation.

Methylphenidate (MPH), a psychotropic medication is commonly used for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this study we elucidated the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of MPH and Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) extract, an ancient aromatic herb with several applications in traditional medicine. Briefly, six groups of mice (n = 8 each group), were specified for the study and behavioral analysis was performed to analyze spatial memory followed by histological assessment and gene expression analysis of synaptic (Syn I, II and III) and inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNFα and GFAP) via qRT-PCR, in an AlCl3-induced mouse model for neurotoxicity. The behavioral analysis demonstrated significant cognitive decline, memory defects and altered gene expression in AlCl3-treated group. Rosemary extract significantly decreased the expression of inflammatory and synaptic markers to the similar levels as that of MPH. The present findings suggested the neuroprotective potential of Rosmarinus officinalis extract. However, further characterization of its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties and MPH is required to strategize future treatments for several neurological and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease.

Background: Despite the existence of the most reliable and authentic tools of personal identification such as fingerprints, dental, and DNA analysis, the palatal rugae are recommended as an adjuvant aid in forensic diagnosis. Palatal rugoscopy or palatoscopy aims to specify a person’s identity and gender discrimination. Aim: To determine the morphological pattern of palatal rugae considering gender. Settings and design: Cross-sectional study, calcorrugoscopy, chi-square test Material: This incorporated 360 subjects encompassing an equal ratio of the male and female genders. Undertaking the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study, calcorrugoscopy technique was utilized in which maxillary casts were obtained through irreversible hydrocolloid impression material (Cavex cream alginate – fast set) and poured in type III dental stone. The assessed morphological parameters were shape and unification. Trobo’s classification and Thomas and Kotze’s criteria were used to assess shape and unification respectively to assess the qualitative aspect of palatal rugae. Descriptive analysis was generated in terms of frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. Results: The most frequently occurred rugae pattern was sinuous followed by a line with divergent unification. Sexual dimorphism was not evident among the selected subjects regarding rugae shape and unification configuration.Moreover, the same trend regarding shape and unification was repeated on both sides of the palate, with no significant difference noted in number of palatal rugae undertaking both sides. Conclusions: Every individual possesses a unique rugae pattern irrespective of gender. Keywords: Cross- sectional, Adults, Gender dimorphism, Pakistan, Palatal rugae

Objective: This study has been conducted to highlight the prevalence of chronic hepatitis in patients presenting with vague symptoms such as generalized body aches and weakness. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Tehsil Headquarter Hospital Sharaqpur, Sheikhupura, Pakistan. During a period of two and a half months, 751 patients presenting to general outdoor department with vague symptoms were selected through random sampling. They were tested for Anti Hepatitis C Virus Antibodies, Hepatitis B Surface Antigen, and Anti Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antibodies with Rapid Immunochromatographic Test Kits. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 23. Results: Of the 751 randomly selected patients, 28 were eliminated due to missing data. Out of 723 included participants, 36% were male and 64% were female with a mean age of 53.11±11.2 years. 26.42% people were screened positive for Hepatitis C (N=191). 1.7% people were screened positive for Hepatitis B (N=13). Whereas only 0.12% (N=1) were HIV positive. Conclusion: This study established that Chronic Hepatitis often presents with mild and vague symptoms. Also, the prevalence of HCV is significantly higher in our population in spite of the ongoing hepatitis control programs and is rising in contrast to the global decline.

COVID-19 virus is a causative agent of viral pandemic in human beings which specifically targets respiratory system of humans and causes viral pneumonia. This unusual viral pneumonia is rapidly spreading to all parts of the world, currently affecting about 105 million people with 2.3 million deaths. Current review described history, genomic characteristics, replication, and pathogenesis of COVID-19 with special emphasis on Nigella sativum (N. sativum) as a treatment option. N. sativum seeds are historically and religiously used over the centuries, both for prevention and treatment of different diseases. This review summarizes the potential role of N. sativum seeds against COVID-19 infection at levels of in silico, cell lines and animal models. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material (Appendixes 1) is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s11655-021-3311-z.

This research evaluated the potential photocatalytic efficiency of synthesized Cu–Fe/TiO2 photocatalysts against organic contaminants and biocontaminants through various synthesis methods (Cu-to-Fe ratio, metal loading, and calcination temperature) and reaction parameters (photocatalyst dose, irradiation time, and different initial methyl orange (MO) concentrations). In addition, the best photocatalysts were characterized through Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis techniques. The best metal loading was 1 wt % with 5:5 Cu/Fe ratio and 300 °C calcination temperature (5Cu–5Fe/TiO2-300) having 97% MO decolorization. Further analysis indicates that the metal presence does not generate new channels for de-excitation but clearly affects the intensity and decreases charge recombination. The behavior of the photoluminescence intensity is (inversely) proportional to the activity behavior through the series, indicating that the main catalytic effect of Fe and Cu relates to charge recombination and that the Cu–Fe bimetallic catalyst optimizes such function. Moreover, the best-engineered photocatalysts asserted impactful bacteriostatic efficacy toward the tested Escherichia coli strain (in 30 min), and therefore, molecular docking studies were used to predict the inhibition pathway against E. coli β-lactamase enzyme. The photocatalyst had a high negative docking score (−5.9 kcal mol–1) due to intense interactions within the active site of the enzyme. The molecular docking study revealed that the ligand could inhibit β-lactamase from producing its bactericidal activity.

