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Aim: To determine the efficacy of J grandiflorum in the treatment of aphthous ulcer on the basis of reduction in size of the ulcer, erythema and pain. Study Design: Prospective, Observational. Place and Duration: Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed to be University, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha. Duration: One year. Methodology: One Hundred and Twenty patients visiting to the dental OPD and diagnosed to have aphthous ulcer will be selected. The patients will be divided in three groups and the formulated gel will be prescribed to one group of patient and other will be given corticosteroid and monitoring will be done. Expected Results: With all the studies performed till now it is expected that the j. grandiflorum and honey together will have good synergistic effect over aphthous ulcer and will help in reduction of size, pain and erythema level of aphthous ulcer. Conclusion: J grandiflorum and honey may be effective in management of recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

A field experiment was conducted for the management of major insect pests in pearl millet during kharif 2016-18 at Millet Research station, Junagadh Agriculture University, Jamnagar. Results showed that module-IV (seed treatment of imidacloprid 600 FS @ 8.75 ml/kg at the time of sowing, removal of shoot fly dead hearts, installation of fish meal traps @ 10/ha and spraying of dimethoate 30EC @ 0.03% at 35 days after germination was found effective against shoot fly. Whereas, module-II (seed treatment of imidacloprid 600 FS @ 8.75 ml/kg + removal of shoot fly dead hearts + fish meal trap @ 10/ha + spraying of novaluron 10 EC @ 0.01%, at 35 DAG) recorded lowest stem borer per cent incidence and Helicoverpa larval population at ear head stage of crop. But, looking to the cost of management, highest additional income (Rs. 20610/-), net return (Rs. 18961/-) and ICBR (1:12.50) was recorded in module-IV (Seed treatment of imidacloprid 600 FS @ 8.75 ml/kg + removal of shoot fly dead hearts + fish meal trap @ 10/ha + spraying of dimethoate 30 EC 0.03 % at 35 DAG).

The aim of the study was to evaluate the virulence factors of candidal species and its biotypes associated with Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders. Materials and methods included that the present study comprised of red and white lesions (40) and normal healthy control group (5) individuals. Oral swabs were taken from representative area of the lesion to be used for both cytological, microbiological and biochemical tests. Samples were inoculated for fungal growth in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and culture-positive samples had undergone for the germ tube test, chlymadospore formation and chrome agar test. The virulence factors were conrmed by Lipolytic, proteolytic, protinease and phospholipase tests. Anova test, Kruskall Wallis test and Post Hoc test were the statistical analysis used. The result showed that in this study group no candidial growth was found in control group, study group showed positive germ tube test formation, chlymadospore formation and chrom agar test. All positive isolates produced the four virulence factors with higher levels in candida albican isolates. The hemolytic activity in leukoplakia was found to be more virulent followed by Protienase activity amongst the group and within the study groups. Phospholipase activity amongst the study groups was found more virulent in Oral squamous cell carcinoma. Lipolytic activity was found more aggressive in Denture induced stomatitis amongst all the study group. It can be concluded that in this study there is a close association of Candida species with Oral potentially malignant disorders. The correlation of virulence properties of Candida with potentially malignant disorders has led to its role in its invasive potential.

An expected rise in global temperature is an inevitable threat to crop productivity and may have serious concerns on food security. In northern India, winter-sown chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) come across with abrupt high temperature during the terminal reproductive stage which leads to reduction in the production. Priming chickpea with mild drought at the seedling stage may induce tolerance to heat stress at a later stage. We analyzed 11 days old seedlings of two contrasting chickpea varieties (PBG1 and PBG5) primed with mild drought stress for 3 days, recovered for another 6 days, and finally exposed to different levels of heat stress (30 °C, 32 °C, 34 °C, and 36 °C) for 12 h. Both damage and defense parameters were analyzed at different stages i.e. before and after priming and finally after exposure to varying degrees of stress. Our study revealed that priming improved membrane integrity by reducing percent electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation up to 34 °C, whereas mitochondrial efficiency (2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction) could not be influenced. Superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activity increased proportionately with the increase in temperature (up to 34 °C only). Later, activity declined at higher temperatures. Changes in the expression level of Small Heat Shock Proteins (sHSP18.5 and 22.7) were also established by RT-PCR. Primed plants showed increased expression of sHSP at 36 °C. Overall, priming with drought reduced the membrane damage and increased antioxidative enzymes, also modulated expression of sHSP18.5 and 22.7; thus, improved the heat tolerance up to 34 °C. This study has highlighted the role of drought priming in the acclimation to heat stress and corroboration of antioxidative enzymes and sHSP’s.

Piper betle leaves possess several ethnomedicinal properties and are immensely used in traditional medicinal practices in regions of Asian and African subcontinents. However, their effects in treating skeletal complications are least known. In this study, we evaluated cellular and molecular effects of betel leaf extract (BLE) and its major phytoconstituent, hydroxychavicol (HCV) in promoting osteogenesis in vitro and alleviating glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis (GIO) in vivo. Both BLE and HCV markedly stimulated osteoblast differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells with increased expression of RUNX2 and osteopontin through the GSK-3β/β-catenin-signaling pathway. Also, oral administration of BLE and HCV in GIO rats resulted in restoration of bone mass and tissue microarchitecture. Thus, with our findings we conclude that BLE and HCV promote osteogenesis of C3H10T1/2 cells via the GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway and alleviate GIO in rats.

