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En España, hay un interés creciente por la conservación de las razas caprinas autóctonas con formas de producción basadas en el pastoreo y por la posibilidad de transformación en producciones ecológicas. El objetivo ha sido evaluar las características sensoriales de la carne de cabrito lechal de dos razas autóctonas, criados en sistemas de producción convencional y ecológica, basados en el pastoreo. Se utilizaron 21 cabritos lechales de los cuales 12 fueron criados en un sistema ecológico (6 de raza Payoya y 6 de raza Blanca Andaluza) y 9 en un sistema convencional (3 de raza Payoya y 6 de raza Blanca Andaluza). El perfil sensorial de la carne se evaluó mediante un panel analítico. Con relación al sistema de explotación, los resultados obtenidos indican que las carnes procedentes de sistemas ecológicos tenían menos intensidad de olor y una textura más blanda, tierna y jugosa que las carnes del sistema convencional. Respecto a la raza, el estudio mostró que las carnes de cabrito de la raza Blanca Andaluza presentaron una intensidad de olor menor y una textura más blanda, tierna y jugosa que las carnes de cabrito de la raza Payoya. Estos resultados preliminares podrían ser favorables para la transformación de las explotaciones convencionales, basadas en pastoreo, a ecológicas. In Spain, there is growing interest in the conservation of native goat breeds in grazing production systems, and the possibility of conventional farms transitioning to organic. This requires a complete understanding of the repercussions of this transition, including its effect on end product sensory quality. An evaluation was done of the sensory attributes of suckling goat meat from two indigenous Spanish breeds (Payoya and Blanca Andaluza) raised in conventional and organic grazing production systems. Of the 21 suckling kids used, 12 were raised in an organic system (6 Payoya and 6 Blanca Andaluza) and 9 in a conventional system (3 Payoya and 6 Blanca Andaluza). Meat sensory profile was evaluated by an analytical panel. The meat from kids raised in organic systems had less intensity of smell and a softer, more tender and juicier texture than meat from the conventional systems. Meat from Blanca Andaluza kids exhibited lower odor intensity and a softer, more tender and juicier texture than the Payoya kid meat. These are promising preliminary results that highlight some of the benefits resulting from the transition from conventional to organic grazing systems for goat production.

The nutritional requirements can be met, and carcass quality can be achieved by using concentrate supplementation in the diets of grazing lambs. This study evaluated the effects of different concentrate supplementation rates (0 %, 1.5 %, and 3 % of body weight) and tropical pastures (Panicum maximum cv. `Aruana' and Brachiaria brizantha cv. `Marandu') on lamb carcass traits. Thirty-six male Suffolk lambs, with an initial body weight of 22.54 ± 2.72 kg, were evaluated in a 3 × 2 factorial experimental design. The concentrate used consisted of milled soybean, maize, and oat grains. The pasture species affected empty body weight and commercial cuts. The use of concentrate supplementation affected carcass weight, yield, indexes, and commercial cuts. Also, the use of concentrate supplementation improved the weight of muscle and fat content. Based on discriminant analysis it is possible to identify the rearing systems, when all variables where used, or the level of concentrate supplementation when variables of weight were used. Carcasses of animals on grass-only diets were different and easier to discriminate. The use of concentrate supplementation on rearing lambs improves the quality of carcass traits. The period of finishing can be shorted with supplementation of 3 % of body weigh in Aruana and Marandu grass. The discriminant analysis can identify the differences between rearing systems based on all carcass traits. This analysis can be used to develop carcass traceability systems.

The effect of partial replacement of wheat flour with turmeric flour (Curcuma longa) on the physicochemical and sensory properties of chorizo made with pork was evaluated. Three levels of turmeric flour substitution were proposed 0.8%, 1.4% and 2.1%, corresponding to a substitution of a 19.04%, 33.33% and 50,00%, respectively, along with a control chorizo without the addition of said flour. The pH, water holding capacity, color, texture and sensory evaluation were measured. The pH tended towards acidity in the treatment with the greatest inclusion of uremic flour. The sensory evaluation was carried out with to untrained panelists who determined the chorizo with the highest acceptability. For the sensory parameters, there were no significant differences, except for color. Therefore, turmeric flour can be used as a partial substitute for wheat flour in the production of common chorizo without affecting physicochemical and sensory properties. Resumen Se evaluó el Efecto del remplazo parcial de la harina de trigo por harina de cúrcuma (Curcuma longa) sobre las propiedades fisicoquímicas y sensoriales de chorizos hechos con carne de cerdo. Se propusieron tres niveles de sustitución de harina de cúrcuma 0,8%, 1,4% y 2,1%, correspondientes a una sustitución de 19,04%, 31,33% y 50,00%. Respectivamente y un chorizo control sin adición de dicha harina. Se midieron el pH, la capacidad de retención de humedad, el color, la textura y la evaluación sensorial. El pH mostró una tendencia a la acidez en el tratamiento con una mayor inclusión de harina de cúrcuma. La evaluación sensorial se trabajó con 70 panelistas no entrenados que determinaron el chorizo con la mayor aceptabilidad. En cuanto, a los parámetros sensoriales, no hubo diferencias significativas, excepto para el color. Por lo tanto, se puede concluir que la harina de cúrcuma se puede usar como un sustituto parcial de la harina de trigo en la producción de chorizo común, sin afectar sus propiedades fisicoquímicas y sensoriales.

Resumen Introducción. Toxoplasma gondii es un parásito con gran potencial zoonótico que puede infectar un amplio rango de huéspedes de sangre caliente, incluidos los animales del sector pecuario, lo que causa pérdidas a la industria. En el humano, es patógeno en personas inmunosuprimidas y afecta el desarrollo del feto en infecciones congénitas. Además, se asocia con diversos trastornos del comportamiento en personas sanas. El humano puede adquirir T. gondii al consumir carnes contaminadas mal cocidas. Objetivo. Determinar la positividad de T. gondii en carnes de consumo humano (res, pollo y cerdo) en Ibagué, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó la PCR convencional anidada y la secuencia del gen B1 de T. gondii como blanco de amplificación. Se tomaron 186 muestras de carne comercializada en la zona urbana de Ibagué (62 de res, 62 de pollo y 62 de cerdo) y se obtuvo el porcentaje de positividad en cada tipo de carne evaluada. Resultados. Se encontró un porcentaje de positividad de 18,8 % en las muestras, siendo la carne de cerdo la del mayor porcentaje (22,5 %; 14/62), seguida por las muestras de carne de res (19,3 %; 12/62) y de pollo (14,5 %; 9/62). Los mejores productos amplificados fueron secuenciados en Macrogen, y alineados con las secuencias del gen B1 depositadas en el GenBank, con lo que se confirmó su identidad. Conclusiones. Este es el primer estudio sobre prevalencia de T. gondii en carnes para consumo humano en Ibagué y el departamento del Tolima. Se demostró que los tres tipos de carne representan un riesgo para la infección en humanos a nivel local. Abstract Introduction: Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite with great zoonotic potential. It can infect a broad range of warm-blooded hosts (including livestock) and causes significant losses in the industry. In humans, it has been described as a pathogen in immunosuppressed people, it affects the fetus development in congenital infections, and is associated with various behavioral disorders in healthy people. Humans can acquire T. gondii by consuming undercooked, contaminated meat. Objective: To determine T. gondii positivity (currently unknown) in meat for human consumption (i.e., beef, chicken, and pork) in the city of Ibague, Colombia. Materials and methods: We used conventional nested PCR and the T. gondii B1 gene sequence as amplification target. We collected samples of meat (N=186) sold in the urban area of Ibagué (62 beef, 62 chicken, and 62 pork samples) and determined the T. gondii positivity percentage for each type of meat. Results: The study found an average of 18.8% positivity for all meat samples, pork having the highest percentage (22.5%; 14/62), followed by beef (19.3%; 12/62) and chicken (14.5%; 9/62). The best-amplified products were sequenced by macrogen and aligned with the B1 gene sequences in GenBank, thereby confirming their identity. Conclusions: This is the first study of T. gondii prevalence in meat for human consumption carried out in the city of Ibagué and the department of Tolima. All three types of meat sampled represent a risk for local human infection.

Background: Carcass and sheep meat quality are influenced by several factors, such as race, age, slaughter weight, type of diet, and dietary supplementation. Objective: To evaluate the effect of castration and vitamin E supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics and meat of lambs slaughtered at 45 kg. Methods: Thirty-two male lambs (16 castrated and 16 not castrated) were fed diets with or without the inclusion of vitamin E. The animals had an average age of 180 ± 20 days and a mean weight of 25.1 ± 4.6 kg. Performance was evaluated for 56 days, and the animals were slaughtered when reaching a weight of 45 kg. The experimental design was randomized blocks based on initial weights, and variables were assessed by a 2x2 factorial design (castrated and intact, supplemented or not with vitamin E, with a probability of 5%). Results: Higher proportion (p

Background: Rehydration of grains, such as corn and sorghum, is used to increase nutrient absorption. However, the effect of this practice on meat quality is poorly understood. Objective: To evaluate the effects of type of grain and processing on the meat quality of Nellore steers in a feedlot. Methods: Twenty-four non-castrated Nellore steers (270 ± 53 kg initial body weight) were distributed in a completely randomized 2×2 factorial design, with six replicates. The first factor was cereal type (corn or sorghum), and the second was the grain processing (dry or rehydrated and ensiled). The diets were composed of 30% corn silage and 70% concentrate. Sixty days before the beginning of the experiment, corn and sorghum grains were rehydrated and ensiled. The animals were slaughtered after 140 days of confinement. Meat quality analyses were determined in samples of fresh and aged meat (7 days) from the Longissimus lumborum muscle. Results: no difference between treatments was observed for carcass pH and L* (lightness), a* (redness), and b* (yellowness) values, shear force, thawing and cooking losses, and chemical composition of meat (p>0.05). The b* (yellowness) value of subcutaneous fat was higher in steers fed corn, regardless of grain processing (p=0.03). Sarcomere length was higher in aged meat of steers fed sorghum, regardless of processing method (p=0.01). Conclusions: the grain processing method does not affect beef quality; however, grain type can affect subcutaneous fat color and sarcomere length of aged beef. Resumen Antecedentes: La rehidratación de granos, tales como maíz y sorgo, se usa para aprovechar mejor sus nutrientes. Sin embargo, es poco conocido el efecto de esta práctica sobre la calidad de la carne. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos del tipo de cereal y su procesamiento sobre la calidad de carne de toretes Nelore en confinamiento. Métodos: Veinticuatro novillos Nelore enteros con un peso promedio inicial de 270 ± 53 kg, se distribuyeron en un diseño factorial 2×2 completamente aleatorizado (n=6). El primer factor fue el tipo de cereal (maíz o sorgo) y el segundo fue su procesamiento (seco o rehidratado y ensilado). Las dietas estuvieron compuestas por 28,44% de ensilaje de maíz y 71,56% de concentrado. Sesenta días antes de iniciar el experimento, los granos de maíz y sorgo se rehidrataron y ensilaron. Los animales se sacrificaron después de 140 días de confinamiento. La calidad de la carne se determinó en muestras de carne fresca y madurada (7 días) obtenidas del músculo Longissimus lumborum. Resultados: No hubo diferencias entre tratamientos para el pH de las canales, ni para los valores de color (L* “luminosidad”, a* “intensidad de rojo” y b* “intensidad de amarillo”), fuerza de corte, composición química, o pérdidas de agua por descongelamiento o cocción (p>0,05). El valor de b* de la grasa subcutánea fue mayor en los novillos alimentados con maíz, independientemente del tipo de procesamiento (p=0,03). La longitud de sarcómero fue más alto en la carne madurada de novillos alimentados con sorgo, sin importar el método de procesamiento (p=0,01). Conclusiones: El método de procesamiento del grano no afecta la calidad de la carne; sin embargo, el tipo de cereal afecta el color de la grasa subcutánea y la longitud del sarcómero de la carne madurada. Resumo Antecedentes: A reidratação de grãos, como milho e sorgo, tem sido usada para aumentar a utilização de seus nutrientes. Contudo, o efeito dessa prática na qualidade da carne é pouco compreendido. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do tipo de grão de cereais e seu processamento sobre a qualidade da carne de bovinos confinados. Métodos: Vinte e quatro bovinos Nelore não castrados, com peso corporal médio inicial de 270 ± 53 kg foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, fatorial 2×2, com seis repetições. O primeiro fator foi o tipo de grão de cereal no concentrado (milho ou sorgo), e o segundo foi o processamento destes grãos (seco ou reidratado e ensilado). As dietas foram compostas por 28,44% de silagem de milho e 71,56% de concentrado. Sessenta dias antes do início do experimento, os grãos de milho e sorgo foram reidratados e ensilados. Os animais foram abatidos após 140 dias de confinamento. As análises de qualidade da carne foram determinadas em amostras não maturadas e maturadas (7 dias) obtidas do músculo Longissimus lumborum. Resultados: Não houve diferenças significativas (p>0,05) entre os tratamentos para pH da carcaça e L* (luminosidade), a* (intensidade de vermelho), b* (intensidade de amarelo), força de cisalhamento, perdas por descongelamento, perdas por cocção, perdas totais e composição química da carne. O valor de b* da gordura subcutânea foi maior (p=0,03) em bovinos alimentados com dietas contendo grãos de milho, independentemente do tipo de processamento. O comprimento de sarcômero foi maior na carne maturada de novilhos alimentados com sorgo, independente do método de processamento (p=0,01). Conclusões: O método de processamento dos grãos não afetou a qualidade da carne bovina, no entanto, a cor da gordura subcutânea e o comprimento de sarcômero da carne maturada foram afetados pelo tipo de grão.

