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1. Human neocortical expansion involves glutamatergic neuron diversification

Author

Tim S. Heistek, Thomas Braun, Natalia A. Goriounova, Michael Tieu, Lindsay Ng, Michael Hawrylycz, Kris Bickley, Anton Arkhipov, Colin Farrell, Trangthanh Pham, Alexandra Glandon, Daniel Park, Gábor Molnár, Herman Tung, Allan R. Jones, Lisa Keene, Gáspár Oláh, Thomas Chartrand, Amy Torkelson, Jae Geun Yoon, Rachel A. Dalley, Aaron Szafer, Nick Dee, Brian E. Kalmbach, Eliza Barkan, Allison Beller, Krissy Brouner, Andrew L. Ko, Alex M. Henry, Viktor Szemenyei, Julie Nyhus, Staci A. Sorensen, Samuel Dingman Lee, Norbert Mihut, Amy Bernard, Lisa Kim, Anatoly Buchin, Melissa Gorham, Lucas T. Graybuck, Lydia Potekhina, Katelyn Ward, Caitlin S. Latimer, Aaron Oldre, Gabe J. Murphy, Boaz P. Levi, Trygve E. Bakken, René Wilbers, Jonathan T. Ting, Kimberly A. Smith, Amanda Gary, Songlin Ding, Alice Mukora, Matthew Kroll, Anoop P. Patel, Wayne Wakeman, Hongkui Zeng, Nadezhda Dotson, Rusty Mann, Victoria Omstead, Leona Mezei, Desiree A. Marshall, Shea Ransford, Lydia Ng, Sara Kebede, Gábor Tamás, Jeffrey G. Ojemann, Stephanie Mok, Nathan Hansen, Christina A. Pom, Brian Lee, Jim Berg, Ramkumar Rajanbabu, John W. Phillips, Philip R. Nicovich, Matthew Mallory, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Rachel Enstrom, Luke Esposito, Tim Jarsky, Di Jon Hill, Idan Segev, Darren Bertagnolli, Agata Budzillo, Sander Idema, Daniel L. Silbergeld, Costas A. Anastassiou, Chris Hill, Michelle Maxwell, Mean Hwan Kim, Charles Cobbs, Delissa McMillen, Bosiljka Tasic, Olivia Fong, Medea McGraw, Hong Gu, Kirsten Crichton, David Reid, Kristen Hadley, Lauren Alfiler, Manuel Ferreira, Elliot R. Thomsen, Kiet Ngo, Josef Sulc, Augustin Ruiz, Katherine Baker, Zizhen Yao, Erica J. Melief, Femke Waleboer, Hanchuan Peng, Grace Williams, Rebecca D. Hodge, Kyla Berry, Katherine E. Link, David Sandman, Tsega Desta, Christine Rimorin, Jeff Goldy, Ryder P. Gwinn, Djai B. Heyer, Changkyu Lee, Jeremy A. Miller, Nathan W. Gouwens, Pál Barzó, Attila Ozsvár, Huibert D. Mansvelder, Sergey L. Gratiy, Rafael Yuste, David Feng, Jessica Trinh, Clare Gamlin, Tamara Casper, C. Dirk Keene, Susan M. Sunkin, Tom Egdorf, Philip C. De Witt Hamer, Rebecca de Frates, Peter Chong, Szabina Furdan, Patrick R. Hof, Jasmine Bomben, Christiaan P. J. de Kock, Eline J. Mertens, Ed S. Lein, Anna A. Galakhova, Florence D’Orazi, Christof Koch, Madie Hupp, Neurosurgery, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Systems & Network Neuroscience, Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, and Amsterdam Neuroscience - Compulsivity, Impulsivity & Attention

Subjects
Cell type, Multidisciplinary, Neocortex, Neurofilament, Molecular neuroscience, Biology, Article, Cellular neuroscience, chemistry.chemical_compound, Glutamatergic, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, Biocytin, medicine, Neuron, Neuroscience
Abstract

The neocortex is disproportionately expanded in human compared with mouse1,2, both in its total volume relative to subcortical structures and in the proportion occupied by supragranular layers composed of neurons that selectively make connections within the neocortex and with other telencephalic structures. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses of human and mouse neocortex show an increased diversity of glutamatergic neuron types in supragranular layers in human neocortex and pronounced gradients as a function of cortical depth3. Here, to probe the functional and anatomical correlates of this transcriptomic diversity, we developed a robust platform combining patch clamp recording, biocytin staining and single-cell RNA-sequencing (Patch-seq) to examine neurosurgically resected human tissues. We demonstrate a strong correspondence between morphological, physiological and transcriptomic phenotypes of five human glutamatergic supragranular neuron types. These were enriched in but not restricted to layers, with one type varying continuously in all phenotypes across layers 2 and 3. The deep portion of layer 3 contained highly distinctive cell types, two of which express a neurofilament protein that labels long-range projection neurons in primates that are selectively depleted in Alzheimer’s disease4,5. Together, these results demonstrate the explanatory power of transcriptomic cell-type classification, provide a structural underpinning for increased complexity of cortical function in humans, and implicate discrete transcriptomic neuron types as selectively vulnerable in disease., Combined patch clamp recording, biocytin staining and single-cell RNA-sequencing of human neurocortical neurons shows an expansion of glutamatergic neuron types relative to mouse that characterizes the greater complexity of the human neocortex.