OBJECTIVES To investigate the association of genetic polymorphisms of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene with endothelial dysfunction associated osteoporosis in postmenopausal women of Punjab, India. METHODS The study involved 456 postmenopausal women having endothelial dysfunction categorized according to women with (n = 236) and without osteoporosis (n = 220). Bone mineral density (BMD) and reactive hyperemia index (RHI) were evaluated together with six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the eNOS gene (rs2070744, rs1799983, rs1800780, rs3918181, rs891512, and rs1808593). RESULTS A moderate association between RHI and BMD at femoral neck (r = 0.213, P = 0.002) and lumbar spine (r = 0.267, P

Introduction: Micronuclei are intracytoplasmic chromatin bodies seen as a result of cytogenetic damage or mitotic abnormality. Assessment of micronuclei in exfoliated oral epithelial cells is a marker for genotoxic damage due to various reasons such as lifestyle factors such as alcohol, tobacco and areca nut, occupational exposure to chemical carcinogens and radiation. Aim and objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the micronuclei count in oral cytosmears of petrol station attendants chronically exposed to petroleum vapors using DNA specific and non specific stains. Materials and Methods: 40 subjects in the study group working in petrol pump stations for more than 5 years and 40 healthy subjects in the control group without any history of past occupational exposure to petroleum products were included in the study. Percentage micronuclei count and micronuclei index were calculated after observing 1000 cells in oral cytosmears prepared from buccal mucosa of each subject and stained with Papanicolaou (PAP- non DNA specific stain) and Acridine orange stain(DNA specific stain). Results: Percentage micronuclei count and micronuclei index were increased in study group as compared to the control group. The results were statistically significant. The values were lower in smears stained with DNA specific stain (acridine orange) as compared to non DNA specific stain(PAP). Conclusion: Micronuclei assay is useful tool to assess and monitor cytogenetic damage due to occupational exposure to petroleum vapors in petrol station attendants. DNA specific stains are better as compared to non DNA specific stains in evaluation of micronuclei. Keywords: Biomarker, Cytogenetic damage, Exfoliative cytology, Micronuclei.

Boerhavia diffusa is a perennial herb belonging to the Nyctaginaceae family. This plant has been widely used in Indian traditional medicinal system to cure several human ailments. However, traditional use of this plant in the treatment and management of wounds has not been validated by any comprehensive scientific study. The present study was aimed to explore the in vitro and in vivo wound healing potential of methanol extract (ME) and chloroform extract (CE) from B. diffusa leaf and subsequent identification of the bioactive metabolites, which might be responsible for enhancement of wound healing property of the extracts. The study included in vitro cell viability and wound scratch assays as well as in vivo excision wound assays in rat models. Both ME and CE were analysed for their antioxidant properties and phenolics content. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses were performed for identification of bioactive metabolites present in the ME and CE. ME of B. diffusa leaf significantly enhanced viability and migration of human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) as compared to the untreated and CE-treated groups. The topical application of ME of B. diffusa leaf in excision wound model significantly decreased the wound area by the 14th day (91%) as compared to control (22%) (p, Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Reporting wound healing potential of Boerhavia diffusa leaf extracts. • GC-MS analyses of B. diffusa leaf extracts to identify bioactive wound healing metabolites. • D-Pinitol and caffeic acid were identified as lead metabolites triggering wound healing.

Objective Although COVID-19 is a respiratory disease, all organs can be affected including the brain. To date, specific investigations of brain injury markers (BIM) and endothelial injury markers (EIM) have been limited. Additionally, a male bias in disease severity and mortality after COVID-19 is evident globally. Sex differences in the immune response to COVID-19 may mediate this disparity. We investigated BIM, EIM and inflammatory cytokine/chemokine (CC) levels after COVID-19 and in across sexes. Methods Plasma samples from 57 subjects at Results Three BIMs: MAP2, NSE and S100B, two EIMs: sICAM1 and sVCAM1 and seven CCs: GRO IL10, sCD40L, IP10, IL1Ra, MCP1 and TNFα were significantly (p p Conclusion The acute elevation of BIMs, CCs, and EIMs and the robust associations among them at COVID-19 hospitalization are suggestive of brain and endothelial injury. Higher BIM and inflammatory markers in men additionally suggest that men are more susceptible to the risk compared to women.

High fidelity during protein synthesis is accomplished by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs). These enzymes ligate an amino acid to a cognate tRNA and have proofreading and editing capabilities that ensure high fidelity. Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS) preferentially ligates a phenylalanine to a tRNAPhe over the chemically similar tyrosine, which differs from phenylalanine by a single hydroxyl group. In bacteria that undergo exposure to oxidative stress such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, tyrosine isomer levels increase due to phenylalanine oxidation. Several residues are oxidized in PheRS and contribute to hyperactive editing, including against mischarged Tyr-tRNAPhe, despite these oxidized residues not being directly implicated in PheRS activity. Here, we solve a 3.6 Å cryo-electron microscopy structure of oxidized S. Typhimurium PheRS. We find that oxidation results in widespread structural rearrangements in the β-subunit editing domain and enlargement of its editing domain. Oxidization also enlarges the phenylalanyl-adenylate binding pocket but to a lesser extent. Together, these changes likely explain why oxidation leads to hyperaccurate editing and decreased misincorporation of tyrosine. Taken together, these results help increase our understanding of the survival of S. Typhimurium during human infection.

Globin digest (GD), a bioactive oligopeptide derived from porcine hemoglobin proteins, has been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on improving postprandial hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and liver injury. We previously reported the lipid-lowering effects of GD using a zebrafish obesogenic test. Here, we sought to evaluate the effect of GD on visceral adiposity and the underlying molecular mechanisms using zebrafish and mouse obesity models. GD ameliorated dyslipidemia and suppressed the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in adult obese zebrafish. Transcriptomic analysis by RNA sequencing of GD-treated adult zebrafish revealed that GD upregulated UCP1-related pathways. Further, we performed mouse experiments and found that GD intake (2 mg/g body weight/day) was associated with lowered plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol levels, decreased VAT accumulation, and improved adipocyte hypertrophy with the upregulation of Ucp1 expression in white adipose tissue at both the mRNA and protein levels. Taken together, these results indicate that GD improves visceral adiposity by upregulating UCP1 expression, providing a novel perspective on combating obesity.

