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Rice blast disease caused by fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (syn. Pyricularia oryzae) is one of the most damaging diseases of rice, reducing plant production worldwide. In the present study, Bacillus subtilis strain GB519 was identified from the rhizosphere based on predicted signatures of 16S ribosomal DNA and gyrA gene and morphological, biochemical, and physiological characteristics. Treated with B. subtilis GB519, rice plants exhibited increased germination rate, vigor index, shoot length, shoot fresh weight, and root fresh weight coupled with more production of indole acetic acid, organic phosphorus, and inorganic phosphorus. In culture, GB519 inhibited growth of the following rice fungal pathogens (in order from most effective to least effective): M. oryzae, Ustilaginoidea virens, Fusarium graminearum, F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, and Rhizoctonia solani. Three years of studies showed that, when rice was sprayed with GB519, there were significant reductions in rice blast incidence in both the greenhouse and fields: 70.3 and 62.1% in 2017, 69.9 and 71.6% in 2018, and 75.1 and 75.6% in 2019, respectively. Such reductions were correlated with accumulated hydrolytic enzymes, including amylases, proteases, chitinase, and lipases, and the defense enzyme activity of the total antioxidant capacity, catalase, and superoxide dismutase in rice. Field experiments showed that the biocontrol efficacy of GB519 was similar to that of other biological and chemical fungicides. Our results indicate that B. subtilis strain GB519 promoted plant growth and reduced blast disease and suggest that this strain has potential to be used as a biological control agent against rice blast. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

An antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) is a short single-stranded deoxyribonucleotide complementary to the sense strand of a selected nucleic acid. As a result, an ASO can modulate gene expression through several mechanisms. The technology based on ASO has already been applied in studies on gene function in mammalian cells and selective therapeutic strategies for many diseases. The conceptual simplicity and low cost of this method, and the developments in the field of plant genome sequencing observed in the last decades, have paved the way for the ASO method also in plant biology. It is applied in gene function analysis as well as the development of non-invasive plant production technology involving gene modifications without transgenesis. Therefore, the first part of this review provides a comprehensive overview of the structure, mechanism of action and delivery methods of ASOs in plants and shows the most important features essential for the proper design of individual experiments. We also discuss potential issues and difficulties that may arise during practical ASO implementation. The second part of this article contains an analysis of ASO applications in various studies in the field of plant biology. We presented for the first time that ASOs were also successfully applied in cucumber.

In the Republic of Kazakhstan, purposeful breeding work of facultative soft wheat varieties began only in 2013 at the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Production LLP. There is no information in the literature on the degree of expression of productivity elements in splitting hybrid populations of facultative common wheat obtained from various types of crossing combinations (facultative varieties x facultative varieties, facultative varieties x winter varieties, facultative varieties x spring varieties and winter varieties x spring varieties). Clarification of this issue is the purpose of this work. As a result, it was found that under the conditions of autumn and spring crops in the southeast of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the efficiency of selection of productive lines of facultative soft wheat is higher in hybrid populations F2 – F4 obtained from crossing types: facultative varieties x winter varieties and winter varieties x spring varieties. The yield of such lines in the control nursery ranged from 46.1 to 56.7 c / ha in autumn and from 32.7 to 44.4 c / ha during spring sowing (the yield of the standard variety Kazakhstanskaya 10 - 44.2 and 34.9 c / ha, respectively). Consequently, these types are crossing determining when breeding productive optional soft wheat varieties.

Based on plant material collected in the forest nursery of the Balearic Island Forestry Center (CEFOR) for autochthonous plant production and the University of the Balearic Islands experimental facilities, two new plant records are presented for the Mediterranean island of Mallorca. Dactyloctenium aegyptium, an invasive grass previously recorded in other areas of the Mediterranean basin, and Glinus oppositifolius, a new record for the European flora. In both cases the species are presumed to have arrived through contaminated batches of the coconut fibre substrate used in both facilities.

A plant production system called Veggie was launched to the International Space Station (ISS) in 2014. In late 2015, during the growth of Zinnia hybrida cv. ‘Profusion’ in the Veggie hardware, plan...