The objective of the work was to evaluate the presence of Salmonella spp. during the slaughter and processing of swine giblets (Pork Liver) in a slaughterhouse in Rio Grande do Sul, identifying which stages have the highest occurrence of contamination. The research was carried out in a pig slaughterhouse in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The collections were carried out on the surfaces of the carcasses, utensils, equipment, tables and gloves of the handlers during the slaughter process and collection of the final product. In the study carried out of a total of 72 samples from the analyzed carcasses, 18 presented the presence of Salmonella spp., Resulting in a frequency of 25% of samples with the presence of the bacterium and 75% with the absence of Salmonella spp. The results presented may be related to contamination of the raw material or cross contamination during the process, which occur in the slaughterhouse along the slaughter line. It is determined that the critical stages with prevalence of Salmonella spp. are the bleeding, before the scalding tank and in the evisceration. Scalding and buckling proved to be effective operations in reducing the bacteria in the carcasses. The level of contamination after evisceration is at risk of cross contamination. It is essential to hygienic sanitary care in the processing steps, maximizing the microbiological quality of the final product. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la presencia de Salmonella spp. durante el sacrificio y procesamiento de porcinos (Hígado de cerdo) en un matadero de Rio Grande do Sul, identificando qué etapas tienen la mayor ocurrencia de contaminación. La investigación se llevó a cabo en un matadero de cerdos en el estado de Rio Grande do Sul. Las recolecciones se realizaron en las superficies de las canales, utensilios, equipos, mesas y guantes de los manipuladores durante el proceso de sacrificio y recolección del producto final. En el estudio realizado de un total de 72 muestras de las canales analizadas, 18 presentaron presencia de Salmonella spp., Resultando en una frecuencia del 25% de muestras con presencia de la bacteria y del 75% con ausencia de Salmonella spp. Los resultados presentados pueden estar relacionados con la contaminación de la materia prima o la contaminación cruzada durante el proceso, que ocurre en el matadero a lo largo de la línea de sacrificio. Se determina que las fases críticas con prevalencia de Salmonella spp. están sangrando, antes del tanque de escaldado y en la evisceración. El escaldado y la deformación han demostrado ser eficaces para reducir las bacterias en las canales. El nivel de contaminación después de la evisceración corre el riesgo de contaminación cruzada. El cuidado higiénico-sanitario es fundamental en las etapas de procesamiento, maximizando la calidad microbiológica del producto final. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a presença de Salmonella spp. durante o abate e processamento de miúdos de suínos (Fígado de Porco) em um frigorífico no Rio Grande do Sul, identificando quais etapas apresentam maior ocorrência de contaminação. A pesquisa foi realizada em um frigorífico de suínos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As coletas foram realizadas nas superfícies das carcaças, utensílios, equipamentos, mesas e luvas dos manipuladores durante o processo de abate e coleta do produto final. No estudo realizado de um total de 72 amostras das carcaças analisadas, 18 apresentaram a presença de Salmonella spp., resultando em uma frequência de 25% de amostras com a presença da bactéria e 75% com ausência de Salmonella spp. Os resultados apresentados podem estar relacionados à contaminação da matéria-prima ou contaminação cruzada durante o processo, que ocorre no matadouro ao longo da linha de abate. É determinado que as fases críticas com prevalência de Salmonella spp. são o sangramento, antes do tanque de escaldagem e na evisceração. A escaldadura e a deformação provaram ser operações eficazes na redução das bactérias nas carcaças. O nível de contaminação após a evisceração corre o risco de contaminação cruzada. É fundamental o cuidado higiênico-sanitário nas etapas de processamento, maximizando a qualidade microbiológica do produto final.

Meat of the South American camelids (SACs) llama and alpaca is an important source of animal protein and income for rural families in the Andes, and a product with significant growth potential for local and international markets. However, infestation with macroscopic cysts of the coccidian protozoon Sarcocystis aucheniae, a parasitosis known as SAC sarcocystosis, significantly hampers its commercialization. There are no validated methods to diagnose the presence of S. aucheniae cysts other than carcass examination. Moreover, there are no available drugs or vaccines to cure or prevent SAC sarcocystosis. Identification of relevant molecules that act at the host–pathogen interface can significantly contribute to the control of this disease. It has been shown for other pathogenic protozoa that glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) is a critical molecule implicated in parasite survival and pathogenicity. This study focused on the identification of the enzymes that participate in the S. aucheniae GPI biosynthetic pathway and the repertoire of the parasite GPI‐anchored proteins (GPI‐APs). To this aim, RNA was extracted from parasite cysts and the transcriptome was sequenced and translated into amino acid sequences. The generated database was mined using sequences of well‐characterized GPI biosynthetic enzymes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Toxoplasma gondii. Eleven enzymes predicted to participate in the S. aucheniae GPI biosynthetic pathway were identified. On the other hand, the database was searched for proteins carrying an N‐terminal signal peptide and a single C‐terminal transmembrane region containing a GPI anchor signal. Twenty‐four GPI‐anchored peptides were identified, of which nine are likely S. aucheniae‐specific, and 15 are homologous to membrane proteins of other coccidians. Among the latter, 13 belong to the SRS domain superfamily, an extensive group of coccidian GPI‐anchored proteins that mediate parasite interaction with their host. Phylogenetic analysis showed a great degree of intra‐ and inter‐specific divergence among SRS family proteins. In vitro and in vivo experiments are needed to validate S. aucheniae GPI biosynthetic enzymes and GPI‐APs as drug targets and/or as vaccine or diagnostic antigens. Instituto de Patobiología Fil: Decker Franco, Cecilia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patobiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Wieser, Sarah Nathaly. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patobiología; Argentina Fil: Soria, Marcelo Abel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Biología Aplicada y Alimentos. Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola; Argentina Fil: De Alba Paloma. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patobiología; Argentina Fil: Florin-Christensen, Monica. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patobiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Schnittger, Leonhard. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patobiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

It was proposed to verify the effect of the total substitution of soy by canola and crambe grains in the diet of crossbred lambs, in order to evaluate the chemical, instrumental and sensory characteristics of the meat of the animals fed under these grains. Twenty-three samples of the Longissimus lumborum muscle were used, from SRD lambs (mixed breed), non-castrated males, with an average age of 70 days, average initial body weight of 20.0 ± 4.0 kg. Of the 23 animals used, seven were destined for soybean diet, eight with canola grain and eight with crambe grain. The design was completely randomized with the factor evaluated as the total replacement (100%) of the ground soybeans considered control (GSO) by ground canola beans (GCA) and ground crambe beans (GCR). The sensory analysis data were submitted to Principal Component Analysis and the centesimal and instrumental analyzes were tested in orthogonal contrasts in relation to the different grains. The ration provided was in the form of a complete diet, with 75% concentrate and 25% roughage (Brachiaria brizantha cv Piatã hay). The results showed a higher moisture content in the meat of animals fed with canola, as well as in the instrumental characteristics (loss of cooking and intensity of red). For the other characteristics, there was no effect. The sensory analysis showed that the tasters preferred the meat of animals fed with soy and canola grains, pointing to the market potential. Canola and crambe grains can replace soy in the diet of lambs finished in feedlot, without affecting the centesimal, instrumental and mainly sensory characteristics of the meat, contributing as a new grain alternative in animal production. Se propuso verificar el efecto de la sustitución total de la soja por granos de canola y crambe en la dieta de los corderos cruzados, con el fin de evaluar las características químicas, instrumentales y sensoriales de la carne de los animales alimentados con estos granos. Se usaron 23 muestras del músculo Longissimus lumborum, de corderos SRD (raza mixta), machos no castrados, con una edad promedio de 70 días, un peso corporal inicial promedio de 20.0 ± 4.0 kg. De los 23 animales utilizados, siete estaban destinados a una dieta de soya, ocho con grano de canola y ocho con grano de cangrejo. El diseño fue completamente al azar con el factor evaluado como el reemplazo total (100%) de la soja molida considerada control (OSG) por frijol de canola (GCA) y frijol molido (GCR). Los datos del análisis sensorial se sometieron al análisis de componentes principales y los análisis centesimales e instrumentales se probaron en contrastes ortogonales en relación con los diferentes granos. La ración proporcionada fue en forma de una dieta completa, con 75% de concentrado y 25% de forraje (heno Brachiaria brizantha cv Piatã). Los resultados mostraron un mayor contenido de humedad en la carne de los animales alimentados con canola, así como en las características instrumentales ( pérdida de cocción e intensidad del rojo). Para las otras características, no hubo efecto. El análisis sensorial mostró que los catadores preferían la carne de animales alimentados con soja y granos de canola, lo que indica el potencial del mercado. Los granos de canola y crambe pueden reemplazar la soya en la dieta de corderos terminados en corrales de engorde, sin afectar las características centesimales, instrumentales y principalmente sensoriales de la carne, contribuyendo como una nueva alternativa de granos en la producción animal. Foi proposto verificar o efeito da substituição total da soja por grãos de canola e crambe na dieta de cordeiros mestiços, a fim de avaliar as características químicas, instrumentais e sensoriais da carne dos animais alimentados sob esses grãos. Foram utilizadas 23 amostras do músculo Longissimus lumborum, oriundos de cordeiros SRD (sem raça definida), machos não castrados, com idade média de 70 dias, peso corporal inicial médio de 20,0 ± 4,0 kg. Dos 23 animais utilizados, sete foram destinados para dieta com grão de soja, oito com grão de canola e oito com grão de crambe. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado possuindo como fator avaliado à substituição total (100%) do grão de soja moído considerado controle (GSO) pelo grão de canola moído (GCA) e grão de crambe moído (GCR). Os dados da análise sensorial foram submetidos à Análise de Componentes Principais e as análises centesimal e instrumental foram testadas em contrastes ortogonais em relação aos diferentes grãos. A ração fornecida foi na forma de dieta completa, com 75% de concentrado e 25% de volumoso (feno de Brachiaria brizantha cv Piatã hay). Os resultados apresentaram maior teor de umidade na carne de animais alimentados com canola, bem como nas características instrumentais (perda de cozimento e intensidade do vermelho). Para as demais características, não houve efeito. A análise sensorial mostrou que os provadores preferiam a carne de animais alimentados com grãos de soja e canola, apontando para o potencial de mercado. Grãos de canola e crambe podem substituir a soja na dieta de cordeiros terminados em confinamento, sem afetar as características centesimais, instrumentais e principalmente sensoriais da carne, contribuindo como uma nova alternativa de grãos na produção animal.

Myostatin and MyoD family genes play vital roles in myogenesis and this study aimed to identify association of variants in MyoD1, MyoG, MyF5, MyF6, and MSTN genes with meat traits in Santa Ines sheep. A dataset with 44 variants and records of seven meat traits in 192 lambs (pH0, pH24, a*, b*, L*, tenderness assessed by shear force, and water-holding capacity) was used. Single-locus and haplotype association analyses were performed, and the significance threshold was established according to Bonferroni's method. Single-locus analysis revealed two associations at a Bonferroni level, where the variant c.935-185C > G in MyoD1 had an additive effect (-4.31 ± 1.08 N) on tenderness, while the variant c.464 + 185G > A in MyoG had an additive effect (-2.86 ± 0.64) on a*. Additionally, the haplotype replacement GT>AC in MSTN was associated with pH0 (1.26 ± 0.31), pH24 (1.07 ± 0.27), a* (-1.40 ± 0.51), and tenderness (3.83 ± 1.22 N), while the replacement GT > AG in MyoD1 was associated with pH0 (1.43 ± 0.26), pH24 (1.25 ± 0.22), b* (-1.06 ± 0.39), and tenderness (-4.13 ± 1.16 N). Our results have demonstrated that some variants in MyoG, MyF6, MyoD1, and MSTN can be associated with physicochemical meat traits in Santa Ines sheep.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:05:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01 The objective was to investigate gene and protein expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) in Nellore cattle slaughtered at different weights (BW) or degrees of meat tenderness. Ninety animals with initial BW 370 ± 37 kg, 24 months of age, were slaughtered after 95 days on feed. We evaluated shear force (SF), myofibrillar fragmentation index, ribeye area, backfat thickness, marbling, color, and cooking losses. Subsequently, 24 animals were selected and divided into four contrasting groups, in which light (BW = 504.58 ± 32.36 kg) versus heavy animals (BW = 604.83 ± 42.97 kg) and animals with tender (SF = 3.88 ± 0.57 kg) versus tough meat (SF = 7.95 ± 1.04 kg) were compared. The MYH7, MYH2 and MYH1 genes were analyzed by real-time PCR. The MyHC isoforms (MyHC-I, MyHC-IIa, and MyHC-IIx) were quantified by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. We found lower expression of MYH2 and MYH1 genes in heavy compared to light animals and a higher amount of MyHC-I isoform in the tough meat group compared to the tender meat group. Protein expression of MyHC-IIa was higher in the tender meat group. A negative correlation was found of this protein and SF (tenderness), suggesting MyHC-IIa as a biomarker of meat quality. College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales (U.D.C.A) College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science São Paulo State University (UNESP) Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP)

Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs of approximately 22 nucleotides, highly conserved among species, which modulate gene expression by cleaving messenger RNA target or inhibiting translation. MiRNAs are involved in the regulation of many processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. Beef tenderness is an organoleptic characteristic of great influence in the acceptance of meat by consumers. Previous studies have shown that collagen level, marbling, apoptosis and proteolysis are among the many factors that affect beef tenderness. Considering that miRNAs can modulate gene expression, this study was designed to identify differentially expressed miRNAs that could be modulating biological processes involved with beef tenderness. Results Deep sequence analysis of miRNA libraries from longissimus thoracis muscle allowed the identification of 42 novel and 308 known miRNAs. Among the known miRNAs, seven were specifically expressed in skeletal muscle. Differential expression analysis between animals with high (H) and low (L) estimated breeding values for shear force (EBVSF) revealed bta-mir-182 and bta-mir-183 are up-regulated (q value

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do peso corporal de abate sobre as características quantitativas de carcaça e rendimento de cortes comerciais de novilhos Nelore superprecoce. Foram utilizados 24 novilhos Nelore não castrados, com 11 meses de idade, terminados em confinamento, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em três tratamentos: 350 kg, 400 kg ou 450 kg de peso corporal ao abate (PCA). O abate foi realizado em um matadouro comercial. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA seguida do teste de Tukey (p ≤ 0,05). O peso corporal ao abate (PCA) não influenciou o consumo de matéria seca (6,05 kg/dia ou 75,74 g/kg PV0,75), eficiência alimentar (22,16) e conversão (4,67). O ganho de peso médio diário foi alterado pelo PCA, os animais abatidos com 350 kg ganharam 1,17 kg/ dia, enquanto que os abatidos com 400 e 450 kg ganharam 1,49 e 1,47 kg/dia, respectivamente. O peso da carcaça fria aumentou com o PCA (189,50; 209,33 e 242,39, respectivamente). As características de carcaça pH 48h (5,75), rendimentos de carcaça fria (52,61%), perdas por resfriamento (1,79%), espessura de gordura (5,54 mm), marmoreio (3,34 pontos), gordura intramuscular (6,68%), área do músculo Longissimus (63,10 cm2 ) e comprimento do sarcômero (1,60 µm) não foram afetados pela PCA, mas houve aumento do peso da carcaça fria. Os tratamentos tiveram efeito nos pesos dos cortes comerciais primários e secundarios. No entanto, os rendimentos dos cortes: dianteiro (39,84%), traseiro (47,82%), costilhar (12,34%), acem (14,38%), cupim (1,94%), paleta (16,97%), peito (5,56%), capa de contra-file (1,00%), contra-file (7,77%), coxao duro (5,30%), coxao mole (9,36%), file mignhon (2,16%), fraldinha (3,41%), lagarto (2,67%), maminha (1,20%), miolo de alcatra (3,89%), musculo traseiro (4,44%), patinho (5,25%) e picanha (1,40%). O SBW não influenciou (p > 0,05) a composição dos cortes comerciais para os cortes do dianteiro e do traseiro não sofreram influência dos tratamentos. Terminar novilhos superprecoce em confinamento é uma estratégia para produzir carne de qualidade e pode ser usada para agregar valor à carne bovina. Afinal, o peso corporal ao abate (350, 400 ou 450 kg) influenciou as características quantitativas da carcaça, porém não afetou os rendimentos de carcaça e dos cortes comerciais. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of slaughter body weight on the quantitative characteristics of carcasses and the yield of commercial cuts of young Nellore bulls. Twenty-four non-castrated, 11-month-old, feedlot-fed Nellore bulls were distributed in a completely randomized design, in three treatments: 350 kg, 400 kg or 450 kg of body weight at slaughter (SBW). Slaughter was performed in a commercial slaughterhouse. The data were analyzed by an ANOVA followed by a Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). SBW had no relationship with dry matter intake (6.05 kg/day or 75.74 g/kg BW0.75), feed efficiency (22.16) or feed conversion (4.67). Average daily gain was different depending on the SBW. Animal slaughtered at 350 kg had gained 1.17 kg/day, whereas animals slaughtered at 400 and 450 kg had gained 1.49 and 1.47 kg/day, respectively. Cold carcass weight increased with SBW (189.50, 209.33, and 242.39, respectively). Other carcass characteristics, like pH at 48 h (5.75), cold dressing carcass (52.61%), chilling losses (1.79%), fat thickness (5.54 mm), marbling (3.34 points), intramuscular fat (6.68%), longissimus muscle area (63.10 cm2 ) and sarcomere length (1.60 µm), were not affected by SBW, but SBW increased cold carcass weight. The treatments had effects on the primary and commercial cut weights. However, the cut yields for the forequarter (39.84%), hindquarter (47.82%) and side-cut (12.34%), and the secondary cuts: chuck (14.38%), hump steak (1.94%), shoulder clod (16.97%), brisket point end (5.56%), neck steak (1.00%), striploin (7.77%), outside flat (5.30%), topside (9.36%), tenderloin (2.16%), flank steak (3.41%), eyeround (2.67%), rump tail (1.20%), rump eye (3.89%), shank (4.44%), knuckle (5.25%) and rump cap (1.40%), were not affected by SBW. SBW did not influence (p > 0.05) the commercial cut compositions for all cuts in the forequarter and hindquarter. Finishing young bulls in a feedlot is a strategy to produce beef with reduced feed costs. After all, the slaughter body weight (350, 400 or 450 kg) influenced the quantitative characteristics of the carcass; however, it did not affect the yield of commercial cuts from young Nellore bulls. Londrina

Objectives of this study were to evaluate effects of grazing tropical forage species and level of supplementation with grain on characteristics of lamb meat. Ninety-day-old lambs (n = 36) (22.54 ± 2.72 kg) were randomly assigned to a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of pasture types (Aruana and Marandu) and levels of concentrate supplementation (0%, 1.5% and 3% of bodyweight). Water retention capacity, shear force, weight loss after cooking, pH, colour, and intramuscular lipid content of the meat were evaluated. A panel of 145 consumers evaluated the appearance, flavour, fat flavour, odour, and softness of the meat and provided an overall assessment. Supplementation at 3% of bodyweight reduced the luminosity of the meat. The appearance of meat from lambs that grazed Aruana grass was deemed preferable to that of meat from lambs that grazed Marandu grass. Total branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) were increased when grazing Marandu grass compared to Aruana grass. Lambs supplemented with concentrate had reduced BCFA/kg of meat and its content of both monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids were increased. Supplementation with concentrate at 1.5% and 3.0% of bodyweight increased n-6 PUFAs by 16.8% and 90.0%, decreased n-3 PUFAs by 49.7% and 35.9%, and thus increased the n-6/n-3 ratio by 135.0% and 183.8%, respectively. Lambs that were finished on grass without supplementation had a more healthful fatty acid profile and received better scores for flavour and global appreciation. To improve the quality of fatty acids in the meat, the pasture system is recommended. Keywords: Brachiaria brizantha, lipid content, Longissimus thoracis et lumborum, Panicum maximum, sheep feeding

Sensory and instrumental analyses evaluated the meat and fat characteristics of feedlot-finished steers fed a diet containing cottonseed. Global impression, texture, meat color, and fat color were assessed. Thirty Nellore bulls with an average age of 30 ± 6 months and initial body weight of 382.7 ± 28.4kg were kept in feedlot stalls and fed the following cottonseed levels: 0; 2.22 %; 4.44 %; 6.66 %; 8.88 %; 11.11 % of the dietary dry matter. The cottonseed used in this experiment had an average free gossypol content of 4.5g/kg of cottonseed. The overall impression of the samples, assessed by the triangle test for difference, did not differ for more than 62 % of the panelists (P>0.01). The shear strength of roasted meat varied from 6.00 to 6.54kg. According to texture profile analysis (TPA), the hardness, springiness, and chewiness of roast meat ranged from 24.15 to 28.01 N, 0.52 to 0.56, 8.42 to 11.01 N, respectively; of raw meat, 9.51 to 13.86 N, 0.26 to 0.29, and 1.38 to 1.81 N, respectively. The different treatments did not affect meat texture, meat color, or fat color (P>0.05). Meat color, luminosity, and red intensity ranged from 37.71 to 42.85, 20.68 to 25.25, and 6.74 to 8.61, respectively; fat color, luminosity, and yellow intensity ranged from 62.26 to 63.78, 11.13 to 11.62, and 10.53 to 10.86, respectively. Cottonseed intake of up to 1.13kg/animal/day, equivalent to a free gossypol intake of 5.05g/animal/day, in place of soybean meal and ground corn, did not significantly change the global sensory impression, texture, and color of the meat and fat.

In this study, we evaluated the tissue composition, the ratios between different issues, and the allometric growth of tissues from the commercial cuts neck, shoulder, rib, and leg, and of the carcass of Texel lambs. Thirty uncastrated male lambs born from single calvings were used in this experiment. Lambs were weaned, confined individually, and distributed into five treatments with six replications. Each treatment consisted of a predefined slaughter weight (T23 – initial slaughter, T25, T30, T35, and T40). The proportion of bone decreased linearly in the shoulder, rib, and legs, but remained constant in the neck. The proportion of muscle decreased in the rib, whereas in the other cuts it remained constant. The percentage of fat increased as the slaughter weight of the lambs was increased, for all cuts. In all cuts and in the carcass, bone and muscle showed early growth (b < 1), whereas fat displayed late growth (b > 1). The proportion of bone decreased and fat increased linearly in the carcass, and the proportion of muscle was not influenced by the slaughter weight of the lambs. The muscle/fat ratio decreased in all cuts, and consequently in the half-carcass, as the slaughter weight was increased. The muscle/ bone ratio increased in the shoulder, rib, leg, and half-carcass, but there was no significant effect on the neck. The bone and muscle tissues showed early growth, whereas the fat had late growth in the different commercial cuts and carcass of Texel lambs. The tissue growth pattern of the shoulder may be representative of the allometric growth of the different carcass tissues. An increase in the slaughter weight of Texel lambs leads to a reduction of the muscle/fat ratio, due to the higher deposition of fat in the carcass of these animals.

Avaliaram-se as caracteristicas sensoriais da carne de diferentes especies (bovina e bubalina) e racas (Angus e Brangus) criadas a pasto (campo nativo), alem dos determinantes sociodemograficos de preferencia dos consumidores, atraves de painel sensorial. Amostras de Longissimus dorsi foram assadas, cortadas e servidas de forma desordenada e monadica a 188 painelistas nao-treinados sediados no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foi utilizada uma escala hedonica de nove pontos para avaliar os atributos odor, cor, maciez, suculencia e aparencia global. Atraves do procedimento GLM - SAS® realizou-se a analise de variância, considerando as caracteristicas sensoriais e sociodemograficas como fatores fixos. Quando o fator apresentou efeito significativo (P < 0,05), foi utilizado LSMEANS para comparacao entre as medias. Foi encontrada diferenca (P < 0,001) somente para o atributo maciez, com as carnes de bovinos da raca Brangus e de bubalinos apresentando maior grau, com 7,02 e 6,82, respectivamente, quando comparados com a de bovinos da raca Angus (6,25). Independente da origem da carne, a idade, a renda, o habito de fumar e o local de compra dos consumidores foram determinantes para parte dos atributos avaliados (P < 0,05). Pessoas com idade superior a 50 anos conferiram escores medios superiores (5,86 e 7,36 para odor e cor, respectivamente; P < 0,05), indicativo de maior grau de satisfacao e menor exigencia, quando comparados as outras categorias de idade. Apesar da variabilidade nas caracteristicas intrinsecas, a diferenciacao da carne pelo consumidor e abstrusa, havendo pequeno impacto dos aspectos sociodemograficos nos atributos sensoriais. As carnes de bovinos Brangus e de bubalinos criados extensivamente apresentaram maior maciez que a de bovinos Angus criados no mesmo sistema.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the qualitative and sensory characteristics and the fatty acid profiles of the meat of lambs fed with silages of two saccharine sorghum varieties and compare them with forage sorghum and maize silages. Twenty non-castrated male Suffolk lambs were arranged in a completely randomised block design, and the treatments consisted of the following silages: forage sorghum (FORSOR), saccharine sorghum (‘BRS506’), saccharine sorghum (‘BRS511’) and maize (MAIZE). The animals were slaughtered after 70 days in the feedlot. The carcasses were cooled at 4 °C for 24 h. The longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle was removed for analysis. No differences (p > 0.05) between treatments were found for chemical composition and qualitative and sensory characteristics of the evaluated meat. Lambs fed with ‘BRS506’ presented muscles with higher total unsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and with higher percentages of oleic acid. The BRS506 saccharin sorghum silage increased the meat total unsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acid contents, which are beneficial to human health; thus, this silage can replace maize silage in the feed for finishing lambs.

