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COVID-19 is reported as an extremely contagious disease with common symptoms of fever, dry cough, sore throat, and tiredness. The published literature on incidence and gender-wise prevalence of COVID-19 is scarce in Pakistan. Therefore, the present study was designed to compare the distribution, incubation period and mortality rate of COVID-19 among the male and female population of district Attock. The data were collected between 01 April 2020 and 07 December 2020 from the population of district Attock, Pakistan. A total of 22,962 individuals were screened and 843 were found positive for RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2. The confirmed positive cases were monitored carefully. Among the positive cases, the incidence of COVID-19 was 61.7% among males and 38.2% among females. The average recovery period of males was 18.89±7.75 days and females were 19±8.40 days from SARS-CoV-2. The overall mortality rate was 8.06%. The death rate of male patients was significantly higher (P

Anabolic steroids are frequently used to increase the growth rate of meat-producing animals. Exposure to an anabolic-androgenic steroid, nandrolone decanoate (ND), is associated with expressional reduction of testicular steroidogenic enzymes. However, the effect of withdrawal of ND exposure on the expression of these testicular molecules has not been thoroughly explored. The current research investigated expression changes of testicular steroidogenic enzymes in rats at several recovery periods (2, 6, and 12 weeks) after the stop of ND treatment with different doses (2 and 10 mg/kg body weight) for 12 weeks. Body and testis weights were recorded, and transcript levels of molecules were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The immunohistochemistry was used to examine the changes of immuno-intensities of molecules. At 6 and 12 weeks of the recovery period, the 10 mg/kg ND-treated rats were lighter than other experimental groups. The interstitial compartment vanished by ND treatment filled up as the recovery period became longer. The expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein was returned to the control level at 12 weeks of the recovery period. Expression levels of cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage and 17a-hydroxylase were increased in 2 mg/kg ND-treated group at 6 weeks of the recovery period, and transcript levels of these molecules in 2 and 10 mg/kg ND-treated groups at 12 weeks of the recovery period were significantly lower than the control. Expression levels of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) type I and 17β-HSD type 3 in 2 mg/kg ND-treated group were comparable with those of control at 12 weeks of the recovery period, but not in 10 mg/kg ND-treated group. Expression of cytochrome P450 aromatase (Cyp19) was reverted to the control level at 2 weeks of the recovery period. Except for Cyp19, there was a visible increase of immuno-staining intensity of other testicular steroidogenic enzymes in the Leydig cells as the recovery period progressed. This research has demonstrated that the cease of ND administration could restore the expression of testicular steroidogenic enzymes close to the normal level. Nevertheless, a relatively long recovery period, compared to the ND-exposure period would be required to retrieve normal expression levels of testicular steroidogenic enzymes.

Patient recovery is a period of active patient monitoring and management during which time airway reflexes return and respiratory and cardiovascular stability should be achieved. The post-anaesthetic care unit (PACU) is the specially designed clinical area in which staff trained in the recognition and management of potential complications arising during this time care for patients. National guidance on the responsibilities and training of staff, the monitoring required during the recovery period and criteria for discharge serves to ensure patient safety and efficient theatre throughput.

The dynamics and distribution of endogenous cytokinins (CKs), gibberellic (GA3) and salicylic (SA) acids in wheat (Triticum aestivum L., ‘Podolyanka’) and spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L., ‘Frankenkorn’) plants was analyzed using HPLC–MS. Fourteen-day-old plants that had been exposed to short-term heat stress (+ 40 °C, 2 h) and 21-day-old plants after recovery were studied. Heat stress induced rapid changes, both specific and nonspecific, in hormone levels and distribution. The level of GA3 decreased in the shoots and roots of both winter and spelt wheat. A reduction in SA content was observed in wheat, while an increase was observed in spelt. The pool of CKs significantly increased in wheat, while in spelt—it decreased more than twofold. After recovery, an increase in GA3 content occurred in both species, but not to the levels measured in control plants. More active accumulation of GA3 was observed in the roots. The content of SA in the shoots of wheat continued to decrease, while in the roots it increased. In spelt, hormone concentration decreased, but it remained higher than in 21-day-old control plants. In shoots of both plants the pool of CKs decreased, while in wheat roots it did not change, and in spelt roots it decreased. The total CKs content in stressed wheat plants was twice as high as in spelt. In general, we established significant hormonal fluctuations, which indicate a direct involvement of endogenous cytokinins, gibberellic and salicylic acids in wheat and spelt response to heat stress. Screening of stress-resistant genotypes of cereals may benefit from quantitation of CKs, GA3, and SA.

[ES] Este estudio investigó el efecto del momento de pesaje sobre el estado de hidratación y el aumento agudo de peso (AWG). Veintisiete judokas y 23 luchadores de categoría masculina, participaron voluntariamente. Se midió la masa corporal y la gravedad específica de la orina (USG) de los atletas justo antes del pesaje oficial y de la competición. Para determinar las diferencias en AWG y USG entre ambos grupos y tiempos de medición se utilizó un análisis de varianza de dos vías (ANOVA factorial mixto) con medidas repetidas (tiempo x deporte). En caso de existir diferencias significativas entre deportes, se aplicaron pruebas t. Se encontró un efecto principal significativo en el tiempo (p

Trees are long-lived organisms that integrate climate conditions across years or decades to produce secondary growth. This integration process is sometimes referred to as ‘climatic memory.’ While widely perceived, the physiological processes underlying this temporal integration, such as the storage and remobilization of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), are rarely explicitly studied. This is perhaps most apparent when considering drought legacies (perturbed post-drought growth responses to climate), and the physiological mechanisms underlying these lagged responses to climatic extremes. Yet, drought legacies are likely to become more common if warming climate brings more frequent drought. To quantify the linkages between drought legacies, climate memory and NSC, we measured tree growth (via tree ring widths) and NSC concentrations in three dominant species across the southwestern USA. We analyzed these data with a hierarchical mixed effects model to evaluate the time-scales of influence of past climate (memory) on tree growth. We then evaluated the role of climate memory and the degree to which variation in NSC concentrations were related to forward-predicted growth during the hot 2011–2012 drought and subsequent 4-year recovery period. Populus tremuloides exhibited longer climatic memory compared to either Pinus edulis or Juniperus osteosperma, but following the 2011–2012 drought, P. tremuloides trees with relatively longer memory of temperature conditions showed larger (more negative) drought legacies. Conversely, Pinus edulis trees with longer temperature memory had smaller (less negative) drought legacies. For both species, higher NSC concentrations followed more negative (larger) drought legacies, though the relevant NSC fraction differed between P. tremuloides and P. edulis. Our results suggest that differences in tree NSC are also imprinted upon tree growth responses to climate across long time scales, which also underlie tree resilience to increasingly frequent drought events under climate change.

Football is one of the most prestigious forms of sports that are in great demand by the public. Many football clubs that take part in the competition have a tight match schedule. This causes the recovery time for athletes to be short and lead to fatigue. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of recovery time after the match on the explosive power of leg muscles in soccer athletes. This study was an experimental study with a pretest-posttest group design. The sampling method used was simple random sampling to get 40 research subjects divided into 2 groups, namely groups with recovery time of 2 days and groups with recovery time of 5 days. The assessment used is measurement of explosive limb muscle power using the vertical jump technique before and after receiving the recovery period. To test the normality of data using Shapiro-Wilk continued with the comparative data test in the form of an unpaired t test. The results of the study in groups with a recovery time of 2 days were worth -3.7cm and the group with a recovery time of 5 days was 2.9cm. These results were analyzed using unpaired t-test showing p value = 0,000 (p

