Search

The current research work focuses on the conventional bio-catalysed synthesis of amyl levulinate with immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B in the absence of a toxic solvent. The green catalyst and solvent free system offered considerable benefits like mild and gentle condition requirement, lesser-energy demand, easy down-streaming and reusability of the biocatalyst. The process parameters were examined, and the maximum conversion (73.2%) was obtained under the optimum condition of 50℃ temperature, 1:3 molar ratio of levulinic acid to amyl alcohol using 0.8% (w/v) biocatalyst at 250 rpm speed. The immobilized lipase was characterized by SEM, BET, XRD, FTIR and amyl levulinate was characterized by FTIR and GC-MS analysis. The enzyme lipase was effectively reused till 5 cycles for the formation of ester. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔG, and ΔS) and energy of activation (Ea) were determined for the assessment of energy requirement. The activation energy was determined to be 48.42 kJ/mol. The research protocol strikes the development of biocatalytic synthetic route of amyl levulinate without using any toxic solvent, which may contribute to green chemistry approach.

Mosses have been known for millennia and highly esteemed all over the world as the rich source of bioactive compounds. The research targets on evolution of microbicidal potentialities of Rhodobryum roseum (extract) used against selected fungus (X. oryzae pv oryzae, S. enteric, P. multocida and M. plutonius) and bacteria (R. solani, S. rolfsii, F. oxysporum and T. indica) to assay antimicrobial activity. Impact of aqueous and undertaken organic viz., ethanol, acetone, choloform, petroleum ether, methanol extract of R. roseum, at varied concentrations and at different time intervals were examined against the growth of bacteria and fungus. All the aqueous extracts were proved to be infective against all the tested pathogens. The antimicrobial potential of six extracts was screened against undertaken bacteria and fungi using micro broth dilution assay. Out of the six (diverse organic and aqueous) extract of R. roseum in ethanol and acetone showed maximum inhibitory activity in S. rolfsii with the MIC value of 5.00 (µg/ml), along with MFC value of 6.25 (µg/ml) in acetone extract and the value of MBC was recorded utmost in X. oryzae with value 3.00 (µg/ml) extracted in ethanol. Over all, the organic extract of R. roseum has potent antimicrobial activity and could be possible source of lead molecules considered for the future development of microbicidal agent.

The conventional flavor synthesis method suffers from low yields, time inefficiency, and extreme reaction conditions. Therefore, there is a necessity for the green and novel synthesis approach to overcome these limitations. The current review presents a holistic insight into different aspects associated with the synthesis of flavor esters using the immobilized enzyme. The application of process intensification tools such as ultrasound and microwave irradiation can enhance the reaction efficiency because of higher product recovery, less formation of by-products, and decreased energy consumption. This review presents the process intensification of value-added flavor esters synthesis and the mechanism of ultrasound and microwave action on the enzyme to enhance the enzyme activity and increase the reaction rate. It also summarizes the role of process intensification in enzymatic flavor ester synthesis, followed by specific examples as reported in the literature.

Oyster mushroom( Pleurotus ostreatus) is belong to the group of healthy foods, as they contain high levels of proteins, vitamins and different classes of compounds, it is discovered that oyster mushrooms could play a key role in maintaining good health. Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp.) Class Basidiomycetes and Family Agaricaceae are widely known as ‘dhingri’ in India. Pleurotus Ostreatus have several medicinal properties including ; anti-arthritic , antitumor, immune modulatory , antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antigenotoxic, hypo-cholesterolaemic, antihyperglycaemic antihypertensive, antiplatelet aggregating, antiviral and antimicrobial activities.. In this paper studied that effects of chemical constituents of oyster mushroom(Pleurotus sp.) on DNA damaging protein which analyzed its activity of PARP inhibiting or vice – versa.For this analysis we choose the molecular docking technique to check the effects of different chemical constituents of oyster mushroom(Pleurotus sp.) on DNA damaging protein and compare their results to PARP inhibitory drugs which taken as standard . We perform the molecular docking in between chemical constituents of oyster mushroom(Pleurotus sp.) and 4UND protein compare to performance of molecular docking in between standard PARP inhibitory drugs and 4UND protein with the help of PyRx and BIOVIA Discovery studio software.The analysis of molecular docking shows that some chemical constituents of oyster mushroom(Pleurotus sp.) having more binding affinity than standard PARP inhibitory drugs .The Rutin shows better binding affinity than PARP inhibitory drugs on the same protein.

Fifteen different genotypes of greater yam (Dioscorea alata) NGY-1, NGY-2, NGY-3, NGY-4, NGY-5, NGY-6, NGY-7, NGY-8, NGY-9, NGY-10, NGY-11, NGY-12, NGY-13, NGY-14 and Da-199 were procured from different places of south Gujarat, like Valsad, Navsari, Surat and Anand. Among the biochemical parameters total carbohydrate ranged between 51.87 and 87.85% from different genotypes, starch ranged from 47 to 80.67%, crude fat ranged from 0.6 to 2.32%, crude fibre ranged between 1.10 and 4.09%, anthocyanin content of genotypes ranged from 1.01 to 3.25 mg/g, beta-carotene content ranged between 0.97 and 1.88 µg/g. The antinutrients namely Diosgenin and Tannin ranged from 0.28 to 0.93% and 0.923 mg/100 g to 2.447 mg/100 g, respectively. RAPD analysis was also done by the help of 18 RAPD markers: OPA1, OPA2, OPA3, OPA13, OPB1, OPB6, OPB7, OPM1, OPM2, OPM4, OPM7, OPM11, OPM12, OPM13, OPM15, OPM16, OPM17 and OPM19 from which an average of 9.7 loci were detected with an average of 4.72 polymorphic loci which is 48.65% polymorphism per loci and 48.70% average polymorphism. From the overall study, it can be conferred that the study revealed highest carbohydrate content in NGY-3 (87.85%), fat (2.32%) and crude fiber content (4.09%) in NGY-11, β-carotene in NGY-7 (1.88 µg/g), anthocyanin in NGY-4(3.25 mg/g). Lowest tannin (0.923 mg/100 g) and diosgenin (0.28%) was found in NGY-6, and NGY-7 respectively. For each of the biochemical parameters, the varieties with the optimum values may be cultivated. As the molecular studies revealed NGY-2 and NGY-3 have 96% similarities, they may be the duplicate of the same genotypes which can be studied further for better germplasm conservation.