Published
2021

2. A whole-brain monosynaptic input connectome to neuron classes in mouse visual cortex

Author

Kat North, Jasmin Bomben, Shenqin Yao, Bosiljka Tasic, Nicole Hancock, Shea Ransford, Thuyanh V. Nguyen, Ali Williford, Karla E. Hirokawa, Wayne Wakeman, Stefan Mihalas, Lydia Ng, Fiona Griffin, Robert Howard, Julie A. Harris, Rachel Enstrom, Tom Egdorf, Nadezhda Dotson, Eric Lee, Kyla Mace, Amanda Gary, Peter A. Groblewski, Michelle Maxwell, Lydia Potekhina, Tanya L. Daigle, Nhan-Kiet Ngo, Medea McGraw, Krissy Brouner, Philip R. Nicovich, Benjamin Ouellette, Jennifer Luviano, Emily Gelfand, Sam Seid, Chelsea Nayan, Maitham Naeemi, Marty Mortrud, Jackie Swapp, Cho A, Ali Cetin, Hong Gu, Hongkui Zeng, M. J. Taormina, Sophie Lambert, Leonard Kuan, Ruweida Ahmed, Thomas Zhou, Melissa Gorham, Augustin Ruiz, Linzy Casal, Shiella Caldejon, and Quanxin Wang

Subjects
General Neuroscience, Rabies virus, Tracing, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Entire visual cortex, Visual cortex, medicine.anatomical_structure, medicine, Connectome, Excitatory postsynaptic potential, Neuron, Neuroscience, Brain function
Abstract

Identification of the structural connections between neurons is a prerequisite to understanding brain function. We developed a pipeline to systematically map brain-wide monosynaptic inputs to specific neuronal populations using Cre-driver mouse lines and the recombinant rabies tracing system. We first improved the rabies virus tracing strategy to accurately identify starter cells and to efficiently quantify presynaptic inputs. We then mapped brain-wide presynaptic inputs to different excitatory and inhibitory neuron subclasses in the primary visual cortex and seven higher visual areas. Our results reveal quantitative target-, layer- and cell-class-specific differences in the retrograde connectomes, despite similar global input patterns to different neuronal populations in the same anatomical area. The retrograde connectivity we define is consistent with the presence of the ventral and dorsal visual information processing streams and reveals further subnetworks within the dorsal stream. The hierarchical organization of the entire visual cortex can be derived from intracortical feedforward and feedback pathways mediated by upper- and lower-layer input neurons, respectively. This study expands our knowledge of the brain-wide inputs regulating visual areas and demonstrates that our improved rabies virus tracing strategy can be used to scale up the effort in dissecting connectivity of genetically defined cell populations in the whole mouse brain.

Published
2021

3. Classification of electrophysiological and morphological neuron types in the mouse visual cortex

Author

David Sandman, Brian Lee, Michael Hawrylycz, Sara Kebede, Tom Egdorf, David Reid, Rob Young, Nivretta Thatra, Stefan Mihalas, David Feng, John W. Phillips, Rebecca de Frates, DiJon Hill, Cliff Slaughterbeck, Samuel R Josephsen, Tamara Casper, Xiaoxiao Liu, Hanchuan Peng, Peter Chong, Colin Farrell, Zhi Zhou, Sheana Parry, Jed Perkins, Brian Long, Susan M. Sunkin, Matthew Kroll, Krissy Brouner, Melissa Gorham, Aaron Szafer, Wayne Wakeman, Hong Gu, Marissa Garwood, Daniel Park, Kristen Hadley, Michael S. Fisher, Lydia Potekhina, Ed Lein, Alice Mukora, Hongkui Zeng, Nick Dee, Aaron Oldre, Lindsay Ng, Thomas Braun, Grace Williams, Tracy Lemon, Julie A. Harris, Medea McGraw, Nadezhda Dotson, Philip R. Nicovich, Amanda Gary, Rusty Mann, Alex M. Henry, Caroline Habel, Samuel Dingman, Katherine E. Link, Nathalie Gaudreault, Gilberto J. Soler-Llavina, Thuc Nghi Nguyen, Nicole Blesie, Bosiljka Tasic, Lydia Ng, Christine Cuhaciyan, Tim Jarsky, Keith B. Godfrey, Costas A. Anastassiou, Kirsten Crichton, Josef Sulc, Martin Schroedter, Dan Castelli, Miranda Robertson, Amy Bernard, Lisa Kim, Songlin Ding, Alyse Doperalski, Nathan W. Gouwens, Herman Tung, Tsega Desta, Corinne Teeter, James Harrington, Jonathan T. Ting, Kris Bickley, Anton Arkhipov, Kiet Ngo, Changkyu Lee, Jim Berg, Agata Budzillo, Emma Garren, Tanya L. Daigle, Christof Koch, Rachel A. Dalley, Eliza Barkan, Staci A. Sorensen, Gabe J. Murphy, Shiella Caldejon, and Naz Taskin

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Genetically modified mouse, Cell type, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Databases, Factual, Action Potentials, Datasets as Topic, Mice, Transgenic, Biology, Article, Neuron types, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Genes, Reporter, Biocytin, medicine, Animals, Cell shape, Cell Shape, Visual Cortex, Neurons, General Neuroscience, Laboratory mouse, Electrophysiology, 030104 developmental biology, Visual cortex, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, Transcriptome, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Understanding the diversity of cell types in the brain has been an enduring challenge and requires detailed characterization of individual neurons in multiple dimensions. To systematically profile morpho-electric properties of mammalian neurons, we established a single-cell characterization pipeline using standardized patch-clamp recordings in brain slices and biocytin-based neuronal reconstructions. We built a publicly accessible online database, the Allen Cell Types Database, to display these datasets. Intrinsic physiological properties were measured from 1,938 neurons from the adult laboratory mouse visual cortex, morphological properties were measured from 461 reconstructed neurons, and 452 neurons had both measurements available. Quantitative features were used to classify neurons into distinct types using unsupervised methods. We established a taxonomy of morphologically and electrophysiologically defined cell types for this region of the cortex, with 17 electrophysiological types, 38 morphological types and 46 morpho-electric types. There was good correspondence with previously defined transcriptomic cell types and subclasses using the same transgenic mouse lines.

