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1. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) shoot architecture reveals coordinated ontogenetic changes between shoot specialization and branching pattern

Author

Christian Messier, Olivier Taugourdeau, Sylvain Delagrange, Rita Sousa-Silva, and Bastien Lecigne

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Maple, Ecology, Physiology, Ontogeny, Plant physiology, Growing season, Forestry, Plant Science, Biology, engineering.material, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Branching (linguistics), Tree structure, Shoot, Botany, engineering, Interception, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Trees display contrasting specialized annual shoots during their life-span and along with ontogeny-driven modifications in their branching pattern, they can fulfill different combinations of light exploitation and space exploration functions Tree ontogeny is related to major changes in tree structure and function at different scales, from individual organs to the whole tree. Yet, little is known about the direct effects of tree ontogeny on shoot specialization and branching patterns. Such specific architectural changes occurring with tree growth and aging are of critical importance for understanding the response of trees to their environment. The uppermost branching system of 0.1- to 23-m-tall sugar maple trees was sampled at the end of the growing season. Measurements were made at both the branching system (n = 40) and annual shoot scales (n = 803). An algorithm for automated shoot typology was developed to characterize branching pattern variations. Sugar maple shoots were divided into four types with contrasting sizes and levels of foliage (i.e., relative biomass allocation into leaves, LMF). These morphological differences were interpreted as functional specializations for light exploitation (high LMF) or space exploration and support (low LMF). Only annual trunk shoots exhibited trait value changes during ontogeny such as a minimum allocation to foliage in the current-year shoots for the 5-m-tall trees, which is related to lower light interception capabilities but higher space exploration abilities. However, this relative loss of light interception function is compensated by ontogenetic changes at the branching system scale, which are associated with higher rates of ramification to produce lateral shoots. This study reveals how branching system and annual shoot traits change simultaneously during tree ontogeny to fulfill different functions, particularly light exploitation and space exploration.

Published
2019
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2. Linking ice accretion and crown structure: towards a model of the effect of freezing rain on tree canopies

Author

Charles A. Nock, David F. Greene, Jean Dauzat, Sylvain Delagrange, Bastien Lecigne, Olivier Taugourdeau, Christian Messier, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), Humbolt State University, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])

Subjects
Terrestrial laser scanning, 0106 biological sciences, Eastern North America, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Pluie, Rain, Plant Science, Facteur climatique, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Trees, Temperate forest, Freezing rain, Freezing, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, Ecology, Branch breakage, Crown (botany), Quebec, Ice accretion, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Lidar, Anatomie végétale, Forêt, Branche, Voxels, Interception, LiDAR, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, Acer, Froid, Biology, Models, Biological, Ice storm, Modelling, Variation génétique, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, stomatognathic system, Computer Simulation, K70 - Dégâts causés aux forêts et leur protection, Croissance, Propriété physicochimique, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Morphologie végétale, Ice, Acer platanoides L, Modèle de simulation, Original Articles, Plant Components, Aerial, 15. Life on land, Acer platanoides, Tree (set theory), [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; Background and Aims: Despite a longstanding interest in variation in tree species vulnerability to ice storm damage, quantitative analyses of the influence of crown structure on within-crown variation in ice accretion are rare. In particular, the effect of prior interception by higher branches on lower branch accumulation remains unstudied. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that intra-crown ice accretion can be predicted by a measure of the degree of sheltering by neighbouring branches.Methods: Freezing rain was artificially applied to Acer platanoides L., and in situ branch-ice thickness was measured directly and from LiDAR point clouds. Two models of freezing rain interception were developed: ‘IceCube’, which uses point clouds to relate ice accretion to a voxel-based index (sheltering factor; SF) of the sheltering effect of branch elements above a measurement point; and ‘IceTree’, a simulation model for in silico evaluation of the interception pattern of freezing rain in virtual tree crowns.Key Results: Intra-crown radial ice accretion varied strongly, declining from the tips to the bases of branches and from the top to the base of the crown. SF for branches varied strongly within the crown, and differences among branches were consistent for a range of model parameters. Intra-crown variation in ice accretion on branches was related to SF (R2 = 0·46), with in silico results from IceTree supporting empirical relationships from IceCube.Conclusions: Empirical results and simulations confirmed a key role for crown architecture in determining intra-crown patterns of ice accretion. As suspected, the concentration of freezing rain droplets is attenuated by passage through the upper crown, and thus higher branches accumulate more ice than lower branches. This is the first step in developing a model that can provide a quantitative basis for investigating intra-crown and inter-specific variation in freezing rain damage.

