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BACKGROUND: The global pest spotted winged drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) continues to have a significant economic impact on fruit production in areas where it is established, in addition to newly invaded ranges. Management activities spanning national biosecurity responses to farm-scale pest control are limited by the inability to predict the timing and severity of seasonal outbreaks of D. suzukii and its climatic drivers. RESULTS: Here, we compiled and analysed data on international seasonal abundances for D. suzukii under different climates, crop types and management contexts to improve the predictability of seasonal population dynamics. In relating seasonal abundances to environmental predictors, specifically temperature, we found strong negative effects of exposure to high and low temperatures during the preceding month. Unlike most regional studies on D. suzukii phenology that focus on temperature in the physiological development range, we show that thermal extremes better explain seasonal population fluctuations. CONCLUSION: Although trap catches remain an indirect measure of infestations and must be interpreted carefully in terms of crop risk, our results should support monitoring programmes through enhanced knowledge of the climatic factors affecting D. suzukii population activity. The negative impact of high temperatures suggests that late-season management strategies focusing on manipulating crop microclimates to temperatures above 25 °C can reduce D. suzukii abundance. We show that early season abundance is modulated by climate, particularly the depth of cold extremes experienced in the preceding time interval. These associations may be further developed into early-season crop risk forecasts to support monitoring programs. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Subalpine conifers are highly sensitive to climatic changes. In these trees, the intra-annual dynamics of cambial activity and phenological process in xylem development are closely associated with climatic conditions. However, these scientific findings have not been verified for subalpine conifers in the Republic of Korea. Therefore, we initiated such a study with four subalpine conifers, viz. Abies koreana, Pinus koraiensis, Taxus cuspidata, and Picea jezoensis, growing between 1573 and 1594 m a.s.l. at Deogyusan National Park. Microcores (Ø 2 mm) of these trees were obtained using a mini borer, called as Trephor, every week between April 7 and September 25 in 2017 to monitor their growing seasons, the intra-annual dynamics of the cambial activity, and the number of cells during phenological phases of cell enlargement and cell-wall thickening. For the study, five trees were selected for each conifer species. Results showed that the cambial activity of A. koreana, P. koraiensis, and P. jezoensis required at least 73.8 heat-sum values, whereas the T. cuspidata needed 109.6 heat-sum. The durations of cambial activity of A. koreana, P. koraiensis, T. cuspidata, and P. jezoensis were 134 (127–144), 113 (92–128), 113 (106–120), and 100 (76–128) days, respectively. The intra-annual variations of the number of cells in the cambium, during the cell enlargement phase and cell-wall thickening phase showed predominantly a bell-shaped curve, with a delay of approximately 2–4 weeks between each other. On the other hand, the number of cumulated mature cells showed an S-shaped curve. Through this study, the first fundamental data on phenological process in xylem development of subalpine conifers in the Republic of Korea have been successfully presented.

Numerous studies have highlighted the merits of grafting to improve the performance of vegetable crops. However, the technique is hindered by several obstacles, including the synchronization of seedlings used as scions and rootstocks, and the effects of rootstocks and climatic conditions on grafting success rates. This study sought to gain insights into how such technical obstacles affect tomato grafting. An initial experiment conducted in a greenhouse set out to assess the relevance of using degree-days to predict the growth rates of seedlings used for grafting (i.e., stem diameters above cotyledons). The success rate for grafting a tomato variety (Tanya) on 10 different rootstocks from different species—namely tomato, eggplant, african eggplant, and a wild species—was assessed at different temperatures (i.e., 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 °C). The effects of grafting on plant vigor (i.e., fresh biomass), number of leaves, and plant height, and on the hydraulic conductivity of xylem vessels in the plant stem were assessed 2 weeks after grafting. The results show the advantage of using degree-days to predict the ready-to-graft stage of seedlings, as it reduced the discrepancy among trials. The grafting success rate was more than 90% at 15 and 20 °C, but decreased significantly with higher temperatures, down to 20% at 40 °C. Larger variations in growth rate for seedlings used as scions and rootstocks, a lower grafting success rate, and less vigor were recorded for heterografted plants than for homografted plants. The lower hydraulic conductivity measured in the stems of grafted plants, especially heterografted plants, was consistent with the lower plant vigor observed. Further studies are needed to investigate how grafting affects the hydraulic conductivity of xylem vessels in later developmental stages of grafted plants.

Dwelling intensity of horse-chestnut miner (Cameraria ohridella) larvae in various leaves insolation and temperature was measured to determine whether this pest’s development follows a predictable pattern or depends more on local microenvironment conditions. Mines growing on leaves of mature host plants (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) in their natural conditions were photographed for two consecutive generations of the pest and in two separated vegetation periods. Apart from meteorological data obtained from the nearest station, the temperature of intact and mined parts of sun-exposed and shaded leaf blades was measured at various daytimes throughout the experiment. Obtained sets of digital data were analysed and combined to model mine area growth as a function of degree-days sum by adopting of Verhulst logistic equation. We showed the predictive potential of our model based on experimental data, and it may be useful in the scheduling of pest control measures in natural conditions. Our analyses also revealed that despite significant differences in microenvironment conditions depending on mines’ insolation, the horse-chestnut miner larvae could partially compensate for them and complete their development at similar endpoints expressed as the cumulative sum of degree-days. We conclude that computer-aided analysis of photographic documentation of leaf-miner larval growth followed by mathematical modelling offers a noninvasive, reliable, and inexpensive alternative for monitoring local leaf-miners populations.

This study determined the meteorological variable that most contribute to the productivity of sugarcane stalks in the northwest and central regions of Rio Grande do Sul. The following sugarcane genotypes were used: UFSM XIKA FW, UFSM LUCI FW, UFSM PRETA FW, UFSM DINA FW, UFSM MARI FW, and IAC87-3396. The UFSM cultivars originate from a mutation process in the breeding program conducted at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen campus, and have low temperature tolerance. The productivity-associated morphological characters included in the models were average stem diameter, average stem number per meter of furrow, and average stem height. The following meteorological variables were used: minimum air temperature, precipitation, incident solar radiation, and accumulated thermal sum. Pearson’s correlation, canonical correlations, and Stepwise regression were performed between morphological characters and meteorological variables: minimum air temperature had the greatest influence on sugarcane productivity in the studied regions, and accumulated thermal sum showed the highest correlation and contributed most to stem diameter and average stem height. Thus, the models indicated that the growth of sugarcane is positively associated with the accumulated thermal sum, and sugarcane can be cultivated at the studied regions. RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a variável meteorológica com maior contribuição na produtividade de colmos de cana-de-açúcar na região noroeste e central do Rio Grande do Sul. Os genótipos de cana-de-açúcar utilizados foram: UFSM XIKA FW, UFSM LUCI FW, UFSM PRETA FW, UFSM DINA FW, UFSM MARI FW, IAC87-3396. As cultivares UFSM são provenientes do processo de mutação do programa de melhoramento da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, campus de Frederico Westphalen, e possuem tolerância a baixas temperaturas. Os caracteres morfológicos responsáveis pela produtividade utilizados nos modelos foram diâmetro médio de colmo, número médio de colmos por metro de sulco e estatura média de colmos. As variáveis meteorológicas utilizadas foram a temperatura mínima do ar, precipitação pluviométrica, radiação solar incidente e soma térmica acumulada. Foi realizada a correlação de Pearson, correlações canônicas e regressão de Stepwise entre os caracteres morfológicos e as variáveis meteorológicas, nos quais foi constado que a temperatura mínima do ar é a variável com maior influência na produtividade da cana-de-açúcar nas regiões estudadas e, que a soma térmica acumulada é a variável com maior correlação e contribuição no diâmetro de colmo e estatura média dos colmos. Desse modo, os modelos indicam que o crescimento da cana-de-açúcar responde de forma positiva a soma térmica acumulada, e as regiões em estudo apresentam potencial para o cultivo da cana-de-açúcar.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the phenological patterns, vegetative growth, and yield characteristics of fig (Ficus carica)varieties in Southeastern Brazil. The 'Roxo de Valinhos', White Genova, PI-189, and Troyano varieties were distributed in a randomized complete block design and evaluated in the field. The following characteristics were assessed: number of days between pruning and the beginning of sprouting; leaf chlorophyll content; number of shoots on each branch; length, diameter, and number of internodes on each branch; number of leaves per plant; leaf area; number of fruit per plant; mass, length, and diameter of fruit; production and yield; and duration (days) of each phenological stage, such as thermal requirement models. 'Roxo de Valinhos' and White Genova sprouted the fastest and showed the largest number of shoots. Troyano obtained the greatest branch length and diameter, as well as the greatest number of fruit per plant, which had the shortest diameter and length and the lowest mass of fruit. Furthermore, Troyano showed the latest harvest, besides the thermal requirement of 4,577.31 degree-days. 'Roxo de Valinhos' and White Genova produced fruit with the greatest average mass and diameter and the longest length. Troyano shows better vegetative growth and produces more fruit per plant than 'Roxo de Valinhos', but both genotypes show similar yields. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os padrões fenológicos, o crescimento vegetativo e as características de rendimento de variedades de figueira (Ficus carica) no Sudeste brasileiro. As variedades 'Roxo de Valinhos', White Genova, PI-189 e Troyano foram distribuídas em delineamento de blocos ao acaso e avaliadas em campo. As seguintes características foram avaliadas: número de dias entre a poda e o início da brotação; teor de clorofila das folhas; número de brotos por ramo; comprimento, diâmetro e número de entrenós de cada ramo; número de folhas por planta; área foliar; número de frutos por planta; massa, comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos; produção e produtividade; e duração (dias) de cada estágio fenológico, tais como modelos de requerimento térmico. 'Roxo de Valinhos' e White Genova brotaram mais rapidamente e apresentaram maior número de brotações. Troyano obteve os maiores diâmetro e comprimento dos ramos, assim como maior número de frutos por planta, os quais tiveram os menores diâmetro, comprimento e massa. Além disso, Troyano apresentou colheita mais tardia e necessidade térmica de 4.577,31 graus-dia. 'Roxo de Valinhos' e White Genova apresentaram frutos com maior massa, diâmetro e comprimento. Troyano apresenta melhor desenvolvimento vegetativo e produz mais frutos por planta do que 'Roxo de Valinhos', mas os rendimentos de ambos os genótipos são similares.