Published
2019

4. Local Connectivity and Synaptic Dynamics in Mouse and Human Neocortex

Author

Michael Tieu, Amy Bernard, Lisa Kim, Samuel Dingman Lee, Tim Jarsky, Corinne Teeter, Martin Schroedter, Alex Hoggarth, Kimberly A. Smith, Amanda Gary, Charles Cobb, John W. Phillips, Christina A. Pom, Herman Tung, Hongkui Zeng, Daniel Carey, Phillip Bohn, Colin Farrell, Bosiljka Tasic, Rusty Nicovich, Medea McGraw, Krissy Brouner, Andrew L. Ko, Katherine Wadhwani, Lauren Ellingwood, Tom Egdorf, Anton Arkhipov, Aaron Szafer, Michael Clark, Kirsten Crichton, Kyla Berry, Josef Sulc, Nick Dee, Gabe J. Murphy, Luke Esposito, Trangthanh Pham, Thomas Chartrand, Alex M. Henry, Rachel A. Dalley, Rachel Enstrom, Thomas Braun, Luke Campagnola, Cristina Radaelli, C. Dirk Keene, Tanya L. Daigle, Cliff Slaughterbeck, Sara Kebede, Rachael Larsen, Jeffrey G. Ojemann, Juia Andrade, Michelle Maxwell, Staci A. Sorensen, Jeff Goldy, Jessica Gloe, David Sandman, Shinya Ito, Susan M. Sunkin, Wayne Wakeman, Travis A. Hage, Melissa Gorham, Ryder P. Gwinn, Pasha A. Davoudian, Augustin Ruiz, Grace Williams, Clare Gamlin, Christof Koch, La'Akea Siverts, Stephanie C. Seeman, Jasmine Bomben, Florence D’Orazi, Madie Hupp, Ed S. Lein, Nadia Dotson, Shea Ransford, Nika Hejazinia, Mean Hwan Kim, Delissa McMillen, David Feng, Jessica Trinh, Lydia Potekhina, Alice Mukora, Lauren Alfiler, Tamara Casper, Shu Shi, Matthew Kroll, Kiet Ngo, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Daniel L. Silbergeld, and Miranda Walker

Subjects
Synapse, Cell type, Neocortex, medicine.anatomical_structure, Excitatory synapse, Cortex (anatomy), medicine, Excitatory postsynaptic potential, Biology, Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, Neuroscience, Subclass
Abstract

To elucidate cortical microcircuit structure and synaptic properties we present a unique, extensive, and public synaptic physiology dataset and analysis platform. Through its application, we reveal principles that relate cell type to synapse properties and intralaminar circuit organization in the mouse and human cortex. The dynamics of excitatory synapses align with the postsynaptic cell subclass, whereas inhibitory synapse dynamics partly align with presynaptic cell subclass but with considerable overlap. Despite these associations, synaptic properties are heterogeneous in most subclass to subclass connections. The two main axes of heterogeneity are strength and variability. Cell subclasses divide along the variability axis, while the strength axis accounts for significant heterogeneity within the subclass. In human cortex, excitatory to excitatory synapse dynamics are distinct from those in mouse and short-term plasticity varies with depth across layers 2 and 3. With a novel connectivity analysis that enables fair comparisons between circuit elements, we find that intralaminar connection probability among cell subclasses exhibits a strong layer dependence.These and other findings combined with the analysis platform create new opportunities for the neuroscience community to advance our understanding of cortical microcircuits.

Published
2021

5. Human cortical expansion involves diversification and specialization of supragranular intratelencephalic-projecting neurons

Author

Sergey L. Gratiy, Sara Kebede, Chris Hill, Clare Gamlin, Jeffrey G. Ojemann, Tom Egdorf, Ed S. Lein, Lydia Potekhina, Alice Mukora, Shea Ransford, Matthew Mallory, Tim S. Heistek, Jonathan T. Ting, Gábor Tamás, Philip C. De Witt Hamer, Rebecca de Frates, Medea McGraw, Gábor Molnár, Jim Berg, Szabina Furdan, Patrick R. Hof, Natalia A. Goriounova, David Feng, David Reid, Elliot R. Thomsen, Michael Tieu, Katelyn Ward, C. Dirk Keene, Florence D’Orazi, Mean Hwan Kim, Daniel Park, Amy Torkelson, Agata Budzillo, Katherine Baker, Michael Hawrylycz, Krissy Brouner, Andrew L. Ko, DiJon Hill, Kyla Berry, Peter Chong, Jessica Trinh, Desiree A. Marshall, Katherine E. Link, Brian Lee, Jasmine Bomben, Aaron Szafer, Gabe J. Murphy, Viktor Szemenyei, Madie Hupp, Lauren Alfiler, Nick Dee, Zizhen Yao, Luke Esposito, Tamara Casper, Erica J. Melief, Susan M. Sunkin, Lindsay Ng, Hongkui Zeng, Pál Barzó, Allison Beller, Lydia Ng, Charles Cobbs, Darren Bertagnolli, Kiet Ngo, Bosiljka Tasic, John W. Phillips, Christine Rimorin, Alex M. Henry, Aaron Oldre, Michelle Maxwell, Wayne Wakeman, Delissa McMillen, Amanda Gary, Tsega Desta, Nathan Hansen, Hong Gu, Julie Nyhus, Staci A. Sorensen, Gáspár Oláh, Thomas Chartrand, Kirsten Crichton, Matthew Kroll, Josef Sulc, Jeremy A. Miller, Amy Bernard, Lisa Kim, Herman Tung, Idan Segev, Kristen Hadley, David Sandman, Anoop P. Patel, Colin Farrell, Allan R. Jones, Lisa Keene, Sander Idema, Changkyu Lee, Stephanie Mok, Augustin Ruiz, Caitlin S. Latimer, Tim Jarsky, Kris Bickley, Anton Arkhipov, Ramkumar Rajanbabu, Thomas Braun, Costas A. Anastassiou, Anatoly Buchin, Nathan W. Gouwens, Philip R. Nicovich, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Olivia Fong, Grace Williams, Rachel Enstrom, Rachel A. Dalley, Daniel L. Silbergeld, Attila Ozsvár, Kimberly A. Smith, Ryder P. Gwinn, Songlin Ding, Rafael Yuste, Manuel Ferreira, Victoria Omstead, Samuel Dingman Lee, Norbert Mihut, Hanchuan Peng, Brian E. Kalmbach, Eliza Barkan, Melissa Gorham, Boaz P. Levi, Trygve E. Bakken, Jeff Goldy, Djai B. Heyer, Nadezhda Dotson, Rusty Mann, Rebecca D. Hodge, Christof Koch, René Wilbers, Leona Mezei, Eline J. Mertens, Jae-Geun Yoon, Anna A. Galakhova, Christina A. Pom, Trangthanh Pham, Alexandra Glandon, Christiaan P. J. de Kock, Lucas T. Graybuck, and Huibert D. Mansvelder