Purpose This study investigated the effects of including sprints within low-intensity training (LIT) sessions during a 14-d training camp focusing on LIT, followed by 10-d recovery (Rec), on performance and performance-related measures in elite cyclists. Methods During the camp, a sprint training group (SPR; n = 9) included 12 × 30-s maximal sprints during five LIT sessions, whereas a control group (CON; n = 9) performed distance-matched LIT only. Training load was equally increased in both groups by 48% ± 27% during the training camp and subsequently decreased by −56% ± 23% during the recovery period compared with habitual training. Performance tests were conducted before the training camp (Pre) and after Rec. Muscle biopsies, hematological measures, and stress/recovery questionnaires were collected Pre and after the camp (Post). Results Thirty-second sprint (SPR vs CON: 4% ± 4%, P < 0.01) and 5-min mean power (SPR vs CON: 4% ± 8%, P = 0.04) changed differently between groups. In muscle, Na+-K+ β1 protein content changed differently between groups, decreasing in CON compared with SPR (−8% ± 14%, P = 0.04), whereas other proteins showed similar changes. SPR and CON displayed similar increases in red blood cell volume (SPR: 2.6% ± 4.7%, P = 0.07; CON: 3.9% ± 4.5%, P = 0.02) and V˙O2 at 4 mmol·L−1 [BLa−] (SPR: 2.5% ± 3.3%, P = 0.03; CON: 2.2% ± 3.0%, P = 0.04). No changes were seen for V˙O2max, Wmax, hematological measures, muscle enzyme activity, and stress/recovery measures. Conclusions Inclusion of 30-s sprints within LIT sessions during a high-volume training camp affected competition-relevant performance measures and Na+-K+ β1 protein content differently from LIT only, without affecting sport-specific stress/recovery or any other physiological measure in elite cyclists.

The Hylocereus species that are grown as exotic fruit crops are very often farmed under marginal agronomic conditions, which may include exposure to high temperatures. Here we present a pioneering investigation of grafting as an agro-technique to improve heat tolerance in Hylocereus. To this end, we studied the diploid species H. undatus, the tetraploid H. megalanthus and its di-haploid gamete-derived line 2719, and the interspecific-interploid tetraploid Z-10, all grafted onto H. undatus as the rootstock. Self-grafted, grafted and non-grafted plants were acclimated for one week (to obtain baseline values) and then exposed to heat stress (45/35 °C day/night) for three days, followed by a one-week recovery period under optimal temperatures (30/22 °C). A comparison of the physiological, biochemical and molecular performances of the grafted and self-grafted plants under heat stress and during the recovery period vs those of non-stressed plants (control; 30/22 °C) showed that the grafted and self-grafted plants performed better in most of the assessments: grafted and self-grafted plants recovered more rapidly from the heat stress and suffered far less stem damage. An unexpected – but important – finding that may have implications for other crop was that the self-grafted plants showed better performance than non-grafted plants throughout the trial. Our findings provide support for grafting as a strategy for coping with the stress induced by extremely high temperatures. This study thus paves the way for further investigations of grafting in Hylocereus as a valuable technique that will maintain crop productivity in the face of increasing worldwide temperatures.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Sleep is an important recovery period for athletes. Women, including athletes, have reported sleep disturbances around menses. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the changes in objective sleep parameters in the nights during menses and in the midfollicular phase of the menstrual cycle of young female athletes. METHODS: Female collegiate athletes with regular menstrual cycles were recruited. The participants underwent home electroencephalogram monitoring during the first and second nights after the onset of menses (M1 and M2, respectively) and during one night between the 7th and the 10th night after menses onset (midfollicular phase). RESULTS: Data from 45 athletes were analyzed. The total sleep time was significantly reduced, and sleep onset latency was significantly prolonged in M2 compared with those in the night during the midfollicular phase. Sleep efficiency was significantly reduced in M1 compared with that in the night during the midfollicular phase. Changes in the percentage of deep sleep across menstrual cycles differed among the participants with and without menstrual symptoms or concerns for sanitary products; moreover, such participants spent a lower percentage of time in deep sleep in M1 compared with the other nights. CONCLUSIONS: Collegiate female athletes with regular menstrual cycles are likely to have trouble falling asleep, tend to sleep less, and when concerned about sanitary products, have less deep sleep during menses. Even in young female athletes with regular menstrual cycles, sleep can be disturbed during menses. Interventions to restore or improve sleep should be considered. CITATION: Koikawa N, Takami Y, Kawasaki Y, et al. Changes in the objective measures of sleep between the initial nights of menses and the nights during the midfollicular phase of the menstrual cycle in collegiate female athletes. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(10):1745–1751.

Holtgeerts, RN, Gann, J, Jung, HC, and Hey, W. The impact of recovery time on performance in Division I collegiate beach volleyball players. J Strength Cond Res 36(3): 667-673, 2022-The sport of beach volleyball has recently grown significantly at the collegiate level, and collegiate beach volleyball players often practice and compete 5 or 6 days per week during the competitive season. This study examined the effects of the amount of recovery time on performance in Division 1 Collegiate beach volleyball players. Ten female NCAA Division 1 beach volleyball players, aged 20.2 ± 1.23 years, participated in the study. Subjects completed 2 trials consisting of 4 sessions of volleyball play (with a 24-hour recovery trial and 48-hour recovery trial). Trials were randomized and counter balanced. Each trial measured counter-movement jump, 5-10-5 agility time, 3 beach volleyball drills, and scores of a beach volleyball match. Perceived recovery, sleep quality, and rating of perceived exertion were also recorded. The significance level set for the study was p ≤ 0.05. Counter-movement jump showed small but significant increases following the 24-hour recovery period (p ≤ 0.05). 5-10-5 agility test showed significant improvement with the 48-hour recovery period (p ≤ 0.05). Perceived Recovery scores demonstrated significant increases in both recovery periods (p ≤ 0.05). Beach volleyball drill and match performance were not affected by the change in recovery time. These results indicate that, although some physical skills are affected by recovery time, beach volleyball performance as a whole is relatively stable over several days. It is normal for NCAA athletes to play back-to-back days and with little recovery time, and these results indicate that this practice does not negatively affect sport performance.

Objective: to study the response of the pumping function of the heart of athletes with disabilities to standard muscle load. Materials and methods: the total number of examined athletes was 20 males aged 21 to 30 years. The athletes of the basketball team in wheelchairs were conditionally divided into two groups. The first group consists of wheelchair basketball players with amputated lower extremities. The second group is athletes with spinal lesions and atrophy of the lower extremities. A comparative analysis of heart rate and stroke volume was carried out at rest and after muscle load. Results: it can be argued that in basketball players with amputated lower extremities, heart rates at rest, according to our data, were significantly higher than in basketball players with atrophy of the lower extremities. It should also be noted that if athletes with amputated lower extremities, when performing a muscle load in the form of shuttle acceleration along the perimeter of the site, responded by increasing heart rate to 155,4 bpm, then athletes with atrophy of the lower extremities responded to the same load by increasing heart rate to 171,5 bpm The difference was 16,1 beats/min (p

Objective: to study the reaction of heart rate and stroke volume of blood of athletes with disabilities to the implementation of standardized muscle load and the features of their recovery after completion of the load. Materials and methods: athletes are conditionally divided into two groups. The first group consists of wheelchair basketball players with amputated lower extremities. The second group consists of wheelchair basketball players with atrophy of the lower extremities. A comparative analysis of heart rate and stroke volume was carried out at rest, during muscle load and after its completion. Results: in athletes with disabilities with defects of the lower extremities, when performing a muscular load, heart rate increases by about two times compared with the initial parameters. Subsequently, heart rate values are significantly reduced. However, the rate of heart rate recovery within seven minutes of rest is not uniform. So, the most significant decrease in heart rate was observed in the second and third minutes of rest, where heart rate decreased by 17.9 and 20.1 beats/min, respectively (P

The objective of this investigation was to assess the usefulness of three different doses of alfaxalone administered intramuscularly in amphibian species. Thirty-two healthy, adult (5–9 years old) captive Spanish ribbed newts (Pleurodeles waltl) were used. Alfaxalone at a dose of 15, 20, and 30 mg/kg was administered into the muscles of the front legs of each newt, with a 4-week washout period between trials. Heart rate and depth of sedation were assessed for each animal prior to the administration of anesthetic (T0), and at 2-minute intervals over the initial 20 minutes, then at 5-minute intervals over 60 minutes, and at 15-minute intervals until a full duration of 120 minutes for each trial. The average induction time was reduced with increasing doses. The recovery period was prolonged with increasing doses. Intramuscular administration of alfaxalone proved a feasible method for immobilization and sedation in Spanish ribbed newts and resulted in loss of both the escape reflex and righting reflex.

