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Objective: The aim of study to assess the prevalence of divergent modes of injuries in traumatic posterior fossa extradural hematomas (PFEDH) along with the description of surgical and clinical management. Material and Methods: A descriptive study was performed at the Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre (JPMC), Karachi from May 2014 to October 2020. Total 37 patients who presented with posterior hematoma of any age and gender were included. CT scan Brain plain with the bone window was performed for a basic diagnosis to assess the volume, and any associated fracture, or any injury in the posterior fossa. The outcome was calculated from the scores of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Results: 70% were male and around 30% were female patients. The mean calculated age was 32 ± 5.33 years. A road traffic trauma was the major cause of brain injury in 25 (67.56%) cases. The majority (56.75%) of patients reported headache, nausea and vomiting. 35% of patients were conservatively managed, with an average hematoma size of 3 cm on CT scan and GCS > 12 while 64.86% patients were operated, with the average size of hematoma > 3 cm and GCS < 10 while 61% of the patient had an occipital fracture. The majority of patients (8.1%) reported complications such as brain contusions and post-traumatic hydrocephalus. Conclusion: Post fossa EDH should be managed aggressively, especially those with low GCS (< 8), and volume > 3 cm. Patients who are to be managed conservatively also require close observation.

To study “the effect of drought stress on Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Cv. Bombino” an experiment was conducted at Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Agricultural University Peshawar. Tomato plants were grown in green house under two different conditions of water availability i.e.- controlled and drought. The parameters studied were relative water content (%), proline content (μmoles) and relative growth rate (week?1). Drought stress has significant effect on all parameters studied. The relative water content of plant body decline during drought due to less water availability. In controlled environment, the mean value of relative water content was 89.28 while that observed in drought condition was 87.73. Proline was observed on rise due to continuous decrease in water quantity in cell sap. The value of proline content is 4.4 μmoles g?1 fresh weight in controlled condition whereas that the plants in drought condition had 5.8 μmoles g?1 fresh weight. Due to less water, photosynthesis was negatively affected which resulted in less energy production and finally low growth. In controlled condition the relative growth rate week?1 on fresh weight was 1.37 gm whereas that of plant in drought condition was 0.57 gm.

A search was conducted to detect evidence for interactions between potato leafroll virus (PLRV)-derived transgenes expressed in Russet Burbank potato and viruses to which the transgenic plants were exposed and by which they were infected. More than 25000 plants in 442 lines transformed with 16 different coat protein gene (CP) constructs and nearly 40000 plants in 512 lines transformed with seven different replicase gene (Rep) constructs of PLRV were exposed to field infection over a 6-year period. These plants were individually inspected for type and severity of virus symptoms. Heterologous viruses found infecting the plants were identified and examined for alterations in transmission characteristics, serological affinity, host range, and symptoms. Selected isolates of PLRV from field-infected plants were examined for unusual symptoms produced in diagnostic hosts and for alteration in sedimentation properties in density gradient tubes. Viruses that were propagated in selected transgenic lines in a greenhouse were examined for similar alterations. Transmission characteristics and serological properties were not altered when they replicated in potatoes containing CP constructs in the field or greenhouse. Potato plants expressing CP or Rep constructs of PLRV were not infected in the field or in the greenhouse with viruses that do not normally infect potato. New viruses or viruses with altered sedimentation characteristics, symptoms, or host range were not detected in field-exposed or greenhouse-inoculated potato plants expressing CP or Rep gene constructs of PLRV.

Plants in populations of Lycopersicon peruvianum and of two F4 hybrid progenies of L. peruvianum × L esculentum were graft inoculated with specific isolates of tomato yellow top virus (TYTV) or potato leafroll virus (PLRV). By graft and insect transmission the viruses could be recovered from some but not all of the plants of each population, 9 weeks later. Some, but not all plants from which virus was recovered failed to sustain levels of recoverable virus when grown as cuttings independently of the infected scion used for graft inoculation. Those that did sustain the virus were tolerant. Virus concentration was extremely low in tolerant plants.

Spring, summer and autumn potato crops, grown in three different ecological zones (Peshawar, Swat and Hazara districts, respectively) in the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan were surveyed for potato viruses during 1999. A total of 1338 samples from 76 fields was tested by dot-immunobinding assay using antisera to six different viruses. Two major aphid-borne viruses, Potato leaf roll virus and Potato virus Y (PVY), were frequently detected in potato crops with incidences rangin g from 0–14.7% in spring crops, 1.8–45.5% in summer crops, and 0–71.0% in autumn crops. Three other viruses, Potato virus A, Potato virus S and Potato virus X (PVX), were also detected but they were primarily limited to the summer crop, with incidences of 0–5.5%,0–3.4% and 1.4–8.3%, respectively. PYX was also noted in the spring crop, with an incidence of 0–3.2%. None of the samples tested positive for Potato virus M. PVY was detected in 6–52% of potato tubers collected from potato growers in the Peshawar district.