Subjects
0303 health sciences, Cell type, Neocortex, Neurofilament, Biology, Transcriptome, 03 medical and health sciences, Glutamatergic, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cortex (anatomy), Specialization (functional), medicine, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Function (biology), 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

The neocortex is disproportionately expanded in human compared to mouse, both in its total volume relative to subcortical structures and in the proportion occupied by supragranular layers that selectively make connections within the cortex and other telencephalic structures. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses of human and mouse cortex show an increased diversity of glutamatergic neuron types in supragranular cortex in human and pronounced gradients as a function of cortical depth. To probe the functional and anatomical correlates of this transcriptomic diversity, we describe a robust Patch-seq platform using neurosurgically-resected human tissues. We characterize the morphological and physiological properties of five transcriptomically defined human glutamatergic supragranular neuron types. Three of these types have properties that are specialized compared to the more homogeneous properties of transcriptomically defined homologous mouse neuron types. The two remaining supragranular neuron types, located exclusively in deep layer 3, do not have clear mouse homologues in supragranular cortex but are transcriptionally most similar to deep layer mouse intratelencephalic-projecting neuron types. Furthermore, we reveal the transcriptomic types in deep layer 3 that express high levels of non-phosphorylated heavy chain neurofilament protein that label long-range neurons known to be selectively depleted in Alzheimer’s disease. Together, these results demonstrate the power of transcriptomic cell type classification, provide a mechanistic underpinning for increased complexity of cortical function in human cortical evolution, and implicate discrete transcriptomic cell types as selectively vulnerable in disease.

Published
2020
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6. Toward an integrated classification of neuronal cell types: morphoelectric and transcriptomic characterization of individual GABAergic cortical neurons

Author

David Feng, Jessica Trinh, Tamara Casper, Lisa Kim, Rohan Gala, Clare Gamlin, Matthew Kroll, Uygar Sümbül, Lauren Alfiler, Thomas Braun, Jasmine Bomben, Bosiljka Tasic, Colin Farrell, Hongkui Zeng, Lydia Potekhina, Tsega Desta, Kiet Ngo, Lydia Ng, Alice Mukora, Fahimeh Baftizadeh, Aaron Szafer, Rachel A. Dalley, Shea Ransford, Changkyu Lee, Nick Dee, Brian Lee, Kirsten Crichton, Luke Esposito, Miranda Robertson, Josef Sulc, Alex M. Henry, Darren Bertagnolli, Tom Egdorf, Nadezhda Dotson, Zhi Zhou, Jim Berg, Philip R. Nicovich, Rusty Mann, Madie Hupp, Daniel Park, Delissa McMillen, Samuel Dingman Lee, Agata Budzillo, Eliza Barkan, Olivia Fong, Thanh Pham, Jeff Goldy, Ed S. Lein, Rebecca de Frates, Kimberly A. Smith, Amy Torkelson, Tim Jarsky, Michelle Maxwell, Michael Tieu, Susan M. Sunkin, Michael Hawrylycz, Lucas T. Graybuck, Herman Tung, David Reid, DiJon Hill, Alexandra Glandon, Kara Ronellenfitch, Aaron Oldre, Amanda Gary, Nathan W. Gouwens, Christof Koch, Alice Pom, Wayne Wakeman, Sara Kebede, Matthew Mallory, Tae Kyung Kim, Tanya L. Daigle, Kris Bickley, Anton Arkhipov, Osnat Penn, Staci A. Sorensen, Rachel Enstrom, Hanchuan Peng, Ramkumar Rajanbabu, Jonathan T. Ting, Zizhen Yao, Lauren Ellingwood, Medea McGraw, Gabe J. Murphy, Katherine Baker, Krissy Brouner, Hong Gu, David Sandman, Katelyn Ward, Kyla Berry, Katherine E. Link, Lindsay Ng, Christine Rimorin, Kristen Hadley, Augustin Ruiz, Grace Williams, and Melissa Gorham

Subjects
Transcriptome, Electrophysiology, Cell type, medicine.anatomical_structure, Visual cortex, Interneuron, nervous system, genetic structures, medicine, GABAergic, Cortical neurons, Biology, Neuroscience
Abstract

Neurons are frequently classified into distinct groups or cell types on the basis of structural, physiological, or genetic attributes. To better constrain the definition of neuronal cell types, we characterized the transcriptomes and intrinsic physiological properties of over 3,700 GABAergic mouse visual cortical neurons and reconstructed the local morphologies of 350 of those neurons. We found that most transcriptomic types (t-types) occupy specific laminar positions within mouse visual cortex, and many of those t-types exhibit consistent electrophysiological and morphological features. We observed that these properties could vary continuously between t-types, which limited the ability to predict specific t-types from other data modalities. Despite that, the data support the presence of at least 20 interneuron met-types that have congruent morphological, electrophysiological, and transcriptomic properties.HighlightsPatch-seq data obtained from >3,700 GABAergic cortical interneuronsComprehensive characterization of morpho-electric features of transcriptomic types20 interneuron met-types that have congruent properties across data modalitiesDifferent Sst met-types preferentially innervate different cortical layers

Published
2020
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7. Conserved cell types with divergent features in human versus mouse cortex

Author

Elliot R. Thomsen, Ahmed Mahfouz, Saroja Somasundaram, Aaron Oldre, Bosiljka Tasic, Songlin Ding, Richard H. Scheuermann, Daniel Hirschstein, Thomas Höllt, Christine Rimorin, Thuc Nghi Nguyen, Jennie L. Close, John W. Phillips, Lydia Ng, Jeff Goldy, Darren Bertagnolli, Amy Bernard, Zizhen Yao, Boaz P. Levi, Trygve E. Bakken, Soraya I. Shehata, Susan M. Sunkin, Osnat Penn, Michael Tieu, Allison Beller, Boudewijn P. F. Lelieveldt, Jeffrey G. Ojemann, Shannon Reynolds, Michael Hawrylycz, Jeroen Eggermont, Medea McGraw, Ryder P. Gwinn, Sheana Parry, Kimberly A. Smith, Brian Long, Olivia Fong, Zoe Maltzer, Rafael Yuste, David Feng, Julie Nyhus, Rebecca D. Hodge, Ed Lein, Jeremy A. Miller, Brian D. Aevermann, Gerald Quon, Emma Garren, Christof Koch, Aaron Szafer, Nick Dee, Nadiya V. Shapovalova, Rachel A. Dalley, Tamara Casper, Mohamed Keshk, Nelson Johansen, Krissy Brouner, Andrew L. Ko, Allan R. Jones, Eliza Barkan, Hongkui Zeng, Richard G. Ellenbogen, C. Dirk Keene, Kanan Lathia, Lucas T. Graybuck, and Charles Cobbs

