Search

The pursuit of prey is vital to the biology of a predator and many aspects of predatorybehavior are well-studied. However, it is unclear how a pursuit can be effective when theprey is faster than a predator. Using kinematic measurements, we considered the strategyof red lionfish (Pterois volitans) and devil lionfish (Pterois miles) as they pursued a varietyof prey fishes. Despite generally swimming slower than their prey, red lionfish and devillionfish succeeded in capturing prey in 61% and 82% of our experiments. This successfulpursuit behavior was defined by uninterrupted motion and a targeting strategy of pure pursuit,characterized by heading towards the prey’s position and not the anticipated point ofinterception. These characteristics comprise a behavior that we call the ‘persistent-predationstrategy’, which may be exhibited by a diversity of predators with relatively slow locomotion.When encountering lionfish, prey avoidance behavior was variable among species, butwithout a consistency that was predictive of the outcome of an interaction. The couplednature of these interactions challenge the ability to resolve what aspects of performancematter during predator-prey interactions. To address this challenge, we developed a 2Dagent-based mathematical model for a fish predator and an individual prey fish enclosedwithin a circular arena. We parameterized and tested the predictions of this model withexperimental measurements of fish trajectories and performed numerical simulations witha Monte-Carlo approach to predict the trajectories of predator and prey. By manipulatingsingle parameters, we were able to determine the effect that each parameter had on theoutcome of a simulated interaction. We found that metrics related to vigilance and evasionstrategy may be more valuable toward evading a slow predator than maximal measure ofkinematic performance. This method demonstrates the power of agent-based mathematicalmodeling for testing hypotheses about the salient features that determine the outcome ofpredator-prey interactions.

Temperate reefs host diverse fish communities along the southeast United States Atlantic coast (SEUS), yet the sustainable management of reef fishes faces myriad challenges. One challenge has been the introduction of Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans /miles; hereafter "lionfish"), which have spread quickly throughout the SEUS since their introduction in the late 1900s. We analyzed long- term (2001–2019) video data along the continental shelf break and upper slope (45–125 m deep) of the SEUS to assess changes in lionfish densities over time, characterize reef fish community structure, and determine if native reef fish community structure has changed due to lionfish. Lionfish densities increased substantially during the study, from zero individuals observed in 2001 to approximately 1.2 individuals observed per 100 m 3 (and present in all included transects) by 2019, yet no fish community metrics were negatively related to lionfish density. Demersal habitat influenced fish community structure more than any other variable examined, with more individuals and different fish communities occurring on high-relief compared to low-relief hardbottom habitats. The effects of latitude, depth, and bottom temperature on reef fish community structure were generally weak or nonexistent. Although previous empirical work has found that lionfish negatively affect native fishes at small scales (2), it is unclear why we did not find similar results in our larger- scale study. It may be related to vagaries of the spatial scale of observation, lionfish effects being primarily limited to high- relief habitats, time lags, or lionfish densities not being high enough yet to cause observable ecological effects.

Pterois volitans (Linnaeus, 1758), native of the Indo-Pacific Ocean, is an invasive fish species in the Western-Atlantic. Due to the very long venomous spines, they increase their populations in newly invaded habitats. No validated eradication method has been existed for this species yet. Therefore, there is an urgent need for alternative utilization methods for this fish species. Bioactive peptides are of great importance for human health since they exhibit excellent inhibitory properties for some medicinally important enzymes in human metabolisms such as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). In this study, the bioactive peptides in protein-based venom of P. volitans, Pvtoxin-a and Pvtoxin-b, were investigated by using in silico tools. Total number of negatively charged residues (Asp + Glu) for Pvtoxin-a and Pvtoxin-b were found as 21 and 18, respectively. Total number of positively charged residues (Arg + Lys) for Pvtoxin-a and Pvtoxin-b were observed to be 22 and 24, respectively. According to BIOPEP results, AE values for ACE and DPP-IV were found to be 0.0305 and 0.0666 for Pvtoxin-a and Pvtoxin-b as 0.0333 and 0.0569, respectively. It is very interesting to note that AE values related to antioxidant property were observed to be 0.0083 for both Pvtoxin-a and Pvtoxin-b. Although AE value for alpha-glucosidase inhibitor was found to be 0.0014 for Pvtoxin-a, no AE value was obtained for Pvtoxin-b. In conclusion, the BIOPEP results clearly show that after a possible eradication study, protein-based venoms from P. volitans can be evaluated in the production of bioactive peptides. A possible economical value may create a pressure on its increasing population in newly invaded areas.

A single specimen of Pterois cf. miles has been recorded in the eastern middle Adriatic Sea. It was observed near the island of Vis at a depth of 15 m. The location of the record is further north than previous Adriatic records and it constitutes the northernmost record of this species in the Mediterranean Sea to date. The record is based solely on photographs and video footage provided by a professional underwater photographer.

The red lionfish Pterois volitans is a successful invasive predator across the western North Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico. The southeast coast of Florida (USA) has been identified as the original introduction location, but genetic analyses including Florida lionfish have yet to investigate introduction scenarios. Here, we assessed the potential lionfish invasion pathways using 1795 sequences from previously published mitochondrial D-loop sequences (n = 1558) and new samples (n = 237) from 6 locations: The Bahamas, Florida Keys, northwest Florida, North Carolina, Panamá, and southeast Florida. None of the assessed Florida lionfish (n = 394) contained the H05-H09 D-loop haplotypes found in The Bahamas, North Carolina, and Bermuda (the Northern Region), indicating that Florida was not the source for these haplotypes. Assessing the mitochondrial population structure, the Florida east coast lionfish grouped with the Caribbean/Gulf of Mexico, as opposed to the Northern Region. To further explore connectivity and invasion pathways, 14 nuclear microsatellite loci were multiplexed on lionfish collected from 15 locations (n = 394). As found in other nuclear lionfish studies, the analyses identified a lack of population structure likely due to founding effects and/or inbreeding in aquaculture brood stocks. Together, the significant haplotype differences and H01-H04 haplotypes refute Florida as the sole source of red lionfish introduction. The results of this study support alternative invasion scenarios, in which Florida was colonized as a secondary introduction site or by individuals from the Northern Region. Understanding invasive species’ population boundaries and dispersal patterns informs local control efforts and management planning for future invasive species introductions.