Cellular therapy is a promising investigational modality to enhance poststroke recovery. We conducted a single-arm, phase I clinical trial to determine the safety and feasibility of intravenous (IV) administration of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells (MNCs) after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Patients with moderate severity of AIS underwent bone marrow harvest followed by IV reinfusion of MNCs within 24–72 hours of onset. A target dose of 10 million cells per kilogram was chosen based on preclinical data. Patients were followed up daily during hospitalization and at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months for incidence of adverse events using laboratory, clinical (12 months), and radiological (24 months) parameters. The trial was powered to detect severe adverse events (SAEs) with incidences of at least 10% and planned to enroll 30 patients. Primary outcomes were study-related SAEs and the proportion of patients successfully completing study intervention. A propensity score-based matched control group was used for the estimation of effect size (ES) for day-90 modified Rankin score (mRS). There were no study-related SAEs and, based on a futility analysis, enrolment was stopped after 25 patients. All patients successfully completed study intervention and most received the target dose. Secondary analysis estimated the ES to be a reduction of 1 point (95% confidence interval: 0.33–1.67) in median day-90 mRS for treated patients as compared with the matched control group. Bone marrow harvest and infusion of MNCs is safe and feasible in patients with AIS. The estimated ES is helpful in designing future randomized controlled trials. Stem Cells 2019;37:1481–1491

A model was developed to predict the growth of Bacillus cereus from spores during cooling of cooked pasta. Cooked pasta was inoculated with a cocktail of four strains of heat-shocked (80 °C/10 min) B. cereus spores to obtain a final spore concentration of approximately 2 log CFU/g. Thereafter, growth was determined at isothermal temperatures starting at 10 °C and every three degrees up to 49 °C. Samples were removed periodically and plated on mannitol egg yolk polymyxin agar. The plates were incubated for 24 hr at 30 °C. Baranyi, Huang, and modified Gompertz primary growth models were used to fit growth data. The modified Ratkowsky secondary model was used to fit growth rates determined by the primary growth models with respect to temperature. All three primary models fitted the growth data well. The modified Ratkowsky secondary model adequately fit growth rates generated by the three primary models (R2 values ranging from 0.96 to 0.98). After acceptable prediction zone (APZ) validation and goodness of fit statistical analyses, it was determined that the Baranyi primary growth model was best suited for these data. For both single-rate exponential cooling and biphasic linear cooling model validation, all Baranyi model predictions (n = 24 and 28, respectively) fell within the APZ (-1.0 to 0.5 log CFU/g). The model will assist institutional food service settings to determine the safety of cooked pasta subjected to longer cooling times or stored at improper temperatures. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Predictive model can be used to estimate extent of microbial growth during cooling of cooked pasta and in designing HACCP program and setting of critical control levels. Retail food industry would need fewer challenge studies to validate the safety of their products. The model will provide regulatory agencies and food industry with an objective means of assessing the microbial risk and ensuring that the public is not at risk of acquiring food poisoning.

Various natural products (NPs) have been used to treat obesity and related diseases. However, the best way to fight obesity is preventive, with accurate body weight management through exercise, diet, or bioactive NPs to avoid obesity development. We demonstrated that green tea extract (GTE) is an anti-obesity NP using a zebrafish obesity model. Based on a hypothesis that GTE can prevent obesity, the objective of this study was to assess GTE’s ability to attenuate obesity development. Juvenile zebrafish were pretreated with GTE for seven days before obesity induction via a high-fat diet, adult zebrafish were pretreated with GTE for two weeks before obesity induction by overfeeding. As a preventive intervention, GTE significantly decreased visceral adipose tissue accumulation in juveniles and ameliorated visceral adiposity and plasma triglyceride levels in adult zebrafish obesity models. RNA sequencing analysis was performed using liver tissues from adult obese zebrafish, with or without GTE administration, to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism. Transcriptome analysis revealed that preventive GTE treatment affects several pathways associated with anti-obesity regulation, including activation of STAT and downregulation of CEBP signaling pathways. In conclusion, GTE could be used as a preventive agent against obesity.

Background Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a small, non-enveloped, icosahedral and double-stranded DNA virus with a genome of 8 kb, belonging to the papillomaviridae family. HPV has been associated with 99.7% cases of cervical squamous cell carcinoma worldwide. The HPV E6 protein is known as a potent oncogene and is closely allied with the events that result in the malignant transformation of virally infected cells. Objective The present study aims to target plant derived anticancer molecules for HPV driven cancer using a computational approach. Methods In this study, E6 oncoprotein was targeted by 101 plant-derived nutraceuticals using the molecular docking method. The multiple sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis of low risk and high risk 28 HPV E6 proteins were performed. Results Withanolide D, Ginkgetin, Theaflavin, Hesperidin, and Quercetin-3-gluconide were identified as the potential inhibitors of HPV 16 E6 protein. The zinc finger domain was identified on all variants of HPV E6 oncoprotein while high-risk HPV18, HPV31, HPV33, HPV35, HPV39, HPV45, HPV58, HPV68 and HPV73: probable risk HPV53 and low-risk HPV43 and HPV70 contain PDZ domain. Conclusion The current study using bioinformatics analysis approaches reveals a promising platform for developing anti-cancerous competitive inhibitors targeting HPV. .

The present study aimed to examine the participation and contribution of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) genes for the risk of endothelial dysfunction (ED)-associated osteoporosis risk in postmenopausal women of Punjab, India. Women with ED were categorized into women with osteoporosis (n = 346) and women without osteoporosis (n = 330). They were examined for selected SNPs within eNOS, ACE and VEGFA genes. Linear regression analysis revealed a positive association of ED with bone mineral densities (BMDs) at femoral neck (r2 = 0.78, p &lt, 0.001) and lumbar spine (r2 = 0.24, p = 0.001) after Bonferroni correction. Three susceptibility haplotypes were exposed within eNOS (CTAAAT), ACE (ACDG) and VEGFA (GATA) genes. Bearers of CTAAAT (OR 2.43, p = 0.007), ACDG (OR 2.50, p = 0.002) and GATA (OR 2.10, p = 0.009) had substantial impact for osteoporosis after correcting the effects with traditional risk factors (TRD).With uncertainty measure (R2h) and Akaike information criterion (AIC), best fit models showed that CTAAAT manifested in multiplicative mode (&beta, &plusmn, SE: 2.19 &plusmn, 0.86, p &lt, 0.001), whereas ACDG (&beta, SE: 1.73 &plusmn, 0.54, p = 0.001) and GATA (&beta, SE: 3.07 &plusmn, 0.81, p &lt, 0.001) expressed in dominant modes. Area under receiver operating characteristic curve using weighted risk scores (effect estimates) showed substantial strength for model comprising TRD + GATA (AUC = 0.8, p &lt, 0.001) whereas, model comprising TRD + GATA + CTAAAT exhibited excellent ability to predict osteoporosis (AUC = 0.824, p &lt, 0.001)