The averaged indicators of the weight growth of four generations of trout at different temperatures in the time interval of the life cycle from the transfer of larvae to cultivation until the fish reaches a portioned commercial weight of 400 g when the first withdrawal of products for sale takes place have been analyzed. It has been shown that fish of different generations passes into the weight category "goods" sequentially, but after reaching different ages, while there is no direct correlation between the terms "generation formation" – "first withdrawal for sale". According to our data the most intensive weight growth of fish has been noted in the temperature range equal to 8–13 °C. An increase in the water temperature in the cages to 15–18 °C has led to a slowdown, and then to the suspension of the accumulation of fish biomass. In cages operating in the area of Kola NPP heated water trout of April generation gains the commercial weight of 400 g in 7–8 months after landing of larvae for cultivation, November trout – after 15 months. Trout of October and January generation reaches commercial weight at 11 and 9 months, respectively. The stretching of timing of biomass accumulation is most pronounced in the autumn generation of trout. It has been found that the greatest increase in weight per unit body (145.1 mg per day) is provided by the trout of the January biological group, the smallest – by the November trout (75.8 mg per day). The energy reserve of heat allowing for differently derived individuals to reach a commodity weight of 400 g, is in the range from 3 320 to 5 300 degree-day.

Nitellopsis obtusa usually inhabits deep lakes, where the plants display vegetative growth and survive through the winter. In the present study we investigated a shallow lake where Nitellopsis reproduces sexually; we were interested in the effect of light conditions, temperature and water level on sexual reproduction of the species and its ability to survive lakebed drying. We estimated the distribution of all macrophyte species each July from 2009 to 2014 and correlated annual variations with fluctuations in hydrological conditions. We also sampled a variety of morphological characteristics of N. obtusa plants in nine periods throughout the 2009 and 2010 growth seasons and related them to water depth, day length and accumulated heat energy (growing degree-day) at the date of sampling. N. obtusa population was negatively impacted by decrease of water level, probably through the combined effects of competition with fast-growing pioneer species and lack of intrinsic ecological requirements. The fertility of N. obtusa could be interpreted as a response to disturbance in external conditions, leading to the production of long-lived and drought-resistant oospores. Development of male shoots prior to female shoots and their persistence throughout the season probably optimize the fertilization process. Sexual reproduction seems to be controlled by light and temperature conditions. An alternative hypothesis suggests that fertile and sterile populations belong to two distinct ecotypes.

The objective of this work was to estimate the plastochron index of the 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Chardonnay' grapevine varieties in Fronteira Oeste, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in 2010, in a completely randomized design, using 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Chardonnay' grapevines grown in the municipalities of Itaqui, São Borja, and Maçambará, which were referred to as sites 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Phenological monitoring of the varieties was done from the beginning of sprouting until the pruning of canes (green trimming). The daily thermal sum (dTS, oC day) was calculated using the cardinal temperatures for node appearance in grapevines (10, 25, and 35ºC), whereas the accumulated thermal sum (aTS, oC day) was obtained by adding up the dTS. The plastochron index was estimated by the inverse of the angular coefficient of the linear regression between the number of nodes per cane and aTS. In all three sites, both 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Chardonnay' required degree-days of 10°C and aTS of 810ºC to complete the cycle from the beginning of sprouting until the end of flowering. The estimated plastochron indexes of the 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Chardonnay' grapevines, in Fronteira Oeste, in the state Rio Grande do Sul, were 40.4 and 49.7ºC day per node, respectively. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar o plastocrono das variedades de videira 'Cabernet Sauvignon' e 'Chardonnay' na Fronteira Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul. O experimento foi conduzido em 2010, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com as videiras 'Cabernet Sauvignon' e 'Chardonnay' cultivadas nos municípios de Itaqui, São Borja e Maçambará, denominados locais 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Realizou-se o monitoramento fenológico das variedades desde o início da brotação até a realização da desponta dos ramos. A soma térmica diária (STd, oC dia) foi calculada a partir das temperaturas cardinais para o aparecimento de nós em videira (10, 25 e 35ºC), enquanto a soma térmica acumulada (STa, ºC dia) foi obtida pela soma da STd. O plastocrono foi estimado pelo inverso do coeficiente angular da regressão linear entre o número de nós por sarmento e a STa. Nos três locais, tanto 'Cabernet Sauvignon' como 'Chardonnay' necessitaram de graus-dia de 10°C e STa de 810°C para completar o ciclo desde o início da brotação até o fim da floração. Os plastocronos estimados das variedades 'Cabernet Sauvignon' e 'Chardonnay', na Fronteira Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, foram de 40,4 e 49,7ºC dia por nó, respectivamente.

Water management and meteorological conditions during the cropping phase play an essential role in maintaining the commercial quality of cut flowers. This study evaluates water requirement, sensitivity to water deficit, and commercial quality of gladiolus ‘Amsterdam’ produced with automated irrigation in different growing periods. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with five replicates and consisted of the growing period factors (winter/spring 2018 and autumn/winter 2019) and the irrigation level factors (45% - L1, 60% - L2, 80% - L3, and 100% - L4 of crop water requirement). An automatic irrigation controller was used for irrigation management. At the harvest point, we evaluated the stems for the diameter, number of flowers, spike length, and floral stem length. We also evaluated stomatal conductance, leaf area, and duration of phenological phases on degree-days. The application of 100% crop water requirement using an automatic irrigation controller in the autumn/winter cycle results in better commercial classification. The treatment with 45% of the crop water requirement extended the total duration of the cycle. In conclusion, flower stems of better commercial classification are obtained with 100% of crop water requirement during the autumn/winter cycle. RESUMO O manejo da irrigação e as condições meteorológicas durante a fase de cultivo desempenham um papel essencial na manutenção da qualidade comercial de flores de corte. Este estudo avalia a necessidade de água, a sensibilidade ao déficit hídrico e a qualidade comercial do gladíolo ‹Amsterdam’ produzido com irrigação automatizada em diferentes períodos de crescimento. O delineamento experimental foi blocos casualizados com cinco repetições, composto pelo fator época de plantio (inverno/primavera de 2018 e outono/inverno de 2019) e o fator níveis de irrigação (45% - L1, 60% - L2, 80% - L3, 100% - L4 da necessidade hídrica da cultura). A irrigação foi feita com uso do acionador automático para irrigação (AAI). No ponto de colheita nós avaliamos as hastes quanto ao diâmetro, número de flores, comprimento do pendão e da haste floral. Foram realizadas também avaliações de condutância estomática, área foliar e duração das fases fenológicas em graus-dias. A aplicação de 100% da necessidade hídrica da cultura em cultivo usando o acionador automático de irrigação no outono/inverno resulta em melhor classificação comercial. O tratamento correspondente a 45% da necessidade hídrica da cultura estendeu a duração total do ciclo do gladíolo. Hastes florais de melhor qualidade comercial são obtidas com 100% da necessidade hídrica da cultura durante o cultivo de outono/inverno.

Latent infections caused by Monilinia spp. in nectarines cause great economic losses since they are not detected and rejected at harvest and can appear at any time post-harvest, even at the consumer&rsquo, s home. The effect of a pre-cooling chamber, water dump operation, and cold-storage chamber on the activation and/or development of preharvest latent infections caused by Monilinia spp. on nectarines were studied under different postharvest conditions: (a) cold storage for 0, 1, or 3 d at 4 &deg, C at either 75% relative humidity (RH) or 100% RH before water dumping, (b) water dumping for 10 minutes at 15 &deg, C, and (c) cold storage for 0, 3, or 10 d at 4 &deg, C at either 75% RH or 100% RH after water dumping. These storage conditions were transformed to fungal physiological time. For visualization of the latent infections caused by Monilinia spp., the nectarines were placed in sterile paper bags and frozen at &minus, 20 &deg, C for 48 h in order to damage the epidermis. To compare different handling scenarios, the incidence of latent infection was modelled for physiological time description by a modified Gompertz model. The activation and/or development of preharvest natural latent infections caused by Monilinia spp. at postharvest was mainly related to temperature and incubation time at postharvest. Storing nectarines with any postharvest handling less than 11 days at 4 &deg, C avoids brown rot symptoms and reduced the activation and/or development of pre-harvest latent infections caused by Monilinia spp., while more cold days caused the exponential phase of latent infection activation and/or development. The Gompertz model employed could be used for predicting the activation and/or development of latent infection caused by Monilinia spp. at postharvest conditions and looks at the postharvest life. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the effects of post-harvest handling on latent infections in fruit have been studied.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:41:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:34:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-204X2019000102702.pdf: 484939 bytes, checksum: eb72ff032c50b248c42f480c30746efa (MD5) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) The objective of this work was to evaluate the phenological characteristics and yield of 'Venus' grapevine (Vitis labrusca) grafted onto different rootstocks, as well the physicochemical traits of its grapes during the 2013, 2014. and 2015 crop seasons. The evaluated rootstocks were 'IAC 766', 'IAC 572', 'IAC 313' and 'IAC 571-6'. The length of the main phonological stages of the grapevine and its thermal demands were assessed during two growing seasons and expressed as days after pruning and degree-day sum, respectively. Grapevine yield and berry physicochemical characteristics were assessed during three crop seasons. 'Venus' phenological cycle and thermal demands, as well as the chemical characteristics of its grapes, varied with the climate conditions during the crop seasons. Low temperatures increased the grapevine cycle, and higher rainfall indices caused a decrease in the soluble solids of berries, as well as an increase in their titratable acidity. The 'IAC 766' and 'IAC 571-6' rootstocks promote a greater precocity to 'Venus' grapevines, and 'IAC 572' promotes a higher grapevine yield and better physicochemical characteristics of 'Venus' grapes. Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agron, Dept Hort, Rua Jose Barbosa de Barros 1-780, BR-18610307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Agencia Paulista Tecnol Agronegocios, Inst Agron, Ctr Apta Frutas, Rua Luiz Pereira Santos 1-500, BR-13120000 Jundiai, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agron, Dept Hort, Rua Jose Barbosa de Barros 1-780, BR-18610307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil CNPq: 305724/2018-5 CNPq: 140211/2015-2 FAPESP: 2013/08913-5