The invasion of lionfish (Pterois spp.) into the Gulf of Mexico has been well documented but to date few studies have presented analysis on abundance trends to evaluate population status and trends. We used trawl and reef fish video survey data to analyze abundance trends from 2010 to 2019. The trawl and camera survey data evaluated show a rapid increase of lionfish through 2016–2017 with subsequent stabilization or decreases in 2018 and 2019. Lionfish occupied multiple natural habitats across the northern Gulf of Mexico, have a strong affinity for hard bottom habitats with sponge, but no preference relative to low versus high relief reef types. Population growth trends indicated faster population growth in trawl surveys as compared to video indices. Incidental catch of sponge in trawls, which primarily occurred in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, was a significant variable explaining lionfish catch. Interestingly, there were few lionfish captured in the western Gulf of Mexico suggesting that the low-relief soft-bottom in that region is less suitable for lionfish. Artificial habitats in the western Gulf of Mexico could be providing necessary hard-bottom habitat for lionfish, however, survey data analyzed in this study cannot provide inference as these surveys are not conducted on those habitats. Careful consideration must be taken when implementing lionfish removal programs given a potential for increased population growth when harvest does not achieve overfishing. In addition monitoring of community level effects will be needed as predation and indirect competition for resources could potentially negatively impact native species.

The impacts of invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles) on native coral reef populations in the Western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea can be enormous. However, how much lionfish differ from native predators and whether their effects outweigh the abundant mesopredators that occupy many reefs invite continued examination. Here, we present empirical evidence from Caribbean Panama and beyond suggesting that lionfish are less abundant than native mesopredators. Furthermore, we show that their direct impacts on survivorship and size distributions of one native prey species are similar to those of a native mesopredator. These results support calls for lionfish management that considers evolving local ecological and social dynamics, including prey community composition, the roles of native mesopredators, and regional goals for conservation and fisheries. Recognition of regional context creates the potential for synergies between conservation actions aimed both at the invasion and other consequential problems such as overexploitation and climate change.

The invasion of Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans) together with unsustainable harvesting of herbivorous fish has caused major ecological changes in the western Atlantic and Caribbean coral reefs. Developing an effective harvesting policy of herbivorous reef fish and the invasive lionfish is necessary to minimize the adverse ecological impacts. To evaluate the potential efficacy of controlling the growth of lionfish population, we have proposed a non-smooth two-stage-structured mathematical model with two harvesting policies (non-selective and selective) of lionfish determined by a control function with a discontinuity at a critical herbivorous fish density. We study the sliding mode dynamics of the Filippov system, the boundary equilibrium bifurcation, and the pseudo-saddle-node bifurcation. We use threshold harvesting with hysteresis that helps in preventing the collapse of the herbivorous fish population through a bounded oscillation about pseudo-equilibrium. Our results show that a longer herbivorous fish harvesting period can be achieved in selective harvesting policy without compromising the herbivorous fish stock.

The invasion of the northwestern Atlantic by the Indo-Pacific lionfish has developed extraordinarily fast. In less than 30 years, lionfish have dramatically expanded their distribution range to an area encompassing the eastern coast of the USA, Bermuda, the entire Caribbean region and the Gulf of Mexico. Until now, just a single sighting had been reported in the South Atlantic and it was questionable whether lionfish would invade this region like it has in the northwestern Atlantic. Here we report four new records of lionfish for the Brazilian coast, in the southwestern Atlantic. Two individuals were captured in mesophotic reefs underneath the Amazon river plume, one in an oceanic archipelago distant 350 km from Brazil’s tropical continental coast, and the fourth in the subtropical coast. The records in the Amazon and in the oceanic regions support previous inferences of lionfish invasion routes into the south Atlantic. The subtropical record, despite being considered too far away for a single larval dispersal event from the Caribbean, is recurrent and could be a result of aquarium releases.

The number of coral reefs around the world is slowly declining due to environmental and anthropogenic reason, and Pterois volitans also put extra stress on coral reefs by decreasing the number of herbivorous fishes (parrotfish). Moreover, uncontrolled growth of algae interrupts the growth of corals since corals and algae grow together on algal turf. Here Parrotfish also play an important role in the enhancement of corals by grazing. In this paper, parrotfish and P-volitans are taken as prey and predator, respectively, and the fear effect on the dynamics of the system is investigated. The effect of prey refuge is also shown. Constant harvesting policy for both fishes is included. Stable coexistence region for two parameter spaces: Hopf bifurcation and saddle-node bifurcation, is shown and formulated for the system. Numerical simulations are illustrated to verify the authenticity of the analytical calculations.

Implementing new and effective control strategies to reduce populations of invasive species is needed to offset their negative impacts worldwide. The spread of Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois sp.) through much of the western Atlantic has been one of the most publicized marine invasions globally, and is considered a major biodiversity threat whose longer-term impacts are still uncertain. Marine managers have explored several strategies to control lionfish, such as fishing tournaments (derbies) and commercial fisheries. Commercial fisheries for invasive species are controversial because they could create perverse incentives to maintain these populations, and they have never been demonstrated to successfully control target populations. We analyzed the development and impacts of an opportunistic fishing operation aimed at commercializing invasive lionfish in the Mexican Caribbean. We examined official lionfish landings and compared them to catches from lionfish derbies and lionfish densities from locations in the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico. We found that commercial fishers, particularly from one fishing cooperative on Cozumel Island, were effective at catching lionfish, with landings peaking at 20,000 individuals in 2014. This number is comparable to the number of lionfish caught in derbies across the entire Caribbean in the same year. Ecological survey data suggest a ~ 60% reduction in lionfish density on Cozumel reefs over two years (2013–2015), matching the peak landings in the lionfish fishing operation. However, the fishery’s apparent success as a control tool during the time window analyzed seemed to trigger its own demise: a decline in landings was followed by evaporating market interest and loss of economic viability. If fisheries are to be established and used as management strategies to control future invasions, managers must develop strategic collaboration plans with commercial fishing partners.

Objective: This research investigates the antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, and antiretroviral activities of the lionfish spine poison extract. Methods: Isolation and purification of the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) protein obtained from the spine poison were conducted through the following stages, including, extraction of the venom by sonication, heating, and purification using gradual saturation levels of ammonium sulfate. Furthermore, the purity and concentration of PLA2 were analyzed using the Lowry test and Marinetti’s method, respectively, while its protein content was ascertained through SDS-PAGE. Toxicity was then evaluated employing the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT), and its anticancer activity was assessed in human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa cells). Finally, its antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiretroviral activities were analyzed using the DPPH method, agar diffusion test against Salmonella sp. and E. coli, and SRV-2 and RT-qPCR tests, respectively. Results: The protein demonstrated 37.79% inhibition for anticancer activity, IC50 1312 ppm for antioxidant activity, 98.81%, and 89.28% inhibition of E. coli and Salmonella sp. respectively for antibacterial activity and 98.13% inhibition for antiretroviral activity. Conclusion: It can be concluded that lionfish (Pterois volitans) has the potential to be developed as an antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiretroviral agent. Furthermore, the pharmacological activity of its spine venom was determined by isolating PLA2 protein from its extract, using an optimum heating temperature of 70 °C and an ammonium sulfate saturation level of 80%.