The research was carried out on the basis of the laboratory of stability of physiology of fruit plants at All-Russian research Institute of Breeding of Fruit Crops in 2017-2018. The object of research was the scion/stock combinations of Novella and Turgenevka cherries/82987, C-2-180, 74332, 74340, 74336, 74324 breeding of the Institute. In the study of winter hardiness of cherry, special attention was paid to the ability of varieties to withstand low temperatures in mid-winter. The aim of the research was to study the maximum frost new scion/stock combinations of cherries by artificial freezing and selection of the hardiest of them. The results of the research noted that in the recovery period of organic dormancy in late December, when the cherry plants acquire the maximum hardened state, study scion/stock combinations were characterized by high resistance to frost of bark and wood of annual branches. They noted frost resistance of vegetative buds with reversible damage. Significant differences in the freezing vegetative buds, bark and wood between scion/stock combinations of sweet cherries are shown. Novella and Turgenevka cherry varieties on clonal rootstocks 74332, 74336, characterized by the greatest potential frost resistance of vegetative buds and tissues of annual branches at lower t= -35°C (winter hardiness component II) at the end of December. It is shown that all cherry scion/stock combinations have a low potential frost resistance of generative buds. After exposure to t= -35°C, living rudiments of flower buds preserved only in cherry scion/stock combinations Novella/74332, Turgenevka/74340, 74336 (from 4.0 to 15.4 %). According to the results of artificial freezing scion/stock combination Novella/74332 and Turgenevka / 74332, 74336 were revealed, which were characterized by the maximum frost resistance of generative, vegetative buds, bark and wood.

Compensatory growth induced by lysine (Lys) restriction in grow-finish pigs is a complex physiological process affected by many factors and interactions, principally genotype, stage of growth at restriction, nature of nutritional restriction, and patterns of restriction and recovery. The scarcity of standard comparisons across the literature has hindered the characterization of important determinants of compensatory growth. Therefore, the present publication aims to review the current state of knowledge on compensatory growth induced by Lys restriction in grow-finish pigs, develop a database from peer-reviewed literature to standardize comparisons to characterize the occurrence of compensatory growth, and provide practical considerations for compensatory growth under field conditions. The literature search focused on publications directly or indirectly evaluating compensatory growth by having a period of Lys restriction followed by a recovery period of Lys sufficiency for grow-finish pigs. The database included 14 publications and 57 comparisons expressed as relative differences of restricted pigs compared to nonrestricted pigs. The database analysis described compensatory growth into complete, incomplete, and no compensatory growth categories and characterized the patterns of restriction and recovery in each category. The review of literature and database analysis supports the occurrence of compensatory growth induced by Lys restriction in grow-finish pigs. The degree of Lys restriction and duration of restriction and recovery periods seem to be critical in explaining differences between complete and incomplete compensatory growth, whereas Lys level in the recovery period seems to be critical between incomplete or no compensatory growth. Compensatory growth seems to be more likely if: 1) the degree of Lys restriction is between 10% and 30%; 2) Lys restriction is induced before pigs reach their maximum protein deposition; 3) duration of Lys restriction is short (maximum 40–45% overall duration) and duration of recovery period is long (minimum 55–60% overall duration); and 4) Lys level in recovery is close to or above the estimated requirements. In addition, compensatory growth can occur under commercial conditions and there seems to be an opportunity to exploit compensatory growth in grow-finish pigs to reduce feed cost and improve feed efficiency under certain market conditions.

The popularity of physique sports is increasing, yet there are currently few comprehensive nutritional guidelines for these athletes. Physique sport now encompasses more than just a short phase before competition and offseason guidelines have recently been published. Therefore, the goal of this review is to provide an extensive guide for male and female physique athletes in the contest preparation and recovery period. As optimal protein intake is largely related to one’s skeletal muscle mass, current evidence supports a range of 1.8-2.7 g/kg. Furthermore, as a benefit from having adequate carbohydrate to fuel performance and activity, low-end fat intake during contest preparation of 10-25% of calories allows for what calories remain in the “energy budget” to come from carbohydrate to mitigate the negative impact of energy restriction and weight loss on training performance. For nutrient timing, we recommend consuming four or five protein boluses per day with one consumed near training and one prior to sleep. During competition periods, slower rates of weight loss (≤0.5% of body mass per week) are preferable for attenuating the loss of fat-free mass with the use of intermittent energy restriction strategies, such as diet breaks and refeeds, being possibly beneficial. Additionally, physiological and psychological factors are covered, and potential best-practice guidelines are provided for disordered eating and body image concerns since physique athletes present with higher incidences of these issues, which may be potentially exacerbated by certain traditional physique practices. We also review common peaking practices, and the critical transition to the post-competition period.

This study was performed to demonstrate a No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for an aqueous extract of Gryllus bimaculatus. According to other studies, using dried material or extract with ethanol or methanol determined a NOAEL dose of 1000 mg/kg or 5000 mg/kg in rats. Therefore, the Gryllus bimaculatus groups were administered orally at doses of 0, 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg/kg for four weeks. Two-week recovery groups were administered at doses of 0, and 3000 mg/kg. During administration and recovery period, the animals were observed for clinical signs, change of body weight, food consumption, hematology, and clinical chemistry. Rats in each group were periodically sacrificed, and organs were weighed and examined histologically. No difference arose between any of the dosage groups and the control group in clinical signs, histopathological examination, hematology, or clinical chemistry. In conclusion, 3000 mg/kg is a NOAEL dose for Gryllus bimaculatus extracts in Sprague Dawley rats.

This systematic review investigated the effects of wearing below-knee compression stockings (CS) on exercise performance (or sports activity) and associated physiological and perceived indicators. We searched articles on PubMed using the following terms: "graduated compression stockings"; "compression stockings"; "graduated compression socks"; "compression socks" combined with "performance", "athletes", "exercise", "exercise performance", "fatigue", "sports" and "recovery", resulting in 1067 papers. After checking for inclusion criteria (e.g., original studies, healthy subjects, performance analysis), 21 studies were selected and analyzed. We conclude that wearing CS during exercise improved performance in a small number of studies. However, wearing CS could benefit muscle function indicators and perceived muscle soreness during the recovery period. Future research should investigate the chronic effect of CS on Sports Medicine and athletic performance.

Objective: To provide a reference for the treatment of Qi and Yin deficiency in convalescent period of COVID-19 by data mining. Methods: By consulting the CNKI database from 2010 to 2020, the data about the treatment of deficiency of Qi and Yin with traditional Chinese medicine were collected. According to the standard, traditional Chinese medicine was input into excel 2013 to establish database, and Clementine 12.0 and IBM SPSS statistics 19 were used for association rule statistics and cluster analysis. Results: There were 110 prescriptions that could treat the deficiency of Qi and Yin. The most frequently used herbs were Astragalus (79 times, 71.8%), Ophiopogon japonicus (56 times, 50.9%) and Rehmannia (51 times, 46.4%). The dosage range of traditional Chinese medicine is mostly 6g-10g, including 10 herbs such as liquorice and ginseng, 11g-15g including 11 herbs such as Ophiopogon japonicus and raw rehmannia; Most of the herbs used to treat the deficiency of Qi and Yin were warm (11 times, 44%), cold (7 times, 28%), flat (7 times, 28%), sweet (18 times, 45%), bitter (9 times, 22.5%), pungent (6 times, 15%), most of them are lung meridians (14 times, 20.9%), heart meridians (12 times, 17.9%), spleen meridians (12 times, 17.9%); 12 groups of core Chinese medicine combinations were obtained by association rule analysis; 4 kinds of drug combinations were obtained by cluster analysis. Conclusion: The rule of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of Qi and yin deficiency syndrome is summarized, which provides a reference for the treatment of COVID-19 in the recovery period.

