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DESCRIBED IS A SIX-WEEK SUMMER SCIENCE PROJECT DESIGNED TO--(1) PROVIDE TALENTED TEACHERS AND PROMISING STUDENTS FROM DIVERSE SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUNDS WITH THE OPPORTUNITY TO TEACH AND LEARN TOGETHER IN CIRCUMSTANCES CONDUCIVE TO CREATIVE ENDEAVOR AND MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING, (2) CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMING IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES, (3) MAINTAIN AND EXTEND THE COOPERATIVE ENDEAVORS OF CLEVELAND'S MAJOR CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES, AND (4) INTRODUCE URBAN AND SUBURBAN BOYS TO THE NATURAL EARTH. THE PROJECT INVOLVED 72 JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL BOYS FROM 21 CLEVELAND URBAN SCHOOLS, 10 SUBURBAN SCHOOLS, AND TWO INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS. LOCAL TEACHERS AND PERSONNEL FROM THE CLEVELAND NATURAL SCIENCE MUSEUM, OHIO UNIVERSITY, AND OTHER COMMUNITY AGENCIES WERE INVOLVED IN CONDUCTING THE PROJECT. A PROJECT RATIONALE AND DESCRIPTION ARE PROVIDED. THE DESCRIPTION IS DIVIDED INTO THE SIX WEEKS COVERED AND INCLUDES FOR EACH WEEK--(1) TOPIC COVERED, (2) CLASSROOM AND FIELD ACTIVITIES, AND (3) RESOURCES WHICH INCLUDE REFERENCES, FILMS, EQUIPMENT, AND PERSONNEL. NUMEROUS PICTURES OF STUDENT INVOLVEMENT ARE INCLUDED. (DS)

GRADES OR AGES: K-12. SUBJECT MATTER: Science. ORGANIZATION AND PHYSICAL APPEARANCE: The guide is divided into three sections, one each for elementary grades, middle grades, and high school. The first two sections are further subdivided by grade level and the last section is subdivided by course. Sections are laid out in four columns across two pages. Column headings are concepts, teaching methods and learning activities, resources, and evaluation. The guide is mimeographed and loose-leaf bound with a soft cover. OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES: General objectives are outlined in an introductory section. Suggested activities are correlated with specific scientific concepts and specific objectives. Activities include reading, laboratory experiments, lectures by outside experts, field trips, and independent projects. INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Materials needed for an activity are listed with the activity description. The lists include both print and audiovisual materials. Textbooks used in the middle grades are listed at the beginning of the section. STUDENT ASSESSMENT: Suggestions for evaluation accompany each group of activities correlated with a concept--usually teacher observation in the lower grades and teacher-developed and textbook quizzes and exams in the upper grades. (RT)

This is the seventh in the third series of general bibliographies developed to disseminate information on documents analyzed at the ERIC Information Analysis Center for Science Education. Reported are some 87 citations of selected documents in the areas of (1) science and society, (2) the history of science education, (3) science history, and (4) general studies and surveys. The documents included represent research reports, research reviews, manuals, textbooks, and other types. Citations are listed in alphabetical order by author and indicate sources, availability, and major ideas of the document. This bibliography updates, but does not replace, general bibliography 7 (ED 021 771) and general bibliography 17 (ED 026 283) produced earlier by this Center. (RH)

This is the third in the third series of general bibliographies developed to disseminate information on documents analyzed at the ERIC Information Analysis Center for Science Education. Reported are some 366 citations of selected documents related to instructional equipment and materials in science and mathematics education. The documents included represent research reports, research reviews, manuals, textbooks, and other types. Citations are listed in alphabetical order by author and indicate sources, availability, and major ideas of the document. This bibliography updates, but does not replace, general bibliography 3 (ED 015 880) and general bibliography 13 (ED 026 279) produced earlier by this Center. (RH)

This is the second in the third series of general bibliographies developed to disseminate information on documents analyzed at the ERIC Information Analysis Center for Science Education. Reported are some 113 citations of selected documents related to teacher education in science and mathematics education. The documents included represent research reports, research reviews, manuals, textbooks, and other types. Citations are listed in alphabetical order by author and indicate sources, availability, and major ideas of the document. This bibliography updates, but does not replace, general bibliography 2 (ED 015 879) and general bibliography 12 (ED 026 278) produced earlier by this Center. (RH)