Nociceptive markers in mice have been identified in two distinct peptidergic and nonpeptidergic neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and distributed in different laminae of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Recently, however, a study in humans showed a significant overlapping in these two populations. In this study, we investigated the distribution of various nociceptive markers in the lumbar DRG and spinal cord of the dromedary camel. Immunohistochemical data showed a remarkable percentage of total neurons in the DRG expressed IB4 binding (54.5%), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP; 49.5%), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1; 48.2%), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS; 30.6%). The co-localization data showed that 89.6% and 74.0% of CGRP- and TRPV1-labeled neurons, respectively, were IB4 positive. In addition, 61.6% and 84.2% of TRPV1- and NOS-immunoreactive neurons, respectively, were also co-localized with CGRP. The distribution of IB4, CGRP, TRPV1, substance P, and NOS immunoreactivities in the spinal cord were observed in lamina I and outer lamina II (IIo). Quantitative data showed that 82.4% of IB4-positive nerve terminals in laminae I and IIo were co-localized with CGRP, and 86.0% of CGRP-labeled terminals were co-localized with IB4. Similarly, 85.1% of NOS-labeled nerve terminals were co-localized with CGRP. No neuropeptide Y (NPY) or cholecystokinin (CCK) immunoreactivities were detected in the DRG, and no co-localization between IB4, NPY, and CCK were observed in the spinal cord. Our results demonstrate marked convergence of nociceptive markers in the primary afferent neurons in camels, which is similar to humans rather than the mouse. The data also emphasizes the importance of interspecies differences when selecting ideal animal models for studying nociception and treating chronic pain.

Background Blood transfusion remains important in the treatment of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). However, alloimmunization after blood transfusion is associated with patient morbidity and mortality. Triple-knockout (TKO) pigs (i.e., pigs in which the three known xenoantigens to which humans have anti-pig antibodies have been deleted) may be an alternative source of RBCs for these patients because many humans have no preformed antibodies to TKO pig RBCs (pRBCs). Methods and materials In an in vitro study, plasma from alloimmunized (n = 12) or non-alloimmunized (n = 12) SCD patients was used to determine IgM/IgG binding to, and CDC of, TKO pRBCs. In an in vivo study, after an estimated 25% of blood volume was withdrawn from two capuchin monkeys, CFSE-labeled TKO pRBCs were transfused. Loss of TKO pRBCs was monitored by flow cytometry, and 7 weeks later, 25% of blood was withdrawn, and CFSE-labeled monkey RBCs were transfused. Results The in vitro study demonstrated that plasma from neither alloimmunized nor non-alloimmunized SCD patients bound IgM/IgG to, or induced CDC of, TKO pRBCs. In the in vivo study, survival of TKO pRBCs in the two capuchin monkeys was of 5 and 7 days, respectively, whereas after allotransfusion, survival was >28 days. Conclusions In conclusion, (1) in the present limited study, no antibodies were detected that cross-reacted with TKO pRBCs, and (2) TKO pigs may possibly be an alternate source of RBCs in an emergency if no human RBCs are available.

Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a reverse genetic tool used to identify the function of individual genes by reducing their expression. Here VIGS was applied to identify the role of four genes in G. hirsutum; Polyphenol Oxidase (GhPPO), Phosphatidylserine Synthase (GhPSS), Anthocyanidin synthase (GhANS), and Anthocyanidin Reductase (GhANR) in verticillium wilt disease occurring in cotton. Silencing of GhPPO and GhPSS showed abnormal leaf growth such as leaf thinning, reduced leaf size, and leaf curling phenotype which indicates their importance in normal leaf development. RT-PCR and qPCR results showed reduced transcript levels of GhPPO, GhPSS, GhANS, and GhANR in TRV inoculated plants. Moreover silencing of four genes in cotton cultivar FM9160, partially resistant to Verticillium wilt disease compromised resistance by infecting with “King isolate” which is a more aggressive defoliating strain of Verticillium dahliae. The reduced mRNA level of GhPPO and GhPSS makes the cotton plants more susceptible approximately 80% and 76% of leaf wilting were observed while in GhANS and GhANR 66% and 62% leaf wilting were shown. In conclusion, this is the first report showing that the cotton gene GhPPO, GhPSS involved in resistance to Verticillium dahliae and have an important role in normal leaf development in G. hirsutum.

This paper aimed to investigate the effect of rosmarinic acid (RA; 10, 75, 250 µmol/g protein) addition on silver carp myofibrillar protein (MP) oxidation under MetHemoglobin (MetHb) catalyzed doco...