Consumers often have multiple choices when purchasing retail lawn products in stores. In this study, we evaluated the acute drought performance of locally available retail lawn seed products (mixtures or blends) at two mowing heights of 2.5 and 3 inches. We hypothesized that the species present in the products and the height-of-cut differentially influence the drought resistance and recovery of the mixtures and blends. In Fall 2016 and 2017, 28 different products consisting of 25 mixtures and 3 blends of turfgrass seeds were established under a fully automated rainout shelter at the St. Paul campus of the University of Minnesota. The drought treatments lasted for 67 days in 2017, and 52 days in 2018; both the 2017 and 2018 treatments were followed by a recovery period. Data were obtained during acute drought treatments and recovery periods for visual turfgrass quality and green turfgrass cover using digital images of the plots. During the first year, several products displayed higher green stability (or the ability to remain green) at the 3-inch height-of-cut compared with the 2.5-inch height-of-cut. Products with tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) and fine fescue (Festuca sp.) as dominant species generally performed better during the drought treatments, whereas an increasing presence of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) decreased the visual drought performance of the products. During the recovery period, an effect of the interaction between mowing height and the date of data collection on the percentage of green cover was observed: the lower mowing height improved the early recovery of green cover after acute drought. These findings suggest that consumers in the upper midwestern United States and areas with a climate similar climate to that of St. Paul, MN, who are challenged with multiple choices of lawn seed products should choose products containing a higher tall fescue content and adjust their mowing heights to optimize recovery. Published version

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of listening to preferred versus non-preferred warm-up music on anaerobic sprint performance in Division I NCAA female athletes. Female collegiate athletes (n = 14) were recruited for this study. In a counterbalanced, crossover study design, participants completed two separate visits, each with a different warm-up music condition: preferred (Pref) or non-preferred (Non-pref). During each visit, participants completed a 3 min standardized cycling warm-up at 50 Watts while listening to Pref or Non-pref music. Following this, participants completed 3 × 15 s Wingate Anaerobic Tests (WAnTs) with a 2 min active recovery period in between tests. Motivation to exercise was measured immediately following the warm-up (WU), WAnT1, WAnT2, and WAnT3. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was also measured after each WAnT. Each visit was separated by a minimal recovery period of 48 h. Mean power, total work, RPE, and motivation were analyzed. Mean power (p = 0.044, d = 0.91) and total work (p = 0.045, d = 0.78) were significantly higher during the Pref music condition versus Non-pref. RPE remained unchanged regardless of condition (p = 0.536, d = 0.01). Motivation was significantly higher with Pref warm-up music compared to Non-pref (p &lt, 0.001, d = 1.55). These results show that listening to Pref warm-up music has an ergogenic benefit during repeated sprints in comparison to Non-pref music and improves motivation to exercise. Listening to warm-up music prior to high-intensity repeated exercise may aid in optimizing performance and training in collegiate athletes.

Wildlife vaccination is an important tool for managing the burden of infectious disease in human populations, domesticated livestock and various iconic wildlife. Although substantial progress has been made in the field of vaccine designs for wildlife, there is a gap in our understanding of how to time wildlife vaccination, relative to host demography, to best protect a population.We use a mathematical model and computer simulations to assess the outcomes of vaccination campaigns that deploy vaccines once per annual population cycle.Optimal timing of vaccination is an important consideration in animals with short to intermediate life spans and a short birthing season. Vaccines that are deployed shortly after the birthing season best protect the host population.The importance of timing is greater in wildlife pathogens that have a high rate of transmission and a short recovery period. Vaccinating at the end of the birthing season best reduces the mean abundance of pathogen‐infected hosts. Delaying vaccination until later in the year can facilitate pathogen elimination. Policy Implications. Tuning wildlife vaccination campaigns to host demography and pathogen traits can substantially increase the effectiveness of a campaign. Our results suggest that, for a fluctuating population, vaccinating at, or shortly after, the end of the birthing season, best protects the population against an invading pathogen. If the pathogen is already endemic, delaying vaccination until after the birthing season is over can help facilitate pathogen elimination. Our results highlight the need to better understand and predict host demography in wildlife populations that are targeted for vaccination., Tuning wildlife vaccination campaigns to host demography and pathogen traits can substantially increase the effectiveness of a campaign. Our results suggest that, for a fluctuating population, vaccinating at, or shortly after, the end of the birthing season, best protects the population against an invading pathogen. If the pathogen is already endemic, delaying vaccination until after the birthing season is over can help facilitate pathogen elimination. Our results highlight the need to better understand and predict host demography in wildlife populations that are targeted for vaccination.

Fish swimming behavior is important for their survival. Burst swimming, prolonged swimming, and their effect on each other were examined for Gymnocypris potanini firmispinatus. Test fish were randomly assigned to two groups, one group was tested for critical swimming speed (Ucrit), and the other was tested for burst speed (Uburst). After a 30-min recovery period, both groups were subjected to Uburst testing. The Uburst value measured following the Ucrit test was termed Uburst-c and Uburst-b was measured following the initial Uburst test. Results include two primary findings. (1) There were significant differences between Uburst and Uburst-c, and between Uburst and Uburst-b, indicating that the effect of fatigue from both prolonged and burst swimming on subsequent burst swimming performance is significant. (2) The recovery ratio after fatigue resulting from prolonged swimming was significantly lower than the recovery ratio after fatigue resulting from burst swimming. The differences between Uburst-c and Uburst-b was not significant. Therefore, whether or not prolonged swimming leads to deeper fatigue than burst swimming will require additional research. The findings from this study on prolonged and burst swimming and their effects on subsequent burst swimming will support continued improvement of fishway design.

Background Indoor residual spray (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets are the two principal intervention methods of vector control. Zero vector durable lining (ZVDL), a relatively new vector control method, was evaluated to assess its efficacy against malaria vectors in hard to reach areas in the Balaghat district, where malaria transmission is perennial. Methods ZVDL was installed in six experimental villages during November–December 2012. In control villages, IRS was carried out with Alphacypermethrin. Cone bioassays were performed to assess the efficacy and persistence of insecticide-treated ZVDL following WHO bioassays. Results The mean per man hour density of Anopheles caught during 2013 was 12.1 in experimental villages and 16.2 in control villages. No sporozoite-positive Anopheles culicifacies were found in experimental villages; however, in control villages, four sporozoite-positive A. culicifacies were found (two Plasmodium vivax and two P. falciparum). The knock-down rate of A. culicifacies was 95–100% with 100% mortality during the 24 h recovery period. Malaria declined sharply in experimental villages showing a slide positivity rate of 22.3% compared with control villages (36.4%) (p Conclusions A supplementary vector control intervention such as ZVDL has the potential to become a viable alternative to IRS in malaria endemic areas.

Author(s): Singer, GP; Hansen, MJ; Ho, KV; Lee, KW; Cocherell, DE; Peter Klimley, A; Rypel, AL; Fangue, NA | Abstract: Acoustic telemetry, a commonly used tool for examining movements and survival of aquatic species, is often applied without a comprehensive understanding of transmitter implantation effects. This can be problematic when the goal of the study is to use telemetry results to make inferences regarding broader populations. Here, we examined juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha at varying time intervals after transmitter implantation to assess the behavioral implications of tagging. The following behavioral metrics in response to a novel environment were compared across treatment and control groups: time to emergence from shelter into the open portion of the test arena, rheotactic response, total activity, and rates of exploration. Tagged fish (114–132nmm FL) were tested at 0, 1, or 4nd postsurgery (day-0, day-1, and day-4 groups, respectively), and their behavior was compared to that of similarly handled control fish. Emergence from refuge was the only metric that differed significantly between treatment and control groups. Fish tested on the same day as the surgery were less likely to emerge from the refuge, with only 46% of the day-0 tagged fish emerging compared to 88, 93, and 80% of the day-1, day-4, and control groups, respectively. However, day-0 fish that did emerge from the refuge had rheotactic responses, total activity, and exploration rates similar to those of fish from the other treatment and control groups. This study may have fisheries research and management implications, especially for telemetry studies and monitoring efforts. We encourage researchers using this technology to consider (1) observing a post-transmitter-implantation recovery period of at least 24nh prior to release, adjusting study plans and logistics accordingly; (2) applying sufficient scientific rigor to emerging tagging technology prior to wide-scale adoption; and (3) when possible, conducting concurrent battery life and tag effects studies with any field release of tagged fishes, as differing relationships between fish size, tag size, and tagging techniques may yield variable results.