This is the fifth in the third series of general bibliographies developed to disseminate information on documents analyzed at the ERIC Information Analysis Center for Science Education. Reported are some 64 citations of documents related to student achievement in science and mathematics education. The documents included represent research reports, research reviews, manuals, textbooks, and other types. Citations are listed in alphabetical order by author and indicate sources, availability, and major ideas of the document. This bibliography updates, but does not replace, general bibliography 5 (ED 015 878) and general bibliography 15 (ED 026 281) produced earlier by this Center. (RH)

Listed are 212 citations of documents related to instructional procedures in science and mathematics education. The documents included represent research reports, research reviews, conference reports, position papers, textbooks, manuals, speeches, and other types. Citations are categorized in alphabetical order by author, and indicate source, availability, and major ideas of the document. The bibliography updates, but does not replace, bibliography 11 (ED 026 277) and bibliography 1 (ED 015 877). (RH)

Included in this bibliography are annotations of quantitative data on the content or concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in plants and animals, the contribution to water of these elements from various sources (soil, fertilizers, excretion, sewage, precipitation, urban run-off), and the effect their presence has on aquatic standing crops and production rates of plankton, fish, higher aquatic plants and bottom organisms. Freshwater investigations predominate, but some marine studies are included. There is an author index and a cross-referenced table of contents to the 181 selected citations of journal articles, research reports, and books published between 1922 and 1965. Some annotations contain citations of other documents not annotated in this bibliography. (AL)

THIS BULLETIN, PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY, REPORTS THE CURRENT LITERATURE IN THE AREA OF SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY. THE COVERAGE ENCOMPASSES BOTH "POLICY FOR SCIENCE" AND "SCIENCE FOR POLICY" MATTERS. SCIENCE IS USED TO DENOTE ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY, AND SCIENCE. THE BULLETIN IS INTENDED FOR PERSONS ENGAGED IN STUDYING, FORMULATING, AND IMPLEMENTING PUBLIC POLICY RELATING TO SCIENCE AND ITS USE. ITS PURPOSE IS TO AID SUCH INDIVIDUALS BY ALERTING THEM TO NEW ADDITIONS TO THE SCIENCE POLICY LITERATURE. THE INFORMATION PRESENTED CONSISTS PRINCIPALLY OF A BIBLIOGRAPHIC LISTING, SOME ANNOTATED, OF CURRENT PUBLICATIONS IN THE AREA. PUBLICATIONS OF A HIGHLY TECHNICAL AND NARROWLY SPECIALIZED NATURE ARE EXCLUDED. THE BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION IS PRESENTED UNDER A NUMBER OF TOPICAL CATEGORIES--(1) GENERAL, (2) SCIENCE, DOMESTIC PROBLEMS, AND NATIONAL GOALS, (3) NEEDS AND ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES FOR SCIENCE, (4) NATIONAL R AND D PROGRAMS, (5) SCIENCE, EDUCATION, AND THE UNIVERSITY, (6) SCIENCE MANAGEMENT AND POLICY MAKING BODIES, (7) SCIENCE, FOREIGN AFFAIRS, AND NATIONAL DEFENSE, AND (8) SCIENCE POLICY IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. EACH CITED PUBLICATION IS RECORDED UNDER A SINGLE CATEGORY. CROSS INDEXING IS NOT USED. MAJOR MEETINGS AND OTHER EVENTS IN THE SUBJECT AREA ARE ALSO REPORTED. (DS)

Reviewed is research on instructional procedures used to teach science in secondary schools. This part, the first of a two part review, discusses studies emphasizing outcomes obtained from generalized instruction in a classroom or classroom-laboratory setting. Outcomes discussed include knowledge of science content and concepts, understanding the scientific enterprise, critical thinking, and attitude development. The review is summarized by ten conclusions arising from the implications of the research studies reviewed. An extensive bibliography of the field is included. (GR)