The emergence situation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has realised the global scientific communities to develop strategies for immediate priorities and long-term approaches for utilization of existing knowledge and resources which can be diverted to pandemic preparedness planning. Lack of proper vaccine candidate and therapeutic management has accelerated the researchers to repurpose the existing drugs with known preclinical and toxicity profiles, which can easily enter Phase 3 or 4 or can be used directly in clinical settings. We focused to justify even exploration of supplements, nutrients and vitamins to dampen the disease burden of the current pandemic may play a crucial role for its management. We have explored structure based virtual screening of 15 vitamins against non-structural (NSP3, NSP5, ORF7a, NSP12, ORF3a), structural (Spike & Hemagglutinin esterase) and host protein furin. The in silico analysis exhibited that vitamin B12, Vitamin B9, Vitamin D3 determined suitable binding while vitamin B15 manifested remarkable H-bond interactions with all targets. Vitamin B12 bestowed the lowest energies with human furin and SARS-COV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase. Furin mediated cleavage of the viral spike glycoprotein is directly related to enhanced virulence of SARS-CoV-2. In contrast to these, vitamin B12 showed zero affinity with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. These upshots intimate that Vitamin B12 could be the wonder molecule to shrink the virulence by hindering the furin mediated entry of spike to host cell. These identified molecules may effectively assist in SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic management to boost the immunity by inhibiting the virus imparting relief in lung inflammation.

Winning Essay for the 4th Annual Enid Balint Essay Contest: Hearing the patient, Healing the clinician!

(1) Background: The obesity epidemic has been drastically progressing in both children and adults worldwide. Pharmacotherapy is considered necessary for its treatment. However, many anti-obesity drugs have been withdrawn from the market due to their adverse effects. Instead, natural products (NPs) have been studied as a source for drug discovery for obesity, with the goal of limiting the adverse effects. Zebrafish are ideal model animals for in vivo testing of anti-obesity NPs, and disease models of several types of obesity have been developed. However, the evidence for zebrafish as an anti-obesity drug screening model are still limited. (2) Methods: We performed anti-adipogenic testing using the juvenile zebrafish obesogenic test (ZOT) and mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes using the focused NP library containing 38 NPs and compared their results. (3) Results: Seven and eleven NPs reduced lipid accumulation in zebrafish visceral fat tissues and mouse adipocytes, respectively. Of these, five NPs suppressed lipid accumulation in both zebrafish and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We confirmed that these five NPs (globin-digested peptides, green tea extract, red pepper extract, nobiletin, and Moringa leaf powder) exerted anti-obesity effects in diet-induced obese adult zebrafish. (4) Conclusions: ZOT using juvenile fish can be a high-throughput alternative to ZOT using adult zebrafish and can be applied for in vivo screening to discover novel therapeutics for visceral obesity and potentially also other disorders.

Vitamin A is essential for human health, but current intake levels in many developing countries such as India are too low due to malnutrition. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 250 million preschool children are vitamin A deficient globally. This number excludes pregnant women and nursing mothers, who are particularly vulnerable. Efforts to improve access to vitamin A are key because supplementation can reduce mortality rates in young children in developing countries by around 23%. Three key genes, BCMO1, BCO2, and SCARB1, have been shown to be associated with the amount of beta-carotene (BC) in milk. Whole-genome sequencing reads from the coordinates of these 3 genes in 202 non-Indian cattle (141 Bos taurus, 61 Bos indicus) and 35 non-Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) animals from several breeds were collected from data repositories. The number of SNP detected in the coding regions of these 3 genes ranged from 16 to 26 in the 3 species, with 5 overlapping SNP between B. taurus arid B. indicus. All these SNP together with 2 SNP in the upstream part of the gene but already present in dbSNP (https://www.ncbi.nim mih.gov/projects/SNP/) were used to build a custom Sequenom array. Blood for DNA and milk samples for BC were obtained from 2,291 Indian cows of 5 different breeds (Gir, Holstein cross, Jersey Cross, Tharparkar, and Sahiwal) and 2,242 Indian buffaloes (Jafarabadi, Murrali, Pandharpuri, arid Surti breeds). The DNA was extracted and genotyped with the Sequenom array. For each individual breed and the combined breeds, SNP with an association that had a P-value

Ashwagandha (Withania somniferaL. Dunal) is an important and traditional medicinal herb found in India. It has been reported that, Ashwagandha has potential anti-proliferative as well as chemo-accelerative activity. The goal of this study was to investigate the most probable reason behind Ashwagandha’s anti-proliferative and chemo-accelerative activity. In addition, chromatographically isolate and chemically characterize some new compound which have antineoplastic property and find the mode of action of it.In vitroassays (MTT and Western blot) for anti-tumorigenic potentiality of the isolated drug were carried out on HT-29, KB and HeLa cell lines. In this experimental study, purification and chemical characterization (by UV, FT-IR, HPLC, LC-MS,1H-NMR) of an anti-cancer drug has been found as Paclitaxel. MTT-assay shows an average IC50value of the isolated Paclitaxel is 10 nM. Western blot data reveals there may be ROS-associated p53-MDM2-related cell proliferation and apoptosis by the drug’sin vitroeffect.

Two-stage pretreatment conditions were optimized to convert corn fiber, separated from whole stillage in a corn dry grind ethanol plant, to fermentable sugars via hydrolysis. Liquid hot water pretreatment (25% solids) at 180 °C for 10 min, followed by three cycles of disk milling, provided maximum glucose, xylose, and arabinose yields of 88.5%, 41.0%, and 30.4% respectively after hydrolysis with Cellulase I. The glucose, xylose, and arabinose yields with Cellulase II at optimum conditions were 94.9%, 74.2%, and 66.3%, respectively. SSF of corn fiber using engineered yeast, with both Cellulase I and II, provided maximum ethanol concentrations of 2.13% and 2.73% (v/v). The protein content in the residual solid after fermentation was 47.95% and 52.05% for Cellulase I and II, respectively. This technology provides additional ethanol in a dry grind plant by converting corn fiber into ethanol and increases the protein content of DDGS, thereby improving the quality.