A survey study was conducted to analyze the reproductive and productive performances of four indigenous chicken breeds (Potchefstroom Koekoek, Venda, Naked Neck and Ovambo) under different rearing system. Six villages located in Eastern Cape, South Africa were used for the study from July 2017 to June 2018. Data on Clutch Per Year (CPY), hatchability (HATCH), Egg Per Clutch (EGC), survivability at 10-12 weeks (SURV), Egg Per Year (EPY), Recovery Period (RP), average age at production (AA), Duration of Rearing (DR), mortality, egg laying length (EGL), Natural Brooding Period (NBP) and Natural Incubating Period (NIP) were obtained from Seven thousand, five hundred and thirty eight (7538) indigenous chicken. Four different breeds were sampled such as Venda breeds (2748), Potchefstroom Koekoek (2088), Ovambo (1838) and Naked Neck (864) breeds respectively. Potchefstroom Koekoek is observed to be a good egg producing breed with 15.11±0.25 eggs per clutch. Venda breed possess good mothering ability (hatchability) and high survivability with 86.03±0.31days and 82.70±0.26 days respectively. Naked Neck is known to be more prone to diseases with least (survivability) 60.08±0.25 days. Village was positively correlated with EGC and HATCH, EGY and SURV at p≤0.01 and p≤0.05 respectively. Rearing system was positively correlated with EGC. Rearing system was positively correlated at p≤0.05 on EGC than CPY, HATCH, EGY and SURV. Breed and village interactions were significant at p≤0.05 on RP, AA, DR, EGL, NBP and NIP. Therefore, productive and reproductive traits of indigenous chicken differ across different rearing systems, breeds and villages.

Various environmental stresses strongly influence plant development. Among these stresses is drought, which is a serious threat that can reduce agricultural productivity and obstruct plant growth. Although the mechanism of plants in response to drought has been studied extensively, the adaptive strategies of Amygdalus mira (Koehne) Yü et Lu grown in drought and rewatered habitats remain undefined. Amygdalus mira from the Tibetan Plateau has outstanding nutritional and medicinal values and can thrive in extreme drought. In this study, the physiological and proteomic responses in leaves of A. mira were investigated during drought and recovery period. The changes in plant growth, photosynthesis, enzymes, and non-enzymatic antioxidant under drought and rewatering were also analyzed in leaves. Compared with controls, A. mira showed stronger adaptive and resistant characteristics to drought. In addition, the proteomic technique was also used to study drought tolerance mechanisms in A. mira leaves. Differentially expressed proteins were identified using mass spectrometry. Accordingly, 103 proteins involved in 10 functional categories: cytoskeleton dynamics, energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, transcription and translation, transport, stress and defense, molecular chaperones, other materials metabolism, and unknown function were identified. These results showed that an increase of stress-defense-related proteins in leaves after drought treatment contributed to coping with drought. Importantly, A. mira developed an adaptive mechanism to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), including enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities and non-enzymatic antioxidant contents, reducing energy, and adjusting the efficiency of gas exchanges. These results may help to understand the acclimation of A. mira to drought.

Han, J, Liu, M, Shi, J, and Li, Y. Construction of a machine learning model to estimate physiological variables of speed skating athletes under hypoxic training conditions. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-Monitoring changes in athletes' physiological variables is essential to create a safe and effective hypoxic training plan for speed skating athletes. This research aims to develop a machine learning estimation model to estimate physiological variables of athletes under hypoxic training conditions based on their physiological measurements collected at sea level. The research team recruited 64 professional speed skating athletes to participate in a 10-week training program, including 3 weeks of sea-level training, followed by 4 weeks of hypoxic training and then a 3-week sea-level recovery period. We measured several physiological variables that could reflect the athletes' oxygen transport capacity in the first 7 weeks, including red blood cell (RBC) count and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration. The physiological variables were measured once a week and then modeled as a mathematical model to estimate measurements' changes using the maximum likelihood method. The mathematical model was then used to construct a machine learning model. Furthermore, the original data (measured once per week) were used to construct a polynomial model using curve fitting. We calculated and compared the mean absolute error between estimated values of the 2 models and measured values. Our results show that the machine learning model estimated RBC count and Hb concentration accurately. The errors of the estimated values were within 5% of the measured values. Compared with the curve fitting polynomial model, the accuracy of the machine learning model in estimating hypoxic training's physiological variables is higher. This study successfully constructed a machine learning model that used physiological variables measured at the sea level to estimate the physiological variables during hypoxic training.

Hyperglycemia is a stress responsible mechanism induced in crustaceans through the secretion of Crustacean Hyperglycemic Hormone (CHH). The effect of thermal shock on the hemolymph CHH levels was studied in P. pelagicus. Crabs were exposed to varying temperatures for 3 h and were then transferred to ambient temperature (28 °C). A higher CHH level of 47.30 ± 2.26 fmol/ml was observed on exposure of crabs to 24 °C, over a recovery period of 3 h. This was reflected with increase in hemolymph glucose causing hyperglycemia and subsequent decrease in hepatopancreas glycogen levels. The results suggest the modulatory role of CHH in producing the energy required for the physiological reparation faced by the crabs during thermal stress.

Pigments are among the oldest nanoparticulate products known to mankind, and their use in tattoos is also very old. Nowadays, 25% of American people aged 18 to 50 are tattooed, which poses the question of the delayed effects of tattoos. In this article, we investigated three cobalt (Pigment Violet 14 (purple color)) or cobalt alloy pigments (Pigment Blue 28 (blue color), Pigment Green 14 (green color)), and one zinc pigment (Pigment White 4 (white color)) which constitute a wide range of colors found in tattoos. These pigments contain microparticles and a significant proportion of submicroparticles or nanoparticles (in either aggregate or free form). Because of the key role of macrophages in the scavenging of particulate materials, we tested the effects of cobalt- and zinc-based pigments on the J774A.1 macrophage cell line. In order to detect delayed effects, we compared two exposure schemes: acute exposure for 24 hours and an exposure for 24 hours followed by a 3-day post-exposure recovery period. The conjunction of these two schemes allowed for the investigation of the delayed or sustained effects of pigments. All pigments induced functional effects on macrophages, most of which were pigment-dependent. For example, Pigment Green 19, Pigment Blue 28, and Pigment White 4 showed a delayed alteration of the phagocytic capacity of cells. Moreover, all the pigments tested induced a slight but significant increase in tumor necrosis factor secretion. This effect, however, was transitory. Conversely, only Pigment Blue 28 induced both a short and sustained increase in interleukin 6 secretion. Results showed that in response to bacterial stimuli (LPS), the secretion of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 6 declined after exposure to pigments followed by a recovery period. For chemoattractant cytokines (MCP-1 or MIP-1α), delayed effects were observed with a secretion decreased in presence of Pigment Blue 28 and Pigment violet 14, both with or without LPS stimuli. The pigments also induced persisting changes in some important macrophage membrane markers such as CD11b, an integrin contributing to cell adhesion and immunological tolerance. In conclusion, the pigments induced functional disorders in macrophages, which, in some cases, persist long after exposure, even at non-toxic doses.Contribution to the field statementUnlike dyes, which are water-soluble, pigments are water-insoluble and thus viewed as inert coloring substances. However, historical pigments such as lead white or vermilion (mercuric sulfide) have been shown to be toxic, suggesting that pigments inertness may not be complete under biological conditions.Pigments being particulate (nano) materials, they are taken up by professional scavenger cells such as macrophages once they have penetrated into the body. One epitome of this situation is represented by tattooing: the pigments injected with the ink are taken up by dermal macrophages, which life cycle ensures the localized persistence of tattoos over time.Using an in vitro macrophage culture system adapted to study delayed effects, we have investigated the effects of a series of cobalt- and zinc-containing pigments on macrophages.First of all, the toxicity of the pigments correlated well with their solubility in acidic media, i.e. conditions prevailing in the phagolysosomes. Even when used at non-toxic doses, the cobalt and zinc pigments showed immediate and/or delayed effects on macrophage functions such as phagocytosis, adhesion, tissue repair or response to bacterial stimuli. Overall, these results show that some pigments may not be as inert as previously thought, and describe a system to investigate these effects.