This is the tenth in the second series of general bibliographies developed to disseminate information on documents analyzed at the ERIC Information Analysis Center for Science Education. Reported are some 67 citations of selected documents in the areas of (1) teacher characteristics, and (2) student characteristics. The documents include research reports, research reviews, and position papers. Citations are listed under the major areas in alphabetical order by author and indicate source, availability, and major ideas of the document. This bibliography is available at no cost, while the supply lasts, from the ERIC Information Analysis Center for Science Education, 1460 West Lane Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43221. It updates, but does not replace, the earlier bibliography produced in this area by the Center. (GR)

This is the seventh in the second series of general bibliographies developed to disseminate information on documents analyzed at the ERIC Information Analysis Center for Science Education. Reported are some 98 citations of selected documents in the areas of (1) science and society, (2) the history of science education, (3) science history, and (4) general studies and surveys. The documents included represent research reports, research reviews, manuals, speeches, textbooks, and other types. Citations are listed in alphabetical order by author and indicate source, availability, and major ideas of the document. This bibliography is available at no cost, while the supply lasts, from the ERIC Information Analysis Center for Science Education, 1460 West Lane Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43221. It updates, but does not replace, the earlier bibliography produced in this area by the Center. (GR)

This is the fifth in the second series of general bibliographies developed to disseminate information on documents analyzed at the ERIC Information Analysis Center for Science Education. Reported are some 76 citations of selected documents related to student achievement in science. The documents included represent research reports, research reviews, manuals, speeches, textbooks, and other types. Citations are listed in alphabetical order by author and indicate source, availability, and major ideas of the document. This bibliography is available at no cost, while the supply lasts, from the ERIC Information Analysis Center for Science Education, 1460 West Lane Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43221. It updates, but does not replace, the earlier bibliography produced in this area by the Center. (GR)

This is the second in the second series of general bibliographies developed to disseminate information on documents analyzed at the ERIC Information Analysis Center for Science Education. Reported are some 100 citations of selected documents related to teacher education in science education. The documents included represent research reports, research reviews, manuals, speeches, and other types. Citations are categorized in alphabetical order by author, and indicate source, availability, and major ideas of the document. This bibliography is available at no cost, while the supply lasts, from the ERIC Information Analysis Center for Science Education, 1460 West Lane Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43221. It updates, but does not replace, the earlier bibliography produced in this area by the Center. (GR)

This is the third in the second series of general bibliographies developed to disseminate information on documents analyzed at the ERIC Information Analysis Center for Science Education. Reported are some 297 citations of selected documents related to instructional equipment and materials for teaching and learning science. The documents included represent research reports, research reviews, manuals, speeches, textbooks and other types. Citations are listed in alphabetical order by author and indicate source, availability, and major ideas of the document. This bibliography is available at no cost, while the supply lasts, from the ERIC Information Analysis Center for Science Education, 1460 West Lane Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43221. It updates, but does not replace, the earlier bibliography produced in this area by the Center. (GR)

This is the first in the second series of general bibliographies developed to disseminate information on documents analyzed at the ERIC Information Analysis Center for Science Education. Reported are some 217 citations of selected documents related to instructional procedures in science education. The documents included represent research reports, research reviews, conference reports, position papers, textbooks, manuals, speeches, and other types. Citations are categorized in alphabetical order by author, and indicate source, availability, and major ideas of the document. This bibliography is available at no cost, while the supply lasts, from the ERIC Information Analysis Center for Science Education, 1460 West Lane Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43221. It updates, but does not replace, the earlier bibliography produced in this area by the Center. (GR)

This is the tenth in a series of general bibliographies which are being developed to disseminate information concerning documents analyzed at the ERIC Information Analysis Center for Science Education. Reported are over 40 citations to selected documents in the areas of (1) teacher characteristics, and (2) student characteristics. The documents include research reports, research reviews, and position papers. The citations are categorized under the major areas in alphabetical order by author and indicate the availability and major ideas of the document. General bibliographies have been or are being prepared for other selected areas in science education. All bibliographies will be supplemented periodically as more documents are processed by the ERIC Information Analysis Center for Science Education. (DS)