THERMAL REQUIREMENT AND PHENOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PAPAYA VARIETIES CULTIVATED UNDER SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE MARCELO DE SOUZA SILVA1; SARITA LEONEL2; JACKSON MIRELLYS AZEVÊDO SOUZA2; RAFAEL BIBIANO FERREIRA2; JOYCE HELENA MODESTO2 E ANA CAROLINA BATISTA BOLFARINI2 1 Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Faculdade de Agronomia e Engenharia Florestal – FAEF, Rod. Cmte. João Ribeiro de Barros, Km 420, 17400-000, Garça - SP, Brasil, mace-lo-souza@hotmail.com. 2 1Departament. de Agronomia/Horticultura, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, Av. Universitária, nº 3780 - Altos do Paraíso, 18610-03, Botucatu – SP, Brasil, sarinel@fca.unesp.br, jackson.mirellys@hotmail.com, aprigio_bibiano@hotmail.com, joyce_helena_modesto@hotmail.com, anacarolinabolfarini@hotmail.com. 1 ABSTRACT The thermal sum has been widely used to correlate phenological phases of a culture, a technique used to quantify the time required for any phenological phase in any type of environmental conditions, independently of the species. In view of the above, this study aimed to evaluate the thermal requirement and phenological characterization of papaya varieties cultivated under subtropical climate. It was measured the following phenological stages length: from planting to flowering (PF), from flowering to harvest (FH) and from planting to the beginning of harvest (PH), by measuring the time elapsed between each phenological phase. Female and hermaphrodite flowers were considered for measuring the growth curves of fruits by evaluating length (LF) and diameter (DF) of the fruits at 15-day intervals. The thermal requirement was measured by the accumulation of thermal sum in degree-days (DD) during different phenological phases and fruits development period. In current study conditions, it was possible to infer that Sunrise Solo variety and hybrid Tainung nº 1 are earlier, with an approximately 10-month interval between planting and the beginning of the harvest; therefore, necessitating accumulation of 1722.2 and 1798.1 degree-days, respectively. Keywords: Carica papaya L., degree-days, plant performance. SILVA, M. S.; LEONEL, S.; SOUZA, J. M. A.; FERREIRA, R. B.; MODESTO, J. H.; BOLFARINI, A. C. B. EXIGÊNCIA TÉRMICA E CARACTERIZAÇÃO FENOLÓGICA DE VARIEDADES DE MAMOEIRO CULTIVADAS SOB CLIMA SUBTROPICAL 2 RESUMO A soma térmica tem sido amplamente utilizada para correlacionar fases fenológicas de uma cultura, uma técnica utilizada para quantificar o tempo necessário para qualquer fase fenológica em qualquer tipo de condição ambiental, independentemente da espécie. Frente ao exposto, objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a exigência térmica e caracterização fenológica de variedades de mamoeiro cultivadas sob clima subtropical. Foi mensurado a duração dos seguintes estádios fenológicos: plantio ao florescimento (PF), florescimento à colheita e plantio ao início da colheita, através da aferição do tempo decorrido entre cada fase fenológica. As curvas de crescimento dos frutos, acompanhadas em flores femininas e hermafroditas, foram determinadas mediante avaliação do comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos em intervalos de 15 dias. Já a exigência térmica foi mensurada através do acumulo da soma térmica em graus-dia, durante as diferentes fases fenológicas e para o período de desenvolvimento dos frutos. Nas condições do presente estudo foi possível inferir que a variedade Sunrise Solo e o híbrido Tainung nº1 são mais precoces, com intervalo entre o plantio e o início da colheita de aproximadamente 10 meses, necessitando do acúmulo de 1722,2 e 1798,1 graus-dia, respectivamente. Palavras-chave: Carica papaya L., graus-dia, performance de plantas.

The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a pest of tropical origin which recently invaded Africa, the Far East and Australia. Temperature, therefore, plays an important role in its invasion biology, since this pest does not go into diapause. The aim of this study was to determine the development rate of S. frugiperda at different temperatures and to calculate the number of degree-days (&deg, D) required for each stage to complete its development. This study was conducted at five different temperatures&mdash, 18, 22, 26, 30 and 32 &plusmn, 1 &deg, C. Larvae were reared individually in Petri dishes with sweetcorn kernels provided as food. The development rate of S. frugiperda increased linearly with increasing temperatures between 18 and 30 &deg, C and larval survival was the highest between 26 and 30 &deg, C. The optimal range for egg, larval and egg-to-adult development was between 26 and 30 &deg, C. The optimum temperature with the fastest larval development rate and lowest mortality was at 30 &deg, C. The pupal development period ranged between 7.82 and 30.68 days (32&ndash, 18 &deg, C). The minimum temperature threshold for egg and larva development was 13.01 and 12.12 &deg, C, respectively, 13.06 &deg, C for pupae and 12.57 &deg, C for egg-to-adult development. Degree-day requirements for the development of the respective life cycle stages of S. frugiperda were 35.68 &plusmn, 0.22 for eggs, 204.60 &plusmn, 1.23 &deg, D for larvae, 150.54 &plusmn, 0.93 &deg, D for pupae and 391.61 &plusmn, 1.42 &deg, D for egg-to-adult development.

In Egypt, parasitic weed species, Orobanche crenata Forsk is one of the major constraints to the production of faba bean, which is considered the most important food legume in the country. The broomrape fly, Phytomyza orobanchia Kaltenbach (Diptera, Agromyzidae) is particularly suitable for biological control since it is oligophagous feeding in the larval stage, only on Orobanche species. The objective of the present study is to estimate the number of annual generations of P. orobanchia, using growing degree-days (GDD) in Alexandria region, Egypt. Results revealed that development of Phytomyza immature stages (from egg deposition to adult emergence) required 103.5, 90.0, 79.5, and 93.5 DD through 31, 20, 18, and 16 days for the investigated four generations, respectively. Percentage of infested Orobanche capsules positively increased with increasing accumulated degree-days. A linear model for predicting infested capsules with P. orobanchia through knowing DD was estimated. The constructed model may be used also in predicting Orobanche capsule infestation with P. orobanchia. Results also indicated that estimating the degree-days will help in predicting the occurrence of the first egg laid for P. orobanchia in O. crenata flowers in the field for the first generation and subsequent generations. Knowledge of the Phytomyza activity will provide a prediction for adult emergence and subsequent egg laying and potential damage by larvae according to infestation percent of Orobanche capsules through the successive generations. This may help the biological control programs to justify the required numbers of Phytomyza and adequate time for releases to obtain the maximum destruction of Orobanche seeds.

Background Umingmakstrongylus pallikuukensis and Varestrongylus eleguneniensis are two potentially pathogenic lungworms of caribou and muskoxen in the Canadian Arctic. These parasites are currently undergoing northward range expansion at differential rates. It is hypothesized that their invasion and spread to the Canadian Arctic Archipelago are in part driven by climate warming. However, very little is known regarding their physiological ecology, limiting our ability to parameterize ecological models to test these hypotheses and make meaningful predictions. In this study, the developmental parameters of V. eleguneniensis inside a gastropod intermediate host were determined and freezing survival of U. pallikuukensis and V. eleguneniensis were compared. Methods Slug intermediate hosts, Deroceras laeve, were collected from their natural habitat and experimentally infected with first-stage larvae (L1) of V. eleguneniensis. Development of L1 to third-stage larvae (L3) in D. laeve was studied at constant temperature treatments from 8.5 to 24 °C. To determine freezing survival, freshly collected L1 of both parasite species were held in water at subzero temperatures from -10 to -80 °C, and the number of L1 surviving were counted at 2, 7, 30, 90 and 180 days. Results The lower threshold temperature (T0) below which the larvae of V. eleguneniensis did not develop into L3 was 9.54 °C and the degree-days required for development (DD) was 171.25. Both U. pallikuukensis and V. eleguneniensis showed remarkable freeze tolerance: more than 80% of L1 survived across all temperatures and durations. Larval survival decreased with freezing duration but did not differ between the two species. Conclusion Both U. pallikuukensis and V. eleguneniensis have high freezing survival that allows them to survive severe Arctic winters. The higher T0 and DD of V. eleguneniensis compared to U. pallikuukensis may contribute to the comparatively slower range expansion of the former. Our study advances knowledge of Arctic parasitology and provides ecological and physiological data that can be useful for parameterizing ecological models.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T15:47:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-05-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-15T15:01:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-90162018000300191.pdf: 305313 bytes, checksum: 92bb376b6e2b07b5e6a5d4e07e8e2441 (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Climate, soil and management are the main drives for growth and production of tropical pastures. Thus, a better understanding of the effects of these factors and their interactions under climate conditions is required to obtain effective management options. Here, we used data from two field trials to research on climate and management interactions on the production seasonality of Panicum maximum Jacq. Treatments included four sampling times (250, 500, 750, and 1000 degrees C accumulated) during eight regrowth period, under irrigated and rainfed conditions and, cuts were made to simulate grazing intensity. All treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with four replications. At each sampling time, basal tillers were sampled to observe meristematic differentiation and were linked with the respective daylength. Soil moisture was determined, and the water availability index (WAI) was calculated. The dry matter production (DMP) was taken and relative productivity was calculated. Soil moisture was the key seasonal drive in spring-summer and the WAI could be used to adjust the maximum production for that season. The major drive for DMP in fall was the daylength, which was found at 11.81 h. For all seasons, DMP correlated better with the residues in early regrowth phase (r = 0.82 and p < 0.0001) and with degree-days at final regrowth phase (r = 0.73 p < 0.01). Applying these critical values to management guidelines should make Guinea grass DMP more efficient on tropical farms. Sao Paulo State Univ, FEIS, Av Brasil 56, BR-15385000 Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil Embrapa Southeast Livestock, Rod Washington Luiz,Km 234 S-N, BR-13560970 Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil Univ Queensland, Queensland Alliance Agr & Food Innovat, POB 102, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia Sao Paulo State Univ, FEIS, Av Brasil 56, BR-15385000 Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2009/00263-6

Asolene platae is a freshwater snail of the Ampullariidae native from La Plata River basin in South America. Water temperature has an overwhelming influence on the biology of apple snails, though there are no systematic studies related to the thermal biology of this species. The effect of temperature on the activity, growth and mortality of A. platae was studied through laboratory experiments using constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. The lower threshold and cumulative degree-days for the embryonic development were estimated under fluctuating temperature. Water temperature had a significant effect on the activity of A. platae, being almost null at 15°C, reaching its maximum in the range 25?30°C and decreasing above 30°C. Regardless of temperature, snails remained resting nearly half of the time, exhibiting less activity than other apple snails across similar temperatures. Mortality was higher for hatchlings than for adults at all temperatures with the exception of 35°C, which resulted in high levels of mortality for both groups. Growth of hatchlings was significantly affected by temperature, being highest between 25 and 35°C. The lower temperature threshold for the embryonic development was around 16°C and the cumulative degree-days to complete development were estimated between 107.5 and 120.5°C.d. The optimum temperature for A. platae would be 25?30°C. Temperatures of 35°C and above would be harmful, while temperatures below 20°C resulted in rapid decreasing in activity and slower growth rates. The information about the thermal requirements of A. platae will be useful optimizing rearing conditions and developing predictive models of the potential distribution of A. platae in scenarios where it is introduced outside of its native range. Fil: Tiecher, María José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnológico Bahia Blanca. Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas y Biomedicas del Sur; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur; Argentina Fil: Seuffert, Maria Emilia. Universidad Nacional del Sur; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnológico Bahia Blanca. Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas y Biomedicas del Sur; Argentina Fil: Martín, Pablo Rafael. Universidad Nacional del Sur; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnológico Bahia Blanca. Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas y Biomedicas del Sur; Argentina