Background The present study determines to correlate eosinophil, mast cell and microvessel densities with the histopathological grades and clinical staging of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) cases, as the potential role of inflammatory mediators within tumor stroma remains debatable. Methods The study sample comprised 60 cases consisting of 40 cases of Well to moderately differentiated OSCC (group 1) and 20 cases of poorly differentiated OSCC (group 2). Immunohistochemistry with anti-CD15 antibody and antifactor VIII antibody; and toluidine blue special stain were employed for the detection of eosinophils, microvessels, and mast cells, respectively. Results The mean numbers of eosinophils, mast cells, and microvessels per high power field in group 1 and group 2 were 15.37±11.86 and 12.62±14.30, 6.00±4.84 and 4.51±4.51, 13.96±6.25 and 6.62±2.05, respectively. Eosinophil density had a positive correlation with both mast cell and microvessel density. Also, the correlation of primary tumor size (T status) with microvessel density was found to be statistically significant (P≤0.05). Conclusions The cohesive interpretation of the aforementioned mediators in OSCC suggested that while these variables correlate well with the differentiation of tumor, the quantification did not correlate with the clinical staging of the disease.

Transcriptome data are widely used for functional analysis of genes. De-novo assembly of transcriptome gives a large number of unigenes. A large proportion of them remain unannotated. Efficient computational methods are required for identifying genes and modeling those for regulatory and functional roles. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in a novel approach to shortlist genes, independently of annotation in genome expression data, taking seed development inArabidopsis thalianaas a representative case. PCA was applied to published genome expression data from four lines of Arabidopsis, mutated in seed development. The PC separating all the developmental stages between a mutant and its respective wild type was selected for shortlisting genes as functionally more important. The shortlisted genes identified by PCA belong to a number of biological functions. The genes reported to give sensitivity to desiccation were identified in PCA analysis also in desiccation intolerant lines only. With respect to the network of 98 genes targeted by ABI3, a higher number of genes was identified as important in the mutants abi 3-5, fus 3-3 andlec 1-1 in comparison to abi 3-1. Ontological analysis and comparison with earlier studies suggest that PCA of genome expression data is useful for shortlisting functionally important genes.

Vascular disease poses a major public health problem worldwide. Trigonelline isolated from Raphanus sativus cv. Sakurajima Daikon (Sakurajima radish) induces nitric oxide production from vascular endothelial cells and enhances vascular function. Here, we investigated the characteristics of trigonelline and its effects on endothelial function after consumption of Sakurajima radish by humans. Our results show that Sakurajima radish contains approximately 60 times more trigonelline than other radishes and squashes. Additionally, no significant differences were observed between varieties of Sakurajima radish, suggesting that any type of Sakurajima radish can be ingested for trigonelline supplementation. The effects of cooking and processing Sakurajima radish were also evaluated, as were the effects of freezing, and changes in osmotic pressure and pH. A first-in-human trial using Sakurajima radish showed that ingestion of 170 g/day of Sakurajima radish for ten days increased blood trigonelline concentrations and significantly improved flow-mediated dilation, which is a measure of vascular endothelial function. Overall, our findings suggest that the trigonelline contained in Sakurajima radish may contribute to improved human vascular endothelial function. Hence, Sakurajima radish may enhance vascular endothelial function as a functional food.

It has been reported that Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Ural licorice) extract, with the brand name “LICONINE®”, at an intake level of low risk (human equivalent to less than 1 g licorice per day) had anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects on high-fat high-sucrose (HFS) diet-induced obese mice, but the effect of LICONINE on the fecal microbiota has not been clarified. In the present study, effects of LICONINE versus Ural licorice at intake levels of low risk on the fecal microbiota Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were examined in HFS diet-induced obese mice. The results demonstrated that consumption of LICONINE was associated with higher decrease in the body weight and visceral fat weight than those with Ural licorice. The results also demonstrated that the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio in the feces was decreased more with LICONINE than with Ural licorice, and that the body weight and visceral fat weight were correlated with the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio in HFS diet-induced obese mice. These results indicate that LICONINE, at an intake level of low risk, may reduce obesity through the normalization of the fecal microbiota disturbance. In summary, at the intake level of low risk, LICONINE is more effective than Ural licorice for treating obesity and fecal microbiota disturbance. Further research is needed to identify the mechanisms underlying the effects of LICONINE on fecal microbiota.

Background Facial nerve paralysis is a significant cause of morbidity, affecting facial appearance, emotional expression, speech, oral competence, and vision. A more complete understanding of the complex cellular events required for successful nerve regeneration may reveal new therapeutic targets. The role of fibroblasts in regeneration, and the process by which the nerve reforms its three-dimensional structure after a transection injury, are not fully understood. The Hedgehog signaling pathway has been shown to mediate nerve sheath formation during development. We therefore sought to characterize the role of Hedgehog-responsive cells following transection of the facial nerve. Methods Two transgenic mouse lines with reporters for the downstream effector of Hedgehog signaling, Gli1, were used. The animals underwent a unilateral facial nerve transection injury, and the contralateral side served as a control. Facial nerves were analyzed via immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence at predetermined time points as the facial nerve regenerated after the transection injury. Results There was a statistically significant increase in Gli1+ cells both at the site of injury and within the distal nerve segment over time. Gli1+ cells are fibroblasts within the nerve and appear to contribute to the reformation of the nerve sheath after injury. Conclusion These findings describe a key signaling pathway by which fibroblasts participate in motor nerve regeneration. Fibroblasts that reside within the nerve respond to injury and may represent a novel therapeutic target in the context of facial nerve regeneration after transection injury.