Accurately characterizing the biology of a pelagic shark species is critical when assessing its status and resilience to fishing pressure. Natural mortality (M) is well known to be a key parameter determining productivity and resilience, but also one for which estimates are most uncertain. While M can be inferred from life history, validated direct estimates are extremely rare for sharks. Porbeagle (Lamna nasus) and shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) are presently overfished in the North Atlantic, but there are no directed fisheries and successful live release of bycatch is believed to have increased. Understanding M, post-release mortality (PRM), and variables that affect mortality are necessary for management and effective bycatch mitigation. From 177 deployments of archival satellite tags, we inferred mortality events, characterized physiological recovery periods following release, and applied survival mixture models to assess M and PRM. We also evaluated covariate effects on the duration of any recovery period and PRM to inform mitigation. Although large sample sizes involving extended monitoring periods (>90 days) would be optimal to directly estimate M from survival data, it was possible to constrain estimates and infer probable values for both species. Furthermore, the consistency of M estimates with values derived from longevity information suggests that age determination is relatively accurate for these species. Regarding bycatch mitigation, our analyses suggest that juvenile porbeagle are more susceptible to harm during capture and handling, that keeping lamnid sharks in the water during release is optimal, and that circle hooks are associated with longer recovery periods for shortfin mako., SI

Objectives The oral cavity is a potential reservoir for respiratory pathogens which can predispose patients to bacterial super-infection. Several trials have correlated poor oral hygiene with hyper-inflammation. Similarly, COVID-19 severity has been linked to hyper-inflammatory responses. Hence, in this study, we assumed that increased COVID-19 severity may be linked to poor oral health status. This was achieved through assessing oral health status, severity of COVID-19 symptoms, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and duration of recovery. Methods Cross-sectional study based on a questionnaire; 308 Egyptian patients with confirmed positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were included in the study after exclusion criteria. The questionnaire was designed with two sections: the first section for oral health evaluation and the second section for COVID-19 severity evaluation. Assessment of the effect of oral health on COVID-19 severity was performed using an oral health score. The effect of oral health on CRP and recovery period were evaluated as secondary endpoints. Data of CRP levels and COVID-19 PCR tests were collected via the questionnaire and confirmed by reviewing medical records. Results The correlation between oral health and COVID-19 severity showed a significant inverse correlation (p

During the recovery period, athletes present high sedentary behaviour (SB). In non-athletes, there is a direct relationship between SB and obesity. However, little is known about this relationship ...

Alluvial floodplain forests became rare in many parts of Europe, due to anthropogenic changes. Therefore, restoration of floodplain forests is important, but a difficult task because of the complex environmental conditions. The zonation of woody species in floodplains is mainly determined by hydrological conditions, not only within one year but also during the previous years. Tolerance to flooding can be regarded as a key factor for the successful establishment. We examined whether a previous flooding showed an increased flooding tolerance of saplings from eight woody floodplain forest species after a recurrent flooding under controlled common garden conditions at the research station Gießen-Leihgestern (Germany). This would indicate a stress memory towards flooding stress. The individuals of the experiment already experienced a partial flooding of three different durations (three, six or nine weeks) or no flooding in the previous year. After nine months of recovery, these fourteen-month-old saplings were again either exposed to a partial flooding of nine weeks or no flooding. We assessed foliar injury and growth in terms of plant height, number of leaves and stem diameter three weeks (short-term recovery) and nine months (medium-term recovery) after flooding. The saplings showed no increased tolerance to a recurrent flooding irrespective of the previous experienced flooding duration. Therefore, no immediate stress memory towards flooding stress could be observed. To recover after flooding seems to be the better option compared to forming a stress memory, which explained that most species showed a decreased foliar injury after medium-term compared to short-term recovery period.

The present study tested the biological consequences of exposure to a multimetal mixture as a multiple chemical stressor on Oncorhynchus mykiss at molecular, cellular, physiological and whole-organism levels and on biomarker responses of this fish during the depuration period. To represent environmentally relevant multiple chemical stressors, in our study, we used the mixture of Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb and Cd at the concentrations corresponding to Maximum-Permissible-Concentrations (MPCs) acceptable for the EU inland waters. This study was undertaken with a view to elucidate if changes in the MPC of the test mixture components (Ni, Pb, Cd) could cause significantly different biomarker responses in O. mykiss from those previously determined in the carnivorous and omnivorous fishes exposed to the mixture of the same metals but at different MPCs of Ni, Pb and Cd. This study has revealed that exposure to mixtures of metals at MPC produces genotoxic effects in fish blood erythrocytes and a lethargic effect on O. mykiss behaviour, and, also, significantly increases the levels of Cd, Cr and Ni accumulated in the gills tissue. O. mykiss successfully depurated Cr and Ni in less than 28 days, however, the level of Cd decreased by only approximately 40% over the same period. A significant capacity of O. mykiss to restore its DNA integrity (Comet assay) after exposure to metal mixtures was revealed. However, the 28-day recovery period proved to be insufficiently long for erythrocytes with nuclear abnormalities to recover to the unexposed level. In conclusion, changes in the MPCs of Ni, Pb and Cd in the test mixture produce biological effects similar to those previously determined in S. salar, R. rutilus and P. fluviatilis exposed to the mixture of the same metals but at lower MPCs of Ni and Pb and at higher MPC of Cd.

Robot-assisted endoscopy is a newly developed minimally invasive method that has many advantages such as fine anatomy, less trauma, less bleeding, and faster recovery. It is an inevitable trend in the development of surgical methods. As robotic equipment continue to improve and surgeons become more skilled and innovative, the clinical application of robotic surgery is increasing day by day, involving more and more disciplines, types of surgery, and age groups of patients, and there is a decrease in the number of people who were considered unsuitable for robotic surgery. Thus, differences in patient conditions and general conditions involved in robotic surgery are also increasing, and the demands and challenges for anesthesia and post-resuscitation nursing after robotic surgery under general anesthesia are also increasing. Therefore, nurses in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) must change the traditional concept of nursing, to meet the challenges and improve the quality of nursing.

In the face of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), strong and long-lasting immunity is required to protect the host from secondary infections. Recent studies revealed potential inadequacy of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in some convalescent patients, raising serious concerns about COVID-19 reinfection. Here, from 273 COVID-19 patients, we identified six reinfections based on clinical, phylogenetic, virological, serological, and epidemiological data. During the second episode, we observed re-emergence of COVID-19 symptoms, new pulmonary lesions on CT images, increased viral load, and secondary humoral immune responses. The interval between the two episodes ranged from 19 to 57 days, indicating COVID-19 reinfections could occur after a short recovery period in convalescent patients. More importantly, reinfection occurred not only in patients with inadequate immunity after the primary infection, but also in patients with measurable levels of neutralizing antibodies. This information will aid the implementation of appropriate public health and social measures to control COVID-19, as well as inform vaccine development.