Since ancient times, people explored the nature, chiefly plants in search of new drugs. This has resulted in the use of great number of medicinal plants with curative properties to treat a variety of diseases and hold medicinal significant bioactive compounds. Along with higher plants lower plants also posses this quality and bryophytes are just one of them as they are relatively free from microbial attacks which point toward their antimicrobial ability. Unfortunately, very little is known about the chemistry of bryophytes and information concerning research results is very scattered. Hence, preliminary phytochemical screening of different extracts (petroleum ether, acetone, methanol, chloroform, ethanol) of Plagiochasma appendiculatum and Dicranum scoparium was carried out along with total phenolic (GAE/ gm) and total flavonoid (mg QE/ gm) content of different extract of two tropical bryophytes, i.e. P. appendiculatum and D. scoparium using standard procedures, to identify the phytochemical constituents. The extracts were screened for the presence and quantities of total flavonoids and total phenols with a view to assess their therapeutic values in ethnomedicine. The results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of total flavonoids and total phenols in varying quantities in the two bryophytes. These results suggest that the undertaken bryophytes can be veritable and potential source of useful drugs in treatment of ailments.

Microwave-assisted synthesis of ethyl laurate using lauric acid and ethanol catalyzed by Fermase CALB has been investigated. The effect of operating parameters like molar ratio (lauric acid: ethanol), enzyme loading, temperature, and molecular sieves was systematically studied. A maximum conversion of 98.2% was obtained in 10 ​min compared to the conventional method, where the reaction required 4 ​h to achieve 92.4% conversion. The optimum parameters for the microwave-assisted synthesis were 1:2 ​M ratio of lauric acid to ethanol, 45 ​°C temperature, 1.8% (w/w) enzyme amount, 1.5% (w/w) molecular sieves. The enzyme lipase was reused for up to seven successive cycles under microwave irradiation. The thermodynamic study was carried out to determine various thermodynamic parameters for the reaction. The esterification mechanism was proposed, and the impact of microwave irradiation on the immobilized enzyme after several reuse was studied by scanning electron microscopy.

Role of male circumcision (MC) as a tool to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs)/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was assessed. An attempt was made to search articles related to association between MC and STIs/HIV. A thorough search was carried out to find out quality articles published in indexed specialty journals. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization (WHO) sites were also referred. Warm and moist environment of area under foreskin facilitates some pathogens to persist and replicate. Further, the thinness of foreskin predisposes it to minor trauma and abrasions that facilitate the entry of pathogens. MC reduces HIV infection risk by 50%–60% over time and reduces the risk of men acquiring herpes simplex virus-2 and human papillomavirus (HPV) that can cause penile and other anogenital cancers, by 30%. There is no significant reduction in risk of acquiring syphilis, but reduced risk of acquisition of Haemophilus ducreyi is reported. MC is reported to be beneficial in conditions such as traumatic injury, Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans, refractory balanoposthitis, and chronic, recurrent urinary tract infections. MC also reduces the chances of penile carcinoma by facilitating improved penile hygiene, lowering HPV/HIV transmission rates, and reducing chronic inflammatory conditions such as phimosis and balanitis. MC has been recommended by the WHO and UNAIDS in 2007 as an additional HIV prevention intervention in settings of high HIV prevalence. MC is an important adjunct to safe sex education, condom use, and vaccination (HPV) in reducing the global burden of HIV/STIs-related morbidity and mortality.

The present work highlights the effect of ultrasound on enzymatic synthesis of isobutyl propionate, a rum flavor by esterification of isobutanol and propionic acid in non-aqueous, solvent free system (SFS) using Fermase CALB™10000. The optimization study for different variables in presence of ultrasound showed a maximum conversion of 95.14% at 60 °C temperature, 4% w/w enzyme dose, 1:3 acid:alcohol ratio, 40 W power, 25 kHz frequency, 50% duty cycle and 150 rpm speed in 3 h as compared to 10 h of conventional method. The optimal enzyme loading was reduced to 4% w/w using ultrasound irradiation compared to 5% w/w of conventional. The efficiency of enzyme improved notably and can be reused up to seven cycles preserving its former activity. The application of ultrasound greatly enhanced esterification reactions by maintaining enzyme stability and improving the production yield. Moreover, owing towards a green approach, the synthesis is carried out in SFS for development of lucrative flavor ester. Bisubstrate kinetic models like random bi-bi, ping pong bi-bi and ordered bi-bi were applied to the experimental data using non-linear regression analysis. The experimental data and kinetic study revealed that reaction obeyed Ping-Pong bi-bi model with kinetic parameters, Vmax = 50.0 M/min/g catalyst, KA = 4.87 × 10−2 M, KB = 9.06 × 10−4 M, KiA = 9.8 × 10−1 M, KiB = 1.05 × 10−3 M & SSE = 2.74 × 10−4 for lipase catalysed synthesis of isobutyl propionate under ultrasound with inhibition by both acid and alcohol.