Few studies have attempted to investigate the combined effects of soil matric potential (Ψm) and osmotic potential (Ψs) on plant production and water use efficiency (WUE). The purpose of this study...

Summary Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form mutualisms with most plant species. The model AMF Rhizophagus irregularis is common in many ecosystems and naturally forms homokaryons and dikaryons. Quantitative variation in allele frequencies in clonally dikaryon offspring suggests they disproportionately inherit two distinct nuclear genotypes from their parent. This is interesting, because such progeny strongly and differentially affect plant growth. Neither the frequency and magnitude of this occurrence nor its effect on gene transcription are known.Using reduced representation genome sequencing, transcriptomics, and quantitative analysis tools, we show that progeny of homokaryons and dikaryons are qualitatively genetically identical to the parent. However, dikaryon progeny differ quantitatively due to unequal inheritance of nuclear genotypes. Allele frequencies of actively transcribed biallelic genes resembled the frequencies of the two nuclear genotypes.More biallelic genes showed transcription of both alleles than monoallelic transcription, but biallelic transcription was less likely with greater allelic divergence. Monoallelic transcription levels of biallelic genes were reduced compared with biallelic gene transcription, a finding consistent with genomic conflict.Given that genetic variation in R. irregularis is associated with plant growth, our results establish quantitative genetic variation as a future consideration when selecting AMF lines to improve plant production.

Focused Identification of Germplasm Strategy (FIGS) has been advocated as an efficient approach to predict and harness variation in adaptive traits in genebanks or wild populations of plants. However, a weakness of the current FIGS approach is that it only utilizes a priori knowledge of one evolutionary factor: natural selection. Further optimization is needed to capture elusive traits, and this review shows that nonadaptive evolutionary processes (gene flow and genetic drift) should be incorporated to increase precision. Focusing on plant resistance to insect herbivores, we also note that historic selection pressures can be difficult to disentangle, and provide suggestions for successful mining based on eco-evolutionary theory. We conclude that with such refinement FIGS has high potential for enhancing breeding efforts and hence sustainable plant production.

Commercial strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) plants propagate through the development of stolons (runners) with attached daughter plants. While it is known that temperature and photoperiod affect strawberry propagation, little knowledge exists on whether cultural methods may influence stolon and daughter plant development. The objective of this study was to characterize the impact of three stolon removal treatments on the development of daughter plants in the ever-bearing strawberry ‘Albion’. Treatments included 1) stolon removal every 7 days, nine times total; 2) stolon removal every 21 days, three times total; and 3) one-time stolon removal after 63 days. Strawberry plants were grown in a controlled environment (26 °C, 507 μmol⋅m–2⋅s–1 photosynthetic photon flux density, 14-hour photoperiod) in soilless media and fertilized with a customized nutrient solution. Mother plants in the 63-day treatment produced more daughter plants (102 per plant), than in the 21-day treatment (33 per plant) and the 7-day treatment (16 per plant). In the 63-day treatment, daughter plants and stolons accumulated to 86.6% of the total biomass, to 42.9% in the 7-day treatment and to 60.6% of total biomass in the 21-day treatment. Mother plant organs (including roots, crown, and leaves) had less dry weight in the 63-day treatment compared with the 7-day treatment and 21-day treatment, respectively. Furthermore, the daughter plants produced at the 63-day treatment had smaller crown diameters (0.65 cm) and less dry weight (0.51 g) and a higher number of fully expanded leaves (2.9) and visible roots (13.4) compared with the 21-day treatment and the 7-day treatment. The results of this study show daughter plant production of strawberry plants declines significantly with shorter stolon removal intervals, indicating the need to adjust stolon removal in strawberry nurseries for optimal daughter plant production.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important legume crop grown and consumed worldwide. Oil content in chickpea seeds ranges from 4 % to 7 % according to various data sources. Considering the interest of breeders in this issue, as well as for the purpose of inventory of the presented chickpea genetic material in the collection of the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine, these studies were carried out. Field experiments were carried out in 2016-2018 in the scientific crop rotation of the Plant Production Institute n.a. V. Ya. Yuriev of NAAS (Kharkiv, Ukraine). 43 samples (21 - kabuli type and 22 - desi type) of different ecological and geographical origin were studied. Oil content in chickpea seeds was determined using gravimetric method of S. V. Rushkovsky (Yermakov, 1987) in the laboratory for genetics, biotechnology and quality of the Plant Production Institute n.a. V. Ya. Yuriev of NAAS. On average, over the years of study, in the kabuli type accessions, the oil content level in the seeds made 7.08 %; for accessions - 6.05 %. The range of variability of this trait for the kabuli chickpea ranged from 5.22 % to 8.69 %, and for desi - from 4.40 % to 7.26 %. A low variability of the studied trait was noted for both the kabuli (V = 6.88-15.04 %) and for desi (V = 8.98-14.15%) chickpea cultivars. The advantage in terms of oil content in seeds, regardless of the growing conditions, was retained for the kabuli type. The accessions with the maximum level of the “oil content in seeds” trait manifestation were selected as “reference” for each type: for kabuli - variety Pamyat (Ukraine) - 7.95 %, for desi - Yarina (Ukraine) - 7.13 %. The best oil-bearing chickpea samples can be used in specialized programs to create new genotypes with a higher oil content in seeds.