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-01T18:45:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-04-01T18:51:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ISSN2231-0843-2015-09-01-100-107.pdf: 1143249 bytes, checksum: ccf5624ec10b2f76f0fc5d9b60919b75 (MD5) There are many mango cultivars available in different regions. It is about time we analysed their productive behavior in these areas, as well as their phenological performance. This study aimed to evaluate: phenological cycles, thermal time and growth curves of mango fruit cultivars in subtropical conditions. For this study we used the following cultivars: Espada Vermelha, Keitt and Palmer. All the experiments were done at UNESP experimental farm in Sao Manuel (SP), during the agricultural cycle from 2012 to 2013. It was selected 15 branches in each plant, which provided 150 per cultivar. It was determined the number of days of phenological cycles of flowering to fruit ripening, as well as the total number of days to flowering and harvesting. The thermal time was evaluated to each phenological cycle and expressed in accumulation of degree-days. The measurement of the longitudinal diameters (LD) and transverse diameters (TD) of the fruitwere performed in a 12 day’s intervals, from the tenth day after the flowers anthesis, to evaluate the growth curve. Based on the data, it was found that Keitt cultivar requires more days for the fruit to reach physiological maturity and greater accumulation of degree-days to complete its production cycle. The growth curves of the three varieties of fruits have a simple sigmoidal model in function of the days after anthesis. Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA), Departamento de Horticultura, Botucatu, SP, Brasil Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA), Departamento de Horticultura, Botucatu, SP, Brasil

[EN] Xanthogaleruca luteola (Muller) (elm leaf beetle, ELB) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) is a serious pest for elms in urban green areas of Mediterranean climate zones in Spain. In order to design an integrated pest management strategy, a study was conducted on this insect in the city of Valencia (east Spain) in six streets that house trees of the species Ulmus minor. Four larvae increases were found that peaked in mid-May, the first half of July, the second half of August and the end of September/beginning of October. The mean degree-days accumulations required for completion one generation were 612 degrees D +/- 24.98, and 461.12 degrees D +/- 43.95 were needed between the oviposition peaks and adult emergence peaks. Larvae caused a higher degree of defoliation than adults. The defoliation levels caused by generations 1 and 2 were similar, and higher than those caused by generations 3 and 4. Defoliation ranged between 30% and 100% in September. The degree of defoliation and citizen pressure led to treatment, performed by injecting trunks with abamectin in the first generation in three streets under study. This treatment did not allow the level of defoliation to increase with each new generation, and the mean degree of defoliation remained below 30% throughout the study period. Two parasitoid species were identified: Oomyzus gallerucae (Fonscolombe) (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) from the eggs and Erynniopsis antennata (Rondani) (Diptera, Tachinidae) from larvae, prepupae and pupae of ELB. Nonetheless, during the year of this study, and after considering the defoliation undergone by elms, the parasitism level was low and insufficient to keep Elm leaf beetle at tolerable levels. The integrated ELB management involved regularly monitoring defoliation levels with each new ELB generation by setting the treatment threshold at 20% defoliation and favouring biological control by increasing the quantity and diversity of plants in urban green areas to provide natural enemies with refuges and food.

A produção de uvas viníferas nas regiões de elevada altitude do estado de Santa Catarina é recente e há poucas informações disponíveis a respeito das características fenológicas e das exigências térmicas para as variedades utilizadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o comportamento fenológico e determinar as exigências térmicas das variedades Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Franc e Sangiovese. A área experimental foi instalada na Estação Experimental da EPAGRI, localizada em São Joaquim (28°17'39"S; 49°55'56"W, altitude 1.415m). Os estádios fenológicos avaliados foram início da brotação, floração, mudança de cor das bagas e maturidade nos ciclos produtivos de 2004/05, 2005/06 e 2006/07. A exigência térmica das variedades foi calculada empregando-se o somatório de graus-dia, considerando-se temperatura-base para a videira de 10°C. Na colheita, a maturação tecnológica foi determinada através das análises de sólidos solúveis totais, acidez titulável e pH. O ciclo das variedades viníferas avaliadas na região de São de Joaquim é mais longo do que o observado em outras regiões produtoras do Brasil. A duração térmica é um bom indicador de desenvolvimento das fases do ciclo da videira. Para as regiões com altitude acima de 1.300m, deve-se dar preferência para o plantio de variedades com ciclos entre 15 de setembro até 15 de abril. The grapevine production in high altitude regions of southern Brazil is recent and there is little information about the phenological stages and thermal requirements of different grape varieties. The objective of this study was to determine the phenology and thermal requirements of Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Franc and Sangiovese. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of São Joaquim, EPAGRI, (28°17'39" S; 49°55'56" W, altitude 1,415 meters). The phenological stages evaluated were bud break, flowering, change in berry skin color and maturity, during seasons 2004/05, 2005/06 and 2006/07. Thermal requirements were calculated by degree-days, considering base temperature of 10°C. At harvest, technological maturity was determined by analyses of total soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH. It was observed a delay in vine cycle, because harvest occured later in this place than in other Brazilian regions. The thermal durations are a good indicator of vine development phases. Regions above 1,300m should give preference to varieties with cycle between September 15 and April 15.

Fopius arisanus (Sonan) is a solitary parasitoid of eggs and the first instar larvae of Tephritidae. Due to the occurrence of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) in various regions and under several climatic conditions, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different temperatures on the embryonic development (egg–adult) and determine thermal requirements and the number of annual generations F. arisanus on eggs of C. capitata. In the laboratory, eggs of C. capitata (24 h) were submitted to parasitism of F. arisanus during 6 h. Later, the eggs were placed in plastic containers (50 mL) (50 eggs/container) on a layer of artificial diet and packed in chambers at temperatures 15, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30, and 32 ± 1°C, RH 70 ± 10%, and a photophase of 12 h. The largest number of offspring, emergence rate, and weight of adults of F. arisanus were observed at 25°C. The highest sex ratios (sr > 0.75) were recorded at 15 and 18°C, being statistically higher than the temperatures 20°C (0.65), 22°C (0.64), 25°C (0.65), 28°C (0.49), and 30°C (0.47). At 32°C, there was no embryonic development of F. arisanus. The egg–adult period was inversely proportional to temperature. Based on the development of the biological cycle (egg–adult), the temperature threshold (T t) was 10.3°C and thermal constant (K) of 488.34 degree-days, being the number of generations/year directly proportional to the temperature increase. The data show the ability of F. arisanus to adapt to different thermal conditions, which is important for biological control programs of C. capitata.

A cultura da videira tem potencial para produção contínua logo após pequeno período de descanso entre safras, porém os riscos climáticos podem limitar essa prática. O objetivo foi avaliar o potencial climático para o cultivo de duas safras anuais e a estimativa da severidade de míldio, em função de diferentes épocas de poda, e da exigência em graus-dia de diferentes genótipos de uvas (Vitis spp.), no estado do Paraná. Foram avaliados os riscos de geada, o balanço hídrico climatológico normal e a severidade potencial de ocorrência de míldio utilizando dados de 21 estações meteorológicas do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná. A ocorrência de geadas limita a época de cultivo da videira nas regiões centro, sul e leste. O excesso hídrico é observado em todo o estado. Genótipos que necessitam 1.800°C dia entre a poda e a colheita somente podem ser utilizados em sistema de dupla safra anual nas regiões mais quentes do estado. Não é possível a obtenção de duas safras anuais quando se utilizam genótipos de videiras que exigem mais de 2.000°C dia. Nas regiões mais frias, somente genótipos que necessitam 1.000 a 1.200°C dia podem ser utilizados. Em função do potencial de severidade do míldio, indica-se o cultivo de uvas rústicas ou americanas para as regiões centro, sul e leste, enquanto nas regiões sudoeste, oeste, norte e noroeste indica-se o cultivo das uvas finas ou europeias, porém sem descartar a necessidade de controle da doença nas fases fenológicas mais suscetíveis. Grapes have the potential for continuous production after a short rest period between seasons, but climate risks may limit this practice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the climatic potential for two harvests of grapes per year and to estimate the severity of downy mildew, according to different pruning times and thermal requirements (degree-days) for grape genotypes (Vitis spp.), in the State of Parana, Brazil. Frost risk, normal climatological water balance and potential severity of downy mildew were evaluated using data from 21 meteorological stations of the Instituto Agronômico do Paraná. The occurrence of frost limits the growing season of grapevines in the central, south and east regions of the state. The water excess is observed throughout the state. Genotypes with requirements from 1,800°C day between pruning and harvesting can only be cultivated in double annual crop in the warmer areas of the State. It is not possible to obtain two harvests per year when using grapevine genotypes that require more than 2,000°C day. In colder areas, only genotypes with requirements between 1,000 and 1,200°C day may be used. Due to the potential severity of downy mildew in the State, American grapes are indicated for the center, south and east areas, while European grapes are indicated for the southwest, west, north and northwest areas. The grape cultivation in those areas does not discard the need of disease chemical control during the most susceptible phenological phases.

Knowledge of the larval-age distribution in the field is important for prediction purpose and timing of insecticide applications for insect pest management. This studies acts by calculating the average of thermal units in degree-days (dd’s). The average of thermal units required for completion of generation is 544.98, 640.63 and 599.66 degrees-days (°C) as calculated from air temperatures derived from thermograph and satellite images, and soil temperatures from satellite images, respectively, considering 9.89 °C as a developmental threshold. These were higher than the estimated value of dd’s based on laboratory data (524.27 degrees-days (°C)). There was a difference between degree days obtained from air temperatures derived from satellite images and thermograph by 59.2 dd’s, this value represented only about 2.85 days. In order to improve the predictability, a factor was estimated between them which is 0.81, 0.96 and 0.87 in case of thermograph, soil and air temperature that derived from satellite images so the predicted stages was highly improved. Egg hatching was estimated to be 80% complete by ≈80.45 dd’s. At 174.85 DD, mostly all larvae in the field experiment were from the first to third instars. The presence of more mature larvae (fourth to sixth instars) was not noticed until 197.59 dd’s. These data indicate that, the best timing for control application against Spodoptera littoralis would be at 174.85–197.59 dd’s. The results are important for quick prediction purposes, control timing and also as valuable tools used in an integrated control program for managing S. littoralis in Egypt.