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Adult, Male, Cell type, Adolescent, General Science & Technology, Middle temporal gyrus, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Single-cell analysis, Species Specificity, Underpinning research, Cortex (anatomy), medicine, Genetics, Animals, Humans, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, RNA-Seq, Aetiology, Aged, Cerebral Cortex, Neurons, Principal Component Analysis, Multidisciplinary, Cellular architecture, Neurosciences, Neural Inhibition, Human brain, Middle Aged, Biological Evolution, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cerebral cortex, Astrocytes, Neurological, Excitatory postsynaptic potential, Female, Single-Cell Analysis, Transcriptome, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Elucidating the cellular architecture of the human cerebral cortex is central to understanding our cognitive abilities and susceptibility to disease. Here we used single-nucleus RNA-sequencing analysis to perform a comprehensive study of cell types in the middle temporal gyrus of human cortex. We identified a highly diverse set of excitatory and inhibitory neuron types that are mostly sparse, with excitatory types being less layer-restricted than expected. Comparison to similar mouse cortex single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets revealed a surprisingly well-conserved cellular architecture that enables matching of homologous types and predictions of properties of human cell types. Despite this general conservation, we also found extensive differences between homologous human and mouse cell types, including marked alterations in proportions, laminar distributions, gene expression and morphology. These species-specific features emphasize the importance of directly studying human brain.

Published
2019

8. Integrated Morphoelectric and Transcriptomic Classification of Cortical GABAergic Cells

Author

Kris Bickley, Anton Arkhipov, Osnat Penn, Hanchuan Peng, Shea Ransford, Sara Kebede, Kara Ronellenfitch, Matthew Mallory, Krissy Brouner, Madie Hupp, Lydia Ng, Daniel Park, Staci A. Sorensen, Alice Pom, Susan M. Sunkin, Tanya L. Daigle, Fahimeh Baftizadeh, Wayne Wakeman, Aaron Oldre, Amanda Gary, Herman Tung, Brian Lee, Ed S. Lein, Medea McGraw, Rachel A. Dalley, Bosiljka Tasic, Hong Gu, Miranda Robertson, Katherine Baker, Lindsay Ng, David Sandman, Jasmine Bomben, Uygar Sümbül, Tae Kyung Kim, David Reid, Eliza Barkan, Luke Esposito, Kirsten Crichton, DiJon Hill, Zoran Popović, Josef Sulc, Nathan W. Gouwens, Ramkumar Rajanbabu, Lydia Potekhina, Thomas Braun, Alexandra Glandon, Tim Jarsky, Darren Bertagnolli, Tom Egdorf, Olivia Fong, Alice Mukora, Rebecca de Frates, Lauren Ellingwood, Jonathan T. Ting, Gabe J. Murphy, Katelyn Ward, Delissa McMillen, Samuel Dingman Lee, Melissa Gorham, Michelle Maxwell, Clare Gamlin, Zhi Zhou, Jeff Goldy, Rachel Enstrom, Kyla Berry, Colin Farrell, Katherine E. Link, Christine Rimorin, Zizhen Yao, Hongkui Zeng, Kristen Hadley, Augustin Ruiz, Grace Williams, Amy Torkelson, Kimberly A. Smith, Lisa Kim, Aaron Szafer, Nick Dee, Alex M. Henry, Rohan Gala, David Feng, Jessica Trinh, Tamara Casper, Matthew Kroll, Christof Koch, Michael Tieu, Michael Hawrylycz, Lauren Alfiler, Kiet Ngo, Philip R. Nicovich, Thanh Pham, Nadezhda Dotson, Rusty Mann, Tsega Desta, Lucas T. Graybuck, Changkyu Lee, Jim Berg, and Agata Budzillo

Subjects
0303 health sciences, Cell type, biology, Interneuron, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Transcriptome, 03 medical and health sciences, Electrophysiology, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Visual cortex, medicine, biology.protein, GABAergic, Axon, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Parvalbumin, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

Neurons are frequently classified into distinct types on the basis of structural, physiological, or genetic attributes. To better constrain the definition of neuronal cell types, we characterized the transcriptomes and intrinsic physiological properties of over 4,200 mouse visual cortical GABAergic interneurons and reconstructed the local morphologies of 517 of those neurons. We find that most transcriptomic types (t-types) occupy specific laminar positions within visual cortex, and, for most types, the cells mapping to a t-type exhibit consistent electrophysiological and morphological properties. These properties display both discrete and continuous variation among t-types. Through multimodal integrated analysis, we define 28 met-types that have congruent morphological, electrophysiological, and transcriptomic properties and robust mutual predictability. We identify layer-specific axon innervation pattern as a defining feature distinguishing different met-types. These met-types represent a unified definition of cortical GABAergic interneuron types, providing a systematic framework to capture existing knowledge and bridge future analyses across different modalities.

Published
2020

9. Conserved cell types with divergent features between human and mouse cortex

Author

Jeff Goldy, Sheana Parry, Jeremy A. Miller, Brian Long, Susan M. Sunkin, Saroja Somasundaram, Rebecca D. Hodge, Hongkui Zeng, Aaron Oldre, Kimberly A. Smith, Zoe Maltzer, Brian D. Aevermann, Mohamed Keshk, Jeroen Eggermont, Ed Lein, Daniel Hirschstein, Darren Bertagnolli, Jennie L. Close, Osnat Penn, John W. Phillips, Rachel A. Dalley, Allan R. Jones, Ahmed Mahfouz, Olivia Fong, Allison Beller, Soraya I. Shehata, Thuc Nghi Nguyen, Jeffrey G. Ojemann, Shannon Reynolds, Eliza Barkan, Michael Tieu, Christof Koch, Michael Hawrylycz, Songlin Ding, Richard H. Scheuermann, Ryder P. Gwinn, Elliot R. Thomsen, Medea McGraw, Emma Garren, Christine Rimorin, Lydia Ng, Boudewijn P. F. Lelieveldt, C. Dirk Keene, Amy Bernard, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Rafael Yuste, David Feng, Boaz P. Levi, Trygve E. Bakken, Tamara Casper, Bosiljka Tasic, Aaron Szafer, Nick Dee, Nadiya V. Shapovalova, Kanan Lathia, Lucas T. Graybuck, Charles Cobbs, Julie Nyhus, Thomas Höllt, Zizhen Yao, Krissy Brouner, and Andrew L. Ko