Feeding management in horses suggests feeding horses in advance of exercise, particularly the grain portion of the diet. Plasma amino acids (AA) peak at 3 to 6 h postfeeding depending on the AA. The timeframe between feeding and exercise may affect the availability of AA during and after exercise. The purpose of this study was to observe the differences in plasma AA in horses fed prior to exercise or after exercise. Eight light type horses were fed a diet with adequate protein and AA for horses in light to moderate exercise. After an adjustment period, horses completed a standardized exercise test (SET). Relative to the SET, horses were fed either 2 h prior (PRE horses) to the SET, 1 h after completing the SET (POST horses), or horses remained fasted throughout the sampling period (FASTED horses). Plasma was drawn prior to exercise, at the peak of exercise as well as at 1, 2, 4, and 7 h postexercise. Plasma was analyzed for AA, glucose, lactate, creatinine, creatine kinase, ammonia, urea-N, and 3-methylhistdine. After completion of the SET and sampling period, horses entered a 1-wk recovery period, which was followed by another SET. The protocol repeated until horses rotated through all feeding protocols in the study (three SETs). The majority of the plasma AA were elevated in PRE horses compared with POST horses prior to the SET until 2 h postexercise where POST horses’ plasma AA concentrations became elevated and remained elevated until the end of the sampling period. In that same time frame, plasma AA for the PRE group decreased out to the end of the sampling period. The elevation of plasma AA in POST horses would be expected as they were fed at 1 h postexercise, whereas PRE horses were reaching a 4 h postfeeding time frame at this point. This elevation was not observed for plasma concentrations of isoleucine, leucine, methionine, and histidine. Concentrations of these AA initially were greater for POST horses in the postexercise period; however, they declined more rapidly than the other AA. The rapid decrease of some of the plasma AA concentrations may suggest uptake by muscle for recovery. This in conjunction with a decrease in plasma creatine kinase concentrations for POST horses suggests that feeding postexercise may facilitate better muscle protein balance (synthesis vs. breakdown) in the recovery period following exercise.

This study evaluated two approaches to the aquaculture of Limulus polyphemus with the ultimate goal of harvesting Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) at an industrial scale. To monitor Horseshoe crabs (HSCs), a combination of physical, biochemical and cellular components were examined for HSC cohorts in an indoor recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) and an outdoor on-bottom pen culture system (PCS) over a 6-month period. The metrics included body weight, hemocyanin (Hc) concentration, amebocyte density, and LAL reactivity. In addition, a simulated biomedical bleeding event (extracting 30% of the total hemolymph volume) was performed to assess the impact on physiochemical properties of the hemolymph and amebocytes. Overall, the HSCs fared better in the RAS compared to the PCS, with higher rebound kinetics with respect to Hc, amebocyte density, LAL reactivity, and with 100% survival in the RAS cohort. Further, hemolymph reinfusion (after amebocyte removal) was shown to improve HSC recovery time. In summary, outcomes of this research show that a RAS, coupled with adequate nutrition and monitoring can provide HSCs with a suitable environment for sustainable hemolymph extraction and year-round LAL production.

The aging process is characterized by a gradual impairment generally caused by oxidative stress and, more specifically, sleep deprivation, which induces oxidative stress in the brain. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of three types of paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD): 96 h of PSD (96PSD group); 192 h of PSD (192PSD group); 192 h of PSD followed by a recovery period of 20 days (192PSD + Recovery group) on an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in the liver and pancreas of young (3-month-old) and adult (14-month-old) rats. The 96PSD and 192PSD groups of young rats showed lower glucose levels on the OGTT than the control group. In the adult rats, only the 96PSD group had lower glucose levels than the control group. However, the areas under the curve for the young and adult 192 and 192PSD + Recovery groups showed significant differences. Both LPO and SOD increased in the 192PSD and 192PSD + Recovery groups, but CAT decreased in the liver of young rats in the 192PSD group. Regarding the pancreas, LPO and SOD levels increased after 96 h of PSD. In adult animals, CAT decreased in the liver after 96 and 192 h of PSD, while LPO and SOD increased in the pancreas of the 192PSD and PSD + Recovery groups. Differences in the SOD and CAT activities in the liver and SOD activities in the pancreas were also observed between the young and adult rats and maintained across all the PSD groups. In conclusion, PSD induced differential responses that appeared to depend on the duration of the induced condition, the animals’ age, and the tissue analyzed. It was found that adult rats were more susceptible to the effects of PSD than young rats., Sleep deprivation, oxidative stress, liver, pancreas, aging process, glucose.

Highlights • Serum HDL-cholesterol decreased in severe COVID-19-infected patients. • HDL-cholesterol is negatively correlated with C-reactive protein. • HDL-cholesterol is positively correlated with lymphocyte counts. • HDL-cholesterol level changes with the progression of COVID-19 infection., Background COVID-19 infection is epidemic worldwide. We describe the serum lipid profile of the patients with COVID-19 infection. Methods In this retrospective study, we collected the first clinical laboratory data of 114 patients on admission, and 80 healthy controls. Meanwhile, we monitored the serum lipid profile, COVID-19 nucleic acid and chest CT scan of a severe patient from the early stage of infection to the recovery period for a total of 80 days. Results Compared with the healthy controls, the patients had sharply decreased concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol (P

This study aimed to evaluate hematological, biochemical, and gasometric parameters of tambaqui juveniles (Colossoma macropomum) exposed to hypoxia and subsequent recovery. Six animals were subjected to normoxia (basal) treatment with dissolved oxygen (DO) 6.27 ± 0.42 mg L−1. Water flow and aeration were reduced for 3 days (hypoxia), during which DO was 0.92 ± 0.37 mg L−1. Water flow and aeration were then reestablished with DO remaining similar to basal. The treatments were as follows: normoxia (basal); 24 h after initiating hypoxia (24H); 72 h after initiating hypoxia (72H); 24 h after reestablishing normoxia (24R); 48 h after reestablishing normoxia (48R); and 96 after reestablishing normoxia (96R). The highest glucose level was recorded at 24H (P 0.05). The variable PvO2 was only higher than basal at 24R (P

The authors explored neuromuscular fatigue in athletes with intellectual disability (AID) compared with sedentary individuals with intellectual disability (SID) and individuals with typical development. Force, voluntary activation level, potentiated resting twitch, and electromyography signals were assessed during isometric maximal voluntary contractions performed before and immediately after an isometric submaximal exhaustive contraction (15% isometric maximal voluntary contractions) and during recovery period. AID presented shorter time to task failure than SID (p p p p

Pasture management that considers pasture growth dynamics remains an open question. Conceptually, such management must allow for grazing only after the recuperation of the pasture between two separate timely grazing periods when pasture reaches optimum recovery, as per the first law of Voisin's rational grazing system. The optimum recovery period not only implies a pasture with better nutritional value and higher biomass yield but one that also reduces the production of enteric methane (CH4) to improve the grazing efficiency of cattle. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate three different recovery periods (RP) of mixed grasses on the grazing behaviour of heifers, as well as herbage selectivity, herbage yield and nutritional value, in vitro degradability and CH4 production. Based on these criteria, three pasture RPs of 24 (RP24), 35 (RP3) and 46 (RP46) days were evaluated in six blocks using a randomized block design. At each predetermined RP, samples of the pasture were taken before the animals were allowed to graze. Right after collecting the pasture samples, heifers accessed the pasture during 4 h consecutively for grazing simulation and behavioural observations. We also measured the bite rate of each animal. The pasture growing for 24 days had the highest biomass production, best nutritional value, best efficiency of in vitro CH4 relative emission (ml) per DM degraded (g) and bite rate of the three RPs. Heifers all selected their herbage, irrespective of RP, but with different nutritional value and higher in vitro degradability. However, this did not change the production of in vitro CH4. Considering the growth conditions of the area where the study was performed, we recommend the shorter RP24 as the most suitable during the summer season. The study's findings support the idea of management intervention to increase the quality of grazing systems.