Background:: For the past 70 years, the focus of research is on the search for poisons and toxins found in venomous and poisonous organisms, purely directed towards the pharmacological properties of the toxins. In the research of finding novel compounds in pharmaceutical research, the identified source was the piscine venom. Objective:: The Scorpaenidae family was considered the most venomous of all. The toxins isolated from stonefish and lionfish are responsible for the effects caused in cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems and also for causing cytolytic activities. The main objective of the review is to study the mechanism of the stonefish venom and portray its benefits in the field of drug discovery. Methods:: A study on the mechanism of stonefish venom was carried out by inducing cardiovascular endothelium. The release of neurotransmitter signals thus leads to the depolarisation of cell membrane by the formation of pores in the cell membrane in the neuromuscular system of rabbits, porcine artery, mice and rats. Lionfish venom in cross-reactivity with the results evolved from a stonefish venom activity. The presence of enzymatic hyaluronidases in the primary structures of lionfish has evolved from stonefish and their anticancer potential has also been demonstrated for the benefits of drug discovery as they possess biological and chemical activity. Conclusion:: This review depicts an overview of the pharmacological activities of lionfish venom in comparison with the stonefish venom and their purpose of applications for future research in drug discovery.

This paper describes a non-traditional fisheries management concept and an indicator-based framework to encourage and guide management of invasive lionfish (Pterois spp.) fisheries in the temperate and tropical western Atlantic. We introduce the concept of optimum lionfish yield (OLY)—an extension of the concept of ecologically sustainable yield—which considers local ecological health in the establishment of fishery management targets. In contrast to traditional fishery targets, OLY is a target exceeding maximum sustainable yield (MSY) that still provides relatively high sustainable yield, but further contributes to population suppression beyond what is achievable through targets at or below MSY. Thus, OLY seeks to balance management trade-offs from both natural resource and invasive species management perspectives. In this study, we developed an age-structured population model and applied the concept of OLY to quantify targets to initiate management of a nationally-managed lionfish fishery in Belize. Socioeconomic and ecological data were used as indicators to formulate OLY values. The model indicates that lionfish in Belize are biologically robust to fishing pressure, which corroborates previous findings. Fishing lionfish at rates above MSY levels is expected to substantially reduce population abundance, much more so than fishing at rates below MSY levels, while having relatively minimal impacts on yield. Population suppression can be further enhanced by reducing size at selection, but this is expected to be done at a significant cost to landings. Together, these data support continued establishment of (managed) commercial lionfish fisheries throughout the invaded range to provide an alternative sustainable fishery resource and serve as a means of national- and international-level control. While the concept and framework described here is introduced for management of invasive lionfish, it could be applied to management of other invasive species, both aquatic and terrestrial.

Invasive species can have profound impacts in non-native environments, the mechanisms behind which are often unclear. Learning and memory are notably two traits that may facilitate their impact. Behavioural traits can subsequently mediate learning ability in invasive species, the interaction between which may provide means by which to both better understand and manage invaders. We evaluated this relationship in lionfish (Pterois volitans), a species introduced to and invasive in the western Atlantic Ocean. We trained lionfish in a food reward task and assessed the degree to which behavioural traits and navigation strategy influenced their performance. We then evaluated memory retention by subjecting fish to training breaks of 5 to 42 days. Lionfish exhibited high inter-individual variability in learning. Half of the lionfish tested learned to navigate the maze, whose performance was strongly mediated by behaviour. Learning ability was positively correlated with boldness, exploratory tendency, and speed of task completion, but irrespective of spatial navigation strategy. However, fast exploratory fish trained in the complex navigation strategy had difficulty adapting to changing environmental conditions, indicative of a speed-accuracy trade-off. Lionfish were able to remember the location of the food reward for up to 6 weeks. Behavioural-mediated learning may help explain and understand the high impact of lionfish and other non-indigenous species in their invaded range and may elucidate spatiotemporal context-dependencies in their ecological impact.

Se evaluó la abundancia del pez león invasor Pterois volitans mediante censos visuales realizados en 2015 y 2016 en 54 sitios de seis localidades con arrecifes de coral a lo largo de la costa Caribe colombiana. El invasor se observó en todos los lugares y en la mayoría de las inmersiones, con una frecuencia de avistamiento de 88 %, valores de abundancia desde 0 hasta 9,7 ± 2,1 ind/250 m2 (388 ind/ha) y un promedio de 0,8 ± 1,3 ind/250 m2 (32 ind/ha). La densidad media fue similar a los valores reportados en otros trabajos que contaron pez león en una amplia escala espacial en el área invadida y el valor más alto se aproximó a la densidad máxima estimada en Colombia y otros lugares del Caribe.

The establishment of the piscivorous lionfishPteroisspp. in the Western Atlantic and wider Caribbean is a well-documented example of a successful marine invasion. Recently, lionfish have been shown to colonise a wide range of ecosystems and tolerate a wider range of salinities than previously thought. In the present study, lionfish were maintained in aquaria under differing salinity treatments (10, 20 and 37 psu) similar to those they might experience in an estuarine ecosystem. The effects of long-term hyposaline exposure on growth, metabolic rate, maximum food consumption and digestion were examined. Consistent with previous studies, lionfish were able to survive in hyposaline conditions for extended periods of time. However, lionfish in the most hyposaline treatment (10 psu) exhibited reduced growth under low food conditions, lower maximum metabolic rate, lower aerobic scope, lower maximum food consumption, took longer to digest a standardized meal size and occupied a greater percentage of their aerobic scope during digestion. Results suggest that (1) given the ability of lionfish to tolerate low salinity, updated range expansion models should incorporate salinity data to improve accuracy of predicted range expansion and (2) the invasion of lionfish into low salinity ecosystems, although a serious concern, will not likely lead to the same level of population increase observed for coral reef habitats due to the physiological costs associated with living in low salinities.

Age, growth parameters and food of Pterois volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) Red lionfish were studied. A total of 254 lion fishes (P. volitans and Pterois miles) were collected from commercial drift net, angling fisheries and diving with hand net southern coast of the Iskenderun Bay between March 2018 and March 2019. 29.53% of sample was P. volitans. Age was determined by reading whole sagittal otoliths. Fish ranged from 14.2 to 35.3 cm in total length, which corresponded to fish between 1 to 7 years old. The sex ratio (1:1.07) was biased toward males (P

Exposure to predation should affect prey responses to predators by selecting for threat recognition and/or general risk avoidance. We investigated whether native and non-native predator density on the home reefs of juvenile striped parrotfish, Scarus iseri, which reflects their early exposure to predation risk, influences their behavioural responses and survival when faced with some of these predators under controlled conditions. In aquaria, parrotfish exhibited evasive behaviour, in the form of increased immobility and increased distance from threat, in response to visual and chemical cues from native predatory grouper (Epinephelus striatus) but not from invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois sp.), suggesting no evidence of risk perception in relation to the non-native predator. However, parrotfish from high-risk reefs exhibited more evasive behaviours and colour responses (i.e. more mottled coloration) in response to all stimuli than parrotfish from low-risk reefs. Moreover, more parrotfish from high-risk reefs than from low-risk reefs survived in direct encounters with lionfish, and those parrotfish that survived were those that had displayed increased immobility when exposed to lionfish cues. We suggest that predation, especially by non-native lionfish, targeting risk-taking fish could result in greater overall cautiousness in some prey populations. This heightened risk avoidance ultimately aids prey fish to evade non-native lionfish, even in the absence of predator recognition.