Bedding plants are a major group of ornamentals produced in greenhouses or nurseries worldwide and planted outdoors. Their economic importance has increased continuously in the last four decades in both the United States and the European Union. These plants are subject to a broad number of diseases that can negatively impact their production and cultivation. The initial steps of production strongly influence the health status of these plants and, consequently, their aesthetic appeal, which is a strong requisite for consumers. Seeds, cuttings, and other forms of propagative material, along with production systems and growing media, can influence the phytosanitary status of the final product. In this article, case studies of soilborne and foliar diseases are presented together with preventive measures to achieve innovative disease management strategies. Quarantine restrictions and eradication measures are also discussed, in consideration of the high likelihood for ornamental plants to be long-distance vectors of new pathogens and pests.

Gladiolus (Gladiolus ×hybridus) is an asexually propagated, herbaceous perennial and an economically important cut flower crop. In commercial production, gladioli have tall flower stalks, which limit their use to cut flowers and annual garden plants. The gladiolus breeding program at the University of Minnesota has bred and selected rapid generation cycling (RGC) cycle 1 gladiolus, which can flower in −1 soak) in comparison with noncycle 1 genotypes and commercial cultivars for potted gladiolus production. Cycle 1 genotypes flowered with all ancymidol concentrations while noncycle 1 genotypes had significantly fewer flowers or were completely nonflowering under higher concentrations. All tested genotypes had increased leaf width as ancymidol concentration increased. Conversely, flower stalk heights were shorter as the ancymidol concentration increased while the number of stalks was nonsignificant. Corms, cormel number, and fresh weights decreased in all genotypes except for one cycle 1 genotype, which had an increase in both corm number and fresh weight when treated with 100 mg·L−1 ancymidol. Cycle 1 gladiolus are more resilient to this gibberellin inhibitor even at high concentrations and can potentially be used for gladiolus potted plant production.

Dendrobium officinale, an important medicinal plant of the genus Dendrobium in Orchidaceae family, has been used as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for nearly thousands of years. Here, we report the first chromosome-level reference genome of D. officinale, based on PacBio long-reads, Illumina short-reads and Hi-C data. The high-quality assembled genome is 1.23 Gb long, with contig N50 of 1.44 Mb. A total of 93.53% genome sequences were assembled into 19 pseudochromosomes with a super scaffold N50 of 63.07 Mb. Through comparative genomic analysis, we explored the expanded gene families of D. officinale, and also their impact on environmental adaptation and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. We further performed detailed transcriptional analysis of D. officinale, and identified the candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of three main active ingredients, including polysaccharides, alkaloids and flavonoids. In addition, the MODIFYING WALL LIGNIN-1 (MWL1) gene, which inferred from Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) based on the resequencing date from D. officinale and five related species and their morphologic features, may contribute to the plant production (yield of stems) of D. officinale. Therefore, the high-quality reference genome reported in this study could benefits functional genomics research and molecular breeding of D. officinale., Graphical abstract Here we report an improved chromosome-level reference genome of Dendrobium officinale, which could benefit its functional genomics research and molecular breeding study.Image 1