Subjects
0303 health sciences, Cell type, Neocortex, Cellular architecture, Middle temporal gyrus, Cell, Human brain, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cerebral cortex, medicine, Neuroscience, Nucleus, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

Elucidating the cellular architecture of the human neocortex is central to understanding our cognitive abilities and susceptibility to disease. Here we applied single nucleus RNA-sequencing to perform a comprehensive analysis of cell types in the middle temporal gyrus of human cerebral cortex. We identify a highly diverse set of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal types that are mostly sparse, with excitatory types being less layer-restricted than expected. Comparison to a similar mouse cortex single cell RNA-sequencing dataset revealed a surprisingly well-conserved cellular architecture that enables matching of homologous types and predictions of human cell type properties. Despite this general conservation, we also find extensive differences between homologous human and mouse cell types, including dramatic alterations in proportions, laminar distributions, gene expression, and morphology. These species-specific features emphasize the importance of directly studying human brain.

Published
2018

10. Classification of electrophysiological and morphological types in mouse visual cortex

Author

Tom Egdorf, Rebecca de Frates, Emma Garren, Sara Kebede, Peter Chong, John W. Phillips, Nivretta Thatra, Samuel R Josephsen, Philip R. Nicovich, Tim Jarsky, Xiaoxiao Liu, Susan M. Sunkin, Brian Lee, Keith B. Godfrey, Matthew Kroll, Nicole Blesie, Bosiljka Tasic, Amy Bernard, Lisa Kim, Costas A. Anastassiou, Kristen Hadley, Staci A. Sorensen, Thuc Nghi Nguyen, Martin Schroedter, Corinne Teeter, Kirsten Crichton, Josef Sulc, Rachel A. Dalley, David Feng, Tracy Lemon, Michael Hawrylycz, Miranda Robertson, Christine Cuhaciyan, Eliza Barkan, Shiella Caldejon, Tsega Desta, Kris Bickley, Dan Castelli, Wayne Wakeman, Herman Tung, Hongkui Zeng, Grace Williams, Nadezhda Dotson, Rusty Mann, Tamara Casper, Anton Arkhipov, Daniel Park, Sheana Parry, Jed Perkins, Alyse Doperalski, Brian Long, Thomas Braun, Christof Koch, Gabe J. Murphy, Aaron Oldre, Changkyu Lee, Colin Farrell, Medea McGraw, Amanda Gary, Kiet Ngo, Melissa Gorham, Naz Taskin, Jim Berg, Samuel Dingman, Tanya L. Daigle, Agata Budzillo, Marissa Garwood, Gilberto J. Soler-Llavina, Aaron Szafer, Nick Dee, Jonathan T. Ting, Lydia Ng, Alex M. Henry, James Harrington, Julie A. Harris, Michael S. Fisher, Lindsay Ng, Caroline Habel, Nathalie Gaudreault, Krissy Brouner, David Reid, Lydia Potekhina, Rob Young, DiJon Hill, Cliff Slaughterbeck, Ed Lein, Alice Mukora, David Sandman, Stefan Mihalas, Nathan W. Gouwens, Zhi Zhou, Hanchuan Peng, and Hong Gu

Subjects
Genetically modified mouse, Cell type, Cell, Laboratory mouse, Biology, Electrophysiology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Visual cortex, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, Biocytin, medicine, Patch clamp, Neuroscience
Abstract

Understanding the diversity of cell types in the brain has been an enduring challenge and requires detailed characterization of individual neurons in multiple dimensions. To profile morpho-electric properties of mammalian neurons systematically, we established a single cell characterization pipeline using standardized patch clamp recordings in brain slices and biocytin-based neuronal reconstructions. We built a publicly-accessible online database, the Allen Cell Types Database, to display these data sets. Intrinsic physiological and morphological properties were measured from over 1,800 neurons from the adult laboratory mouse visual cortex. Quantitative features were used to classify neurons into distinct types using unsupervised methods. We establish a taxonomy of morphologically- and electrophysiologically-defined cell types for this region of cortex with 17 e-types and 35 m-types, as well as an initial correspondence with previously-defined transcriptomic cell types using the same transgenic mouse lines.

Published
2018
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11. Neuropathological and transcriptomic characteristics of the aged brain

Author

Terri L. Gilbert, Thomas J. Montine, Aaron Szafer, Eiron Cudaback, Nick Dee, Christine Cuhaciyan, Xianwu Li, Kimberly A. Smith, Samuel R Josephsen, Tim A. Dolbeare, Paul K. Crane, Amy Bernard, Nadezhda Dotson, Michael Tieu, Fiona Griffin, Shannon E. Rose, Ed S. Lein, Jeff Goldy, Laura E. Gibbons, Julie Pendergraft, Felix Lee, Nivretta Thatra, Elaine Shen, Elizabeth Rha, Susan M. Sunkin, Garrett Gee, Lydia Potekhina, Nadia Postupna, Darren Bertagnolli, Andy J. Sodt, Nikolas L. Jorstad, Angela L. Guillozet-Bongaarts, Samantha Rice, Jeremy A. Miller, Natalie M Coleman, Zeb Haradon, Tsega Desta, David Rosen, Angela M. Wilson, Justin Johal, Shubhabrata Mukherjee, Kristopher Bickley, Anne Renz, Abharika Sapru, Robert Howard, Desiree A. Marshall, Tracy Lemon, Nika Hejazinia, Rachel A. Dalley, Shu Shi, Steve Horvath, Mindy L Chua, Aimee Schantz, Eric B. Larson, Allison Beller, Michael S. Fisher, Julie Nyhus, C. Dirk Keene, Lydia Ng, Kim Howard, Caroline Habel, Nathalie Gaudreault, Krissy Brouner, Leanne L Hellstern, Shiella Caldejon, Jose Melchor, Emily Sherfield, Chihchau L. Kuan, Mike Chapin, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Chris Barber, Florence Lai, and Eric Lee