AIM: The way in which habitat heterogeneity and predator density affect predator–prey dynamics, space use and prey risk are understudied aspects of foraging ecology, particularly for invasive species. Likewise, how an invasive species’ impact scales with its abundance is poorly understood. We used a model invasive species—lionfish (Pterois volitans)—to understand emergent multiple predator effects and influences of habitat heterogeneity on consumption rate and prey mortality risk. LOCATION: Florida, USA. METHODS: We considered effects of both predator and prey abundance on density‐dependent impact. We used functional response methodology to quantify the per‐capita effect of P. volitans, assessing concomitant influences of prey refuge (3 levels) and predator density (3 levels) on predator–prey space use and predation efficiency across increasing prey densities (7 levels). We then assessed intraspecific interaction outcomes by comparing observed per‐capita effects with predicted estimates based on consumption rates of individual predators. This allowed us to detect the presence of emergent multiple predator effects (MPEs) and tease apart density‐dependent impacts. RESULTS: Lionfish predatory impact was mediated by predator and prey density but unaffected by refugia. Despite incongruent patch preferences between predators and their prey, predator impacts were context‐independent. We also detected nonlinear scaling of impact with increasing predator abundance. Pairs of lionfish had the greatest per‐capita effect, whose cumulative impact on prey matched that expected of independently foraging predators. At the highest predator density (four fish), antagonistic multiple predator effects precipitated prey risk reduction, in which we observed the lowest per‐capita effect. Across predator abundances, prey mortality rates were inversely density‐dependent. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Quantifying non‐independent consumptive effects of multiple conspecific predators across levels of prey abundance can inform better prediction and understanding of invasive species' density‐dependent effects. Additionally, consideration of heterogeneity‐mediated FRs and predator–prey spatial distributions may facilitate more precise and realistic predictions of invader impact across their invaded range.

Lionfish (Pterois volitans) have rapidly invaded the tropical Atlantic and spread across the wider Caribbean in a relatively short period of time. Because of its high invasion capacity, we used it as a model to identify the connectivity among nine marine protected areas (MPAs) situated in four countries in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. This study provides evidence of local genetic differentiation of P. volitans in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. A total of 475 lionfish samples were characterized with 12 microsatellites, with 6–20 alleles per locus. Departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were found in 10 of the 12 loci, all caused by heterozygous excess. Moderate genetic differentiation was observed between Chiriviche, Venezuela and Xcalak, México localities (F ST = 0.012), and between the Los Roques and the Veracruz (F ST = 0.074) sites. STRUCTURE analysis found that four genetic entities best fit our data. A unique genetic group in the Gulf of Mexico may imply that the lionfish invasion unfolded both in a counterclockwise manner in the Gulf of Mexico. In spite of the notable dispersion of P. volitans, our results show some genetic structure, as do other noninvasive Caribbean fish species, suggesting that the connectivity in some MPAs analyzed in the Caribbean is limited and caused by only a few source individuals with subsequent genetic drift leading to local genetic differentiation. This indicates that P. volitans dispersion could be caused by mesoscale phenomena, which produce stochastic connectivity pulses. Due to the isolation of some MPAs from others, these findings may hold a promise for local short‐term control of by means of intensive fishing, even in MPAs, and may have regional long‐term effects., Our findings demonstrate that there is genetic differentiation at local and regional scales.We suggest that the colonization of each geographic area has been temporary pulses, probably caused by mesoscale phenomena, and intensified with the presence of self‐recruitment. The genetic diversity of Pterois volitans in the Gulf and the Caribbean showed that the number of organisms that originated the invasion was much higher than the one mentioned in the literature.

Large-scale anthropogenic disturbances can have direct and indirect effects on marine communities, with direct effects often taking the form of widespread injury or mortality and indirect effects manifesting as changes in food web structure. Here, we report a time series that captures both direct and indirect effects of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (DWH) on northern Gulf of Mexico (nGoM) reef fish communities. We observed significant changes in community structure immediately following the DWH, with a 38% decline in species richness and 26% decline in Shannon-Weiner diversity. Initial shifts were driven by widespread declines across a range of trophic guilds, with subsequent recovery unevenly distributed among guilds and taxa. For example, densities of small demersal invertivores, small demersal browsers, generalist carnivores, and piscivores remained persistently low with little indication of recovery seven years after the DWH. Initial declines among these guilds occurred prior to the arrival of the now-widespread, invasive lionfish (Pterois spp.), but their lack of recovery suggests lionfish predation may be affecting recovery. Factors affecting persistently low densities of generalist carnivores and piscivores are not well understood but warrant further study given the myriad ecosystem services provided by nGoM reef fishes.

The detrimental effects of invasion by Indo-Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans/miles on western Atlantic fishes have spurred concerns for Mediterranean fish biodiversity, where Lessepsian lionfish P. miles have recently established populations in the eastern basin. In order to assess the potential impact on biodiversity, we examined key behavioural and ecological traits of lionfish and the resident fish community in the Mediterranean that may contribute to lionfish invasion success. We focussed on Cyprus, where lionfish were first sighted in 2012 and have now formed abundant and stable populations. Using field observations, we examined lionfish predatory behaviour and feeding ecology, and naiveté of resident fish species to hunting lionfish. Our findings suggest that lionfish in the Mediterranean are crepuscular generalist predators, with targeted prey dominated by small-bodied benthic or bentho-pelagic associated species. Such prey are more likely to be native than introduced (Lessepsian) fishes, with native prey fishes showing greater naiveté towards lionfish than Lessepsian prey species. Notably, one of the Mediterranean’s key ecological fish species (the native damselfish Chromis chromis) showed the highest level of naiveté and was the most heavily targeted prey. Overall, lionfish in the Mediterranean show similar predatory behaviour and ecology to their western Atlantic counterparts. Although the establishment of Mediterranean lionfish populations is still recent, it may result in a similar disruption to reef fish biomass to that recorded in the Atlantic, with impacts on the structure and biodiversity of reef fish communities and the services they provide.

Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois spp.) have become established throughout the Caribbean and the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico and western Atlantic Ocean from North Carolina to central Brazil. Lionfish may also invade estuaries, as they tolerate salinities down to 4‰. We hypothesize that the functional characteristics of their visual system (which evolved in the clear tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific) or their inability to tolerate hypoxia will limit the capacity of lionfish to occupy these areas. We assessed the former with corneal electroretinography and the latter with intermittent-flow respirometry. The luminous sensitivity, temporal resolution (quantified as flicker fusion frequency), and spectral sensitivity of the lionfish visual system are like those of native piscivores, indicating that their visual system will be functional under estuarine photic conditions and allow lionfish to be effective piscivores. In contrast, acute exposure to reduced oxygen levels (equivalent to those commonly occurring in mid-Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico estuaries) exceeded the physiological tolerances of lionfish. We therefore conclude that hypoxia will control or limit estuarine invasion.

As documented marine invasions rise, determining the underlying molecular mechanisms of successful invasions is an immediate concern to management, but the relevance of such genetic studies hinges upon choosing the right markers. Most invasive lionfish phylogeography studies have used only the mitochondrial D-loop marker. For this study, three markers were targeted in invasive lionfish (n = 148): D-loop (mitochondrial), cytochrome oxidase I (mitochondrial), and S7 ribosomal intron-1 (nuclear). Using both mitochondrial and nuclear markers showed evidence of hybridization. At the D-loop marker, all sequences grouped with the Pacific Ocean lineage represented by Pterois volitans. At the S7 intron-1, all sequences grouped with the Indian Ocean S7 intron-1 haplotype associated with the Indian Ocean lineage represented by Pterois miles, showing discordance between the mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Further, at the COI marker, three out of 163 individuals sequenced matched P. miles. High throughput sequencing of the entire mitochondrial genome (n = 7) revealed that incongruence between mtDNA markers may be due to the insertion of mitochondrial DNA from P. volitans into the nuclear genome of fish genetically identified as P. miles. These data suggest hybridization and demonstrate that careful marker choice is important in future studies of lionfish genetics and invasive species in general.

The trade in marine ornamental fishes includes over 1800 species and is regarded as an introduction source for non-native fishes. Given this large pool of potential invaders, a targeted approach that evaluates risk for groups of fishes with demonstrated invasion history is both practical and feasible. In this way, proactive risk management frameworks can be used to identify risky species prior to introduction. Though the establishment of introduced marine ornamental species is uncommon, the invasion of Pterois volitans and P. miles in the western Atlantic Ocean has demonstrated the risks associated with the marine ornamental industry. These species, along with several other lionfishes, are regularly imported into the United States. We used the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit to evaluate the risk of invasion for 14 species of traded lionfishes in the genera Pterois, Dendrochirus, and Parapterois for southeastern United States coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean. The lionfish invasion is widely considered to be one of the worst marine invasions to date. Despite this, risk associated with the trade of lionfishes was estimated to be low, with notable exceptions. We identify Pterois russelii, Pterois lunulata, and Dendrochirus brachypterus as species with potentially elevated invasion risk. State and federal management agencies within the western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean should consider a detailed evaluation of these species to inform management action. This study is the one of the largest risk screening application of marine fishes to date and demonstrates the utility of prioritizing risk assessment of taxa found in pathways with related or otherwise similar species with previous invasion history.

Background: Pterois volitans Linnaeus 1758 is an invasive exotic species established in the Atlantic and Caribbean, threatening the native marine biodiversity. It has led to reduced recruitment and biomass of small reef fish of ecological interest, altering the fish community structure by reducing the number of herbivores. In Cuba, it was first reported in 2007. Goals: This research aims to characterize the reproductive biology of P. volitans in the western part of the Baconao Biosphere Reserve, in southern Cuba. Methods: Sampling was carried out monthly from April 2012 to May 2013 (n = 535 fish). Total length (LT, cm), total mass (MT, g), and weight of the liver, gonads, and abdominal fat were recorded for each individual. To analyze spawning, the gonadosomatic (IG) and hepatosomatic indices (IH) were determined. Results: Mean size and weight of adults were 26.8 cm and 290.9 g, respectively. The size structure revealed that females are dominant in lengths of 22-31 cm, whereas males dominate from 31 cm onwards. The sex ratio was 1:1. IG showed seasonal spawning peaks between March and May 2013. No significant differences were observed amongst monthly means, but IH monthly means and monthly rates of abdominal fat showed significant differences. The size at first maturity was 30.07 cm in males and 26.2 cm in females. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the lionfish P. volitans shows an asynchronous reproductive cycle characterized by high gonadal index values during the breeding season and an inverse trend of IH and IF, suggesting that the liver and body fat store nutrients for use in reproduction.

Invasive lionfishes have spread throughout the west central Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, with the potential to impact prey species populations as well as marine ecosystem structure and function. Lionfishes are known to be opportunistic predators with a broad, generalist diet, yet there has been little exploration of their trophic position, or of how this might vary between locations across the invaded range. Stable isotope analysis provides a means of comparing trophic position across locations with different suites of available prey species, but requires the calculation of species-specific trophic discrimination factors (TDFs) for proper interpretation. This study experimentally derived the TDFs for lionfish in Bermuda, where Δ15N = 2.7‰ and Δ13C = 2.4‰, providing an opportunity to calculate the trophic position of this invasive population. It also furthers our ability to compare lionfish trophic position across the many locations in the invaded range to help gauge their potential impacts as both predators and competitors.

Invasion of the western Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico by the Indo-Pacific lionfish, Pterois volitans/miles (Scopaenidae), has caused well-documented critical changes to coral reef ecosystems throughout the region. Most efforts to quantify these changes have focused on the charismatic adult stage; much less is known about the pelagic larval stage. While dispersal by the larval stage has likely been the main contributor to the rapid population expansion throughout the region, there are very few documented cases of larvae being collected anywhere in the invaded region where adult lionfish are abundant. We compared ichthyoplankton collected using identical sampling gear from the Straits of Florida in 2007–2008 (pre-lionfish population expansion to the Florida Keys) to those collected in 2014–2015 (during the ongoing expansion), providing the opportunity to test for a temporal change in the ichthyoplankton. Despite a substantially greater sampling effort in 2007–2008 [total of 938,126 m3 of water sampled compared to approximately 144,013 m3 (~ 15%) sampled in 2014–2015], we collected no lionfish larvae in 2007–2008, whereas in 2014–2015, 76 larvae were collected. The overall mean density in 2014–2015 of 0.4–0.7 lionfish larvae 1000 m−3 is comparable to a number of common reef fish families and is likely beginning to have an ecological impact on plankton constituents. As the invasion continues, additional studies of the ecological role of lionfish larvae in the plankton are warranted.