Objetivos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir la presencia de Enterobacteriaceae en muestras de carne recolectadas en mercados tradicionales de Lima y establecer los niveles de resistencia a antimicrobianos y la presencia de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) y AmpC en Escherichia coli. Materiales y métodos. Se recolectaron un total de 138 muestras de carne, 64 (46,4 %) de pollo, 44 (31,9 %) de carne de res y 30 (21,7%) de carne de cerdo. Las bacterias aisladas pertenecieron a 17 géneros diferentes, y específicamente 14 fueron clasificados como Enterobacteriaceae. Se analizó la sensibilidad frente a diez agentes antimicrobianos mediante el método de difusión de disco Kirby-Bauer, se determinó la presencia de BLEE y AmpC mediante las pruebas de doble disco y de inducción de imipenem-ceftazidima, respectivamente. Resultados. Los niveles de resistencia a los antimicrobianos fueron altos frente a trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol, ampicilina, tetraciclina, ácido nalidíxico, ciprofloxacino y cloranfenicol. Existen diferencias significativas en los niveles de resistencia a los antibióticos según el tipo de carne (pollo, carne de res y cerdo) (p

EnglishOne hundred eighty-nine Catalan crossbreed donkeys (Equus africanus asinus) were used to evaluate the effect of gender (gelding, n=106; or female, n=83) and live weight at slaughter (LW) (kg, n=37) on carcass characteristics, non-carcass components and meat and fat color. Geldings had greater (P151kg). Meanwhile, the LW did not affect the color (L*, a* and b* values) of subcutaneous fat (P>0.05). These results suggested that both gender and live weight should be considered when producing meat from donkeys. It is advisable to use geldings weighing more than 126kg at slaughter to obtain the greatest weight and carcass yield. Key words: carcass characteristics; donkey; gender; weight; meat portuguesO objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do genero e peso vivo (PV) nas caracteristicas da carcaca, componentes nao-carcaca e cor da carne e gordura dos burros (Equus africanus asinus). Foram utilizados 189 animais de sexo castrado ou feminino. Os castrados tiveram peso de carcaca maior (P 151kg). Enquanto isso, o PV nao afetou a cor (valores de L *, a * e b *) de gordura subcutânea (P> 0,05). O peso maior da carcaca e o curativo com efeitos limitados em componentes nao carcaca, cor de carne e gordura foram observados em castrados com peso vivo superior a 126kg. Palavras-chave: caracteristicas da carcaca; burro; genero; peso; carne

Strategies to improve the nutritional aspects of beef, mainly the fatty acids composition, have become an important goal to the scientific community. The use of different oils sources could be an interesting device due its polyunsaturated fatty acids composition. The chemical and fatty acid composition of rump cap (Biceps femoris) from 35 Nellore young bulls finished at feedlot (96 days) were analyzed. These animals were fed a control diet with sugar cane and concentrate without oil or diets containing sugar cane and concentrate with different sources of oil (soybean or linseed), protected or not from ruminal degradation. A randomized block design was adopted with five treatments and seven replications. The means were compared using orthogonal contrasts at 0.05 significance level. Animals fed diets with oil showed higher levels (P

Resumo: O consumo de carne de jacaré-do-Pantanal tornou-se uma tendência de mercado e uma cadeia produtiva em ascensão no Estado de Mato Grosso, sendo 28,40% da carne comercializada nos últimos quatro anos oriundos do tronco. Estudos evolutivos, morfofisiológicos, ontogenéticos e tecnológicos foram desenvolvidos, mas não há descrição da musculatura e bases ósseas dos cortes comerciais. Objetivou-se descrever os músculos e correspondentes bases ósseas dos cortes filé de lombo, filé mignon e aparas. Na descrição óssea, utilizaram-se seis carcaças desossadas de exemplares juvenis de jacaré-do-Pantanal, além de um exemplar adulto, obtido por doação após óbito, do Zoológico da UFMT. Os ossos foram macerados em água corrente, clareados e descritos. Para a descrição muscular, 24 exemplares juvenis foram abatidos e esfolados, conservados em freezer e descongelados quando utilizados, sem qualquer fixação. Após a evisceração, foram dissecados em ambos os antímeros. Os músculos semiespinhal, longuíssimo e iliocostal, fixados nas vértebras e costelas torácicas, lombares e sacrais, formam o filé de lombo. O corte aparas é constituído pelos músculos grande dorsal, serrátil, peitoral e abdominais (oblíquo externo, oblíquo interno, transverso e reto), cuja base óssea corresponde as costelas torácicas, lombares e sacrais, a gastrália, o esterno e o epipúbis. Por sua vez, o m. puboisquiofemoral interno cranial, localizado na região sublombar e o m. troncocaudal, da superfície ventral da pelve, compreendem o filé mignon. Abstract: Yacare Caiman meat consumption has become a marketing trend and a commodity on the rise in Mato Grosso state in Brazil. In the last four years, cuts from the trunk represented 28.40% of total meat sales. Although evolutionary studies, morphophysiological ontogenetic and technology research have been carried out, characterization of muscle and bone bases of cuts from the torso has not been previously reported. The aim of this research is to describe the muscles and corresponding bones related to sirloin, filet mignon and meat trims cuts. To describe the bones, we used six boned carcasses from juvenile Yacare Caiman, as well as an adult specimen, obtained by donation after death from the Federal University of Mato Grosso Zoo. The bones were macerated, bleached and their anatomical details recorded. In order to study the muscle, 24 juvenile specimens were obtained after slaughter and skinning and dissected on both sides. The sirloin cut consists of the semispinal, longissimus and iliocostalis muscles, which are inserted on thoracic vertebrae and ribs, as well as lumbar and sacral ribs. The meat trims cut is formed by latissimus dorsi, serratus, pectoral and abdominal (external oblique, internal oblique, transversus and rectus) muscles, based in various bones: bone ribs are the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral ribs, the gastralia, the sternum and epipúbis. The filet mignon cut is formed by the internal puboischiofemoralis cranial (sublumbar) muscle and by the troncocaudal (ventral surface of the pelvis) muscle.

Summary Background: the presence of intramuscular pin bones hinders the production and commercialization of fish fillet products; however, application of physical processes, such as thermal treatments, offers alternatives for the degradation of said bones. Objective: the present study aimed to conduct a microstructural and physicochemical analysis of Bocachico intramuscular pin bones subjected to a thermal treatment. Methods: collagen extracted from intramuscular pin bones of Bocachico fillets was analyzed using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and viscosity. Pin bones were subjected to 1.5, 2, and 3 minutes heating time and analyzed using electron microscopy and cutting force. Results: intramuscular pin bones contain type I collagen. Three-minute thermal treatment degraded collagen components present in the internal pin bone structure, coinciding with the lowest values of the cutting force test. Conclusions: according to our results, collagen degradation initiates in the internal structure of intramuscular pin bones and moves towards the external layer which does not show the effects of thermal treatment. Keywords: aquaculture, connective tissue, meat, microstructure. Resumen Antecedentes: la presencia de espinas intramusculares en filetes de peces impide la obtencion y posterior comercializacion de estos productos, motivo por el cual la aplicacion de procesos fisicos antes del tratamiento termico podria ser una alternativa en la degradacion de estas espinas. Objetivo: el alcance del presente estudio fue realizar analisis fisicoquimico y microestructural de espinas intramusculares de Bocachico sometidas a proceso termico. Metodos: las espinas intramusculares de filetes de Bocachico fueron analizadas a traves de electroforesis en gel de SDS-poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE), temperatura de desnaturalizacion del colageno, microscopia electronica de trasmision y fuerza de corte. Fueron utilizados tres tiempos de duracion del tratamiento termico (1,5, 2 y 3 min). Resultados: el colageno presente en espinas intramusculares es tipo l. El tratamiento termico durante tres minutos degrada los componentes del colageno en las estructuras internas de la espina, coincidiendo con los valores menores para la prueba de fuerza de corte. Conclusiones: los resultados permiten concluir que la degradacion del colageno es iniciada desde el interior de la estructura de la espina intramuscular hacia la capa externa, sin que esta capa muestre efecto del tratamiento termico. Palabras clave: acuicultura, carne, microestructura, tejido conectivo. Resumo Antecedentes : a presenca de espinhos intramusculares impede a obtencao de filetes de peixe e posterior comercializacao destes produtos, razao pela qual a aplicacao de processos fisicos antes do tratamento termico pode ser uma alternativa na degradacao desses espinhos. Objetivo : realizar analise fisico-quimico e microestrutural em espinhos intramusculares do peixe Bocachico submetidos a processo termico. Metodos : os espinhos intramusculares de filetes do Bocachico foram analisados por eletroforese em gel de SDS poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE), temperatura de desnaturacao do colageno, microscopia electronica de transmissao e forca de corte. Foram utilizados tres tempos de duracao do tratamento termico (1,5, 2 e 3 min). Resultados : o colageno presente em espinhos intramusculares e do tipo l. O tratamento termico por tres minutos degrada os componentes do colageno nas estruturas internas do espinho, coincidindo com os menores valores para o teste de resistencia ao corte. Conclusoes : os resultados mostram que a degradacao do colageno e iniciado desde o interior do espinho intramuscular ate a capa externa, sem que essa capa externa seja afetada pelo tratamento termico. Palavras chave: aquicultura, carne, microestrutura, tecido conjuntivo.

Para avaliar a viabilidade da metodologia da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase associada com o Polimorfismo de Fragmentos de DNA (PCR-RFLP) na identificação de fraude intencional e contaminação acidental em produtos cárneos de origem bubalina, in natura e processados, foram testadas amostras puras e amostras de carnes com misturas controladas, produzidas em laboratório, com adição de 1%, 5%, 10% e 50% de carne bovina em carne de búfalo, homogeneizada crua e em amostras autoclavada. Foram comparados, ainda, diferentes métodos de extração, usando um kit comercial e a técnica clássica, utilizando fenol/clorofórmio. O resultado estatístico foi obtido por tabela de contingência, analisada pelo teste do qui-quadrado (χ2) e do exato de Fisher. A especificidade encontrada foi altamente significativa (P

Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-02T12:39:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-01-01Bitstream added on 2015-02-02T13:08:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-84782015000100104.pdf: 704476 bytes, checksum: 7f3d5af8c55c67917cea2338125320f9 (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar a influência da variação do nível de energia metabolizável na dieta de frangos de corte, associada a uma variação proporcional da densidade nutricional da ração, sobre o desempenho das aves e sobre a composição da fração lipídica da carne. Foram avaliados separadamente machos e fêmeas da linhagem Cobb 500. Para análise de desempenho, foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 6x3, sendo seis níveis de energia metabolizável na ração (2.800, 2.900, 3.000, 3.100, 3.200 e 3.300kcal kg-1) e três idades ao abate (42, 49 e 56 dias). Foi utilizada a metodologia de superfície de resposta para estabelecer um modelo matemático, explicando o comportamento do peso vivo, do consumo de ração e da conversão alimentar. Para a avaliação da composição da fração lipídica da carne, determinou-se o teor de lipídeos totais e de colesterol na carne do peito, na coxa com pele e na coxa sem pele, seguindo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x3x2, sendo três níveis de energia metabolizável na ração (2.800, 3.000 e 3.300kcal kg-1 de ração), três idades ao abate (42, 49 e 56 dias) e dois sexos. A redução da energia metabolizável da ração até valores próximos de 3.000kcal kg-1 não afetou o peso vivo, mas, reduzindo a energia da ração abaixo desse valor, o peso vivo diminui. O consumo de ração foi menor quando o nível energético da ração foi mais alto. A conversão alimentar melhorou de forma proporcional ao aumento do nível energético da ração. O desempenho de todas as aves ficou dentro da faixa considerada adequada para a linhagem. A carne de peito apresentou menos lipídeos totais e colesterol que a carne da coxa. O teor de lipídeos totais da coxa com pele foi mais que o dobro da coxa sem pele, mas o teor de colesterol não diferiu com a retirada da pele, demonstrando que o colesterol não está associado à gordura subcutânea. O teor de gordura intramuscular foi menor na carne das aves que receberam a ração com menor nível energético. Essas informações podem auxiliar na definição do manejo nutricional mais adequado. Apesar da redução no desempenho produtivo, a restrição da energia na ração dos frangos pode ser uma alternativa viável, se os consumidores estiverem dispostos a pagar mais por carne com menos gordura The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the influence of changes in dietary metabolizable energy level, associated with a proportional nutrient density variation, on broiler chickens performance and on the lipid composition of meat. Males and females Cobb 500 broilers were evaluated separately. Performance evaluation followed a completely randomized design with factorial 6x3 arrangement - six energy levels (2,800, 2,900, 3,000, 3,100, 3,200 and 3,300kcal kg-1) and three slaughter ages (42, 49 and 56 days). Response surface methodology was used to establish a mathematical model to explain live weight, feed intake and feed conversion behavior. Total lipids and cholesterol were determined in breast meat and in thigh meat, with and without skin. For lipid composition analysis, a 3x3x2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design - three ration's metabolizable energy levels (2,800, 3,000 and 3,300kcal kg-1), three slaughter ages (42, 49 and 56 days) and two sexes - was used. The reduction in the diet metabolizable energy close to 3,000kcal kg-1 did not affect live weight, but below this value, live weight decreased. Feed intake was lower when the dietary energy level was higher. Feed conversion was favored in a direct proportion to the increase of the energy level of the diet. The performance of all birds was within the range considered appropriate for the lineage. Breast meat had less total lipids and cholesterol than thigh meat. Thigh with skin had more than the double of the amount of total lipids than skinless thigh, but the cholesterol content did not differ with the removal of the skin. Intramuscular fat content was lower in the meat from birds fed with lower energy level ration. This information may help to define the most appropriate nutritional management. Despite the decrease in bird's productive performance, the restriction of energy in broiler chickens feed may be a viable alternative, if the consumers are willing to pay more for meat with less fat Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba Araçatuba SP UNESP FMVA Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba UNESP FMVA