Kinetic growth data for Bacillus cereus grown from spores were collected in cooked beans under several isothermal conditions (10 to 49°C). Samples were inoculated with approximately 2 log CFU/g heat-shocked (80°C for 10 min) spores and stored at isothermal temperatures. B. cereus populations were determined at appropriate intervals by plating on mannitol-egg yolk-polymyxin agar and incubating at 30°C for 24 h. Data were fitted into Baranyi, Huang, modified Gompertz, and three-phase linear primary growth models. All four models were fitted to the experimental growth data collected at 13 to 46°C. Performances of these models were evaluated based on accuracy and bias factors, the coefficient of determination ( R2), and the root mean square error. Based on these criteria, the Baranyi model best described the growth data, followed by the Huang, modified Gompertz, and three-phase linear models. The maximum growth rates of each primary model were fitted as a function of temperature using the modified Ratkowsky model. The high R2 values (0.95 to 0.98) indicate that the modified Ratkowsky model can be used to describe the effect of temperature on the growth rates for all four primary models. The acceptable prediction zone (APZ) approach also was used for validation of the model with observed data collected during single and two-step dynamic cooling temperature protocols. When the predictions using the Baranyi model were compared with the observed data using the APZ analysis, all 24 observations for the exponential single rate cooling were within the APZ, which was set between -0.5 and 1 log CFU/g; 26 of 28 predictions for the two-step cooling profiles also were within the APZ limits. The developed dynamic model can be used to predict potential B. cereus growth from spores in beans under various temperature conditions or during extended chilling of cooked beans.

The objective of this study was to evaluate inactivation of inoculated Salmonella enterica on grape tomato stem scars exploiting integrated treatment of organic acid wash (AW) followed by chitosan-allyl isothiocyanate (CT-AIT) coating. The treatment effect on microbial loads and fruit quality during 21days storage at 10°C was also determined. A bacterial cocktail containing three serotypes of Salmonella enterica was used for this study based on their association with produce-related outbreaks. Tomatoes were spot inoculated on stem scars and then immersed in an organic acid solution (700ml) containing 0.5% (v/v) each of acetic (AA) and formic acid (FA) to wash under mild agitation for 1min at ambient temperature (22°C) followed by 1min dipping in a coating solution containing 6mlAIT/g CT. AW in 0.5% organic acid (AA+FA) for 1min reduced Salmonella population by 2.7logCFU/g from an initial load of 7.8logCFU/g, while additional coating treatment of AW tomatoes reduced the pathogens on stem scars to undetectable levels (0.7logCFU/g), achieving, in combination, a7logCFU/g reduction for the pathogen. Although the populations of Salmonella in the controls (approx. 7.8logCFU/g stem scar) did not change significantly during 21days of storage at 10°C, the populations were reduced to undetectable level in the integrated (AW plus CT-AIT) treated stem scars on day 1 and no regrowth was observed during storage. The treatment significantly (p0.05) reduced background bacterial loads to approx. 1.3logCFU/g and the population remained unchanged through day 21 at 10°C. The treatment also completely inactivated mold and yeast on day 1 with no growth reoccurrence. These results indicate that the integrated treatment can provide a safe and effective intervention strategy for grape tomatoes.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficiency of different irrigating solutions against Enterococcus faecalis with or without the use of 980 nm diode laser in infected root canals. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 freshly extracted human single-rooted teeth were divided into three experimental groups (n = 30) and one control group (n = 10). Experimental group was subdivided into two subgroups A and B (n = 15), whereas control group was subdivided into positive and negative controls (n = 5). After access cavity preparation, the root canals were prepared using ProTaper rotary instruments. A volume of 5 ml of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and 17% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1.2 ml of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, and 2 ml of neem solution was used for irrigation in Group I, II, and III, respectively. E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) was inoculated into each canal of experimental groups and incubated for 2 weeks under aerobic conditions at 37°C. In all the subgroups B, laser irradiation was performed, whereas, in subgroup A, no laser irradiation was done. In negative control, E. faecalis was not inoculated in samples, but in positive control, E. faecalis inoculation and incubation procedure was followed. With circumferential filing using #40 reamer, dentinal chips were collected using sterile paper points, vortexed in sterile saline, was then applied to UTI Hicrome agar culture plates and incubated at 37°C for 48 h. The cfu/ml for each plate was calculated using a bacterial colony counter. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software version 20.0. Results: The study showed that the least number of bacterial cfu/ml was observed in Group IB. The order of bacterial colony count (cfu/ml) was observed as Group IB

2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) has been linked positively with piglet gut health. Genetically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains producing 2′-FL can be used in the dry grind process to enrich Distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with 2′-FL and supplement swine diets with 2′-FL. The objectives of our study were to modify dry grind ethanol process for 2′-FL enriched DDGS production and evaluate the techno-economic feasibility of the process. Concentrations of 19.8 g 2′-FL/kg dry DDGS were achieved in the dry grind process using engineered strain without negatively affecting the ethanol yield. Process models for conventional and modified dry grind processes producing 2′-FL enriched DDGS (1150 MT corn/day capacity) were developed using SuperPro Designer. Capital and ethanol production costs for modified dry grind processes were higher than the conventional process. The internal rate of return for the modified processes was higher than the conventional process for $300/MT 2′-FL enriched DDGS selling price.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the quality of groundnut seeds used for sowing by farmers of Gujarat. Hundred seed samples of farmers saved seeds of groundnut were collected from 15 farmers of Porbander, 21 farmers of Devbhoomi Dwarka, one farmer of Amreli and 63 farmers of Jamnagar districts of Gujarat. The study revealed that overall 80.00 per cent farmers’ saved seed samples of groundnut was confirmed to the required seed standards for germination, moisture content, physical purity and seed health with respect to insect infestation; while, 83.00 per cent seed samples of groundnut had recorded equal or higher than 70 per cent field emergence. These suggested that the quality of groundnut seed used for sowing by farmers was satisfactory in Gujarat. Even though, seed quality was reflected in the yield performance of the crop. Hence, the farmers need to be more educated about the importance and advantages of using good quality seeds and be trained for maintaining the seed quality by adopting pre and post harvest measures so as to harvest good yields of the desired varieties.