This is the seventh in a series of general bibliographies which are being developed to disseminate information concerning documents analyzed at the ERIC Information Analysis Center for Science Education. Reported are over 85 citations to selected documents in the areas of (1) science and society, (2) the history of science education, (3) science history, and (4) general studies and surveys. The documents include research reports, research reviews, conference reports, project reports, position papers, textbooks, manuals, and speeches. The citations are categorized under the major areas in alphabetical order by author and indicate the availability and major ideas of the document. General bibliographies have been or are being prepared for other selected areas in science education. All bibliographies will be supplemented periodically as more documents are processed by the ERIC Information Analysis Center for Science Education. (DS)

A SUMMARY IS GIVEN OF 13 EXPERIMENTS IN DIRECT INSTRUCTION BY TELEVISION IN BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY, ELEMENTARY SCIENCE, DRIVER EDUCATION, AND MATHEMATICS. IN ADDITION, FOUR EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED DURING THE 1959-60 SCHOOL YEAR ARE ABSTRACTED IN GREATER DETAIL. (MS)

THIS IS THE SECOND IN A SERIES OF GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES WHICH ARE BEING DEVELOPED TO DISSEMINATE INFORMATION CONCERNING DOCUMENTS ANALYZED AT THE ERIC INFORMATION ANALYSIS CENTER FOR SCIENCE EDUCATION. REPORTED ARE OVER 120 CITATIONS TO SELECTED DOCUMENTS RELATED TO TEACHER EDUCATION IN SCIENCE EDUCATION. THE DOCUMENTS INCLUDED REPRESENT RESEARCH REPORTS, RESEARCH REVIEWS, CONFERENCE REPORTS, POSITION PAPERS, TEXTBOOKS, MANUALS, SPEECHES, AND NUMEROUS OTHER TYPES. THE CITATIONS ARE CATEGORIZED IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER BY AUTHOR AND INDICATE THE AVAILABILITY AND THE MAJOR IDEAS OF THE DOCUMENT. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES HAVE BEEN OR ARE BEING PREPARED FOR OTHER SELECTED AREAS IN SCIENCE EDUCATION. ALL BIBLIOGRAPHIES WILL BE SUPPLEMENTED PERIODICALLY AS MORE DOCUMENTS ARE PROCESSED BY THE ERIC INFORMATION ANALYSIS CENTER FOR SCIENCE EDUCATION. (DS)

THIS IS THE THIRD IN A SERIES OF GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES WHICH ARE BEING DEVELOPED TO DISSEMINATE INFORMATION CONCERNING DOCUMENTS ANALYZED AT THE ERIC INFORMATION ANALYSIS CENTER FOR SCIENCE EDUCATION. REPORTED ARE OVER 200 CITATIONS TO SELECTED DOCUMENTS RELATED TO EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING SCIENCE. THE DOCUMENTS INCLUDED REPRESENT RESEARCH REPORTS, RESEARCH REVIEWS, CONFERENCE REPORTS, POSITION PAPERS, TEXTBOOKS, MANUALS, SPEECHES, AND NUMEROUS OTHER TYPES. THE CITATIONS ARE CATEGORIZED IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER BY AUTHOR AND INDICATE THE AVAILABILITY AND THE MAJOR IDEAS OF THE DOCUMENT. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES HAVE BEEN OR ARE BEING PREPARED FOR OTHER SELECTED AREAS IN SCIENCE EDUCATION. ALL BIBLIOGRAPHIES WILL BE SUPPLEMENTED PERIODICALLY AS MORE DOCUMENTS ARE PROCESSED BY THE ERIC INFORMATION ANALYSIS CENTER FOR SCIENCE EDUCATION. (DS)