Most commercial plant tissue culture laboratories still use conventional micropropagation systems, requiring air-tight vessels and gelled medium supplemented with sugar. There is, however, a more efficient and economic system available, called “photoautotrophic micropropagation system” (PAM). Application of sugar-free medium and ventilated vessels are the key features of this system, which significantly improves plant physiological processes including photosynthesis and transpiration. The genetic basis for this has become more clear with a recent transcriptomic analysis of potato plantlets cultured on sugar-free medium showing the upregulation of more than 2000 genes, many of which are associated with photosynthesis efficiency and leaf cell development. The cultured plants from PAM exhibit improved vigour and health enabling a faster and smoother acclimatisation stage. Moreover, PAM is amenable to automation and scaling up by using large culture vessels/rooms. Here, we reviewed the recent studies on PAM and the issues/barriers to its commercialisation have also been discussed. Optimal culture conditions as well as different types of culture vessels are also explained.

A total of 36 colocated QTLs associated with plant production traits were mapped using IR62266/Norungan recombinant inbred lines under drought and non-stress conditions in target populations of environment. Multi-model composite interval mapping and multi-environment analysis detected seven consistent QTLs for plant production traits on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 6, 10 and 11. QTLs for plant height, number of tillers, biomass, spikelet fertility and grain yield under drought identified on chr. 1 (RM5389-RM11943-RM5794), chr. 2 (RM324-RM5390 and RM12460-RM423-RM5345), chr. 3 (RM6329-RM5475-RM16030), chr. 6 (RM508-RM585-RM217), chr. 10 (RM7361-RM8207) and chr. 11 (RM209-RM6499) in this study have been reported as meta-QTLs for yield under drought. Consistent positive allelic contribution from the landrace, Norungan was shown at the two QTLs on chr. 2, while IR62266 showed consistent positive allelic effect at the QTL on chr. 10. At other four regions the effect was confounded with the stress condition, for instance the region on chr. 3 identified for straw yield showed additive effect from Norungan in all stress trials, while in the non-stress trials the positive allele came from IR62266. Epistasis for grain yield was detected in the regions of non-additive effects and its relative contribution was small. Relatively small percentage of grain yield variation was explained by additive x environment interaction (0.28 - 1.77%), but was larger than that explained by additive effect QTL across environments (0.05 - 0.35%). These consistent QTLs may have genes evolutionarily conserved in response to drought and could be ideal candidates for rice yield improvement in water-limited environments.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho do feijao-caupi submetido a doses de fosforo (P), foi realizado um estudo no campo experimental da Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, em um Latossolo Amarelo Distrofico Tipico, utilizando as cultivares BRS Guariba e BRS Xiquexique . Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro doses de P: 0, 60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1 de P2O5. As unidades experimentais foram compostas por cinco linhas de semeadura espacadas de 0,5 e 0,6 m, com espacamento entre plantas de 0,1 e 0,125 m, respectivamente, de acordo com uma cultivar trabalhada. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados com tres repeticoes. As plantas foram cultivadas em regime de sequeiro, ate chegarem ao ponto de colheita. No inicio da floracao, como foram retidas para avaliar a producao de massa seca e area foliar. No final do ciclo, os componentes de producao da cultura foram quantificados. Os dados foram analisados a analise de variância e, posteriormente, foi realizada uma analise de regressao Polinomial por meio do programa estatistico Sisvar ao nivel de 5% de probabilidade. A fertilizacao fosfatada aumentou a producao de massa de materia seca, o numero de vagens por planta e de graos por vagem, alem de aumentar a produtividade.