Los productos cárnicos de cuello de pato son aperitivos tradicionales y populares en China por su atractivo sabor picante, aroma y textura. Estos productos son muy perecederos y se utilizan diferentes tipos de conservantes químicos de forma extensiva. Este estudio determinó los niveles de conservantes y la carga microbiana en productos cárnicos de cuello de pato chino mediante cromatografía de gas y métodos de placa de agar, respectivamente. Los resultados mostraron que los productos cárnicos de cuello de pato chino contienen metil p-hidroxibenzoato (E-218) en un rango de 21,15 μg/g – 14,5 mg/g, ácido propiónico (E-280) en un rango de 26,84 – 30,24 mg/g y ácido benzoico (E-210) en un rango no detectado – 15,99 μg/g. No se detectó ácido sórbico (E-200). El recuento total por placa fue de 1,01 – 2,03 log cfu/g y los recuentos de Lactobacillus fueron de 1,04 – 1,43 log cfu/g. El cuello de pato crudo refrigerado contenía todos los microorganismos examinados, mientras que no se detectaron levadura, moho ni salmonella en ninguno de los productos cárnicos de cuello de pato procesados. Duck neck meat products are traditional, popular snack items in China for its attractive spicy taste, flavor and texture. These products are perishable and different types of chemical preservatives are used extensively. This study determined the levels of preservatives and microbial load in Chinese duck neck meat product by gas chromatography and agar plate methods, respectively. The results showed that Chinese duck neck meat product contains methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate (E-218) in the range 21.15 μg/g–14.5 mg/g, propionic acid (E-280) in the range 26.84–30.24 mg/g and benzoic acid (E-210) in the range not detected – 15.99 μg/g. Sorbic acid (E-200) was not detected. The total plate counts were 1.01–2.03 log cfu/g, and Lactobacilli counts were 1.04–1.43 log cfu/g. Refrigerated raw duck neck contained all the tested microorganisms while yeast, mold and salmonella were not detected in all of the processed duck neck meat products.

The objectives of the present work were to assess the use of moderate doses of gamma irradiation (2 to 5 kGy)and to reduce the risk of pathogen presence without altering the quality attributes of bovine trimmings and of patties made of irradiated trimmings. Microbiological indicators (coliforms,Pseudomonas sppandmesophilic aerobic counts), physicochemical indicators (pH, color and tiobarbituric acid) and sensory changes were evaluated during storage. 5 kGy irradiation doses slightly increased off flavors in patties. Two pathogenic markers (Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7) were inoculated at high or low loads to trimming samples which were subsequently irradiated and lethality curves were obtained. Provided that using irradiation doses ≤2.5 kGy are used, reductions of 2 log CFU/g of L. monocytogenes and 5 log CFU/g of E.coli O157:H7 are expected. It seems reasonable to suppose that irradiation can be successfully employed to improve the safety of frozen trimmings when initial pathogenic bacteria burdens are not extremely high.

Biogenic amines (BAs) represent a considerable toxicological risk in some food and feed products. They are formed under unhygienic conditions during storage and processing; therefore, an increase in the concentrations of those metabolites is related to putrefaction. Because BAs are thermostable, they remain in food and feed that have undergone heat treatment. There are several toxicological effects, especially caused by histamine, when high concentrations of BAs are ingested by humans, depending on the food itself and also on individual susceptibility and individual health status. The present paper reviews the main BAs in meat products, their use as spoilage indicators, the risk on human health and also the contamination of by-product meals. Furthermore, we highlight the state of art regarding impact of BAs on poultry, meat and eggs. Made available in DSpace on 2020-03-03T00:38:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Areviewonbiogenicaminesfeddern2019.pdf: 290092 bytes, checksum: 98c77fbd9d42327e91231a77801feae2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

Avaliaram-se as características da carcaça de cabritos Saanen confinados, Saanen e 7/8 Boer - 1/8 Saanen semiconfinados, bem como a influência de grupo genético e sistema de terminação sobre o rendimento comercial, índice de compacidade, não constituintes, área de olho de lombo, força de cisalhamento, gordura, teor de umidade e teor de extrato etéreo. Utilizaram-se 31 machos inteiros, com aproximadamente 128 dias de idade e 22,9±2,4kg de peso vivo. Destes, 22 eram da raça Saanen e nove animais eram mestiços 7/8 Boer - 1/8 Saanen. Os animais da raça Saanen foram divididos em dois grupos de 11 animais, sendo um grupo mantido em confinamento e outro em semiconfinamento, enquanto os mestiços foram mantidos em semiconfinamento. Compararam-se os sistemas de terminação na raça Saanen, e os grupos genéticos no sistema semiconfinado. Os animais confinados receberam 3,5% do PV em ração completa peletizada; os semiconfinados tiveram acesso à pastagem e suplementação de 1,5% do PV em ração concentrada peletizada. Aos 47 dias de terminação, os animais foram abatidos e as características de carcaça determinadas por meio de uma amostra de lombo dissecado. Foram observadas diferenças entre sistemas de terminação para rendimento comercial de carcaça, índice de compacidade da carcaça, não constituintes de carcaça, área de olho de lombo, força de cisalhamento, gordura, teor de umidade e de extrato etéreo. Entre os grupos genéticos, foram observadas diferenças para área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura e matéria mineral. O sistema de terminação exerceu influência sobre as características de carcaça avaliadas. A raça Saanen pode ser utilizada para a produção de carne quando submetida ao confinamento. Was evaluated carcass characteristics of feedlot goats Saanen, Saanen and 7/8 Boer - 1/8 Saanen semi-confined, as well as the influence of the genetic groups and finishing systems on the commercial performance, compactness index, not constituents, area ribeye, shear force, fat, moisture and ether extract content. Were used 31 bulls, with approximately 128 days of age and 22.9±2.4kg live weight (LW). Of these, 22 were Saanen, and nine animals were crossbred 7/8 Boer - 1/8 Saanen. The Saanen animals were divided into two groups of 11 animals each, one group and another kept in a feedlot in semiconfinement, while crossbreds were kept in semiconfinement. Was compared the finishing systems in Saanen, and genetic groups in semi-confined system. The confined animals received 3.5% of LW in complete pelleted ration, the semiconfinados had access to pasture and supplementation of 1.5% of LW in pelleted concentrate ration. At 47 days of terminating the animals were slaughtered and the carcass characteristics determined using a sample loin dissected. Differences were observed between finishing systems for commercial carcass yield, carcass compactness index, not constituents carcass, loin eye area, shear force, fat, moisture and ether extract. Between genetic groups, differences were observed for ribeye area, fat thickness and mineral matter. The finishing system exerted influence on carcass traits evaluated. The Saanen can be used for the production of meat when subjected to confinement.

Background: Meat is a highly nutritious food and a major component of the basic food basket. Consumers select foods not only for taste and satisfaction, but also for their effects on human nutrition and health. In addition there is very little knowledge about the quality of meat produced in the Colombian systems and their fatty acid content which undoubtedly affect human health. Objetive: To determine the content and composition of fatty acids in meat from steers managed in different Colombian systems. Methods: Meat (Longissimus dorsi) samples were obtained from Zebu cattle from four production systems inthe Colombian tropics: Two silvopastoral arrangements (Cotove Research Center, National University of Colombia and Montenegro, Quindio), improved pastures (Montenegro, Quindio) and a traditional grazing system (Monteria, Cordoba). Fat was extracted from 64 meat samples in the laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the National University of Colombia, and a quantitative analysis of fatty acids was performed by gas chromatography in the laboratory of Instrumental Analysis of the National University of Colombia in Medellin. The results were evaluated following a complete randomized design and means were separated by the Duncan test. Results: There were significant differences in the content of myristic and palmitic acids between meat from the traditional and improved pasture system, with both acids being higher in the traditional system. There were also differences in the content of linoleic and linolenic acid, being lower in the Cotove silvopastoral system. There were significant differences in the content of unsaturated acids, with the meat from silvopastoral system Quindio and the improved pastures showing the highest fatty acid saturated: polyunsaturated ratio (0.19). In the linoleic: α-linolenic ratio there were no differences. Conclusions: Although the composition and the fatty acid content in beef varied between systems evaluated, the main components of such systems fat were palmitic acid and oleic acid (30.73 and 35.62 g/100 g fatty acid).