In this study, it is aimed to clarify how the metabolic events in the plant and pepper plant are affected under salt stress and recovery process, and which adaptation mechanisms are developed. Seedlings germinated in pumice environment and 2 true leaf seedlings were taken into water culture, and salt applications were started to be applied to seedlings in the period of 4-5 leaves. Before salt application (0. day) plant samples were taken, 50 mM NaCl was added to nutrient solution for seedlings to be applied salt. Sampling was performed on the 10th and 20th days of the salt application period and recovery period. Some basic growth parameters of plants are number of leaves, leaf weight, root weight, root length, stem weight, plant height, first flowering, in leaf Na, K, Ca, Cl contents were performed. As a result of the measurements and analyzes, it was observed that salt stress had a negative effect on plant growth parameters in both pepper cultivars. Carliston pepper cultivar was able to recover the plant growth on the 20th day of the recovery process (post-stress process), while the hot pepper cultivar was able to control the plant growth by limiting the plant growth in order to control the metabolic activity. When the effect of salinity on the early flowering of plants was observed, it was observed that the first flowering of the charliston pepper cultivar was on the 23rd day of salt application. As a result of the biochemical analysis, it was determined that the negative effect of salt stress on the plants decreased on the 20th day of the recovery process., Çalışmada; tuz stresi altında (geçici stres dönemi) ve geri kazanım sürecinde(geçici stres sonrası süreç) çarliston ve acı çiçek biber bitkisindeki metabolik olayların nasıl etkilendiğini açıklığa kavuşturmak ve hangi uyum mekanizmaları geliştirdiğini anlamak amaçlanmıştır. Pomza ortamında çimlendirilen 2 gerçek yapraklı fideler, su kültürüne alınmış, 4-5 yapraklı dönemde fidelere tuz uygulamalarına başlanmıştır. Tuz uygulanmadan önce (0. gün) bitki örnekleri alınarak, tuz uygulanacak fideler için besin çözeltisine 50 mM NaCl eklenmiştir. Tuz uygulamasının 10. ve 20. gününde örnek alma işlemi yapılmıştır. Daha sonra tuz uygulaması kesilip, bitkiler tuz eklenmeden Hogland besin çözeltisinde yetiştirilmeye devam edilerek bitkiler geri kazanım dönemine (geçici tuz stresi sonrası tuz uygulanmayan süreç) alınmıştır. Bu süreçte ise örnek alma işlemi 10. ve 20. günde olmak üzere iki kez yapılmıştır. Bitkilerin, temel bazı büyüme parametreleri yaprak sayısı, yaprak ağırlığı, kök ağırlığı, gövde ağırlığı, bitki boyu, ilk çiçeklenme ile yaprak kısımlarında, Na, K, Ca, Cl içerikleri belirlenmiştir. Yapılan fiziksel ölçüm ve analizler sonucunda, her iki biber çeşidinde de tuz stresinin bitki gelişim parametreleri üzerine olumsuz etkisinin olduğu görülmüştür. Çarliston biber çeşidinin bitki gelişimlerini geri kazanım sürecinin 20. gününde stres metabolizmasından kurtulup normal gelişim metabolizmasına geçebilmiştir. Acı çiçek biber çeşidi ise metabolik aktiviteyi kontrol altında tutabilmek için bitki büyümesini sınırlandırarak bitkiyi kontrol edebilecek seviyede tutmuştur. Tuzluluğun bitkilerin erken çiçeklenmesi üzerine etkisine bakıldığında, yapılan gözlemlerde çarliston biber çeşidinde ilk çiçeklenmenin tuz uygulamasının 23. gününde olduğu görülmüştür. Yapılan biyokimyasal analizler sonucunda da bitkiler üzerindeki tuz stresinin olumsuz etkisinin geri kazanım sürecinin 20. gününde azaldığı belirlenmiştir.

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of complex-paired and reverse-contrast 10-week training programs on sprint, power, and change-of-direction speed performance of elite academy soccer players. Methods: Seventeen elite academy soccer players each performed assessments of the 10- and 40-m sprint, Abalakov vertical jump, seated medicine-ball throw, and Arrowhead change-of-direction speed test, both prior to and after a twice-weekly 10-week resistance-training program. The participants were randomly split into 2 groups; the complex-paired training group (CPT, n = 9) performed 4 different complex pairs (heavy-resistance exercises paired with plyometric and Olympic lifting–style exercises), with each pair being interspersed with an 8-minute recovery period in line with recommended guidelines. The comparative group—the reverse-contrast training group (RCT, n = 8)—performed the same exercises; however, all of the plyometric and Olympic lifting exercises preceded the heavy-resistance exercises. Results: Both groups achieved postintervention increases in the seated medicine-ball throw test (CPT +1.8% and RCT +1.6%, P < .05), whereas VJ performance improved only in the CPT group (+3.4%, P = .003). No significant improvements were observed in either the 10- and the 40-m sprint or Arrowhead change-of-direction speed test for either group. Conclusions: The CPT experienced a small but significant within-group improvement in jump performance. However, no significant between-groups differences were observed in any of the testing variables postintervention. Subsequently, for academy soccer athletes, the CPT approach did not produce meaningful benefits to performance compared with a more time-efficient reverse-contrast approach.

espanolSe evaluo la respuesta a sequia de dos cultivares de melocotonero con distinta epoca de maduracion, ‘Ufo-3’ y ‘Fergold’, injertados sobre el patron hibrido almendro × melocotonero, ‘Garnem’, en los veranos de 2015 y 2016 en Murcia, Espana. En poscosecha, los arboles se sometieron a 5 dias sin riego y, posteriormente, a 5 dias de recuperacion de riego. Se evaluo el estado hidrico del arbol, el intercambio gaseoso, asi como el contenido en acido abscisico (ABA) foliar. Se comprobo un descenso del contenido hidrico del suelo (CHS), que ocasiono la reduccion del potencial hidrico foliar (PHF) y el cierre estomatico. Reiniciado el riego, el estado hidrico de los arboles estresados fue recuperado. Se observo una correlacion negativa entre el PHF y el uso eficiente del agua intrinseco (UEAi) en 2015, indicando una posible estrategia de tolerancia mediante la cual se conservase la capacidad fotosintetica, a pesar de los bajos valores de conductancia estomatica (gs) y PHF. Por otra parte, la regulacion del cierre estomatico observada en los arboles estresados no fue provocada por la acumulacion de ABA. Esta evaluacion agronomica permitira una mayor comprension del posible efecto del patron ‘Garnem’ en la adaptacion fisiologica y bioquimica a la sequia y su comportamiento en recuperacion bajo condiciones de campo aridas de los cultivares de melocotonero injertados EnglishThe drought response of two peach cultivars with different fruit maturation periods, ‘Ufo-3’ and ‘Fergold’, grafted onto the interspecific hybrid almond × peach rootstock ‘Garnem’, was evaluated during summers 2015 and 2016 in an experimental plot located at Murcia, Spain. After fruit harvest, the trees were subjected to of 5 days without irrigation, followed by a re-watering period of 5 days. The tree water status, the gas exchange, as well as the foliar abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation were evaluated. A decrease in soil water content (SWC) was verified, which caused the reduction of midday leaf water potential (LWP) and the induction of stomatal closure. Once irrigation was restored, the water status of stressed trees was recovered. A negative strong correlation between the LWP and the intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) was found only in 2015, suggesting a possible drought tolerance strategy that allowed maintaining the photosynthetic capacity, despite the low values of stomatal conductance (gs) and the LWP. On the other hand, the stomatal closure regulation observed in stressed trees is not caused by the accumulation of ABA. This agronomic evaluation will allow a better understanding of the possible effect of the ‘Garnem’ rootstock on the physiological and biochemical adaptation to drought and its behaviour in recovery period on arid field conditions of the grafted peach cultivars

Purpose To explore postanesthesia care unit (PACU) nurses' interactions with technology during the critical Phase I recovery period. Design Interpretive description was used to understand nurses' experiences. Methods Nine PACU nurses were recruited from three mid-sized hospitals within the same health authority in a Western Canadian province. Nurse participants were interviewed using a semistructured interview guide. Findings Nurses' interactions with technology were significantly influenced by PACU culture, as they constantly navigated a level of uncertainly about their patient's respiratory status. Three themes from the study are described. Theme 1 described nurses' confidence and trust in a visual sensory respiratory assessment process and the influence of anesthesia providers. Theme 2 described PACU nurses' guarded trust or rationalized mistrust in technology. Theme 3 highlighted the contextual influences, which sustained nurses' approach to respiratory assessment. Conclusions PACU nurses practiced their intuitive sensory assessments with a projected strong sense of expert practice and minimal dependence on technology. PACU nurses expressed frustrations with current PACU bedside technology, particularly the respiratory module and described some experiences with delayed identification of hypoventilation and hypoxia. Rationalized behaviors with technology and alarm suppression were commonplace. Workplace culture sustained PACU nurses' respiratory assessment practices.