The objective of this work was to develop and validate linear regression models to estimate the production of dry matter by Tanzania grass (Megathyrsus maximus, cultivar Tanzania) as a function of agrometeorological variables. For this purpose, data on the growth of this forage grass from 2000 to 2005, under dry‑field conditions in São Carlos, SP, Brazil, were correlated to the following climatic parameters: minimum and mean temperatures, degree‑days, and potential and actual evapotranspiration. Simple linear regressions were performed between agrometeorological variables (independent) and the dry matter accumulation rate (dependent). The estimates were validated with independent data obtained in São Carlos and Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. The best statistical results in the development and validation of the models were obtained with the agrometeorological parameters that consider thermal and water availability effects together, such as actual evapotranspiration, accumulation of degree‑days corrected by water availability, and the climatic growth index, based on average temperature, solar radiation, and water availability. These variables can be used in simulations and models to predict the production of Tanzania grass. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e validar modelos de regressão linear para a estimativa de produção de matéria seca de capim‑tanzânia (Megathyrsus maximus, cultivar Tanzania) em função de variáveis agrometeorológicas. Para tanto, dados de períodos de crescimento da forragem entre 2000 e 2005, em condições de sequeiro em São Carlos, SP, foram correlacionados aos seguintes parâmetros climáticos: temperaturas mínima e média, graus‑dia, evapotranspiração potencial e atual. Foram realizadas regressões lineares simples entre as variáveis agrometeorológicas (independentes) e a taxa média de acúmulo (dependente). As estimativas foram validadas com dados independentes obtidos em São Carlos e Piracicaba, SP. Os melhores resultados estatísticos observados no desenvolvimento e na validação dos modelos foram obtidos para parâmetros agrometeorológicos que levem em consideração o efeito térmico e hídrico conjuntamente, como evapotranspiração real, acúmulo de graus‑dia corrigido pela disponibilidade hídrica e índice climático de crescimento, baseado na temperatura média, na radiação solar e na disponibilidade hídrica. Essas variáveis podem ser utilizadas em simulações e modelos para prever a produção do capim‑tanzânia.

The present study aimed to estimate the basal temperature and thermal sum for the following tropical forage plants: Brachiaria decumbens, cultivar Basilisk; Brachiaria brizantha, cultivar Marandu; Brachiaria brizantha, cultivar Xaraes; Panicum maximum, cultivar Mombaça; Panicum maximum, cultivar Tanzania; and Cynodon spp, cultivar Tifton 85, in ten cutting seasons, under irrigation. The climatic data were collected in an automatic weather ministration installed in the experimental area and used for irrigation management. The relative development or regression equation method was used to calculate the basal temperature. The estimated basal temperature values were 15.4; 10.5; 14.2; 13.4; 12.4 and 15.1 ºC and the demands were of 2,088.1; 3,542.5; 2,486.5; 2,838.5; 2,701.7 and 2,134.5 degree days for cultivars Basilisk, Marandu, Mombaça, Tanzania, Xaraes and Tifton 85, respectively. The relative development method revealed linearity between plant development and room temperature. Basal temperature can help elaborate climatic zoning for forage species in Brazil and allow the selection of the best suited species for each region in Brazil.

Oil palm is one of the most important oil crops in the world. Because of its high productivity and perennial nature, it has been expanding quickly. Commercial plantations consist mostly of the African palm E. guineensis Jacq. However, producers in Latin America are increasingly planting the O × G interspecific hybrid, a cross between African palm (E. guineensis) and the American palm (E. oleifera (Kunth) Cortés). This interspecific hybrid has emerged as a promising solution to diseases such as the bud rot of oil palm because of the apparent partial resistance of this genotype to the disease. This work studied and described the phenology of the O × G interspecific hybrid. The phenology stages were coded using the BBCH scale. The scale for the phenophases was defined using a three-digit code. Due to the nature of the palm, no descriptions were used for stage two (formation of side shoots/tillering) and stage four (development of harvestable vegetative plant parts or vegetative reproductive organs) because these stages do not apply to oil palm. The scale was constructed using germinating seeds, pre-nursery and nursery plants and five year-old palms. For the description of the stem elongation, different age palms of the same O × G hybrid were used. Observations were performed during an 18-month period. Additionally, the interval for the change from one phenology stage to another was determined both in days and degree-days (DD). The interspecific O × G hybrid required 6408 DD from when the spear leaf unfolds until the bunch was ripened and harvested, and 4427.6 DD from leaf unfolding to anthesis.

Dubas bug, Ommatissus lybicus Bergevin, is an important pest of date palm on the Arab peninsula. This sucking insect causes great damage to the trees and reduces the quantity and quality of the dates. Effect of temperature on the development of the immature stages of O. lybicus was studied in the laboratory by rearing them at nine constant temperatures, ranging from 15 to 35°C. Development was successfully completed at temperatures ranging from 20 to 35°C for eggs and from 20 to 32.5°C for nymphs. The lower thermal thresholds for development of eggs, nymphs and egg-adult were estimated by means of linear regression as 12.9, 12.9 and 13.2°C, respectively. Thermal units required for the development of the same stages were 572.5, 648.2 and 1184.4 degree-days, respectively. The lethal high temperatures were also estimated using a nonlinear model as 34.5, 43.4 and 34.6°C for eggs, nymphs and total immature stages, respectively. The development rate and survival data indicate that the optimum temperature range for O. lybicus is 25-27.5°C.

International audience; Based on the analysis of 12 egg and larval variables and temperature of 65 temperate freshwater fish species, the possible relationships between oocyte diameter, larval size at hatch, time and temperature were reassessed and the main early life-stage strategies were described and compared. Time and degree-days required to reach hatching and mixed feeding were weakly related to oocyte diameter and strongly to temperature. These results are chiefly because oocyte diameter and yolk reserves are weakly related and temperature strongly increases tissue differentiation rate, activity of hatching glands and embryo motility. Strong positive relationships were found between larval size and oocyte diameter and degree-days for incubation. No relationship was found between larval size and degree-days from hatching to mixed feeding and between degree-days for incubation and degree-days from hatching to mixed feeding. These last two results are chiefly because the developmental stages at hatching and at the onset of exogenous feeding are not fixed in ontogeny and are not directly related to either larval size or degree-days for incubation, but more probably are species specific. Whatever the spawning season, which can occur almost all year long, the different trade-offs at the early life-stages ensure that most larvae are first feeding during spring, when food size and abundance are the most appropriate.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a temperatura-base inferior (Tb) a partir da unidade fototérmica (UF) para o cultivo experimental de manga Alfa sob condições de cerrado. Foram utilizados dados diários da temperatura do ar disponibilizados pela Estação Agrometeorológica Padre Ricardo Remetter, localizada em Santo Antônio do Leverger-MT (15,8° S e 56,1° W, 140 m), e avaliação sensorial do estádio de maturação dos frutos de manga. A Tb foi determinada pelo método da menor variabilidade das unidades fototérmicas (UF) acumuladas do período da floração à colheita dos frutos, variabilidade avaliada pelo coeficiente de variação (cv) simulado para diferentes valores da Tb. De julho a novembro de 2007, em três plantas de um pomar demonstrativo irrigado, foram identificados 82 frutos para o acompanhamento do crescimento e maturação. Entre esses frutos, em meados de dezembro de 2007, foi possível identificar 13 frutos que atingiram a maturidade fisiológica, após um período médio de observação de 112 dias. Para exigência fototérmica de 1.878.166,1 UF, encontrou-se Tb de 10 °C, valor consistente com os apresentados na literatura para a cultivar de manga, o que comprova a eficiência do método que combina a ação da temperatura e do fotoperíodo sobre a maturação dos frutos e que confere um caráter mais racional que o método tradicional da soma térmica. In this study was to determine the lower base temperature (Tb) for Alfa mango fruit, using the photothermal units (PTU) method in cerrado conditions. The meteorological data for the study were acquired from "Padre Ricardo Remetter" meteorological station located at Santo Antonio do Leverger, MT, Brazil (15,8° S and 56,1° W, 140 m), and the fruit data was acquired by sensorial evaluation of mango fruit maturation state. The Tb was determined by less variability of the coefficient of variation (cv) method applied to the PTU sum, from flowering to harvest, simulated for different values of Tb. In the period from July to November of 2007, in tree plants from of an irrigated experimental field, were marked 82 fruits in which we observed the growing and maturation. From the marked fruits were identified 13 fruits that were at harvest point, in December of 2007, after an average observation period of 112 days. For a photothermal requirement of 1878166,13 PTU was observed Tb for the fruits of 10 °C, this value is consistent with those reported in the literature, which proves the efficiency of the method that combines the action of temperature and daylength on fruit maturity and providing a more rational method than the traditional heat units method.

This paper provides a forecast of electricity consumption in Cyprus up to the year 2030, based on econometric analysis of energy use as a function of macroeconomic variables, prices and weather conditions. If past trends continue electricity use is expected to triple in the coming 20–25 years, with the residential and commercial sectors increasing their already high shares in total consumption. Besides this reference scenario it was attempted to assess the impact of climate change on electricity use. According to official projections, the average temperature in the Eastern Mediterranean is expected to rise by about 1 °C by the year 2030. Using our econometrically estimated model, we calculated that electricity consumption in Cyprus may be about 2.9% higher in 2030 than in the reference scenario. This might lead to a welfare loss of 15 million Euros in 2020 and 45 million Euros in 2030; for the entire period 2008–2030 the present value of costs may exceed 200 million Euros (all expressed in constant Euros of 2007). Moreover, we assessed the additional peak electricity load requirements in the future because of climate change: extra load may amount to 65–75 Megawatts (MW) in the year 2020 and 85–95 MW in 2030.

Os efeitos da cobertura plástica (CP) sobre a fenologia e o requerimento térmico da Vitis vinifera L. 'Moscato Giallo' foram estudados em dois ciclos (2005/2006 e 2006/2007). Determinou-se a duração média dos principais períodos fenológicos por meio de avaliações semanais, desde a poda até a queda das folhas. O somatório térmico em graus-dia acumulados (GD) foi calculado considerando-se a temperatura-base de 10ºC, e medidas da temperatura do ar máxima e mínima ao longo de todo o ciclo, nas áreas coberta e descoberta (testemunha). A cobertura plástica aumentou o somatório térmico e antecipou o início da brotação, reduzindo a duração das etapas fenológicas da poda até a mudança de cor das bagas. Entretanto, a redução da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (RFA) proporcionada pela cobertura plástica atrasou, em média, 18 dias o processo de maturação das uvas da cultivar Moscato Giallo. A soma térmica acumulada (poda até colheita) das áreas coberta e descoberta foi, respectivamente, 2.079 e 1.847 GD no primeiro ciclo, e 1.864 e 1.640 GD no segundo ciclo. A cobertura plástica exige uma alteração nas práticas culturais, como a necessidade de poda verde para reduzir os efeitos da restrição de RFA e o atraso na data de colheita, em relação ao cultivo convencional, em função da menor taxa de evolução da maturação sob a cobertura. The plastic overhead cover (POC) effects on phenology and thermal requirement of grapevine Vitis vinifera L. 'Moscato Giallo' were evaluated in two seasons (2005/2006 and 2006/2007). The phenology was weekly determined since the winter pruning until the falling of the leaves. The thermal requirement as degree-days (GDºC) was calculated in the same period using 10ºC as base temperature and measured of maximal and minimal air temperature throughout both cycles in covered and uncovered areas. POC increased the thermal sum and it anticipated the budburst and decreased the duration of phenological phases from the winter pruning until the changing of the colors of the berries. However, the POC restricted the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and it reduced in 18 days the ripening process of grapes, in relation to uncovered plants. The thermal sum accumulated (pruning to harvest) under covered and uncovered areas was respectively, 2079 and 1864 GDºC in the first cycle, and 1847 and 1640 GDºC in the second cycle. POC demands alterations in vineyard management such as the green pruning (aiming to reduce the effect of PAR restriction) and the delay in harvest date due to lower ripening under POC, in comparison to uncovered cultivation.