Effort to increase rubber plant production should be done, especially rejuvenation for old rubber plant which in turn require high numbers of seedling within short time period. One of the method to provide rubber plant seedlings within short time period is through grafting technique which combine plant having strong rootas base stem and high production plant as upper stem (entres). The objective of this research was to study response of entres age and clone to growth of rubber seedling (Hevea brasiliensis Muell, Arg.) produced from green and brown grafting. This study was conducted from February 2019 to Februari 2020. This study used Factorial Randomized Block Design with entres age as the first factor consisting of 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 months as well as clone as the second factor consisting of PB 260 and BPM 24. Data was analyzed by using analysis of variance and followed bywith Honestly Significant Different (HSD) test and regression analysis. The study results showed that the best treatment was entres having 9 months of age as indicated by grafting success, the speed of stum out, stumlength, stumdry weight, root length androot dry weight which had the highest values than that of other treatments. Clone of PB 260 was the best entres that was very compatible with base stem of GT1 clone than that of BPM 24 clone because it gave the highest yield in term of all observed parametes. The interaction between 9 month entres age and PB 260 clone was the best treatment

The use of Trichoderma fungi in plant production is an interesting biotechnological tool to increase productivity. The research evaluated the potential of two non-commercial strains of Trichoderma ...

Minimizing or neutralizing the effects of environmental stresses on crop plants, protecting against pests and diseases, and at the same time ensuring optimal plant growth and development are currently the most important tasks facing growers and plant producers around the world. Nowadays, the goal is to limit the use of chemicals as much as possible to protect the environment and improve the quality of food. Interest in the use of beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms is becoming global as it can represent an environmentally friendly alternative to chemicalization in the era of threats to crop cultivation in the modern world (climate change, drought, salinity, introduction of plant pests).

F1 cultivars are currently used in vegetable production because of their many superior agronomic advantages (high yield and quality, resistance/tolerance to biotic and/or abiotic stress factors, wide adaptability, etc.). It is not possible to produce hybrid vegetables without homozygous pure parental lines with defined traits and high combining ability. However, the production of homozygous pure parents needs a long time, great efforts, and high production cost. Moreover obtaining an F1 hybrid variety takes 8-10 years with traditional breeding methods, especially in a highly open-pollinated species such as Cucurbita spp. Doubled haploid (DH) technologies (parthenogenesis, androgenesis, and gynogenesis), called biotechnological breeding methods, have become an alternative to classical breeding methods and provide to obtain pure lines within 1-2 years by adapting to these technologies in F1 hybrid breeding programs. Although the DH technologies considered a meaningful approach to enhance the production of valuable double haploid plants, the implementation of these techniques needs labor-intensive efforts, high experiences, and advanced technologies. The main objective of this review to provide a summary of DH techniques applied in the Cucurbita species in the current progress.

In this study, the potential of haploid regeneration was investigated in hybridization of six bread wheat F1 hybrids known response to another culture with orchard-grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and sweet maize varieties (Baron, Challenger and Merit). A total of 150 wheat spikes were pollinated with orchard grass and sweet maize and 2730 pseudo-seeds were produced. Although the high rate of developed pseudo-seeds was developed from bread wheat F1 hybrids × orchard-grass, no embryos were produced. Developed pseudo-seeds (2057 number) of bread wheat × sweet maize produced 53 haploid embryos and only 8 of them were regenerated. Developed green plantlets were vernalized and applied colchicine and only four of them produced fertile seeds. The highest rate (5.9) of haploid embryo formation within wheat genotypes was determined in DH20 × Kate A-1. Although the highest haploid embryo formation was observed in Challenger with 3.5% among sweet maize genotypes, it had no effect on plant regeneration. Also, the mixture of pollen of sweet maize varieties increased haploid plant regeneration. It has been observed that some F1 hybrids such as DH20 × Kate A-1 and DH6 × Altay 2000 with low anther response gave better results in terms of haploid embryo formation and regeneration. The means of fertile spike percentages and number of seeds per fertile spike were 26.75% and 9.83, respectively in developed green plants. As a result, bread wheat × sweet maize hybridization will be a good alternative to obtain a homozygous line in a short time in bread wheat genotypes with low anther response.

Climatic changes, even transient events such as heatwaves, can markedly affect crop-insect interactions. Some insects might be favored or hampered in their development, but less clearcut interactions owing to changes in their needs or in agroecosystem resource availability, including in uncultivated surrounding areas, may mediate insect-crop interactions. In Tanzania, sudden and transient devastation of vegetable fields by crickets — which are usually considered as minor pests — raised this question. In this study, we sought to gain insight into whether sudden increased temperature and alternative food availability could affect the pest status of Gryllidae spp. Feeding damage on cabbage plants was measured under three temperatures in mesocosoms in climatic chambers. Tomato fruits were provided as an alternative food source. We demonstrated that Gryllidae spp. were able to feed on young cabbage, and that the damage level increased with temperature when no alternative food was available. Unexpectedly, the presence of alternative food increases feeding on the young cabbages. This case study highlighted how increased temperature could drive increased pest damage, raising concerns about climatic events that may substantially affect plant production in Africa through the interacting effects with insect herbivory.