Published
2016
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3. Characterizing the respective importance of ontogeny and environmental constraints in forest tree development using growth phase duration distributions

Author

Yves Caraglio, Sylvie-Annabel Sabatier, Yann Guédon, Olivier Taugourdeau, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Modeling plant morphogenesis at different scales, from genes to phenotype (VIRTUAL PLANTS), Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Segmentation model, Juglans regia, F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement, 01 natural sciences, F50 - Anatomie et morphologie des plantes, Statistics, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, Segmentation, Pinus nigra, education.field_of_study, Port de la plante, [STAT.AP]Statistics [stat]/Applications [stat.AP], Ecology, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, Ecological Modeling, Plant architecture, Hidden semi-Markov chain, Abies alba, Tree (data structure), Deciduous, Quercus petraea, Développement biologique, Intéraction génotype environnement, Developmental plasticity, Population, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, Bioinformatique, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, education, Croissance, Compétition biologique, Morphologie végétale, Méthode statistique, Statistical model, Modèle de simulation, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Growth trajectory, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Scale (map), 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; This study aimed to identify robust indicators that summarize the respective importance of ontogeny and environmental constraints in tree development. In the proposed approach, tree growth data correspond to the retrospective measurement of annual shoot characteristics (e.g. length, number of branches) along the main stem. We applied segmentation models to identify tree growth phases. These segmentation models, which are hidden semi-Markov chains, were compared with simple hidden Markov chains that correspond to the environment-driven development assumption. This statistical modelling approach was applied to both evergreen (Corsican pine and silver fir) and deciduous (sessile oak and Persian wal-nut) tree species growing in contrasted conditions ranging from managed forest stands to unmanaged understoreys. Growth phase duration distributions estimated within these segmentation models char-acterize the respective importance of ontogeny and environmental constraints in tree development at the population scale and have very contrasted characteristics in terms of shape and relative dispersion between ontogeny-driven and environment-driven tree development. These characteristics may change over tree life, reflecting changes in tree competition. Growth phase duration distributions summarize the joint trajectory of tree ontogeny and environment without requiring tree growth follow-up data for their estimation.

Published
2015
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4. Retrospective analysis of tree architecture in silver fir (Abies alba Mill.): ontogenetic trends and responses to environmental variability

Author

Sylvie-Annabel Sabatier, Jean Dauzat, Olivier Taugourdeau, Yves Caraglio, Sébastien Griffon, Daniel Barthélémy, French Ministry of Research PhD grant, BotAnique et BioinforMatique de l'Architecture des Plantes (UMR AMAP), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Ouest])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement, Tree development, Phenotypic plasticity, Facteur climatique, 01 natural sciences, F50 - Anatomie et morphologie des plantes, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, ontologie, Port de la plante, Ecology, biology, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, Forestry, Facteur du milieu, Cataphyll, Abies alba, Anatomie végétale, A posteriori approach, Modèle mathématique, Développement biologique, Forest management, Context (language use), 010603 evolutionary biology, Adaptation, Changement climatique, Picea abies, Morphogenetic gradient, Global change, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Morphological markers, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Context Understanding the effects of exogenous factors on tree development is ofmajor importance in the current context of global change. Assessing the structure development of trees is difficult given that they are large and complex organisms with lifespan of several decades. & Aims We used a retrospective analysis to derive the ontogenetic trends in silver fir development and assess the effects of climate or light environment on tree architecture. & Methods Thanks to the identification of relevant growth markers (bud cataphylls and pseudo-whorl branches), a retrospective analysis allowed to record annual shoot extension and to date them on silver firs of various sizes under different environmental conditions. & Results The length of successive annual shoots located on different axes clearly show gradual trends related to the physiological age of meristems. Within- and between-tree variations are noted due to the plasticity of development and growth induced by light environment and climate. & Conclusion Retrospective analysis is an efficient method for getting information on the history of trees architecture and subsequently to relate it to environmental factors.