Many successful invasive species have generalist diets, but the extent to which they can track changing resources has seldom been documented. Stable isotope analysis was used to measure dietary shifts with ontogeny and over time in relation to changes in prey availability for Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois sp.). These are invasive predators that are well established throughout the western North Atlantic and Caribbean where they have caused significant decreases in native reef fish populations in some areas. Samples and observations were made off New Providence Island, Bahamas during the summers of 2008 and 2010. Lionfish δ15N and δ13C values increased only weakly with body length, suggesting that processes other than growth also contribute to stable isotope variability. The trophic niche of lionfish changed significantly between years, concomitant with large changes in native fish prey abundance and community structure. The trophic niche of large lionfish expanded, increasing in trophic diversity at the population level and showing lower individual trophic similarity, while that of small lionfish remained similar in size but shifted towards more 15N-enriched and 13C-depleted prey sources. The ability of lionfish to modify their diet over time may have facilitated their expansion and persistence at high densities in some areas despite local prey depletion.

The lionfish ( Pterois volitans , P. miles) is the first known species of marine fish to invade the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, and it is threatening the biodiversity of the region´s coral reefs. Its success as an invasive species is due to its high predation and fertility, fast growth and lack of predators. Its first recorded appearance in Mexico was in 2009. Twenty-two sites were monitored around the reef of Banco Chinchorro Biosphere Reserve (BCBR), to estimate their abundance, during 2013. Densities from 0 to 333 ind ha -1 (97.6 ± 140.2 ind ha -1 ) and biomasses from 0 to 58.7 kg ha -1 (18.2 ± 29.9 kg ha -1 ) were recorded, the highest so far in the Mexican Caribbean. In addition, two lionfish distribution zones were detected: leeward reef (LR) and windward reef (WR). LR was 4.6 and 3.9 times higher in density and biomass than WR, respectively. The sizes found in the monitoring ranged from 5 to 40 cm of total length. Finally, a gregarious behavior was observed in 47.5% of the recorded fish. Our results suggest that to prevent the development of large reservoirs of lionfishes in the BCBR, management and control actions in areas of high lionfish abundance should be prioritized.

Mitigating the negative impacts of invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans/miles complex) is a top priority for marine reef fisheries management, with human removals considered the most viable approach to population control. Control efforts via diver spearfishing removals have annually removed tens of thousands of lionfish throughout their invasive range, but the effectiveness of removal efforts to remove 100% or achieve target lionfish densities in a given reef system has not been fully evaluated. Accounting for detection and removal efficacy is necessary for developing and evaluating lionfish management targets, as population- and community-level effects of lionfish removals may be diminished by undetected lionfish remaining in the system. This study quantified lionfish detection, catchability, and removal efficiency to evaluate the effectiveness of lionfish surveys and removal efforts on northern Gulf of Mexico (nGOM) artificial and natural reefs. Detection was assessed during crepuscular and midday time periods via diver and remotely operated vehicle (ROV) video surveys, with covariates for time of day and survey methodology assessed using generalized linear mixed models. Catchability and removal efficiency were estimated via depletion models based on serial removals via spearfishing on 6 artificial reefs and 9 natural reefs. A priori, we had expected lionfish detection to be higher during crepuscular periods given lionfish in the Caribbean and in their native range have been shown to forage more actively away from reefs then. However, we found lionfish detection was not significantly different between midday and crepuscular periods. Survey methodology affected detection, with 24% fewer lionfish being detected via ROV surveys versus diver surveys at artificial reefs and 72% fewer lionfish detected via ROV surveys at natural reefs. Therefore, density estimates on nGOM natural reefs, which constitute of >99% of the region’s habitat, may be higher than previously reported and problematic for lionfish management. Mean catchability for spearfishing lionfish was 0.88 on artificial reefs and 0.69 on natural reefs standardized for area. Mean removal efficiency for the first removal event was 87% on artificial reefs and 67% on natural reefs, higher than removal efficiency computed for Caribbean reefs (47%). Incomplete detection and

Invasive species are one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity and ecosystem health, and population genetics provides promising tools for understanding the evolutionary process of successful invaders. The well-documented introduction of the red lionfish (Pterois volitans) to the western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean has decimated native fauna due to the invader’s voracious predation and growth rate. We tested whether our samples were within the region of the source of invasion into the Atlantic and Caribbean and investigated whether hybridization in the native or introduced range was responsible for the success of this invasive species. We used a reduced representation sequencing method to generate over 50,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms and sequence data from two mitochondrial DNA genes to analyze the population patterns. We found one location in the southeastern Pacific that was genetically similar to one location the southwestern Atlantic and evidence of the subsequent spread south to the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean, which supports previous findings. Within the native range, we found genetic divergences commensurate with distinct species and evidence of hybridization. We found limited structure within the introduced range and no evidence of Pterois miles or hybrids within this range. Finally, we found signatures of selection between the native and introduced range that may be a result of the introduction. Overall, this study of the red lionfish showed the pattern of introduction and suggested a deeper sampling of genomic data from individuals within the native range may reveal hybridization between species as the source of the aggressive invasion.

Since the first reported sighting of Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans and P. miles) in the Atlantic Ocean over 30 years ago, growing evidence suggests they may have a marked negative impact upon ecosystems and demersal communities. While lionfish populations expanded rapidly in most locations following their initial establishment, the population in Bermuda, the first location outside of the United States to be invaded, appears to be growing at a slower pace. This study investigated the life history characteristics of the invasive lionfish population in Bermuda to help understand population dynamics and thus potential impacts on Bermuda’s coral reef ecosystem. Annual growth rings in lionfish otoliths were counted to describe population structure and establish size-at-age, which was then utilized to estimate growth parameters using von Bertalanffy models. Macroscopic and histological staging of ovaries, calculations of gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indices, and enumerations of mature oocytes were used to describe reproductive seasonality and capacity. Our findings show that lionfish in Bermuda appear to grow faster and attain larger mean sizes than they do in their native range or elsewhere in the invaded range. Lionfish in Bermuda, however, appear to reach maturity at larger sizes and have a shorter spawning season, a likely result of the cool winter seawater temperatures in the region. It is possible that the combination of these life history characteristics could mitigate or delay the ecological impact that invasive lionfish may have on this marine ecosystem.

Student participation in authentic research, as citizen scientists, can improve classroom engagement, achievement of learning objectives, and perceptions of science. We present DNA barcoding of invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans) prey as an example student citizen-science project, though the protocols, objectives, and outcomes can be generalized to any piscivorous fish. The objective of this five-lab conservation genetics unit is to enhance student understanding of fundamental molecular and ecological concepts through applied use of DNA sequencing technologies. Student assessments were equivocal, indicating modest gains in conceptual understanding and maintenance of an overall high perception of science. More notably, student findings have contributed to an improved understanding of the impacts of invasive lionfish, including providing the first evidence that lionfish prey on economically important red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus).

Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans and P. miles) are the first marine teleost to become established in the Western Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico. Lionfish have been labeled a global conservation issue and pose major threats to local economies. To test whether commercial harvest of lionfish is a socially accepted management approach in Texas, we measured the components of an environmental behavior intention model with survey responses of Texas Gulf Coast residents (n = 420). Regression analyses of survey responses indicate that individuals were significantly more willing to consume lionfish if they had a high level of concern for the environmental problems posed by the invasive species and were more knowledgeable about the fish. Participation in an educational program that addresses lionfish was also found to be associated with greater willingness to consume lionfish among those who are moderately to highly concerned about the issue. The originality of this study is related to its contribution in identifying social factors that contribute to an individual’s willingness to consume lionfish. Insights from this study demonstrate the attitudinal and behavioral mechanisms that can be addressed to increase acceptance of using consumption as a sustainable management strategy to combat marine fish invasions.

Ciguatera poisoning is a food intoxication associated with the consumption of fish or shellfish contaminated, through trophic transfer, with ciguatoxins (CTXs). In this study, we developed an experimental model to assess the trophic transfer of CTXs from herbivorous parrotfish, Chlorurus microrhinos, to carnivorous lionfish, Pterois volitans. During a 6-week period, juvenile lionfish were fed naturally contaminated parrotfish fillets at a daily dose of 0.11 or 0.035 ng CTX3C equiv. g−1, as measured by the radioligand-receptor binding assay (r-RBA) or neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a), respectively. During an additional 6-week depuration period, the remaining fish were fed a CTX-free diet. Using r-RBA, no CTXs were detectable in muscular tissues, whereas CTXs were measured in the livers of two out of nine fish sampled during exposure, and in four out of eight fish sampled during depuration. Timepoint pooled liver samples, as analyzed by CBA-N2a, confirmed the accumulation of CTXs in liver tissues, reaching 0.89 ng CTX3C equiv. g−1 after 41 days of exposure, followed by slow toxin elimination, with 0.37 ng CTX3C equiv. g−1 measured after the 6-week depuration. These preliminary results, which need to be pursued in adult lionfish, strengthen our knowledge on CTX transfer and kinetics along the food web.

The silver-cheeked toadfish (Lagocephalus sceleratus, from the pufferfish family Tetraodontidae) and the Pacific red lionfish (Pterois miles, family Scorpaenidae) have recently invaded the Mediterranean Sea. Lagocephalus sceleratus has spread throughout this entire sea with the highest concentrations in the eastern basin, while more recently, Pterois miles has spread from the Eastern to the Central Mediterranean Sea. Their effects on local biodiversity and fisheries are cause for management concern. Here, a comprehensive review of predators of these two species from their native Indo-Pacific and invaded Mediterranean and Western Atlantic ranges is presented. Predators of Tetraodontidae in general were reviewed for their native Indo-Pacific and Western Atlantic ranges, as no records were found specifically for L. Sceleratus in its native range. Tetraodontidae predators in their native ranges included mantis shrimp (Stomatopoda), lizardfish (Synodus spp.), tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier), lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris), sea snakes (Enhydrina spp.), catfish (Arius spp.), cobia (Rachycentron canadum), skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), and common octopus (Octopus vulgaris). The only reported predator of adult L. sceleratus in the Mediterranean was loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta), whereas juvenile L. Sceleratus were preyed by common dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) and garfish (Belone belone). Conspecific cannibalism of L. sceleratus juveniles was also confirmed in the Mediterranean. Pufferfish predators in the Western Atlantic included common octopus, frogfish (Antennaridae), and several marine birds. Predators of all lionfish species in their native Indo-Pacific range included humpback scorpionfish (Scorpaenopsis spp.), bobbit worms (Eunice aphroditois), moray eels (Muraenidae), and bluespotted cornetfish (Fistularia commersonii). Lionfish predators in the Mediterranean included dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus), white grouper (Epinephelus aeneus), common octopus, and L. sceleratus, whereas in the Western Atlantic included the spotted moray (Gymnothorax moringa), multiple grouper species (tiger Mycteroperca tigris, Nassau Epinephelus striatus, black Mycteroperca bonaci, red Epinephelus morio, and gag Mycteroperca microleps; Epinephelidae), northern red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), greater amberjack (Seriola dumerilli), and nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum). The sparse data found on natural predation for these species suggest that population control via predation may be limited. Their population control may require proactive, targeted human removals, as is currently practiced with lionfish in the Western Atlantic., peer-reviewed

Biodiversity is declining on a global scale and the spread of invasive alien species (IAS) is a major driver, particularly through predatory impacts. Thus, effective means of assessing and predicting the consequences of IAS predation on native prey population stability remains a vital goal for conservation. Here, we applied two classic ecological concepts, consumer functional response (FR) and prey switching, to predict and understand the ecological impacts of juveniles of the lionfish (Pterois volitans), a notorious and widespread marine invader. Functional responses and prey switching propensities were quantified towards three representative prey species:Artemia salina,Palaemonetes varians, andGammarus oceanicus. Lionfish exhibited potentially destabilising Type II FRs towards individual prey species, owing to high consumption rates at low prey densities, whilst FR magnitudes differed among prey species. Functional response attack rates (a) were highest, and handling times (h) lowest, towardsA. salina, followed byP. variansand thenG. oceanicus. Maximum feeding rates (1/h) and functional response ratios (FRR;a/h) also followed this impact gradient for the three prey species. Lionfish, however, displayed a potentially population stabilising prey switching propensity (i.e. frequency-dependent predation) when multiple prey species were presented simultaneously, where disproportionately less of rare prey, and more of abundant prey, were consumed. Whilst FR and FRR magnitudes indicate markedper capitalionfish predatory impacts towards prey species, a strong prey switching propensity may reduce in-field impacts by offering low density prey refuge in biodiverse communities. Our results thus corroborate field patterns documenting variable impacts of lionfish, with prey extirpations less likely in diverse communities owing to frequency-dependent predation.

Synopsis Puncture mechanics can be studied in the context of predator–prey interactions and provide bioinspiration for puncture tools and puncture-resistant materials. Lionfish have a passive puncture system where venomous spines (dorsal, anal, and pelvic), the tool, may embed into a predator’s skin, the target material, during an encounter. To examine predator–prey interactions, we quantified the puncture performance of red lionfish, Pterois volitans, spines in buccal skin from two potential predators and porcine skin, a biological model for human skin. We punctured dorsal, anal, and pelvic lionfish spines into three regions of buccal skin from the black grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci) and the blacktip shark (Carcharhinus limbatus), and we examined spine macro-damage (visible without a microscope) post puncture. Lionfish spines were more effective, based on lower forces measured and less damage incurred, at puncturing buccal skin of groupers compared to sharks. Anal and dorsal spines incurred the most macro-damage during successful fish skin puncture trials, while pelvic spines did not incur any macro-damage. Lionfish spines were not damaged during porcine skin testing. Anal spines required the highest forces, while pelvic spines required intermediate forces to puncture fish skin. Dorsal spines required the lowest forces to puncture fish skins, but often incurred macro-damage of bent tips. All spine regions required similar forces to puncture porcine skin. These data suggest that lionfish spines may be more effective at puncturing humans such as divers than potential fish predators. These results emphasize that puncture performance is ultimately determined by both the puncture tool and target material choice. Lionfish puncture performance varies among spine region, when taking into account both the puncture force and damage sustained by the spine.