The study purpose was to summarize and analyze multi-year data on the nutritional quality of lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik.) accessions from the basic collection of the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine (NCPGRU). Materials and methods . In 1992–2018, 555 accessions of the NCPGRU’s basic collection of lentils were studied. Lens culinaris Medik. accessions were represented by two subspecies: subsp. microsperma and subsp. macrosperma . The collection accessions of lentils were investigated and morphologically described; they were grouped by economic and biological features according to the Classifier of the genus Lens L. The protein content in seeds was determined by the Kjeldahl digestion in the Laboratory of Genetics, Biotechnology and Quality of the Plant Production Institute nd. a. VYa Yuriev NAAS. Results and discussion . The nutritional parameters of lentil seeds were evaluated in the full ripeness phase: protein content, cooking time, palatability, colors of cotyledons and seed coat, resistance to infuscation, and seed size. As to the protein content in seeds, the collection includes the following accessions: with a very high protein content (>30%) – one reference accession UD0600398 (Ukraine) with the protein content of 30.34%; with high protein content (29-30%) – 26 accessions; with medium protein content (26–28%) – 55 accessions; with low protein content (20–25%) – 79 accessions. As to the cooking boiling rate, the collection includes 154 accessions: with a very good rate (< 40 minutes) – 45 accessions; with a good rate (40–60 minutes) – 89 accessions; with a medium rate (61–80 minutes) – 20 accessions. Reference accessions for various levels of lentil palatability were distinguished and included in the collection: very low palatability (3 points) – LUG 330/04 (Ukraine); low palatability (5 points) – 1743 T 19 (Canada); high palatability (7 points) – Miledi, (Russia). The seed appearance is an important aspect of the market value of food lentils: the seed coat color, cotyledon color, resistance to infuscation. The accessions were grouped by cotyledon color as follows: yellow – 87 accessions; hot-yellow – 67 accessions; green – 6 accessions. In accordance with the Classifier of the genus Lens, there are currently eight types of the seed coat pigmentation; their references are listed below: white – LUG 45/09 (Ukraine); pink – LUG 116/09 (Ukraine); green – Zelenyy Chervonets (Ukraine); yellow-green – Krasnohradska 250 (Ukraine); gray – 1743 T 19 (Canada); gray-red – Elista (Slovakia); brown – UD0600444 (Ethiopia); and black – Beluga (Israel). Given the ability of the seed coat to infuscate, the reference accessions for this trait were chosen: infuscating – Krasnohradska 250 (Ukraine); non-infuscating – LUG 45/09 (Ukraine).

This study aimed to determine the effect of various types of solid (oil palm empty fruit bunches) and rice husk charcoal on the production of tomato plant ( Solanum lycopersicum L). The treatments tested for this study consisted of two factors. The first factor was the provision of solid, i.e. S0 = without solid (control), S1 = 0.50 kg solid polybag -1 , S2 = 0.70 kg solid polybag -1 , and S3: 1 kg solid polybag -1 . The second factor was the provision of rice husk charcoal, i.e. P0 = without husk charcoal (control), P1 = 0.2 kg husk charcoal polybag -1 , and P2 = 0.4 kg husk charcoal polybag -1 . Each polybag contained 5 kg of air-dried soil. The results of this study indicated that the provision of solid and rice husk charcoal against tomato plant production had no significant effect on stem diamater, total number of fruits per plant, and total weight of fruits per plant. However, the treatment interaction of 1 kg solid polybag -1 and 0.2 kg husk charcoal polybag -1 increased stem diameter, total number of fruits per plant, and total weight of fruits per plant.