THIS IS THE FIFTH IN A SERIES OF GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES WHICH ARE BEING DEVELOPED TO DISSEMINATE INFORMATION CONCERNING DOCUMENTS ANALYZED AT THE ERIC INFORMATION ANALYSIS CENTER FOR SCIENCE EDUCATION. REPORTED ARE OVER 85 CITATIONS TO SELECTED DOCUMENTS ON STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT IN SCIENCE. THE DOCUMENTS INCLUDED REPRESENT RESEARCH REPORTS, RESEARCH REVIEWS, CONFERENCE REPORTS, POSITION PAPERS, TEXTBOOKS, MANUALS, SPEECHES, AND NUMEROUS OTHER TYPES. THE CITATIONS ARE CATEGORIZED IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER BY AUTHOR AND INDICATE THE AVAILABILITY AND THE MAJOR IDEAS OF THE DOCUMENT. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES HAVE BEEN OR ARE BEING PREPARED FOR OTHER SELECTED AREAS IN SCIENCE EDUCATION. ALL BIBLIOGRAPHIES WILL BE SUPPLEMENTED PERIODICALLY AS MORE DOCUMENTS ARE PROCESSED BY THE ERIC INFORMATION ANALYSIS CENTER FOR SCIENCE EDUCATION. (DS)

THIS IS THE FIRST IN A SERIES OF GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES WHICH ARE BEING DEVELOPED TO DISSEMINATE INFORMATION CONCERNING DOCUMENTS ANALYZED AT THE ERIC INFORMATION ANALYSIS CENTER FOR SCIENCE EDUCATION. REPORTED ARE OVER 180 CITATIONS TO SELECTED DOCUMENTS RELATED TO INSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURES IN SCIENCE EDUCATION. THE DOCUMENTS INCLUDED REPRESENT RESEARCH REPORTS, RESEARCH REVIEWS, CONFERENCE REPORTS, POSITION PAPERS, TEXTBOOKS, MANUALS, SPEECHES, AND NUMEROUS OTHER TYPES. THE CITATIONS ARE CATEGORIZED IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER BY AUTHOR AND INDICATE THE AVAILABILITY AND THE MAJOR IDEAS OF THE DOCUMENT. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES HAVE BEEN OR ARE BEING PREPARED FOR OTHER SELECTED AREAS IN SCIENCE EDUCATION. ALL BIBLIOGRAPHIES WILL BE SUPPLEMENTED PERIODICALLY AS MORE DOCUMENTS ARE PROCESSED BY THE ERIC INFORMATION ANALYSIS CENTER FOR SCIENCE EDUCATION. (DS)

REPORTED ARE THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD IN A SERIES OF FOUR CONFERENCES ON INNOVATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION. HELD AT BARD COLLEGE ON JANUARY 25-28, 1967, THE CONFERENCE INVOLVED REPRESENTATIVES FROM TEN COLLEGES. THE LECTURES AND PANEL DISCUSSIONS DEALT WITH THE TOPICS (1) SCIENCE AS A HUMAN ENTERPRISE, (2) THE TEACHING OF SCIENCE IN LABORATORIES AND CLASSROOMS, (3) THE PREDICTION OF SCIENTIFIC TALENT, (4) A NEW APPROACH--THE INTEGRATION OF SCIENCE THROUGH ECOLOGY, (5) FACULTY COLLABORATION IN SCIENCE INSTRUCTION, AND (6) NEW APPROACHES TO THE LOGISTICS OF STAFFING AND "STUDENTING" SCIENCE. ALSO REPORTED WERE THE PROCEEDINGS OF WORKSHOPS IN THE AREAS OF (1) INDEPENDENT, EXPERIMENTAL WORK FOR FRESHMEN IN SCIENCE, (2) SCIENCE MAJORS IN A SMALL COLLEGE WITHIN A LARGE UNIVERSITY, (3) DEVELOPING A SCIENCE COURSE FOR NON-MAJORS WHICH HAS SCIENTIFIC AND HUMANISTIC VALIDITY, AND (4) WHERE AND HOW TO START BEGINNING STUDENTS TO BETTER MEET THEIR INDIVIDUAL NEEDS AND DESIRES. THE TITLES OF THE OTHER CONFERENCES OF THIS SERIES LISTED IN THEIR CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER ARE (1) "DIMENSIONS OF CHANGE IN HIGHER EDUCATION," (2) "NEW PATTERNS IN THE LIBERAL ARTS COLLEGES," AND (3) "CLIMATES OF LEARNING AND THE INNOVATIVE PROCESS." A LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AND THEIR ADDRESSES IS INCLUDED. (DS)

