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BACKGROUND Insect tolerance to low oxygen (hypoxia) and high carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) is critical for insect control. On the basis of bioassay, metabolism profiles were built to investigate adaptive mechanisms in bean weevil under hypoxia (2% O2), hypoxia/hypercapnia (2% O2 + 18% CO2) and normoxia (control, 20% O2 + 80% N2) using gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOF-MS). RESULTS The growth and development of bean weevils were significantly suppressed by the two hypoxia conditions; hypercapnia enhanced the mortality, but after 24 days of exposure, the surviving insects emerged as adults earlier than those under hypoxia only. Metabolism profiles also showed striking differences in metabolites among the treatment and control groups, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Pairwise comparisons of the three groups showed that 61 metabolites changed significantly, 40 in the hypoxia group and 37 in the hypoxia/hypercapnia group relative to the control group, while only 16 were shared equally by the hypoxia and hypoxia/hypercapnia groups. Increased metabolites were mainly carbohydrates, amino acids and organic acids, while free fatty acids were decreased. Furthermore, the changes were strengthened by the addition of hypercapnia, but excluding free fatty acids. CONCLUSION The findings show that bean weevil has high tolerance to hypoxia or even hypoxia/hypercapnia at biologically achievable levels and provide more direct evidence for stored product insect mechanism regulation under hypoxia stress, especially free fatty acid regulation by hypercapnia but not by hypoxia. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry

In recent years, botanical insecticides have gradually replaced the traditional synthetic insecticides, with the properties of strong pertinence and environment friendly. Many new botanical insecticides are developed and used, meanwhile insect develop its resistance to these insecticides. Previous studies have proved that Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) play a critical role in insect detoxification. Genomic and proteomic approaches focused on P450 expression and regulation at the transcript and protein levels have made substantial progress. The review covers the recent years’ research of typical botanicals metabolism mediated by CYPs, the relationship between function and structural characters of P450 enzymes, as well as the expression and regulation of related P450 genes in botanicals metabolism.

Oxygen is essential for aerobic life, and hypoxia has very severe consequences. Organisms need to overcome low oxygen levels to maintain biological functions during normal development and in disease states. The mechanism underlying the hypoxic response has been widely investigated in model animals such as Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), a key gene product in the response to oxygen deprivation, is primarily regulated by prolyl hydroxylase domain enzymes (PHDs). However, recent findings have uncovered novel HIF-independent functions of PHDs. This review provides an overview of how invertebrates are able to sustain hypoxic damages, and highlights some recent discoveries in the regulation of cellular signalling by PHDs. Given that some core genes and major pathways are evolutionarily conserved, these research findings could provide insight into oxygen-sensitive signalling in mammals, and have biomedical implications for human diseases.

Regulating the air in low-oxygen environments protects hermetically stored grains from storage pests damage. However, pests that can tolerate hypoxic stress pose a huge challenge in terms of grain storage. We used various biological approaches to determine the fundamental mechanisms of Tribolium castaneum to cope with hypoxia. Our results indicated that limiting the available oxygen to T. castaneum increased glycolysis and inhibited the Krebs cycle, and that accumulated pyruvic acid was preferentially converted to lactic acid via anaerobic metabolism. Mitochondrial aerobic respiration was markedly suppressed for beetles under hypoxia, which also might have led to mitochondrial autophagy. The enzymatic activity of citrate synthase decreased in insects under hypoxia but recovered within 12 h, which suggested that the beetles recovered from the hypoxia. Moreover, hypoxia-reperfusion resulted in severe oxidative damage to insects, and antioxidant levels increased to defend against the high level of reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, our findings show that mitochondria were the main target in T. castaneum in response to low oxygen. The beetles under hypoxia inhibited mitochondrial respiration and increased antioxidant activity after reoxygenation. Our research advances the field of pest control and makes it possible to develop more efficient strategies for hermetic storage.