O objetivo foi caracterizar as exigências climáticas dos estádios fenológicos de cultivares de C. arabica e indicá-las para a tecnologia de escalonamento da colheita. As avaliações foram realizadas na fazenda experimental do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR), em Londrina, em 16 genótipos, segundo uma escala fenológica, durante dois anos. O número médio de dias, a soma térmica em graus-dia, a precipitação pluvial acumulada e a temperatura média da florada até o estádio de maturação completa (cereja) foram, respectivamente, de 226,2 ± 15,3 dias, 2.781 ± 143,5 graus-dia, 1.065 ± 149,2 mm e 22,49 ± 0,47 ºC. Foi possível caracterizar, de acordo com a exigência térmica, as cultivares Icatu Precoce IAC 3282, Mundo Novo IAC 464-12, IAPAR 59, Rume Sudam IAC 1139 e Costa Rica 95 como precoces; as cultivares Catucai 785-15, Catucaiaçu, Villa Sarchí ICAFÉ, Rubi MG1192 e Ouro Verde IAC H5010-5, como de maturação média; as cultivares 'Obatã IAC 1669-20', Sarchímor IAPAR88480-8, Tupi IAC 1669-33, 'Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99', 'Catucai Vermelho 4-79' e 'Sarchímor E9702 III-1-9' como tardias. Com base em análises de regressão foi possível determinar e quantificar a influência da disponibilidade hídrica para os estádios fenológicos de chumbinho, expansão, grão verde, verde cana e, conseqüentemente, a duração da florada até o estádio cereja. A ocorrência de deficiências hídricas acelera a maturação dos frutos, pois diminuem as necessidades térmicas para a maturação dos frutos em café arábica. The aim of this research wAS to determine the thermal requirements in degree-days for sub-phases of fruit development in arabic cultivars and to indicate those genotypes for scalonated harvesting. This research was carried out at the experimental farm of the Agronomic Institute of Paraná (IAPAR), in Londrina, state of Paraná, Brazil. Each plant was evaluated at 15 to 20 days intervals from August 2004 to August 2005 (harvest 2004/05) and from August 2005 to August 2006 (harvest 2005/06), according to a phenological scale of fruit development. The average number of days, the thermal requirements in degree-days, the accumulated precipitation and the average temperature to reach the stadium of complete maturation (cherry) were, respectively, 226.2 ± 15.3 days, 2781 ± 143.5 degree-days, 1065 ± 149.2 mm and 22.49 ± 0.47 ºC. It was possible to characterize the genotypes by their thermal needs as follows: the cultivars Icatu Precoce IAC 3282, Mundo Novo IAC 464-12, IAPAR 59, Rume Sudam IAC1139 and Costa Rica 95 as early maturation; the cultivars Catucai 785-15, Catucaiaçu, Villa Sarchí ICAFÉ, Rubi MG1192 and Ouro Verde IAC H5010-5, as intermediate maturation; the cultivars 'Obatã IAC 1669-20', Sarchímor IAPAR88480-8, 'Tupi IAC 1669-33', 'Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99', 'Catucai vermelho 4-79' and Sarchímor E9702 III-1-9 as late maturation. By using regression analyses it was possible to determine and quantify the influence of water supply in different phenological stages. The occurrence of water deficiencies accelerated maturation, therefore, reduced the thermal necessities for fruit maturation in Arabic coffee.

RESUMO A macieira apresenta duas fases que caracterizam seu ciclo anual: a de repouso hibernal e a de crescimento vegetativo e reprodutivo. A importância em se conhecer ainfluência das condições climáticas sobre os processos reprodutivos das plantas e em desenvolver tecnologias que minimizem os possíveis efeitos aumenta à medida que as projeções de aquecimento global se tornampreocupantes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o comportamento dos principais eventos fenológicos da macieira, da brotação à colheita, nas diferentes estruturas de frutificação, sob as condiçõesclimáticas do Sul do Brasil. O estudo experimental foi conduzido na Estação Experimental da Epagri (26°50’S, 50°58’W, altitude 950 m), durante os ciclos de 2011/12 e 2013/2014. As cultivares estudadas foram Gala e Fuji,com nove anos de idade, ambas sobre o porta-enxerto M9. O desenvolvimento fenológico foi observado nas diferentes estruturas de frutificação da macieira: gema de esporão, gema terminal de brindila e gemaaxilar de brindilas. As mesmas foram comparadas através dos dias e da exigência térmica necessários para a transição dos estádios, sendo contabilizados a partir do tratamento de quebra de dormência. As diferençasencontradas no início da brotação e do florescimento, entre as estruturas, dependeram consideravelmente das condições climáticas do ano em questão. Sob condições de altas temperaturas após o tratamento de quebra dedormência, houve maior sincronia fenológica entre as estruturas, sendo que sob baixas temperaturas se observou maior variabilidade dos estádios entre as mesmas. A partir do tratamento de quebra de dormência,gemas de esporões necessitam de menor acúmulo térmico para brotar, principalmente esporões de ‘Gala’ e gemas terminais de brindilas necessitam de maior acúmulo térmico que gemas de esporões para dar início aoflorescimento. ABSTRACT Apple shows two distinct phases that characterizes its annual cycle: dormancy and vegetative/ reproductive growth. The importance of knowing the influence of climate conditions on tree reproductive processes and furthermore, developing technologies that minimize the future effects increases upon the global warming predictions becomes concerning. The goal of this study was to characterize the behavior of the main phenological events of apple, from bud break to harvest, on different fruiting habits under the subtropical climatic conditions of the South of Brazil. The experiments were carried out on nine year old ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ apples in the Experimental Station of EPAGRI (Brazil - 26°50’S, 50°58’W, altitude 950m) during two different growing seasons, 2011/12 and 2013/14. Date and days after dormancy breaking treatment and heat requirements of the main phenological stages from bud break to harvest were evaluated. Evaluations were performed on each fruiting habit: spur buds, terminal and axillary buds on long shoots. Differences found on the onset of bud break and flowering among fruiting habits greatly depended on climate conditions of the particular year. High temperatures conditions after the dormancy breaking treatment induced to a phenological synchrony among fruiting habits, and vice versa. From dormancy breaking treatment, spur buds, especially ‘Gala’ buds, required less heat accumulation to bud break. Terminal buds of long shoots required higher amount of heat than spur buds to start flowering

Determinou-se o número de dias para a ocorrência e a duração dos estádios fenológicos de morangueiro, bem como o período de floração, frutificação e maturação dos frutos das cvs. Oso Grande, Tudla, Chandler e Dover. O trabalho foi executado no interior de uma estrutura galvanizada de 510 m² (estufa plástica), em Passo Fundo-RS, em 2003 e 2004. A primeira etapa constou da avaliação das datas de ocorrência e da duração dos estádios fenológicos das quatro cultivares de morangueiro, em um experimento fatorial (cultivares x estádios fenológicos) com delineamento inteiramente casualizados, em cinco repetições. Na segunda etapa, determinou-se o número de dias até o início da floração (50% da área em floração) e da formação de frutos (10% dos frutos maiores que 2,5 cm de comprimento), início e final da colheita. Os nove estádios fenológicos foram determinados pela seguinte escala: 1= aparecimento do botão floral; 2= aparecimento das pétalas; 3= flores completamente abertas; 4= pétalas secas e caídas; 5= formação do fruto; 6= aumento do tamanho do fruto; 7= fruto com sementes visíveis no receptáculo; 8= começo da maturação, com maioria dos frutos brancos; 9= frutos maduros com 75 a 100% da superfície vermelha. A duração dos nove estágios variou de 36,4 dias para a cv, Tudla a 40 dias para a cv. Oso Grande. O estádio 4, caracterizado pela queda das pétalas foi o mais longo para todas as cultivares, com 11,3 dias, em média. Para a cultivar Dover, além dessa fase, também o estádio 6 foi o mais prolongado. Considerando o início do florescimento e da frutificação, a cultivar Dover foi a mais precoce, quando comparada com as demais cultivares. The duration time of phenological stages, blooming, fruit set, and maturation periods of strawberry cultivars Oso Grande, Tudla, Chandler, and Dover were evaluated. The study was carried out in a 510 m2 plastic greenhouse, in Passo Fundo- RS, Brazil, in 2003 and 2004. A completely randomized experimental design with five replicates was used in a factorial scheme (cultivars x phenological stages). In the first step of the experiment, both the dates and the duration time of phenological stages were evaluated. In the second step, the number of the days up to the blooming (50% of the area), the fruit formation (10% of the fruit higher than 2.5 cm long), and the date of beginning and end of harvesting was evaluated. The scale used for the phenological stages were : 1= beginning of the flower-bud stage; 2= beginning of petals ; 3= blooming; 4= drying and falling of petals; 5= fruit formation; 6= fruit elongation; 7= fruit receptacle with visible seeds; 8= beginning of maturation, with most of fruits having white colour; 9= mature fruits with 75 to 100% of the surface with red colour. The duration of the nine phenological stages ranged from 36.4 days for cv. Tudla to 40 days for cv. Oso Grande. Stage 4 was the longest stage (11.3 days). In all four cultivars, For cv. Dover, stage 6 was longer as stage 4. Considering the duration time between blooming and fruit set, cv. Dover, was considesed the most precocious.

Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) has been present in greenhouse-grown cucumber in Spain since 1992. However, in the autumn of 2000 Cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV) was introduced, leading to mixed infections of both Bemisia tabaci-transmitted viruses. The temporal and spatial spread of disease symptoms were monitored in experimental plastic-covered greenhouses during six consecutive cucumber plantings from 2000 to 2002. Using linear regression analysis of 46 disease-progress curves, the Gompertz model best described the CYSDV epidemics in 2000, whereas the logistic model best described the development of CYSDV and CVYV epidemics in 2001 and 2002. The fitted models were used to calculate the amount of degree Celsius-days at half-maximum infection in the greenhouses (°D0·5). After multiple regression analysis, 56% of the variation in °D0·5 of CYSDV was related to the numbers of whiteflies infesting the cucumber crops, and was independent of the mean temperatures in the greenhouses. In contrast, 76% of the variation in °D0·5 of CVYV was related to both the numbers of vectors present and maximum temperature. Symptom expression in cucumbers mechanically inoculated with CVYV was most prevalent when plants were grown at regimes of at least 28°C day temperature. According to analysis of spread using Taylor's power law, beta-binomial distribution fitting, and the ordinary runs test, the prevalence of CVYV showed significant overdispersion, whereas that of CYSDV did not. The χ2 test of independence and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used to measure co-occurrence and covariation, respectively, during the first half of the cultivation period. These results showed that the two diseases were not associated. © 2006 BSPP.