The aim of this thesis was to study the technological possibilities of producing biopreservatives for meat products using the by-products obtained from the fermentation process of two strains of lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus. Both are part of the collection of starter cultures of the collaborating company of this project, and are marketed for this purpose.In the first part of this project, the conditions of industrial production of starter cultures were studied to determine the growth curves in a reference culture medium (MRS) and in experimental media. Whereas the highest counts and increased production of acids were obtained in MRS, this medium was selected to be used in the next phases of the project.Next, different techniques for microbiological stabilization of the exhausted culture broths were tested, so that the antimicrobial effect would depended only on the metabolites produced by the microorganisms studied. To determine the effect of the stabilization process on the antimicrobial properties of the stabilized broths, in vitro tests were performed against Listeria innocua. It was observed that pasteurization (P) and filtration (F) kept the antimicrobial properties of broths, unlike partial purification (PP), through which the antimicrobial activity was completely lost. Finally filtration (F) was selected since this procedure would recover viable microorganisms (for producing starter cultures) while it is obtained an stabilized broth with its antimicrobial metabolites.Considering the antimicrobial effect observed, it was studied the production of organic acids and the presence of other antimicrobial substances, such as hydrogen peroxide or bacteriocins. Both could not be detected in the fermentation broths, so that in the conditions studied, the antimicrobial effect is attributed only to the presence of organic acids. To characterize the antimicrobial capacity it was determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum lethal concentration (CML). Comparing the antimicrobial effect of fermentation broths of 24 hours of both microorganisms on L. innocua.As stated above, this project aims to develop a biopreservative that could be conveniently incorporated in a meat product. For this purpose, two drying techniques of the cell-free broths were compared: spray drying and lyophilization. Two support substances were tested, dextrin or maltodextrin. The powdered biopreservatives showed lower antimicrobial effect in vitro (on L. innocua, L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157: H7) than broths, which was attributed to the presence of the support. The product obtained from L. plantarum showed the greatest antimicrobial capacity based on MIC and CML, in accordance to the increased acid production observed in fermentation broths before the drying process.Finally, after characterizing the antimicrobial activity of powdered products, the antimicrobial effect on the native flora of meat products was studied. In the case of the powdered product obtained for L. plantarum (L-24FR), this study was performed in raw minced pork, showing a significant inhibitory effect especially over enterobacteria. In the case of the product obtained from P. pentosaceus (P-24FR,) a similar study was conducted but utilizing raw minced chicken. In this case it was also analyzed the use of the biopreservative along with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (22% O2, 30% CO2 and 48% N2). It was observed a synergistic effect of the biopreservative and MAP, with a significant reduction of Brochothrix thermosphacta and pseudomonas counts.The results of this thesis show the possibility of producing biopreservatives from L. plantarum and P. pentosaceus starter cultures from the collaborating company, although it should be considered the specific characteristics of the meat product and the doses required to achieve the desired extension of shelf life without altering its physicochemical and sensory properties., El objetivo de esta tesis fue estudiar las posibilidades tecnológicas de producir bioconservantes para productos cárnicos a partir de los subproductos del proceso de fermentación de dos cepas de bacterias ácido-lácticas, Lactobacillus plantarum y Pediococcus pentosaceus. Ambas son parte de la colección de cultivos starter de la empresa colaboradora del proyecto, y son comercializadas con este fin.Se estudiaron las condiciones de producción industrial de los cultivos iniciadores para determinar las curvas de crecimiento de los mismos en un medio de cultivo de referencia (MRS) y en medios experimentales. Considerando que los recuentos más altos y la mayor producción de ácidos se obtuvieron con MRS, se seleccionó este medio para desarrollar las siguientes fases del proyecto.Luego, se estudiaron técnicas para la estabilización microbiológica de los caldos de fermentación de manera que el efecto antimicrobiano dependiese únicamente de los metabolitos producidos al inactivarse los microorganismos vivos. Dichas técnicas fueron la pasteurización, la purificación parcial y la filtración. Se observó que la pasteurización (P) y la filtración mantenían las propiedades antimicrobianas del caldo, a diferencia de la purificación parcial (PP), con la cual se perdía el poder antimicrobiano. Se seleccionó la Filtración (F) dado que permitiría recuperar los microorganismos viables (para producir cultivos starter) mientras se obtiene un caldo estabilizado con los metabolitos antimicrobianos.Se caracterizó la producción de ácidos orgánicos y la presencia de otras sustancias antimicrobianas, como el peróxido de hidrógeno o las bacteriocinas. Ambas no se detectaron en los caldos de fermentación, de modo que en las condiciones estudiadas, el efecto antimicrobiano se debe a la presencia de ácidos orgánicos. Para caracterizar la capacidad antimicrobiana se determinó la concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) y la concentración mínima letal (CML). Se observó que la CMI y la CML fueron inferiores para el caldo de L. plantarum (L-24F) en comparación con los de P. pentosaceus (P-24F), lo cual se relaciona a una mayor producción de ácidos del primero.Como se ha comentado anteriormente, este proyecto tiene como finalidad elaborar un producto bioconservante que pudiera ser incorporado de forma conveniente en un producto cárnico. Para ello, se obtuvieron productos en polvo a partir del extracto libre de células empleando las técnicas de secado por atomización y liofilización. Se testaron como soportes dextrina o maltodextrina. Los bioconservantes mostraron un efecto antimicrobiano in vitro (sobre L. innocua, L. monocytogenes y E. coli O157:H7) inferior al de los caldos, lo cual se atribuyó a la presencia del soporte. El producto obtenido a partir de L. plantarum fue el que mostró un poder antimicrobiano mayor en base a la CMI y CML, en concordancia con la mayor producción de ácidos, observada en las caldos de fermentación antes del proceso de secado.Por último, se estudió el efecto antimicrobiano de los mismos sobre la flora autóctona de productos cárnicos. En el caso de L-24F los ensayos se realizaron en carne picada de cerdo, observándose un efecto inhibitorio importante especialmente sobre las enterobacterias. En el caso de P-24F se realizó un estudio similar pero en carne picada de pollo, analizándose además la aplicación del bioconservante en conjunto con el envasado en atmósfera modificada (MAP) (22% O2, 30% CO2, y 48% N2). Se observó un efecto sinérgico del bioconservante y MAP, con una reducción importante del crecimiento de pseudomonas y Brochothrix thermosphacta.Los resultados de esta tesis demuestran la posibilidad de producir bioconservantes a partir de los cultivos starter L. plantarum y P. pentosaceus de la empresa colaboradora, aunque debe considerarse las características del producto cárnico y las dosis requeridas para lograr la extensión deseada de la vida útil del, L'objectiu d'esta tesi va ser estudiar les possibilitats tecnològiques de produir bioconservants per a productes càrnics a partir dels subproductes del procés de fermentació de dos ceps de bacteris àcid-làctiques, Lactobacillus plantarum i Pediococcus pentosaceus. Ambdós són part de la col·lecció de cultius estàrter de l'empresa col·laboradora del projecte i són comercialitzades amb este fi. Es van estudiar les condicions de producció industrial dels cultius iniciadors per a determinar les corbes de creixement dels mateixos en un mitjà de cultiu de referència (MRS) i en mitjans experimentals. Considerant que els recomptes més alts i la major producció d'àcids (major descens de pH) es van obtindre amb MRS, es va seleccionar este mig per a desenrotllar les següents fases del projecte.A continuació, es van estudiar tècniques per a l'estabilització microbiològica dels caldos de manera que l'efecte antimicrobià depenguera únicament dels metabòlits produïts a l'inactivar-se els microorganismes vius. Dites tècniques van ser la pasteurització, la purificació parcial i la filtració. Així, es va observar que la Pasteurització (P) i la Filtració (F) mantenien les propietats antimicrobianes del caldo, a diferència de la purificació parcial (PP), a través de la qual es perdia el poder antimicrobià. Es va seleccionar la Filtració atès que és un procediment que permetria recuperar els microorganismes viables (per a la producció de cultius estàrter) mentres s'obté un caldo estabilitzat amb els metabòlits antimicrobians.Es va caracteritzar la producció d'àcids orgànics i la presència d'altres substàncies antimicrobianes, com el peròxid d'hidrogen o les bacteriocines. Ambdós no van poder ser detectades en els caldos de fermentació, de manera que l'efecte antimicrobià s'atribuïx exclusivament a la presència d'àcids orgànics. Per a caracteritzar la capacitat antimicrobiana es va determinar la concentració mínima inhibitòria (CMI) i la concentració mínima letal (CML). Es va observar que la CMI i la CML van ser inferiors per al caldo de L. plantarum (L-24F) en comparació amb els de P. pentosaceus (P-24F), la qual cosa es relaciona a una major producció d'àcids del primer.Com s'ha comentat anteriorment, este projecte té com a finalitat elaborar un producte bioconservant que poguera ser incorporat de forma convenient en un producte càrnic. Per a això, es van obtindre productes en pols a partir de l'extracte lliure de cèl·lules emprant les tècniques d'assecat per atomització i liofilització. Es van testar com a suports dextrina o maltodextrina. Els bioconservants van mostrar un efecte antimicrobià in vitro (sobre L. innòcua, L. monocytogenes i E. coli O157:H7) inferior al dels caldos, la qual cosa es va atribuir a la presència del suport. El producte obtingut a partir de L. plantarum va ser el que va mostrar un poder antimicrobià major basant-se en la CMI i CML, en concordança amb una major producció d'àcids, observada en les caldos de fermentació abans del procés d'assecat.Finalment, es va estudiar l'efecte antimicrobià dels mateixos sobre la flora autòctona de productes càrnics. En el cas de L-24F els assajos es van realitzar en carn picada de porc, observant-se un efecte inhibitori important especialment sobre les enterobacteries. En el cas de P-24F es va realitzar un estudi semblant però en carn picada de pollastre, analitzant-se a més l'aplicació amb del bioconservant en conjunt amb l'envasament en MAP (22% O2, 30% CO2, i 48% N2). Es va observar un efecte sinèrgic del bioconservant i MAP, amb una reducció important del creixement de pseudomones i Brochothrix thermosphacta.Els resultats d'esta tesi demostren la possibilitat de produir bioconservants a partir dels cultius estàrter L. plantarum i P. pentosaceus, encara que han de considerar-se les característiques del producte càrnic i les dosis requerides per a aconseguir l'extensió desitjada de la, De Jesus De Barros, CA. (2016). PRODUCCIÓN Y RECUPERACIÓN DE SUSTANCIAS BIOCONSERVANTES A PARTIR DE CULTIVOS INICIADORES DE PRODUCTOS CÁRNICOS-CURADOS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. doi:10.4995/Thesis/10251/76733., TESIS

En el marco de un proyecto de recuperación de la raza Serrana de Teruel, se estudió la calidad de la canal de las categorías comerciales de ternero, añojo y cebón (los últimos castrados con 9 meses), con edades a sacrificio de 12, 22 y 22 meses, y pesos vivos de 470, 720 y 660 kg, respectivamente. Veinte terneros se sometieron a cebo convencional con paja y concentrado a voluntad, desde los 4 meses hasta el sacrificio, excepto entre los 15 y 20 meses, en que añojos y cebones recibieron ensilado de cebada a voluntad y 3 kg concentrado/animal/día. El primer año de vida, la ganancia de peso de los terneros fue de 1,5 kg/día; el segundo año, fue superior en añojos que en cebones (1,1 vs. 0,9 kg/día), como consecuencia de la castración. Las canales de los animales enteros presentaron mayor rendimiento y conformación, y menor engrasamiento que las de los cebones ya que la castración favoreció la deposición de grasa intramuscular. Según los resultados, la raza se encuadró entre las rústicas bovinas españolas. Se abren alternativas de producción como el cebón, susceptibles de acogerse a distintivos de calidad diferenciada, que deberían suponer un incentivo para la explotación de la Serrana de Teruel frente a otras razas, lo que garantizaría su conservación a largo plazo. The carcass quality from three commercial categories (yearling, bull and steer castrated at 9 months old) was studied within the framework of a recovery programme in the Serrana de Teruel breed. Ages at slaughter were 12, 22 and 22 months, and live-weights were 470, 720 and 660 kg, in yearling, bull and steer, respectively. Twenty calves were managed under a conventional feeding programme of ad libitum concentrate and straw from 4 months old to slaughter, except between 15 and 20 months old, in which bulls and steers received ad libitum barley silage as forage supplemented with 3 kg of concentrate/head/day. The gain during the first year of age was 1.5 kg/ day, whereas during the second year it was greater in bulls than in steers (1.1 vs. 0.9 kg/day), as a consequence of castration. Bull carcasses had greater dressing percentages and conformation scores and lower fatness degree than steers, confirming a castration-induced intramuscular fat deposition. Considering these results, Serrana de Teruel breed falls within the group of local Spanish bovine breeds. These studies should provide the conditions for a labelled beef product that allows the farmer's survival and the assurance of Serrana de Teruel breed conservation for a long term. Trabajo financiado por el proyecto INIA PET2007-05-C03-01 y fondos FEDER.

It was evaluated the performance and the carcass characteristics of 36 non-castrated male lambs, Santa Inês purebreed and crossbreeds from Dorper × Santa Inês and Texel × Santa Inês, managed in three different systems (intensive, semi-intensive and extensive), slaughtered at 38.41 ± 1.24 kg. It was observed the highest weight gain for lambs reared in intensive system, which also showed the greatest carcass yield. The management systems did not influence carcass measures of animals in intensive system much because of the greater weight of the carcass. The intensive system provided the best performance, regardless the genetic group. The use of Texel and Dorper breeds in crossings with Santa Inês increases carcass yield. Avaliaram-se o desempenho e as características de carcaça de 36 cordeiros machos não-castrados, Santa Inês puros e mestiços Dorper × Santa Inês e Texel × Santa Inês, manejados em três sistemas (intensivo semi-intensivo e extensivo) e abatidos com peso médio de 38,41 ± 1,24 kg. Os melhores ganhos de peso foram observados nos cordeiros criados em sistema intensivo, que apresentaram também os maiores pesos e rendimentos de carcaça. Poucas influências foram constatadas sobre as medidas de carcaça e dos cortes comerciais, sobretudo para maiores pesos nos cortes provenientes do manejo intensivo, proporcionado pelo maior peso da carcaça. O percentual relativo dos cortes em relação à carcaça fria praticamente não variou entre os sistemas. O sistema intensivo proporcionou melhor desempenho, independentemente do grupo genético. A utilização das raças Texel e Dorper em cruzamento com Santa Inês eleva o rendimento das carcaças.

A cadeia da carne de frango no Brasil é um importante setor do agronegócio, ocupando a terceira maior produção mundial e o primeiro lugar nas exportações. Para atender a demanda, é fundamental minimizar os problemas de manejo, que causam o aparecimento de problemas fisiológicos. A seleção genética intensiva, que é usada na obtenção de taxas de crescimento mais rápidas para frangos de corte, contribuiu para que as linhagens melhoradas atuais sejam muito susceptíveis ao estresse térmico. Quando a temperatura ambiente se eleva acima da zona de termoneutralidade, a ave é submetida a uma condição de estresse, podendo gerar hipertermia aguda, alcalose respiratória, desequilíbrio eletrolítico, redução no consumo de alimento, menor taxa de crescimento, aumento na mortalidade e/ou até mesmo efeitos negativos na qualidade da carne, pela incidência de carnes pálidas e, em outros casos, escuras, interferindo nas propriedades como rendimento industrial, capacidade de retenção de água, cor e maciez. Os resultados de avaliação dos parâmentros de qualidade observados na literatura evidenciam que o estresse térmico, crônico ou agudo sofrido por frangos de corte geram consequências negativas sobre as propriedades funcionais da carne. São necessários mais estudos sobre essa questão, principalmente em relação ao Brasil, por ser um país tropical, com elevadas temperaturas, especialmente, no verão, para compreender, prevenir e contornar a extensão ou intensidade do estresse, evitando problemas e prejuízos para a cadeia da carne. The chicken meat chain in Brazil is an important sector of agribusiness, accounting for the third largest world's production and first place in exports. To meet this demand, it is essential to minimize management problems, which cause the appearance of physiological problems. The intensive genetic selection used to obtain faster growth rates for broilers contributed for the current improved strains to become very susceptible to heat stress. When the environment temperature rises above the thermoneutrality zone, the bird is submitted to a stress condition, which can generate acute hyperthermia, respiratory alkalosis, electrolyte imbalance, reduction in food consumption, lower growth rate, increased mortality rate and even negative effects on meat quality due to the incidence of pale meat and dark in other cases, interfering in properties such as industrial yield, water holding capacity, color and tenderness. The results of the evaluation of quality parameters observed in literature showed that the heat stress, chronic or acute, suffered by broiler chickens, generates negative consequences on the functional properties of meat. Further studies with this research line should be conducted, mainly in Brazil, for being a tropical country with high temperatures in the summer in order to understand, prevent and overcome the extent or intensity of this stress, avoiding problems and damages to the meat chain.

Foram avaliados os efeitos de épocas alternativas de nascimento sobre a composição regional e tecidual da carcaça em ovinos. Quarenta e nove cordeiros machos não-castrados da raça Texel, nascidos em duas épocas (agosto e novembro), foram mantidos em regime de pastagem e abatidos com média de idade de 129 e 164 dias, respectivamente. Previamente aos abates foi feita a avaliação da produção forrageira do campo pelo método Botanal. Foram verificadas melhores condições forrageiras para os cordeiros nascidos em agosto, que apresentaram maior peso e proporção na maioria dos cortes, assim como menor proporção de músculo na paleta e perna; apresentando maior conteúdo de tecido adiposo na maioria dos cortes da carcaça. Para os cordeiros nascidos em novembro, ocorreu maior relação músculo:gordura e músculo:osso na paleta e na perna, assim como maior relação músculo:gordura no costilhar. As condições nutricionais são responsáveis pelas diferenças nos pesos e rendimentos dos cortes, assim como na composição tecidual da carcaça, em cordeiros mantidos em regime de pasto, viabilizando o uso de época alternativa de nascimentos para incrementar a oferta de animais para o abate. The effect of alternative birth season on regional and tissue carcass composition of sheep was evaluated. Forty nine (49) Texel intact male lambs, born in two seasons (August and November), were kept under grazing and slaughtered with an average age of 129 and 164 days, respectively. Prior to slaughter forage production was measured using Botanal method. Lambs born in August had more favorable forage conditions, showing higher body weight and proportion in the majority of cuts, as well as lower proportion of shoulder and leg muscles showing higher adipose tissue content in the majority of carcass cuts. For lambs born in November, a higher muscle:fat and muscle:bone rate in shoulder and leg, as well as a higher ribcut muscle:fat rate. Nutritional conditions are responsible for differences in weights and cuts yields, as well as for the tissue carcass composition, in lambs maintained under grazing regime, making feasible the use of alternative birth periods to increase animal offer for slaughter.