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Male, Amyloid beta, QH301-705.5, Science, Hippocampus, Disease, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Transcriptome, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Alzheimer Disease, medicine, Dementia, Humans, Biology (General), Gene, Pathological, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cerebral Cortex, General Immunology and Microbiology, biology, business.industry, General Neuroscience, Gene Expression Profiling, aging, Cognition, General Medicine, Alzheimer's disease, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Tools and Resources, 030104 developmental biology, biology.protein, gene expression, Medicine, Female, business, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Human, dementia
Abstract

As more people live longer, age-related neurodegenerative diseases are an increasingly important societal health issue. Treatments targeting specific pathologies such as amyloid beta in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have not led to effective treatments, and there is increasing evidence of a disconnect between traditional pathology and cognitive abilities with advancing age, indicative of individual variation in resilience to pathology. Here, we generated a comprehensive neuropathological, molecular, and transcriptomic characterization of hippocampus and two regions cortex in 107 aged donors (median = 90) from the Adult Changes in Thought (ACT) study as a freely-available resource (http://aging.brain-map.org/). We confirm established associations between AD pathology and dementia, albeit with increased, presumably aging-related variability, and identify sets of co-expressed genes correlated with pathological tau and inflammation markers. Finally, we demonstrate a relationship between dementia and RNA quality, and find common gene signatures, highlighting the importance of properly controlling for RNA quality when studying dementia.

Published
2017

12. A comprehensive transcriptional map of primate brain development

Author

Songlin Ding, R.D. Young, Paul Wohnoutka, Anna Hoerder-Suabedissen, Brian L. Youngstrom, Rachel A. Dalley, Terri L. Gilbert, Stephanie Butler, Lydia Potekhina, Jody Parente, Shiella Caldejon, Shu Shi, Kimberly A. Smith, Lon T. Luong, Chinh Dang, Aaron Oldre, Shelby Cate, Emi J. Byrnes, Susan M. Sunkin, Joshua J. Royall, Jefferey Chen, Amanda Ebbert, Jeffrey Rogers, Zeb Haradon, Lindsey Gourley, Ryan May, Naveed Mastan, Aaron Szafer, Chihchau L. Kuan, Kristopher Bickley, Tracy Lemon, Nick Dee, Nerick Mosqueda, Ed S. Lein, David Rosen, Mike Chapin, John W. Phillips, Guangyu Gu, Crissa Bennett, Nadia Dotson, Kate Roll, Ali Kriedberg, Nika Hejazinia, Nadiya V. Shapovalova, Brandon Rogers, Jon Hall, David G. Amaral, Robert Howard, Melaine Sarreal, Sheana Parry, Kaylynn Aiona, Tim A. Dolbeare, Michael Hawrylycz, Allan R. Jones, Robert F. Hevner, Nathan Sjoquist, Tyson Roberts, Marty Kinnunen, Lissette Velasquez, Jay Jochim, Richard A. Gibbs, Anita Carey, Tsega Desta, Jennifer Wu, Kiet Ngo, Julie Nyhus, Julie Pendergraft, Ben W. Gregor, Sheila Shapouri, Amy Bernard, Lydia Ng, Darren Bertagnolli, Eric Olson, Jeff Goldy, Udi Wagley, Changkyu Lee, Christopher Lau, David R. Haynor, Krissy Brouner, Erika Mott, Jeremy A. Miller, Andy J. Sodt, Jeffrey L. Bennett, Jose Melchor, Patrick D. Parker, Cassandra White, Zoltán Molnár, Andrew F. Boe, Zackery L. Riley, Trygve E. Bakken, David Sandman, Garrett Gee, James M. Arnold, Erich Fulfs, Robbie Townsend, Wayne Wakeman, John G. Hohmann, Felix Lee, and Melissa Reding

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Male, Microcephaly, Aging, Transcription, Genetic, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Neocortex, Molecular neuroscience, Transcriptome, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Primate, Conserved Sequence, Pediatric, Multidisciplinary, biology, Neurogenesis, Brain, Mental Health, medicine.anatomical_structure, Autism spectrum disorder, Neurological, Stem Cell Research - Nonembryonic - Non-Human, Female, Transcription, Biotechnology, General Science & Technology, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD), 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Spatio-Temporal Analysis, Species Specificity, Genetic, biology.animal, Intellectual Disability, Genetics, medicine, Cell Adhesion, Animals, Humans, Cell projection, Human Genome, Neurosciences, Stem Cell Research, medicine.disease, Macaca mulatta, Brain Disorders, 030104 developmental biology, Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Schizophrenia, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

The transcriptional underpinnings of brain development remain poorly understood, particularly in humans and closely related non-human primates. We describe a high-resolution transcriptional atlas of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) brain development that combines dense temporal sampling of prenatal and postnatal periods with fine anatomical division of cortical and subcortical regions associated with human neuropsychiatric disease. Gene expression changes more rapidly before birth, both in progenitor cells and maturing neurons. Cortical layers and areas acquire adult-like molecular profiles surprisingly late in postnatal development. Disparate cell populations exhibit distinct developmental timing of gene expression, but also unexpected synchrony of processes underlying neural circuit construction including cell projection and adhesion. Candidate risk genes for neurodevelopmental disorders including primary microcephaly, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and schizophrenia show disease-specific spatiotemporal enrichment within developing neocortex. Human developmental expression trajectories are more similar to monkey than rodent, although approximately 9% of genes show human-specific regulation with evidence for prolonged maturation or neoteny compared to monkey.