Foi estudada a relação entre El Niño Oscilação Sul (ENOS) e graus-dia (GD) para Piracicaba (SP), no período de 1950 a 2001. Quando se avaliou GD em anos de ocorrência de El Niño, utilizando valores médios, observou-se desvios principalmente, positivos e em anos de ocorrência de La Niña, desvios positivos no 1.º semestre e negativos no 2.º semestre. No entanto, quando se analisou GD em anos isolados de ocorrência de cada fenômeno, observou-se variação nos resultados de acordo com ano e intensidade do fenômeno. Não foi observada influência generalizada de ENOS em relação a GD. The relation between El Niño Souther Oscillation (ENSO) and degree-day (GD) was studied for Piracicaba (SP), for the period from 1950 to 2001. When GD in years of occurrence of El Niño was evaluated, using mean values, was observed mainly positives deviations and in years of occurrence of La Niña, was observed positive desvios in the first semester and negatives in the second semester. However, when GD in isolated years of occurrence of each phenomenon was analyzed, observed variation in the results in accordance with year and intensity of the phenomenon. Generalized influence of ENOS in relation to the GD was not observed.

In the absence of resistant cultivars, the impending loss of methyl bromide (MBr) and few sustainable alternatives available, managing the northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, is a challenge in temperate vegetable and nursery production systems. Many brassica plants, including arugula, Eruca sativa, possess biofumigant and trap crop qualities, and thus have been gaining popularity as potential alternatives to MBr. As part of a project to develop alternatives to MBr, this study was conducted to determine the effects of arugula cv. Nemat on three glasshouse populations of M. hapla from Rhode Island (RI), New York, Geneva (NYG) and Michigan (MI). In two glasshouse experiments conducted at 20 ± 2°C and 28 ± 2°C, arugula and Rutgers tomato (standard susceptible) seedlings were inoculated with either 0 (control) or 3000 eggs of 67-85% undifferentiated stages of the three populations. Experiment 1 was terminated at 20 days and Experiment 2 at 28 days after nematode inoculation. At 20°C, 200 and 280 degree-days (DD, base 10°C) were accumulated, while 360 and 504 DD were accumulated at 28°C in the respective experiments. Total numbers of nematodes recovered from roots varied by host and by nematode population over the course of the study, but the numbers of females in roots did not vary significnatly. This suggests variability in reaching the adult female stage. Egg and egg mass production was normal in all nematode-infected tomatoes, but no eggs were produced in more than 80% of arugula plants, and less than 17% of the arugula samples had fewer than five loose eggs and no egg masses. The results show that arugula interferes with development and reproduction of populations of M. hapla and thus has potential as a trap crop to control M. hapla. © 2006 Koninklijke Brill NV. Michigan Agriculture Experiment Station: MICL0 1792 0427 Washington State University We thank Tracy Kerchkof and Crystal T. Cuevas for technical assistance, Drs G. Abawi (NYG) and N.A. Mitkowski (RI) for providing the nematode populations, and Dr G.R. Noel, USDA/ARS, University of Illinois, USA, for constructive criticisms on the manuscript. This work was funded by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station (Hatch Project No. MICL0 1792) for the first author; and by the College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences Research Centre, PPNS No. 0427, Department of Plant Pathology and IAREC Prosser, Project No.WNP00542, Washington State University for E. Riga.

Pre-slaughter fasting, usually measured in days, helps to empty the digestive system but less is known about its effect on fish welfare or flesh quality. We evaluated the combined effects of fasting (measured in degree-days, °C. d), preceded by intermittent feeding in the last month of production, on the flesh quality rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Trout (n. = 240) were fed the same total amount of food either daily (D), once every two days (2D) or once every four days (4D) for one month, and then fasted for 24.3. °C. d (2. days) or 102. °C. d (9. days). There was a significant interaction between the effects of intermittent feeding and pre-slaughter fasting for most of the parameters measured. Slaughter weight was higher in 2D and 4D trout after two days of fasting, probably since they had more feed in their stomachs. Muscle glycogen and the hepato-somatic index were also higher in 2D trout after 2. days of fasting, suggesting higher energy reserves. There was no interaction between the effects of intermittent feeding and fasting on final muscle pH which was higher after 9. days of fasting, indicating poorer flesh quality. Overall, the results suggest that trout that received a skip-a-day feeding schedule one month before slaughter, adapt better to a two day fast than trout fed daily or once every four days. © 2015 Elsevier B.V..

The objectives of this paper are to: (1) present 10 years of phenological data for nine natural species growing in a Mediterranean-type climate, (2) present threshold temperatures that were derived for the computation of cumulative degree-days (CDD), and (3) evaluate the sensitivity of the nine natural species to weather variability. The study was conducted at the Phenological Research Garden of Oristano, Sardinia, Italy, during the period 1986–96. The observations were made on five typical Mediterranean species and four species that are typical of higher latitudes. The mean annual pattern of phenological events and the CDD from 1 January are given for each development stage. Temperature thresholds were evaluated by comparing the standard deviation about the mean number of days in the development period for each species. A good relationship between timing of phenophase occurrence and temperature was observed for the Mediterranean species, which were little affected by variations in rainfall. Phenological development of the non-native species was affected by springtime rainfall.

[EN] Kelly s citrus thrips (KCT) Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a recently recorded cosmopolitan citrus pest, causing fruit scarring that results in downgrading of fruit. Due to the detrimental effects caused on fruits by KCT, we wanted to study some of the factors influencing fruit scarring. Specifically, the objectives were: (1) to determine the fruit development stage when citrus fruits are damaged by KCT and the population structure of KCT during this period, (2) to study the influence of temperature on intensity of damage, and finally, (3) to identify alternative host plants. KCT populations on flowers and fruitlets and alternate plant hosts were sampled in four citrus orchards from 2008 to 2010. The percentage of damaged fruits was also recorded. The exotic vine Araujia sericifera (Apocynaceae) was recorded as a new host for KCT. Thrips scarring started to increase at 350 650 degree-days (DD) above 10.2 C, coinciding with a peak abundance of the second instar larval stages over all 3 years of the study. The maximum percentage of larval stages of KCT was observed in the 3 years at about 500 DD, a period which corresponds to the end of May or early June. Variation in the severity of fruit scarring appeared to be related to air temperature. Temperature likely affects the synchronisation between the peak in abundance of KCT larvae, and the period when fruitlets are susceptible to thrips damage. Temperature can also influence the survival and development of KCT populations in citrus and other host plants in the citrus agro-ecosystem., The authors thank Alejandro Tena for his valuable suggestions and two anonymous referees for their careful review and helpful comments. We also extend our thanks to the owners of the commercial orchards for giving us permission to use their citrus orchards. The first author was awarded an FPI fellowship from the Polytechnic University of Valencia to obtain her PhD degree.

Algumas espécies de tesourinhas (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) são importantes predadoras da lagarta-do-cartucho do milho Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o efeito de temperaturas constantes no desenvolvimento de Doru luteipes (Scudder) e Doru lineare (Eschs.). D. luteipes não completou seu desenvolvimento nas temperaturas de 30 e 32°C, enquanto D. lineare não completou apenas na temperatura de 32°C. O período de incubação variou de 8,0 (25°C) a 17,2 dias (18°C) e de 4,6 (30°C) a 14,5 dias (18°C), para D. luteipes e D. lineare, respectivamente. A duração do período ninfal variou de 30,4 dias (25°C) a 63,6 dias (18°C), para D. luteipes, e de 20,4 dias (30°C) a 60,5 dias (18°C), para D. lineare. A duração do ciclo biológico (ovo-adulto) variou de 38,4 (25°C) a 80,8 dias (18°C), para D. luteipes, e de 25 (30°C) a 75 dias (18°C), para D. lineare. Portanto, as temperaturas elevadas foram desfavoráveis para ambas as espécies, observando-se que D. luteipes é mais susceptível à elevação térmica. Some Earwigs species (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) are important predators of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The effects of constant temperatures on the development of Doru luteipes (Scudder) and Doru lineare (Eschs.) were evaluated. The development of D. luteipes was not completed at 30 and 32°C, whereas D. lineare did not complete only at 32°C. The incubation period ranged from 8.0 (25°C) to 17.2 days (18oC) for D. luteipes and D. lineare, respectively. The duration of the nymphal stage ranged from 30.4 (25°C) to 63.6 days (18°C) for D. luteipes and, from 20.4 (30°C) to 60.5 days (18°C) for D. lineare. The duration of the biological cycle (egg-adult) varied from 38.4 (25°C) to 80.8 days (18°C) for D. luteipes and from 25 (30°C) to 75 days (18°C) for D. lineare. Therefore, high temperatures were unfavorable for both species, but D. luteipes is more susceptible to higher temperatures.

Oilseed radish (OSR; Raphanus sativus), which can be used as a trap, cover or biofumigant when incorporated as a green manure crop, has potential for managing soil-borne biotic factors such as Meloidogyne hapla. However, exploiting the multi-purpose traits of OSR requires careful understanding of the biology of M. hapla and the prevailing soil conditions. When an OSR Line 'RO4S-PSOSR', and cv. Diakon grown in 300 cm3 of sandy, loamy sand or muck soils were inoculated with 3000 eggs of M. hapla populations (collected from the three soil types) and maintained for approximately 500 degree days (DD, base 10°C), all nematodes completed their life cycle in both hosts, with significantly more nematodes infecting OSR plants in the sandy soil. When cvs Diakon and Rutgers tomato (standard susceptible species) were grown under the same conditions with an inoculum of 2000 eggs per pot, infection was greatest in the sandy soils. Oilseed radish shoot growth was significantly lower in the sandy soil compared with muck or loamy sand soils. While the effect of soil type on OSR growth and M. hapla population densities is to be expected, the nematodes' completion of a life cycle at about 450-500 DD suggests that OSR hosts like cv. Diakon may be best used as a trap crop and plants should be terminated before the nematode completes a life cycle.