Long-standing moderate to marked splenomegaly suggests several differential diagnoses, both haematological and infectious, particularly leishmaniasis and malaria in endemic areas. Non-infectious causes may be missed in these regions, especially if pitfalls of serological testing are not considered. Careful patient evaluation is necessary to arrive at the correct diagnosis. We report a case of a young male whose hereditary spherocytosis was initially missed because of RK-39 positivity, splenomegaly and the fact that he hailed from an endemic region.

Background: The proximal tibial fractures are one of the commonest intraarticular fractures. Generally these injuries fall into two broad categories, high energy fractures and low energy fractures. The tibial plateau fractures are mostly due to high velocity road traffic accidents and fall from height, where fractures result from direct axial compression, usually with a valgus (more common) or varus moment and indirect shear forces.Methods: This is a prospective study and includes operations by MIPPO technique that were undertaken between January 2020 till June 2021 in RNT government hospital; Udaipur. The total number of cases studied were 25 with the youngest being 25 years old and oldest 70 years old. Intraoperative complications were noted. Functional outcome was assessed using Modified Rasmussen’s Criteria.Results: Patients with fracture in our study occurred between the age of 25 to 70 years with maximum incidence involving the productive age group of 21-30 years (90%). Majority of the patients was males- 90%.Conclusions: From the minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis of proximal tibial fracture there is an increase in the complexity of proximal tibial fractures with increasing road traffic accident. As most of the patients sustained these fractures belong to physically highly active and productive age group, they need optimal treatment to get back to their previous work capacity and avoid long term complications like osteoarthritis. We treated all fractures in our study with MIPPO technique and found rapid healing by secondary fracture union and hence achieving strong bone union across the fracture site due to inherent benefits of less tissue damage and minimal disturbance of fracture site biology. We operated 20 proximal tibial fractures with MIPPO technique and observed rapid healing and good functional recovery.

Summary Oncogenic mutations in KRAS can be recognized by T cells on specific class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA-I) molecules, leading to tumor control. To date, the discovery of T cell targets from KRAS mutations has relied on occasional T cell responses in patient samples or the use of transgenic mice. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a systematic target discovery and validation pipeline. We evaluate the presentation of mutant KRAS peptides on individual HLA-I molecules using targeted mass spectrometry and identify 13 unpublished KRASG12C/D/R/V mutation/HLA-I pairs and nine previously described pairs. We assess immunogenicity, generating T cell responses to nearly all targets. Using cytotoxicity assays, we demonstrate that KRAS-specific T cells and T cell receptors specifically recognize endogenous KRAS mutations. The discovery and validation of T cell targets from KRAS mutations demonstrate the potential for this pipeline to aid the development of immunotherapies for important cancer targets.

Background: Postoperative infections are one of the most common complications of spine surgery. However, following a lumbar microdiscectomy, a postoperative infection involving Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is extremely rare. Case Description: One and half months after a L4-5 microdiscectomy, a 47-year-old immunocompromised male with hepatitis B infection presented with low back and bilateral gluteal pain. The MRI revealed a large intraspinal/paraspinal fluid collection spanning from L4 to S1 along with an anterior epidural collection at L5. The patient underwent a L4 lumbar laminectomy for abscess drainage and wound debridement. After obtaining a positive culture for MTB, four antitubercular drug therapies (ATTs) were started, that is, isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), ethambutol (E), a. One month later, the patient had minimal pain and no residual neurological deficit. Conclusion: MTB infection, although rare, should be considered among the differential diagnoses of postoperative infections following lumbar spine surgery in immunocompromised patients living in areas where tuberculosis is endemic.

The heat resistance of a cocktail of five Salmonella strains and five L. monocytogenes strains was determined in teriyaki-marinated chicken breasts. Inoculated meat, packaged in bags, were completely immersed in a circulating water bath and cooked to a final temperature of 55, 57.5 or 60°C in 1h, and then held for predetermined times. The surviving Salmonella and L. monocytogenes cells were enumerated by surface plating on XLD agar and Palcam agar, respectively. D-values, determined by linear regression, of Salmonella in chicken breast ranged from 47.65min at 55°C to 7.48min at 60°C; the values for L. monocytogenes ranged from 54.81min at 55°C to 10.39min at 60°C. Marination rendered the pathogen more sensitive to the lethal effect of heat. The results of this study will assist the food industry in ensuring microbiological safety of sous-vide processed marinated chicken breasts.

Introduction Presence of chronic low grade inflammation has often been implicated in the etiology of atrial fibrillation (AF). Whether pre-existing inflammatory state promotes AF or initiation of AF activates inflammation is a dilemma among clinicians. This study investigates the role of high sensitive C reactive protein (hs-CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in AF with rheumatic mitral stenosis (Rh-MS) as markers of chronic inflammation. Methods This case control cohort included sixty five (n = 65) Rh-MS patients having other valve lesions as trivial to mild. Out of them twenty nine (n = 29; group C) had baseline AF and rest were normal sinus rhythm (NSR). A 24 h holter recording was done in NSR patients to diagnose paroxysmal AF/tachyarrhythmia forming group B (n = 12) and not having any tachyarrhythmia were designated as NSR; group A (n = 24). Results hs-CRP and IL6 showed statistically significant increase in group C (permanent AF) compared to group A (95% CI: 4.2–0.9, p = 0.007; 95% CI: 1.2–0.89; p = 0.05 respectively), while it was non significant between group A and group B (p > 0.05). A weak positive correlation was observed with hs-CRP and left atrial volume index (LAVi) (r = 0.45, p = 0.06) in AF group as compared to NSR group. 68.2% of patients in AF group (27/41) had moderate to severe spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) as compared to 37.5% (10/24) in NSR group. Conclusion Increased hs-CRP and IL-6 levels in the paroxysmal and permanent AF group may favour the hypothesis that low grade chronic inflammation could be the cause of atrial fibrillation than a consequence.