Two Caribbean Hope Spots were declared as bottom-up protection scheme based on communities governance to improve coral reef conservation effectiveness in Colombia. Data acquisition through a citizen science program with the participation of scuba diving operators, fishers and other volunteer observers since 2008 received 1958 geo-referenced reports of observations and semi-structured interviews with videos and photos. Applying the transdisciplinary conceptual dimensions of the Sustainable Development Goal 14—Protection of Life below Water—was measure the performance of ecological, social and economic indicators illustrated with three cases studies: (1) Spatial Collaborative Multicriteria Decision Support System to evaluate the National Park Corales del Rosario per dive sites Varadero Reef had higher performance indicators under all the perspectives. (2) Opportunity Cost of Dredging vs. Protecting Varadero Coral Reef; the minimal benefit of protection was US$244 million/Km2 with an expected Annual Revenue>10%. (3) Change in Fisheries Productivity in Hope Spot Capurgana Reefs shows a decline with industrial fisheries and after the appearance of the lionfish Pterois volitans of commercial important native stocks up to 2013; afterwards a gradual replenishment was due to exclusive artisanal fisheries and biological control of the invasive species. Compared with the Park, coral reefs in the Hope Spots have higher healthy coral cover>70% and more frequent sightings of vulnerable species listed on the IUCN Red List (7–10 per). They also have higher fishers’ community stewardship, effective bottom-up schemes of protection and less visitors in contrast with the Park. More ecological complex food webs of resilient coral reefs in the Hope Spots with open seawater currents at the bottom, mixed at the surface during the rainy season with run-off producing a natural shadow that avoids impact from climate change, and low sedimentation rates make them potential climate change refugia. These results point out the urgency to connect the case studies within an effective protection framework, increasing governance to guarantee ecological connectivity.

Impact of invasive species on native biota may be due to predation, competition for space or food, or indirect effects. Lionfish (Pterois volitans), invasive in the western Atlantic, is a voracious generalist predator, so it is expected to have a significant trophic overlap with native fishes of comparable size and habits. The goal of this study was to determine the diets of potential competitors of the lionfish, in particular a grouper, Cephalopholis cruentata (Graysby), and a snapper, Lutjanus apodus (Schoolmaster), and to compare them to the diet of lionfish in Xcalak, southern Mexican Caribbean. Stomach contents were analyzed and electivity and diet overlap were estimated. The trophic overlap between the lionfish and the two putative competitors, especially the grouper, was high, including prey that was consumed by the predators in higher proportion than the relative abundance of the prey in the environment, and probably at the same time of day. Lionfish and grouper shared as important diet items Stegastes sp., Halichoeres sp., Brachyura, and Palaemonidae, and most full stomachs were found during the early morning. The hypothesis of competition between them for particular prey is supported, so we advise to continue the culling programs of lionfish and also to monitor the abundance of the possible native competitors.

Streptococcus iniae causes high mortality in cultured and wild fish stocks globally. Since the first report in captive Amazon river dolphins Inia geoffrensis in 1976, it has emerged in finfish across all continents except Antarctica. In March 2016, an estimated 17000 fish were observed dead and dying along a remote 70 km stretch of the Kimberley coastline north of Broome, Western Australia. Affected species included finfish (lionfish Pterois volitans, angelfish Pomacanthus sp., stripey snapper Lutjanus carponotatus, sand bass Psammoperca waigiensis, yellowtail grunter Amniataba caudavittata, damselfish Pomacentridae sp.), flatback sea turtles Natator depressus, and olive (Aipysurus laevis) and black-ringed (Hydrelaps darwiniensis) sea snakes. Moribund fish collected during the event exhibited exophthalmia and abnormal behaviour, such as spiralling on the surface or within the water column. Subsequent histopathological examination of 2 fish species revealed bacterial septicaemia with chains of Gram-positive cocci seen in multiple organs and within brain tissue. S. iniae was isolated and identified by bacterial culture, species-specific PCR, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Time-Of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) and biochemical testing. This is the first report of S. iniae associated with a major multi-species wild marine fish kill in Australia. Extreme weather events in the region including a marked decrease in water temperatures, followed by an extended period of above-average coastal water temperatures, were implicated as stressors potentially contributing to this outbreak.

Background Biological invasions rank among the most significant threats to biodiversity and ecosystems. Correlative ecological niche modeling is among the most frequently used tools with which to estimate potential distributions of invasive species. However, when areas accessible to the species across its native distribution do not represent the full spectrum of environmental conditions that the species can tolerate, correlative studies often underestimate fundamental niches. Methods Here, we explore the utility of supraspecific modeling units to improve the predictive ability of models focused on biological invasions. Taking into account phylogenetic relationships in correlative ecological niche models, we studied the invasion patterns of three species (Aedes aegypti, Pterois volitans and Oreochromis mossambicus). Results Use of supraspecific modeling units improved the predictive ability of correlative niche models in anticipating potential distributions of three invasive species. We demonstrated that integrating data on closely related species allowed a more complete characterization of fundamental niches. This approach could be used to model species with invasive potential but that have not yet invaded new regions.

The lionfish Pterois volitans, is an predator in coral system, whose diet is composed of small fish and crustaceans, impacting species of ecological and commercial importance. P. volitans is an exotic species in the Gulf of Mexico with high colonization capacity. The present study describes its population structure, type of growth and trophic dynamics. 97 organisms of the PNSAV were obtained, 64 females (185±6,7 mm LP; 257,6±27,8 g) and 22 males (183±15,8 mm of LP; 273,5±62,6 g). Whit the Battacharya model, four size classes were obtained for females (15,3; 25,3; 28,2, and 31,8 cm) and six for males (9,87; 17,95; 22,95; 26,95; 30,95 and 33,95), being the size class 1 for both sexes the most abundant. The length-weight relationship was of the potential type (r2=0,9643, b=3,1574 females, and r2=0,9843 and b=3,1089 males), and growth of allometric type for both sexes. The growth model that best adjusted to the data was that of Gompertz, (L∞=324 mm, k=0,99, t0=0,694 females and L00=379,4, k=0,468, t0=0,719 males). The families of fish identified in the stomach contents were Ophididae, Serranidae, Haemulidae, Pomacentridae, Beloniidae, Achiridae, and crustaceans Portunidae, Penaeidae, Squillidae and Diogenidae. Being Haemulon aurolineatum (Haemulidae) and Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Penaeidae) the most important prey. The presence of lionfish in the PNSAV is recent, so the information presented in this research will allow us to understand its population dynamics and its adaptation to the PNSAV, contributing to its management and control.