Published
2012
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5. Simulation of morphogenetical gradients using a minimal functional-structural plant model (FSPM)

Author

Olivier Taugourdeau, Yves Caraglio, JF Barczi, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Kang, M. Z., Dumont, Y., Guo, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Plant growth, Plant Form, Ecology, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, Plant architecture, fungi, Minimal Mathematical Modelling, food and beverages, Context (language use), F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement, 15. Life on land, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, F50 - Anatomie et morphologie des plantes, Trees, Plant Growth, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Biological system, Functional-Structural Plant Models, Tree species, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; Context: Architectural studies highlight recurrent morphogenetical gradients that are observed on some tree species. These morphogenetical gradients are linked to morphological trends among successive shoots throughout plant structure and ontogeny. This study aims at testing a potential origin of these gradients as the complex result of some core plant functions. It will be achieved through a minimalist mathematical modelling approach. Methods: DRAFt is a discrete modelling approach at yearly step that benefits from a system of few mechanistic equations which attempts to simultaneously describe tree development (primary and secondary growth and branching) and functioning (assimilation and carbon partitioning). This FSPM aims at deeply interlacing both tree development and functioning using a formulation that keeps accuracy with knowledge about trees. DRAFt was implemented in AmapStudio for 3D simulations and outputs extractions. Main results: DRAFt succeeds in providing realistic trends with respect to morphogenetical gradients (tree base effect and axes drift). Different tree forms were simulated driven by input parameter values variations, which emphasize an effective model sensitivity. DRAFt consists in a 6 parameters system of equations which is minimalist compared to other previous more complex mechanistic FSPM. Conclusion and perspectives: This results are consistent with the idea that some morphological gradients are an emergence of few basic tree functions. Based on this generalist and simple core, some other biological processes may be plugged (apex mortality, sexuality position) depending on the accuracy to the biological question that is assessed. The minimalist formulation provides a mathematical framework that facilitates both further mathematical and computational studies. Moreover it would be interesting to be able to fit DRAFt parameters with real measurements and to carry on a meticulous sensitivity analysis of DRAFt behaviour

Published
2012

6. Deciphering the developmental plasticity of walnut saplings in relation to climatic factors and light environment

Author

Olivier Taugourdeau, Yann Guédon, Florence Chaubert-Pereira, Sylvie-Annabel Sabatier, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Modeling plant morphogenesis at different scales, from genes to phenotype (VIRTUAL PLANTS), Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Mixed model, Linear mixed model, plant architecture, Juglans regia, Light, Physiology, Ontogeny, Climate, Juglans, F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement, Plant Science, Ecological succession, Biology, Facteur climatique, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Generalized linear mixed model, Juglans regia L, Markov chain, Ecology, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, Statistical model, Facteur du milieu, 15. Life on land, Forêt mélangée sempervirente, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, Markov Chains, Markov switching model, ontogeny, Developmental plasticity, Growth component, Modèle mathématique, 010606 plant biology & botany, Main stem, Développement biologique
Abstract

International audience; Developmental plasticity, the acclimation of plants to their local environment, is known to be crucial for the fitness of perennial organisms such as trees. However, deciphering the many possible developmental and environmental influences involved in such plasticity in natural conditions requires dedicated statistical models integrating developmental phases, environmental factors and inter-individual heterogeneity. These models should be able to analyze retrospective data (number of leaves or length of annual shoots along the main stem in our case). In this study Markov switching linear mixed models were applied to the analysis of the developmental plasticity of walnut saplings during the establishment phase in a mixed Mediterranean forest. In the Markov switching linear mixed models estimated from walnut data sets, the underlying Markov chain represents both the succession and lengths of growth phases, while the linear mixed models represent both the influence of climatic factors and inter-individual heterogeneity within each growth phase. On the basis of these integrative statistical models, it is shown that walnut saplings have an opportunistic mode of development that is primarily driven by the changing light environment. In particular, light availability explains the ability of a tree to reach a phase of strong growth where the first branches can appear. It is also shown that growth fluctuation amplitudes in response to climatic factors increased while inter-individual heterogeneity decreased along tree development.

Published
2011
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