Adverse drug reporting of herbal drugs is less common as they are generally considered as safe. It is also very common to use self-medication by people in the case of herbal drugs. But many times, mild to severe events have been seen with the use of herbal or ayurvedic medicines. We have reported a case of post-covid patient, who was having complained of headache, body ache, lethargy, backache, generalized weakness and excessive sweating since one weak. Patient had past history of hospitalization due to COVID-19 moderate pneumonia one month back. Patient also had history of type-2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia and was taking anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive medications continuously. Ashwagandha powder (Withania somnifera), Maha yogaraj guggulu (herbal anti-inflammatory) and Syrup Amynity Plus (herbal immune-booster) were prescribed for these complain. Conversely, moderate severity adverse reaction like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps were noted after the intake of suspected drug i.e. ashwagandha powder. Nevertheless, symptoms were relieved after the de-challenge. This shows a temporal relation of the event with the suspected drug. One more possibility of drug-drug interaction in this case cannot be ruled out completely. Causality assessment was done for this adverse event and it was considered as the “probable” category of the adverse event in WHO causality classification.

Ayurveda captured almost all herbs in its indications for therapeutics from the period of Vedas. More than 700 plants are discussed elaborately in various classics of Ayurveda of different periods. Berberis aristata DC (Berberidaceae), an Indian medicinal plant, is an Ayurvedic herb used since ancient times. It is commonly known as Daruharidra and Daruhaldi. The plant is useful as an antipyretic, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antihepatotoxic, anti-diabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, and hypolipidemic agent. Our main objective was to collect information about the active constituents and major pharmacological actions of B. aristata. The review of the literature included PubMed and Science Direct searches with ‘Berberis aristata’ and ‘Daruharidra’ as initial keywords. This review aims to highlight the ethnomedicinal and pharmacological uses of B. aristata, which will give insights into developing potentially new bioactives from the plant scaffolds. This review also highlights the phytochemicals isolated from different parts of B. aristata. Daruharidra is a rich source of chemically novel compounds, such as berberine, and needs elaborate screening strategies to dwell into the pharmacological effects at the molecular level.

Hexameric helicases are motor proteins that unwind double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) during DNA replication but how they are optimised for strand separation is unclear. Here we present the cryo-EM structure of the full-length E1 helicase from papillomavirus, revealing all arms of a bound DNA replication fork and their interactions with the helicase. The replication fork junction is located at the entrance to the helicase collar ring, that sits above the AAA + motor assembly. dsDNA is escorted to and the 5´ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) away from the unwinding point by the E1 dsDNA origin binding domains. The 3´ ssDNA interacts with six spirally-arranged β-hairpins and their cyclical top-to-bottom movement pulls the ssDNA through the helicase. Pulling of the RF against the collar ring separates the base-pairs, while modelling of the conformational cycle suggest an accompanying movement of the collar ring has an auxiliary role, helping to make efficient use of ATP in duplex unwinding., Replicative hexameric helicases are fundamental components of replisomes. Here the authors resolve a cryo-EM structure of the E1 helicase from papillomavirus bound to a DNA replication fork, providing insights into the mechanism of DNA unwinding by these hexameric enzymes.

Biological control using rhizosphere bacteria, Pseudomonas spp. and Serratia spp. is a prospective alternative technique to overcome plant parasitic nematodes infection. So, the current study was conducted in vitro on five egg-masses, 100 free eggs and 100 infective juveniles (IJs) of Meloidogyne incognita as well as greenhouse treatments on Luffa aegyptiaca L. to evaluate the nematicidal potential of six strains belong to Pseudomonas spp. and Serratia spp. as compared to oxamyl. Results showed that the inhibitory effect and juvenile mortality varied according to bacteria species, strains and exposure time. All the tested bacteria significantly (P ≤ 0.05) inhibited egg hatching and increased juvenile mortality in vitro. After 3 days of treatment, Pseudomonas spp. were more effective against eggs (48.31to 55.15%) and IJs (20.98 to 25.30%) than Serratia spp. (44.55 to 49.75% with eggs) and (19.06 to 21.61% with IJs), respectively. In the pot experiment, Luffa aegyptiaca L. treated with Serratia spp. and Pseudomonas spp. displayed significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) levels of growth (as indicated by root length, fresh roots weight and fresh shoots weight) compared to control plants and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) suppressed galling (number of galls) and reproduction (as indicated by number of egg-masses on roots and number of eggs and juveniles in pot soil). Meanwhile, among the treated plants, Serratia spp. and Pseudomonas spp. gave the best results in shoot weight of pots infected by eggs of M. incognita than those infected with IJs as compared with positive control. While, oxamyl treatment gave the best results in pots infected by eggs and IJs. The lowest galling (gall index), number of eggs and juveniles in soil was observed in the treatment with mixture of Serratia spp. and Pseudomonas spp. as well as, enhanced growth of sponge gourd more than application each of them alone. Pots treated with oxamyl overwhelmed those treated with mixture of Serratia spp. and Pseudomonas spp.