The innate immune system is the first line of defense, providing a rapid, broad-spectrum defense during viral infections. Innate immunity relies on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), the unique molecular patterns found in pathogens, and mount appropriate downstream immune responses. There are multiple PRRs, which allow cells to recognize a wide range of viruses. Upon activation, PRRs initiate a complex cascade of signaling pathways involving numerous adaptor proteins, kinases, and transcription factors to orchestrate the expression of inflammatory genes encoding cytokines, chemokines, and other anti-viral immune proteins important in inhibiting viral replication and propagation. Meanwhile, viruses continuously evolve strategies to evade the host’s innate immune detection, bringing additional pressure to develop multiple layers of protective mechanisms. Moreover, the innate immune system must be tightly regulated to prevent its aberrant activation by distinguishing between self and non-self molecules. Given the complexity of the innate immune system, it is essential to thoroughly investigate the roles and regulatory mechanisms of immune factors. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation is to elucidate novel regulators and their functions within various pathways of innate immunity.Chapter 1 focuses on identifying a novel regulator in the OAS-RNase L pathway. OAS-RNase L is an important antiviral pathway triggered in response to diverse viral infections. Upon double-stranded RNA binding, OAS enzymes synthesize 2’-5’ linked oligoadenylates (2-5A), leading to the activation of latent endonuclease RNase L. Once activated, RNase L leads to rapid decay of host and viral RNAs and shut down host translation machinery. As many viruses have developed strategies to counteract different steps of the OAS/RNase L pathway, it is crucial to fully characterize the regulators involved in this signaling cascade to understand how viruses evade our innate immunity. To this date, whether there are additional factors other than OAS3 and RNase L is not well known. I developed CRISPR-Translate, a FACS-based genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening method that uses translation levels as a readout and identified IRF2 as a key regulator of OAS3. I demonstrated that IRF2 promotes basal expression of OAS3 in unstressed cells, allowing a rapid activation of RNase L following viral infection. Furthermore, IRF2 cooperates with the interferon response through STAT2 to further enhance OAS3 expression after viral infection. I propose that IRF2-induced RNase L is critical in enabling cells to mount a rapid antiviral response immediately after viral infection, serving as the initial line of defense and giving host cells the necessary time to activate additional antiviral signaling pathways, forming secondary defense waves.Chapter 2 demonstrates a novel function of APOBEC3B (A3B) in protecting the assemblies of stress granules (SGs) during viral infections. A3B belongs to the family of cytosine deaminase APOBEC3 (A3) family that counteracts viruses, primarily by inducing mutations in the viral genomes. Interestingly, A3s have been shown to restrict viruses independently of their genome editing role. However, the different mechanisms of how A3 members can suppress viral replication without deaminase activity are poorly understood and need further investigation to fill the gap in knowledge on how innate immunity protects cells against viruses. During viral infection, the activation of RNase L is crucial for limiting viral replications by causing widespread RNA decay and shutting down host translation machinery, but this activity of RNase L simultaneously results in SGs disassembly, which appears to be counterproductive for cells. In this study, I demonstrated that A3B is recruited to SGs to counteract RNase L activity and protects the mRNAs associated with SGs from RNase L-induced RNA cleavage during viral infection. This study reveals a novel deaminase-independent function of A3B as a modulator of SGs structures in response to viral infections.Chapter 3 identifies the regulation of APOBEC3A (A3A) expression during viral infection and cancer mutagenesis. Besides mutating viral genome to inhibit viral replication, A3A is capable of deaminating the human genome and has been shown to be one of the major causes of APOBEC mutational signatures found in patient’s tumors. However, the mechanisms by which viral infection and tumors trigger A3A expression are still poorly understood. In this study, I find that both viral infection and genotoxic stress transiently up-regulate A3A and pro-inflammatory genes using two distinct mechanisms. STAT2-mediated interferon pathway promotes A3A expression in response to foreign nucleic acids through RIG-I/MAVS signaling cascade while DNA damage and replications stress independently activate the NF-κB pathway to induce expression of A3A and other innate immune genes. This study reveals different types of stressors that lead to the expression of A3A and the mechanisms of regulations during viral infections and cancer mutagenesis.