258 p. Ante la continua disminución de la susceptibilidad a antibióticos y biocidas, esta tesis se ha propuesto una serie de objetivos de estudio. El primer objetivo ha sido determinar si la exposición de Escherichia coli ATCC 12806 a concentraciones subinhibitorias de biocidas de uso alimentario provoca la adaptación de la cepa y comprobar si esta adaptación se asocia con protección cruzada a otros biocidas, a la vez que conocer el papel de las bombas de expulsión y de los cambios de la hidrofobicidad de la superficie celular en la adaptación de la cepa a los compuestos. El segundo objetivo ha sido conocer la prevalencia de resistencia a antibióticos en cepas de Enterococcus spp. aisladas de carne de caza en el noroeste de España y determinar la frecuencia de genes de resistencia y de virulencia. Finalmente, se pretendió conocer la prevalencia y los patrones de resistencia a antibióticos de enterococos resistentes a la vancomicina (vancomycin-resistant enterococci, VRE) en preparados de carne de ave, cerdo y vacuno del noroeste de España, determinar la frecuencia de genes de resistencia y de virulencia en dichos aislamientos, conocer la capacidad de las cepas para formar biofilm y estudiar la diversidad genética de las cepas de VRE aisladas mediante su ribotipado.

La toxoplasmosis es la enfermedad parasitaria causada por Toxoplasma gondii, un protozoario de vida intracelular obligado que, en animales de sangre caliente como hospederos intermediarios, se encuentra en forma de quistes tisulares, con manifestaciones clínicas oculares y en sistema nervioso en personas inmunosuprimidas y en recién nacidos que la adquieren de forma congénita. El estudio buscó determinar la prevalencia de Toxoplasma gondii en la carne procesada en plantas de beneficio animal con destino a todo el país, usando la Prueba de Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR). Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. En muestras de carne se utilizó la prueba de PCR para detectar el gen B1, adicionalmente se secuenciaron algunas muestras positivas. También se realizó la trazabilidad de la procedencia de los animales. Se encontró una prevalencia de infección de T. gondii en la carne de 43,9%, en bovinos de 36,7%, en porcinos de 40% y en aves de 55%. Se confirmó la presencia del gen B1 en las secuencias amplificadas, lo que sugiere que la carne es una importante fuente de infección a considerar en los humanos si se consume poco cocinada o cruda. Abstract. Toxoplasmosis is the parasitical disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan of compelled intracellular life that, in warm blood animals as intermediary host, it is found as tisular cyst, with clinical ocular manifestations and in nervous system of immune suppressed people and in newborn that acquire it by congenital way. The research consist in determine Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in processed meat on animal profit plants destined to the whole country, using the polymerase chain reaction test (PCR). It was made a transverse section descriptive research. PCR was used in meat samples for gene B1 detection, some positive samples were arranged in sequence additionally. Animals origin traceable research was also did. It was found a prevalence of T. gondii infection in meat of 43,9%, in bovines of 36,7%, in hog of 40% and in poultry of 55%. Presence of gene B1 was confirmed on amplified sequences which suggest that meat is an infection source in human beings to consider if it´s consumed undercooked or raw. Maestría

Aeromonas spp. são bactérias Gram negativas, opor-tunistas, de natureza ubíqua, isoladas principalmente de amostras de água. Até o presente momento foram reconhecidas 31 espé-cies, sendo as de maior importância médica Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae e Aeromonas veronii. A patogenicidade do gênero é considerada multifatorial, sendo este produtor de diversos tipos de toxinas e com envolvimento de outros fatores capazes de facilitar a penetração e o estabelecimento do agente no hospedeiro, causando doença. O objetivo desta revisão é elucidar o papel dos alimentos de origem animal como fontes de contaminação de bactérias do gênero Aeromonas para o ser humano. Isolamentos de aeromonas de diversos produtos de origem animal têm sido relatados, como carne, leite e seus derivados, além de frutos do mar, e em ambientes de processamento, como abatedouros, frigorífcos e laticínios. Tem-se buscado determinar fontes de contaminação dos alimentos, e a água foi definida como o principal disseminador. Aeromonas já foi defnida como sendo a causadora de diversas enfermidades, desde afecções gastrointestinais até casos de meningite e morte. Considerando os alimentos de origem animal como importantes veículos de transmissão para o ser humano e o reconhecimento da água como fonte de disseminação do agente, torna-se imprescindível o tratamento adequado da água utilizada nos estabelecimentos processadores de alimentos para a segurança alimentar.

Objetivo Determinar la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de aislamientos de Salmonella enterica obtenidos durante la etapa de prebeneficio y de animales.Método Se realizaron pruebas de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana con el método de difusión en agar a 333 aislamientos de Salmonella enterica obtenidos del prebeneficio de camiones de transporte y de corrales. Se obtuvieron heces en camión, heces en corral, nódulos linfáticos mesentéricos y contenido cecal. Los especímenes fueron obtenidos en cuatro plantas de beneficio porcino.Resultados El 99,6 % (n=332) de las aislamientos mostró resistencia frente al menos un antimicrobiano. Se encontraron los siguientes porcentajes de resistencia: amoxacilina-ácido clavulánico 15,9 % (n=53), ampicilina 33,9 % (n=113), ceftiofur 41,4 % (n=138), ciprofloxacina 9 % (n=30), cloranfenicol 19,2 % (n=64), florfenicol 33 % (n=110), gentamicina 22,8 % (n=76), sulfametoxazol-trimetroprim 24,9 % (n=83), tetraciclina 93,1 % (n=310) y tilmicosina 73,8 % (n=246).Conclusiones Los resultados muestran que es indispensable reforzar las medidas de contención para prevenir el desarrollo de resistencias antimicrobianas y fortaleciendo la capacitación de operarios, trabajadores y médicos veterinarios en la producción primaria durante el procesamiento del producto, durante la distribución y venta hasta el consumidor, garantizando un alimento inocuo.

A multivariate approach was adopted to evaluate the relationship among traits measured in the performance testing of Morada Nova sheep, verify the efficiency of a ranking method used in these tests and identify the most significant traits for use in future analyses. Data from 150 young rams participating in five versions of the performance tests for the Morada Nova breed were used. Twenty traits were measured in each animal: initial weight (IW), final weight (FW), average daily weight gain (ADG), loin eye area (LEA), scrotal circumference (SC), fat thickness (FT), conformation (C), precocity (Pc), muscularity (M), breed features (BF), legs (L), withers height (WH), chest width (CW), rump height (RH), rump width (RW), rump length (RL), body length (BL), body depth (BD), heart girth (HG) and body condition scoring (BCS). The Pearson?s correlation coefficients ranged from ?0.10 to 0.93, with the highest correlations were between body weight variables and morphometric measurements. The three first principal components explained 72.28% of the total variability among all traits. The variables related to animal size defined the first principal component, whereas those related to visual appraisal and suitability for meat production defined the second and third principal components, respectively. The combination of traits from the principal component analysis showed that the ranking method currently used in the performance testing of Morada Nova sheep is efficient for selecting larger rams with better breed features and higher degrees of specialization for meat production. [Análise de componentes principais para avaliação de um método de classificação utilizado nos testes de desempenho em ovinos da raça Morada Nova]. Resumo: Objetivou-se neste trabalho adotar uma abordagem multivariada para avaliar a relação entre as características medidas nos testes de desempenho de ovinos Morada Nova para verificar a eficácia do método de classificação utilizado nestes testes, e identificar as características mais importantes para serem usadas em análises futuras. Foram utilizados dados de 150 carneiros jovens participantes de cinco edições do teste de desempenho da raça Morada Nova. Vinte características foram mensuradas em cada animal: peso inicial (PI), peso final (PF), ganho de peso médio diário (GPMD), área de olho de lombo (AOL), perímetro escrotal (PE), espessura de gordura (EG), conformação (C), precocidade (Pc), musculosidade (M), tipo racial (TP), aprumos (A), altura de cernelha (AC), largura de peito (LP), altura da garupa (AG), largura da garupa (LG), comprimento da garupa (CG), comprimento corporal (CC), profundidade (P), perímetro torácico (PT) e escore de condição corporal (ECC). Os Coeficientes de correlação de Pearson variaram de ?0,10 a 0,93, sendo que as maiores correlações foram entre as variáveis de peso corporal e medidas morfométricas. Os três primeiros componentes principais explicaram 72,28% da variabilidade total entre todas as variáveis. As variáveis relacionadas ao porte do animal obtiveram maiores ponderadores no primeiro componente principal, enquanto as características relacionadas à avaliação visual e aptidão para a produção de carne foram mais representativas no segundo e terceiro componentes principais, respectivamente. A combinação das variáveis formadas a partir da análise de componentes principais mostrou que, o método de classificação atualmente utilizado nos testes de desempenho de ovinos Morada Nova é eficiente para a seleção de carneiros maiores, com melhor padrão racial e maior grau de especialização para a produção de carne.

Este trabalho avaliou as características de carcaça de suínos alimentados do desmame ao abate em comedouro de acesso único equipado ou não com bebedouro. Foram utilizados 96 animais (48 machos castrados e 48 fêmeas) com peso vivo médio final de 90,5kg distribuídos em esquema fatorial 2x2 (dos tipos de comedouros - acesso único, acesso único equipado com bebedouro; e dois sexos). As carcaças foram avaliadas pelo Método Brasileiro de Classificação de Carcaças e pelo Método de Dissecação. O rendimento de carne magra foi superior em 3,7% (P

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:59:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-84782006000100040.pdf: 37822 bytes, checksum: 0cdc70ae2a7ff33741c53e1b8be8dc3f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:59:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-84782006000100040.pdf: 37822 bytes, checksum: 0cdc70ae2a7ff33741c53e1b8be8dc3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:56:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782006000100040.pdf: 37822 bytes, checksum: 0cdc70ae2a7ff33741c53e1b8be8dc3f (MD5) S0103-84782006000100040.pdf.txt: 20153 bytes, checksum: b51148341e61d39218fe5088b17fc81f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:17:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782006000100040.pdf: 37822 bytes, checksum: 0cdc70ae2a7ff33741c53e1b8be8dc3f (MD5) S0103-84782006000100040.pdf.txt: 20153 bytes, checksum: b51148341e61d39218fe5088b17fc81f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:17:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782006000100040.pdf: 37822 bytes, checksum: 0cdc70ae2a7ff33741c53e1b8be8dc3f (MD5) S0103-84782006000100040.pdf.txt: 20153 bytes, checksum: b51148341e61d39218fe5088b17fc81f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-01 A composição química da carne e o rendimento de carcaça de perdizes (Rhynchotus rufescens) adultas, com 12 meses, criadas em cativeiro com rações balanceadas, foram determinadas neste trabalho. Para rendimento de carcaça, após o abate e evisceração, foram feitos dois cortes: peito e coxa+sobrecoxa+dorso. Para análise química, foram retiradas três amostras de cada corte para determinação da composição centesimal da umidade, proteínas totais, lipídeos totais, cinzas e colesterol. Os valores observados mostraram um rendimento médio de carcaça de 74,4% com 36,6% de carne de peito. Os componentes químicos apresentaram para os cortes de coxa-sobrecoxa e peito, respectivamente, umidade 62,4 e 55,9%; proteínas 25,2 e 29,1%; lipídeos 1,6 e 5,6%; cinzas 1,4 e 1,2% e colesterol 234 e 70mg/100g. O excelente rendimento de carcaça, somado à composição química de sua carne, mostra o potencial desta espécie para a produção de carnes especiais. The composition of the meat and the carcass income of 12 months adult partridges (Rhynchotus rufescens), raised in captivity with balanced rations were established in this work. For carcass income, two cuts were made: thigh+ over-thigh + back and chest. For the chemical analysis three samples of each cut were removed to determinate the centesimal composition of the moisture, total proteins, total lipids, ashes and cholesterol. The observed values showed a medium income of carcass of 74.4% with 36.6% of chest meat. The chemical components presented for the cuts of thigh + over-thigh + back and chest respectively, were: moisture 62.4 and 55.9%; proteins 25.2 and 29.1%; lipids 1.6 and 5.6%; ashes 1.4 and 1.2%, and cholesterol 234 and 70mg/100g. The excellent carcass income added to the chemical composition of this meat show the potential of this species for the production of special meats. Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos Departamento de Zootecnia Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias

Este experimento objetivou comparar o desempenho e as características de carcaça de 14 cordeiros, sendo quatro da raça Texel, cinco da raça Suffolk e cinco cruza Texel x Suffolk. Os cordeiros foram desmamados aos 64 dias de idade em média, e terminados em regime de confinamento total, até o abate com idade média de 128 dias. Do nascimento ao desmame, as ovelhas (mães dos cordeiros) foram mantidas em pastagem nativa e receberam uma suplementação concentrada na proporção de 1% de peso vivo, tendo também os cordeiros acesso a uma suplementação concentrada na forma de creep-feeding na proporção de 1,5% do peso vivo. O alimento concentrado utilizado na suplementação das ovelhas e dos cordeiros continha 21% de proteína bruta (PB), 70% de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), 2% de cálcio (Ca) e 0,4% de fósforo (P). Após o desmame, os cordeiros passaram a receber uma dieta composta por feno de Tifton-85 (Cynodon dactylon) + concentrado, na proporção 40:60 na Matéria Seca (MS), a qual continha 15,1% de PB, 60,8% de NDT, 1,4% de Ca e 0,3% de P. O peso ao abate foi inferior (P

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:06:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982005000300040.pdf: 57206 bytes, checksum: 6914781d401758d50f44beee3bc76bea (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:06:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982005000300040.pdf: 57206 bytes, checksum: 6914781d401758d50f44beee3bc76bea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T17:41:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982005000300040.pdf: 57206 bytes, checksum: 6914781d401758d50f44beee3bc76bea (MD5) S1516-35982005000300040.pdf.txt: 43641 bytes, checksum: 48ef51fe1fabba08a85bc41ad45580a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:12:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982005000300040.pdf: 57206 bytes, checksum: 6914781d401758d50f44beee3bc76bea (MD5) S1516-35982005000300040.pdf.txt: 43641 bytes, checksum: 48ef51fe1fabba08a85bc41ad45580a6 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:12:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1516-35982005000300040.pdf: 57206 bytes, checksum: 6914781d401758d50f44beee3bc76bea (MD5) S1516-35982005000300040.pdf.txt: 43641 bytes, checksum: 48ef51fe1fabba08a85bc41ad45580a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-01 Cordeiros criados em regime de pasto, provenientes de ovelhas Romney acasaladas com três raças paternas (Romney, East Friesian x (Finn x Texel) e Finn x Poll Dorset), foram avaliados quanto às características de qualidade da carne. Os cordeiros foram abatidos aos 150 e 300 dias de idade, cada lote com 15 animais de cada raça paterna, totalizando 90 animais. A carne dos cordeiros Romney foi mais macia que a dos demais genótipos. O pH final do músculo Semimembranosus dos cordeiros abatidos mais precocemente foi superior (5,61) ao dos abatidos mais tardiamente (5,58), entretanto estes últimos apresentaram carne com menor maciez (11,16 kg) que os abatidos aos 150 dias de idade (7,45 kg). Com relação à cor, a luminosidade da carne de cordeiros abatidos aos 150 dias foi maior (38,20) que a dos abatidos mais tardiamente (36,80), mas não foi afetada pelo genótipo. Concluiu-se que o genótipo e a idade de abate influíram na produção e qualidade da carne ovina. Lambs born from Romney ewes and sired by Romney, East Friesian x (Finn x Texel), and Finn x Poll Dorset, under pasture grazing system, were evaluated for meat quality. Animals were slaughtered at two age groups (150 and 300 days), each group with 15 animals of each sire breed, in a total of 90 animals. The meat from Romney lambs was more tenderness than those from the other genotypes. The final pH in semimembranosus muscle of younger lambs was higher (5.61) than those in muscle from older lambs (5.58). But, these last showed meat less tenderness (11.16 kg) than that from lambs slaughtered at 150 days of age (7.45 kg). In relation to meat color, the luminosity of meat from lambs slaughtered at 150 days was higher (38.20) than that from lambs slaughtered later (36.80), but this trait was not affected by genotype. In conclusion, both genotype and slaughter age influenced quantitative aspects of lamb carcass and lamb meat quality characteristics. Unesp Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Zootecnia Massey University Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health Sultan Qaboos University College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences Unesp FCAV Unesp Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Zootecnia Unesp FCAV

Among several techniques to improve beef tenderness, vitamin D3, important for calcium mobilization, has recently been developed as an alternative. It acts on the intracellular calcium-dependent proteases (mu- and m-calpain). Ten days prior to slaughter, 36 Nelore steers were fed 0, 3, 6 and 9 million IU of supplemental vitamin D3 (D3) per animal per day (an-1 d-1). Animals were slaughtered and tenderness (shear force), cooking losses (1, 8 and 15 days of aging), sensory evaluation, and minerals in blood plasma and muscle (Longissimus dorsi) were measured. There were no differences (P > 0.05) among treatments for blood plasma and muscle mineral concentration, evaporation losses, and sensory juiciness. For drip and total loss, the smallest losses were for the 6 × 10(6) IU an-1 d-1 treatment. The control treatment resulted in lowest shear force and aging also tended to lower resistance to shearing. The 3 × 10(6) IU an-1 d-1 treatment had a positive effect on tenderness, flavor and overall palatability. High levels of supplemental D3 did not improve the quality characteristicsof Longissimus dorsi muscle from Bos indicus animals. Muitas técnicas são empregadas para melhorar a maciez da carne de bovinos. A mais recente usa a vitamina D3, que tem importância na mobilização do cálcio e na ativação das proteases cálcio-dependentes (mi- e m-calpaína). Neste estudo, 36 machos castrados (Nelore) foram suplementados por via oral com quatro níveis de vitamina D3 (0, 3, 6 e 9 milhões de UI de vitamina D3 animal-1 dia-1) durante os 10 dias que antecederam o abate. Após o abate foram medidos a força de cisalhamento e perdas por cozimento (aos dias 1, 8 e 15 de maturação), pH, concentração de minerais no plasma sangüíneo e no músculo Longissimus dorsi, além de análise sensorial de amostras. Não houve (P > 0.05) efeito da dose de vitamina D3 na concentração de minerais no plasma sangüíneo e no músculo, nas perdas por evaporação, e na suculência estimada pela análise sensorial. As menores perdas (totais e por gotejamento) foram em resposta à dose 6 × 10(6) UI an-1 dia-1 . A dose controle resultou na menor força de cisalhamento (FC), que tendeu a ser menor quanto maior o tempo de maturação. A dose 3 × 10(6) UI an-1 dia-1 afetou positivamente as características de maciez, sabor e aceitação global. A suplementação com elevadas doses de vitamina D3 não melhorou as características qualitativas do músculo Longissimus dorsi (contra-filé) de animais Nelore (Bos indicus).

For this research 48 male lambs were divided in randomized blocks in a factorial design, having as factors sexual condition (castrated or uncastrated) and time on feed (36 or 78 days). High grain diet was monitored daily to measure the performance of the animal nutrition. The characteristics of the carcass and meat were taken for the fatty acids profile and sensorial analysis. The effect of the factors as sexual condition and time on feed, and the interaction between them, were evaluated by analysis of variance using the GLM procedure of SAS software and the treatment averages were compared by Student's T test. The uncastrated animals presented greater weight gain and dry matter intake, better feed efficiency, and larger loin area. More time on feed resulted in higher weight at slaughter. Parameters such as pH, color, meat tenderness and sensorial attributes were not affected by treatments. For the fatty acid profile there was effects and interactions between sexual condition and time on feed. It is concluded that castration should not be used when the animal is young and slaughtered and feed intensively, but neutering can be interesting to improve the fatty acid profile of the meat. RESUMO. No experimento realizado, foram utilizados 48 cordeiros machos divididos em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial, sendo tais fatores: a condição sexual (castrado ou não castrado) e tempo de confinamento (36 ou 78 dias). Uma dieta rica em grãos foi ofertada e controlada diariamente para medir o desempenho da nutrição animal, as características da carcaça e da carne foram avaliadas, e foi feita análise sensorial. A condição sexual e o tempo em confinamento, bem como a interação entre eles, foram avaliados por análise de variância, utilizando o procedimento GLM do software SAS e as médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas pelo teste t de estudante (p < 0,05). Os animais não castrados apresentaram maior ganho de peso e consumo de matéria seca. Eles também tiveram uma melhor eficiência alimentar e área de lombo. Mais tempo no confinamento resultou em maior peso ao abate. Parâmetros como pH, cor, maciez da carne e atributos sensoriais não foram afetados pelos tratamentos. Para o perfil de ácidos graxos, houve efeitos e as interações entre condição sexual e tempo de confinamento. Concluiu-se que a castração não deve ser usada quando o animal é novo e criado em sistema intensivo, mas a castração pode ser interessante para melhorar o perfil de ácidos graxos da carne.

Pre-print The effects of Crypthecodinium cohnii (Cryp.), Chlorela spp. (Chlo.) and Isochrysis galbana (Iso.) addition to milk replacer on goat kids and lambs growth were evaluated. About 80 Majorera goat kids (males and females) and 80 Canarian sheep lambs were randomly assigned into four different groups (by specie) according to diet. Control groups were fed with a commercial milk replacer at 16% (w/w); Cryp. groups received a commercial milk replacer (15.1% w/w) supplemented with 9 g of a paste of C. cohnii; Chlo. groups received a commercial milk replacer (15.1% w/w) supplemented with 9 g of a paste of Chlorela spp.; Iso. groups received a commercial milk replacer (15.1% w/w) supplemented with 9 g of a paste of I. galbana. After colostrum period, animals were individually bottle-fed twice daily (8 am and 8 pm) ad libitum with the corresponding diet until day 60 of life. Animals were weighted every week at 8 am and liquid diet intake was recorded weekly. No effects of microseaweed addition were observed, neither growth nor milk replacer intake. Yes

The use of antimicrobials has increased the number of resistant bacteria to these drugs; however, the organic production has restricted the use of these compounds. The objectives of this work were to assess counts of tetracycline-resistant bacteria using conventional microbiology, to compare these results with those obtained for tet(A) and tet(B) genes by qPCR and to investigate both genes in conventional and organic meat. Counts of mesophilic aerobic bacteria were higher in organic beef, while chicken meat obtained higher counts for Enterobacteriaceae. Only tet(B) was higher in conventional pork and chicken meat than in their organic counterparts. The tet(A) gene was found in almost 100% of samples and tet(B) gene changed according to the type of meat. The presence of tet genes suggests that they are widely distributed, especially tet(A), in food of animal origin, even in organic meat samples obtained from animals in which the use of antimicrobials is restricted El uso de los antimicrobianos ha incrementado sustancialmente el número de bacterias resistentes a estos fármacos sin embargo, la producción ecológica, ha limitado el uso de estos medicamentos. Los objetivos del trabajo fueron evaluar los recuentos obtenidos de bacterias resistentes a tetraciclina mediante microbiología convencional, obtener recuentos de bacterias con los genes tet(A) y tet(B)mediante qPCR e investigar la distribución de ambos genes en carne convencional y ecológica. Los recuentos de bacterias aerobias mesófilas fueron significativamente mayores en carne ecológica de ternera, mientras que los recuentos de Enterobacteriaceae fueron superiores en carne convencional de pollo. Sólo el gen tet(B) fue significativamente mayor en carne convencional de cerdo y de pollo que en sus homólogas ecológicas. El gen tet(A) se encontró en casi todas las muestras mientras que el tet(B) varió según la especie. La presencia de los genes tet sugiere que están ampliamente distribuidos, especialmente tet(A), en alimentos de origen animal, incluso en aquellos derivados de animales en los que el uso de antimicrobianos está seriamente restringido The authors are grateful to the Institute Pasteur for providing the E. coli BM13 (C600 RifR)/RP4 strain (tet(A)) and to the Health Protection Agency for providing the E. coli NCTC 50365 strain (tet(B)). Xunta de Galicia (project 09MRU010261PR) supported this work. We also thank Carmen Carreira and Rodrigo García for their technical support SI

The consumption of ostrich meat was introduced into Europe in a relatively short time. Considered even today as an exotic meat, its inclusion in the usual sources of animal protein in our context has been repeatedly assessed, because it converge some of the benefits of poultry and red meat. Although information on their nutritional value is still limited, we have more data showing protein values quite similar to other meats but with a smaller proportion of histidine and serine; fat values close to poultry meat low in fat; cholesterol values similar to beef or chicken, and a healthy lipid profile. However, much research is needed on the effects of regular consumption of this meat and its general effects on the body and some social obstacles still need to be overcome before it becomes part of people’s regular diet.

El consumo de carne de avestruz se introdujo en Europa hace relativamente poco tiempo y aun hoy es considerada como una carne exótica. No obstante, se ha valorado repetidamente su inclusión entre las fuentes habituales de proteínas de origen animal en nuestro contexto, pues en ella convergen algunas de las características nutricionales más interesantes de las carnes de aves y de las carnes rojas. Actualmente, más de diez años después del inicio del auge de su consumo, la carne de avestruz continúa recorriendo un camino que la sitúa cada vez más lejos de lo exótico para convertirse, muy lentamente, en habitual. Aunque la información sobre su composición nutricional es todavía limitada, disponemos de más datos que muestran valores de proteína bastante similares a los de otras carnes pero con una menor proporción de histidina y serina; valores de grasa próximos a los de carnes de aves bajas en grasa; valores de colesterol variables en función del corte pero similares a los de la ternera o el pollo; y un mejor perfil lipídico en comparación con los de las carnes de pavo, cordero o ternera. La información sobre su contenido en vitaminas y minerales arroja valores elevados de hierro y vitamina B12, mayores cantidades de vitamina E y Zn que otros tipos de carnes y una baja concentración de sodio.