O conhecimento da temperatura abaixo da qual o crescimento das plantas cessa, a temperatura base (Tb), é de grande importância na avaliação do potencial produtivo de um recurso vegetal em uma determinada área e na correta inserção de uma cultura em um sistema de produção, em especial no caso de espécies forrageiras perenes. Objetivou-se, no presente trabalho, avaliar um novo método para a determinação dessa temperatura base, usando não apenas a temperatura média do ar, mas também o fotoperíodo na forma de uma variável climática denominada de unidade fototérmica (UF) como variável preditora da Tb. Usando-se dois ciclos de rebrotação e as suas respectivas quantidades de forragem acumulada, pode-se calcular o valor da Tb se as relações entre produção de forragem e acúmulo de UFs em cada período forem as mesmas. Dados de produtividade de duas diferentes espécies forrageiras, capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. Napier) e grama-estrela (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var nlemfuensis cv. Florico), provenientes de dois diferentes experimentos, foram usados para avaliar o método de cálculo proposto, obtendo-se valores de Tb de 15 e 12°C para as duas espécies, respectivamente. Esses valores são consistentes com os apresentados na literatura, o que comprova a eficiência do método proposto. The assessment of the temperature below which plant growth ceases, known as base temperature (Tb) is key in for establishing the potential yield of a plant resource at a given location, and for quantifying the fitness of a given crop for a given production system. Whereas this is widely recognized, it is especially true in the case of perennial crops such as many of the forage species. This present study was aimed at developing, evaluating, and proposing a new methodological approach for the calculation of the Tb of forage crops, using both temperature and daylength, as a climatic variable named photothermal unit (PU). By using two regrowth cycles and their respective amounts of forage accumulated, the value of Tb can be calculated if the proportion between harvested yields and accumulated PUs of both regrowth cycles are the same. Yield data from two forage grass species, elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. Napier) and Florico stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuënsis Vanderyst var. nlemfuënsis), from two field trials were used to test the proposed approach. Calculated Tb values were 15 and 12°C for elephantgrass and stargrass, respectively. These values are consistent with those generated by the classic method and reported in the literature.

Se realizaron estudios de campo entre 1999 y 2002, en Angol, Chile (37º45’ lat. Sur, 72º44’ long. Oeste) para determinar la fenología del complejo orobanque-tomate (Orobanche ramosa L.-Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), caracterizar la influencia del holoparasitismo en el crecimiento y desarrollo del hospedero, y la respuesta productiva en tres épocas de plantación (temprana, normal y tardía). La fenología de O. ramosa comprende una fase subterránea y otra aérea, definiéndose un total de seis estados de desarrollo: “a”: nódulo; “b”: nódulo con raíz de escaso desarrollo; “c”: aparición de yema; “d”: yema y raíz desarrollada; “e”: vástago desarrollado; y “f”: vástago emergiendo sobre la superficie del suelo. La fase subterránea se inició con el establecimiento del fitoparásito, detectándose el primer evento fenológico (estado “a”) entre 120 a 250 días grado (DG), y la fase aérea (estado “f”) comenzó cuando se superó los 550 DG de requerimientos térmicos. Dichas fases coincidieron con la floración y fructificación del hospedero, respectivamente. El ciclo de vida promedio de O. ramosa se completó con 1.180 DG ó 132 días después del trasplante (DDT). El parasitismo alteró parámetros morfológicos y distribución de la materia seca en el hospedero antes de la emergencia de O. ramosa, siendo el componente aéreo (follaje) el más afectado. Ello se tradujo en importantes pérdidas de producción en las épocas de plantación, las que variaron entre 77 y 81%. Por lo tanto, adelantar o retrasar la plantación de tomate no constituye una práctica cultural eficiente para escapar al efecto del parasitismo de O. ramosa., Field studies were conducted between 1999 and 2002, in Angol, Chile (37º45 ' S, 72º44 ' W) to determine the phenology of the system Orobanche ramosa - tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), to characterize the influence of holoparasitism on the growth and development of the host and the productive response at three planting dates (early, normal and delayed). The O. ramosa phenology includes underground and aerial phases, defining a total of six development stages: “a”: nodule; “b”: nodule with initial crown roots; “c”: shoot bud already visible; “d”: shoot bud and crown root developed; “e”: shoot development; and “f”: shoot emerged from soil surface. The underground phase began with the establishment of the parasite, the first phenological event (stage "a") being detected between 120 to 250 degree-days (DG), and the aerial phase (stage "f") began when 550 DG of thermal requirements was surpassed. These phases occurred at flowering and fruit set of the host, respectively. The mean life cycle of the system O. ramosa - tomato was completed with 1,180 DG or 132 days after planting (DDT). Parasitism of O. ramosa altered morphological parameters and the distribution of dry matter in the host before the emergence of O. ramosa, the aerial components being most effected. It translated into important losses of production at the planting dates, which varied between 77 and 81%. Therefore, advancing or delaying the planting date does not constitute an efficient cultural practice for tomato fields to escape O. ramosa parasitism

Se realizó un estudio para desarrollar modelos predictivos de fenología y evolución de madurez en vid para vino (Vitis vinifera), en un viñedo ubicado en el fundo "La Oriental" (35º27’ lat. Sur y 71º37’ long. Oeste) provincia de Talca, Chile, durante la temporada 1998/99. Para esto se efectuaron mediciones del número de hojas, largo de brotes, diámetro de bayas, sólidos solubles, acidez total y pH en los cultivares Cabernet Sauvignon y Chardonnay. Para desarrollar los modelos predictivos de fenología, sólidos solubles, y pH, en función de los grados día acumulados (temperatura base = 10 ° C), se utilizó la ecuación monomolecular de Mitscherlich, la cual asume que el crecimiento es continuo. En el caso de los modelos para la acidez total se utilizó una ecuación de tipo exponencial con pendiente negativa. Los resultados de esta investigación indicaron que el uso de los grados días acumulados puede ser una buena herramienta para estimar los eventos fenológicos y la evolución de la madurez en los cultivares Cabernet Sauvignon y Chardonnay. Al respecto, los modelos predictivos de la fenología, sólidos solubles y acidez total presentaron un R² superior a 0,88. La correlación más baja fue encontrada en el modelo de pH para el cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon (R² = 0,71). A study was carried out to develop predictive models for phenology and evolution of maturity in wine grapes (Vitis vinifera), in a vineyard located in the "La Oriental" farm in the Talca Region (35º 27’ S lat. and 71º 37’ W long.) during the 1998/99 growing season. To this end, measurements were made of the number of leaves, length of buds, diameter of berries, soluble solids (SS), total acidity (AT) and pH for grapevines cv. Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay. To develop the prediction models for phenology, soluble solids, and pH as a function of the accumulated degree-days (base temperature = 10ºC), Mitscherlich’s monomolecular equation, which assumes continuous growth, was used. In the case of the total acidity model, an exponential equation with a negative slope was used. The results of this investigation indicated that the use of accumulated degree-days could be a good tool to estimate phenological events and the evolution of maturity in Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay cultivars. In this respect, the predictive models for phenology, soluble solids and total acidity had coefficients of determination (R²) greater than 0.88. The lower correlation was found in the pH model for Cabernet Sauvignon (R²=0.71).

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:59:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-84782008000100001.pdf: 180236 bytes, checksum: d6ee01ce90e8b234e004d8d5c232bbc7 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:59:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-84782008000100001.pdf: 180236 bytes, checksum: d6ee01ce90e8b234e004d8d5c232bbc7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:57:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782008000100001.pdf: 180236 bytes, checksum: d6ee01ce90e8b234e004d8d5c232bbc7 (MD5) S0103-84782008000100001.pdf.txt: 26040 bytes, checksum: 62f8cfbb0188245a6c6ea18fd77ab1b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:14:33Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782008000100001.pdf: 180236 bytes, checksum: d6ee01ce90e8b234e004d8d5c232bbc7 (MD5) S0103-84782008000100001.pdf.txt: 26040 bytes, checksum: 62f8cfbb0188245a6c6ea18fd77ab1b7 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:14:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782008000100001.pdf: 180236 bytes, checksum: d6ee01ce90e8b234e004d8d5c232bbc7 (MD5) S0103-84782008000100001.pdf.txt: 26040 bytes, checksum: 62f8cfbb0188245a6c6ea18fd77ab1b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-01 Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a biologia de Telenomus remus Nixon criado em ovos de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) em diferentes temperaturas. Com base no desenvolvimento do ciclo (ovo-adulto), foram determinados as exigências térmicas e o número de gerações dos parasitóides em temperaturas constantes. Inicialmente, ovos de S. frugiperda, com 24 horas de idade, foram submetidos ao parasitismo por T. remus, durante cinco horas, sendo então transferidos para câmaras climatizadas reguladas para as temperaturas de 15, 20, 25, 28, 31 e 35°C. A duração do ciclo (ovo-adulto) foi influenciada pela temperatura variando de 8,3±0,01 a 47,2±0,01 dias para fêmeas e 8,1±0,01 a 46,8±0,01 dias para machos de T. remus nas temperaturas de 31 e 15°C, respectivamente. A porcentagem de emergência (viabilidade) de T. remus em ovos de S. frugiperda também foi influenciada pela variação da temperatura, apresentando redução significativa apenas nas temperaturas extremas. Foi observada redução na viabilidade a 15°C e não houve desenvolvimento biológico do parasitóide a 35°C. A razão sexual de T. remus não sofreu influência da temperatura. em relação às exigências térmicas, a constante térmica (K) e temperatura base (Tb) foram maiores para as fêmeas de T. remus (158,88 graus dias e 12,52°C) quando comparadas aos machos (154,12 graus dias e 12,59°C). A estimativa do número de gerações anuais para T. remus para machos e fêmeas em condições de laboratório foi respectivamente 5,6 e 5,6; 16,9 e 17,3; 28,3 e 29,0; 35,1 e 36,0; 39,6 e 40,7 nas temperaturas de 15, 20, 25, 28 e 31°C. This research aimed at studing Telenomus remus Nixon biology reared on Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) eggs at different temperatures. Based on the development of the cycle (egg-adult), the thermal requirements and the number of parasitoid generations at constant temperatures were determined. Initially, 24-hour-old S. frugiperda eggs were submitted to parasitism by T. remus during 5 h, being then transferred to acclimatized chambers regulated at 15, 20, 25, 28, 31, and 35°C. The cycle (egg to adult) was influenced by temperature varying from 8.3±0.01 to 47.2±0.01 for females and 8.1±0.01 to 46.8±0.01 days for males at 31 and 15°C, respectively. The emergency (%) was also influenced by temperature. A reduction in emergency was observed at 15°C and no emergency at 35°C. T. remus sex ratio was not influenced by temperature. Sexual rate was not changed by temperature. Regarding to thermal requirements, thermal constant (K) and inferior thermal threshold (Tb) were higher for T. remus females (158.88 degree-days and 12.5°C) when compared to males (154.12 degree-days and 12.6°C). The estimated number of T. remus generation per year for males and females at laboratory conditions was 5.6 and 5.6, 16.9 and 17.3, 28.3 and 29.0, 35.1 and 36.0, 39.6 and 40.7 at 15, 20, 25, 28, and 31oC, respectively. Universidade de São Paulo Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz Departamento de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho Departamento de Fitossanidade Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES) Centro de Ciências Agrárias Departamento de Fitotecnia Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Soja Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho Departamento de Fitossanidade