Liquid egg products can be contaminated with Salmonella spp. during processing. A dynamic model for the growth of Salmonella spp. in scrambled egg mix - high solids (SEM) was developed and validated. SEM was prepared and inoculated with ca. 2 log CFU/mL of a five serovar Salmonella spp. cocktail. Salmonella spp. growth data at isothermal temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, and 47 °C) in SEM were collected. Baranyi model was used (primary model) to fit growth data and the maximum growth rate and lag phase duration for each temperature were determined. A secondary model was developed with maximum growth rate as a function of temperature. The model performance measures, root mean squared error (RMSE, 0.09) and pseudo-R2 (1.00) indicated good fit for both primary and secondary models. A dynamic model was developed by integrating the primary and secondary models and validated using two sinusoidal temperature profiles, 5-15 °C (low temperature) for 480 h and 10-40 °C (high temperature) for 48 h. The RMSE values for the sinusoidal low and high temperature profiles were 0.47 and 0.42 log CFU/mL, respectively. The model can be used to predict Salmonella spp. growth in case of temperature abuse during liquid egg processing.

Aims: We aimed to compare the diagnostic efficacy of serum cystatin C (sCyC) for contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) in Western Indians undergoing cardiac catheterization. We also aimed to propose a clinically applicable cut-off of sCyC for early identification of CIN in this ethnic group. Methods: In this prospective study, 253 patients undergoing coronary angiography and/or percutaneous coronary intervention were enrolled. The demographic and risk factor details, levels of sCr at baseline, 24 and 48 h after the procedure, whereas baseline and 24 h levels of sCyC were noted. Increase of 0.5 mg/dl or ≥25% from baseline sCr was used to define CIN. Optimum cut off of sCyC for CIN diagnosis was obtained using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: After 48 h of contrast media (CM) exposure, the incidence of CIN was 12.25% (31 patients) according to sCr definition, where only 3.9% (10 patients) had sCr rise in 24 h. Overall significant (p

Curing processes are one method by which pork products, which are considered ready to eat (RTE) and have not been otherwise tested or treated, can be rendered safe from risk for exposure to Trichinella muscle larvae (ML). Curing processes in the U.S. currently require individual validation of methods to demonstrate inactivation of Trichinella . This is a major undertaking for each process; currently no model of meat chemistry exists that can be correlated with inactivation of Trichinella . Given the potential for new RTE products (e.g., lower salt), the availability of a wider range of tested methods for inactivation of Trichinella in pork would be of substantial value to the industry. In this study, five variables were tested – salt/brine concentration, water activity (a w ), pH, temperature, and time, using low and high endpoints for common curing treatments for dry cured pork sausage. The data demonstrated that NaCl concentrations above 1.3%, in combination with fermentation to pH 5.2 or below, resulted in inactivation of > 96% of Trichinella ML in stuffed sausages within 24–28 h. All ML were inactivated by 7–10 days post-stuffing. These curing processes reliably predict inactivation of Trichinella spiralis , and can be used within the defined upper and lower endpoint parameters to reduce or eliminate the need for individual product validation.

Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic food-borne pathogen isolated from powdered infant formula (PIF), follow-up formula (FUF) and a variety of foods. Two different methods were used for the isolation of Cronobacter spp. from baby food ingredients, PIF and FUF in this study. Each presumptive C. sakazakii isolate was then subjected to identification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The prevalence of C. sakazakii was 7.5% and the number of C. sakazakii was between 7 and 15 MPN/g in milk and whey powders. Cedecea lapagei was detected in PIF for the first time in this study. Other pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli , Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. were not detected in the samples. Cedecea lapagei is also an opportunistic pathogen and was found in PIF and thus, care must be taken and effective control measures should be applied in the production of PIF.

Both tumor- and host-derived PD-L1 can play critical roles in immunosuppression; differences in tumor immunogenicity appear to underlie their relative contributions. Juneja et al. show that in immunogenic MC38 tumors, PD-L1 on tumor cells dominates in suppressing tumor immunity by inhibiting CD8 T cell cytotoxicity., It is unclear whether PD-L1 on tumor cells is sufficient for tumor immune evasion or simply correlates with an inflamed tumor microenvironment. We used three mouse tumor models sensitive to PD-1 blockade to evaluate the significance of PD-L1 on tumor versus nontumor cells. PD-L1 on nontumor cells is critical for inhibiting antitumor immunity in B16 melanoma and a genetically engineered melanoma. In contrast, PD-L1 on MC38 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells is sufficient to suppress antitumor immunity, as deletion of PD-L1 on highly immunogenic MC38 tumor cells allows effective antitumor immunity. MC38-derived PD-L1 potently inhibited CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity. Wild-type MC38 cells outcompeted PD-L1–deleted MC38 cells in vivo, demonstrating tumor PD-L1 confers a selective advantage. Thus, both tumor- and host-derived PD-L1 can play critical roles in immunosuppression. Differences in tumor immunogenicity appear to underlie their relative importance. Our findings establish reduced cytotoxicity as a key mechanism by which tumor PD-L1 suppresses antitumor immunity and demonstrate that tumor PD-L1 is not just a marker of suppressed antitumor immunity.

Introduction: The Bacopa monnieri is traditional Ayurvedic medicine, and reported for memory-enhancing effects. The Bacoside is poorly soluble, bitter in taste and responsible for the memory enhancement action. Memory enhancer is commonly prescribed for children or elder people. Objective: Poor solubility, patient compliance and bitterness were a major driving force to develop taste masked β-cyclodextrin complex and dispersible tablets. Materials and Methods: The inclusion complex of Bacopa monnieri and β-cyclodextrin was prepared in different molar ratios of Bacopa monnieri by Co-precipitation method. Phase solubility study was conducted to evaluate the effect of β-cyclodextrin on aqueous solubility of Bacoside A. The characterization was determined by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction study (XRD).Crospovidone and croscarmallose sodium were used as super disintigrant.The 32 full factorial design was adopted to investigate the influence of two superdisintegrants on the wetting time and disntegration time of the tablets. Conclusion: The result revels that molar ratio (1:4) of inclusion complex enhance 3-fold solubility. Full factorial design was successfully employed for the optimization of dispersible tablet of B. monnieri . The short-term accelerated stability study confirmed that high stability of B. monnieri in inclusion complex.