Published
2016

13. An anatomic transcriptional atlas of human glioblastoma

Author

Greg Foltz, Parvinder Hothi, Ali Kriedberg, Krissy Brouner, David Feng, Chantal Murthy, Robert Howard, Robert C. Rostomily, David Sandman, Eric Olson, Nadezhda Dotson, Nameeta Shah, Guangyu Gu, Kris Bickley, Lydia Ng, Nika Hejazinia, John W. Phillips, Leonard Kuan, Charles Cobbs, Garrett Gee, Tim A. Dolbeare, Tsega Desta, Shiella Caldejon, Kiet Ngo, Haley Gittleman, Andrew F. Boe, Hwahyung Lee, Rachel A. Dalley, Steven J. White, Chris Lau, Bart Keogh, Graham Stockdale, Lindsey Gourley, Fuhui Long, Darren Bertagnolli, Andrew Sodt, Michael Hawrylycz, Amanda Ebbert, Jill S. Barnholtz-Sloan, David Rosen, Michael S. Fisher, Antonio Iavarone, Ed S. Lein, Stephanie Butler, Patrick J. Cimino, Tracy Lemon, Zack Riley, Allan R. Jones, Megha S Uppin, Mike Chapin, Naveed Mastan, Kimberly A. Smith, Michael E. Berens, Clifford R. Slaughterbeck, Aaron Szafer, Nick Dee, Wayne Wakeman, John G. Hohmann, Benjamin W. Gregor, Suvro Datta, Felix Lee, Ralph B. Puchalski, Melissa Reding, Nadiya V. Shapovalova, Xu Feng, Amy Bernard, Jae Guen Yoon, Erika Mott, Jeremy A. Miller, Justin D. Lathia, Steve R. Nomura, Steven Rostad, Kevin M. Joines, Paul Wohnoutka, Jeff Goldy, Don Marsh, Farrokh Farrokhi, Michael Lankerovich, C. Dirk Keene, and Chinh Dang

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Poor prognosis, Multidisciplinary, Extramural, Brain Neoplasms, Gene Expression Profiling, Brain tumor, Computational biology, Biology, medicine.disease, Prognosis, Genomic databases, Data resources, Article, nervous system diseases, Gene expression profiling, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Atlases as Topic, Databases, Genetic, medicine, Humans, Glioblastoma, neoplasms
Abstract

Anatomically correct tumor genomics Glioblastoma is the most lethal form of human brain cancer. The genomic alterations and gene expression profiles characterizing this tumor type have been widely studied. Puchalski et al. created the Ivy Glioblastoma Atlas, a freely available online resource for the research community. The atlas, a collaborative effort between bioinformaticians and pathologists, maps molecular features of glioblastomas, such as transcriptional signatures, to histologically defined anatomical regions of the tumors. The relationships identified in this atlas, in conjunction with associated databases of clinical and genomic information, could provide new insights into the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of glioblastoma. Science , this issue p. 660

Published
2016

14. Transcriptional landscape of the prenatal human brain

Author

Amy Bernard, Phil Lesnar, Daniel H. Geschwind, Sheana Parry, Ed S. Lein, Benjamin W. Gregor, Theresa Naluai-Cecchini, John W. Phillips, Elaine H. Shen, Julie Nyhus, Chinh Dang, Rachel A. Dalley, Susan M. Sunkin, Nerick Mosqueda, Mark Gerstein, Lydia Ng, Hao Huang, Guangyu Gu, Lindsey Gourley, Tim A. Dolbeare, Darren Bertagnolli, Ian A. Glass, Bergen McMurray, Melaine Sarreal, Allison Stevens, Tim P. Fliss, Crissa Bennet, Clifford R. Slaughterbeck, Aaron Szafer, Mihovil Pletikos, Nenad Sestan, Benjamin A.C. Facer, Nick Dee, David Feng, Jody Parente, Paul Wohnoutka, Andy J. Sodt, Robert Howard, Christopher Lau, Tracy Lemon, Aaron Oldre, Robert F. Hevner, Nathan Sjoquist, Michael Hawrylycz, Nadiya V. Shapovalova, Joshua J. Royall, Pat Levitt, Zackery L. Riley, Anita Carey, John G. Hohmann, Kaylynn Aiona, Bruce Fischl, James A. Knowles, Felix Lee, Lilla Zöllei, Sheila Shapouri, Eric Olson, Melissa Reding, Christine Cuhaciyan, Shiella Caldejon, Songlin Ding, Derric Williams, Chihchau L. Kuan, Jayson M. Jochim, Michael W. Smith, Krissy Brouner, Allan R. Jones, Patrick D. Parker, Garrett Gee, Kate Roll, David Sandman, Stephanie Butler, James M. Arnold, Kimberly A. Smith, Jeremy A. Miller, Jeff Goldy, Nhan Kiet Ngo, Amanda Ebbert, Changkyu Lee, and Naveed Mastan

Subjects
Evolution, General Science & Technology, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Neocortex, Biology, Human brain, Microarray, Development, Article, Transcriptome, Mice, Fetus, Atlases as Topic, Species Specificity, Stem Cell Research - Nonembryonic - Human, Underpinning research, Subplate, medicine, Genetics, Animals, Humans, Artistic, Developmental, Gene Regulatory Networks, Anatomy, Artistic, Conserved Sequence, Regulation of gene expression, Pediatric, Multidisciplinary, Microarray analysis techniques, Neurosciences, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Brain, Stem Cell Research, Human Fetal Tissue, medicine.anatomical_structure, Frontal lobe, Gene Expression Regulation, Cerebral cortex, Neurological, Gene expression, Anatomy, Neuroscience, Biotechnology
Abstract

The anatomical and functional architecture of the human brain is mainly determined by prenatal transcriptional processes. We describe an anatomically comprehensive atlas of the mid-gestational human brain, including de novo reference atlases, in situ hybridization, ultra-high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and microarray analysis on highly discrete laser-microdissected brain regions. In developing cerebral cortex, transcriptional differences are found between different proliferative and post-mitotic layers, wherein laminar signatures reflect cellular composition and developmental processes. Cytoarchitectural differences between human and mouse have molecular correlates, including species differences in gene expression in subplate, although surprisingly we find minimal differences between the inner and outer subventricular zones even though the outer zone is expanded in humans. Both germinal and post-mitotic cortical layers exhibit fronto-temporal gradients, with particular enrichment in the frontal lobe. Finally, many neurodevelopmental disorder and human-evolution-related genes show patterned expression, potentially underlying unique features of human cortical formation. These data provide a rich, freely-accessible resource for understanding human brain development.

Published
2014

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