Os nematoides são animais invertebrados, multicelulares, constituintes de um grupo muito diversificado estimado em um milhão de espécies. As condições ecológicas do solo estão intimamente relacionadas com a sua biodiversidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento da diversidade de espécies de fitonematoides em propriedades que atuam na área de olericultura em Palmas, no Estado do Paraná. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em quatro locais da cidade. Os locais amostrados são: área de mata nativa (MN); propriedade olerícola em sistema de cultivo convencional com a utilização de agrotóxicos (A); duas propriedades de sistema de cultivo orgânico, uma localizada em área urbana (B) e a outra em área rural (C). A maior diversidade de gêneros de fitonematoides encontrados foi encontrada em ambas as propriedades de cultivo orgânico (C e B, respectivamente), que não diferiram significativamente entre si, mas em relação à área de mata nativa (MN) e a propriedade de sistema cultivo convencional (A), nessa ordem. O número de nematoides assim como a diversidade de gêneros identificados foram maiores nas propriedades que exercem o sistema de cultivo orgânico.Palavras-chave: horticultura; nematologia; sistemas de produção vegetal. MORPHOESPECIES RICHNESS OF NEMATOIDES IN THE OLERICULTURE AREAS IN PALMAS - PR ABSTRACT: The nematodes are invertebrate, multicellular animals, constituents of a very diversified group estimated at one million species and the ecological conditions of the soil are closely related to their biodiversity. The objective of this paper is to perform a survey of the diversity of nematode species on properties that work with olericulture in Palmas, Paraná state. Soil samples were collected at four sites in the city, with a Cfb type climate (temperate, humid and mild summer). Among the sites sampled are: native forest area (MN); farm property with conventional farming system with the use of agrochemicals (A); two organic farming system properties, one located in urban area (B) and the other in rural area (C). The greatest diversity of phytonutrient genera found was found in both organic (C and B, respectively) properties, which did not differ significantly from each other, but in relation to the native forest area (MN) and conventional cropping system (A), in that order. The number of nematodes as well as the diversity of genera identified were higher in the properties that exert the organic cultivation system.Keywords: horticulture; nematology; plant production systems.

Compact plant growth is an economically important trait for many crops. In practice, compactness is frequently obtained by applying chemical plant growth regulators. In view of sustainable and environmental-friendly plant production, the search for viable alternatives is a priority for breeders. Co-cultivation and natural transformation using rhizogenic agrobacteria result in morphological alterations which together compose the Ri phenotype. This phenotype is known to exhibit a more compact plant habit, besides other features. In this review, we highlight the use of rhizogenic agrobacteria and the Ri phenotype with regard to sustainable plant production and plant breeding. An overview of described Ri lines and current breeding applications is presented. The potential of Ri lines as pre-breeding material is discussed from both a practical and legal point of view.

The increasing popularity of leaf and fruit of African nightshade as vegetables in Indonesia stimulates farmers to harvest both leaf and fruit from single plant alternately; the yield is presumably affected by fertilizer rate, e.g., nitrogen. The present study aimed to evaluate such hypothesis through evaluation of plant production, N absorption, and its status. Seedlings were treated with five N levels, i.e., 0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 kg/ha in Leuwikopo Experimental Farm, IPB Bogor, Indonesia. The results revealed that leaf and fruit productions were sensitive to nitrogen level. Leaf and fruit productions had quadratic correlation to N levels, i.e., r 2=0.9671 and r 2=0.9483 with optimum dosages as 304.8 kg/ha and 336.5 kg/ha, respectively. Proper N application is important for both leaf and fruit productions because nitrate level in leaf had quadratic relationship (r 2=0.5264) and it has a linear relationship in fruit production (r2=0.9587) by increasing N level from 90 to 360 kg N/ha. From the total fresh mass leaves and fruits harvested, the optimum N for the best alternate harvesting was 271.1 kg/ha (r 2=0.9644). Keywords: African nightshade, intercropping, N uptake, nitrate status, photosynthetic rate

Leptospermum scoparium ‘Kea’, ‘Kiwi’ and ‘Ruru’ were evaluated for production as potted plants. Following environmental effects were investigated; (a) Temperatures regimes for 40 days each for two ...

Different types of fertilizers, such as chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers and natural fertilizers are available on the market. The type of fertilizer has a large impact on plant production quality. The aim of this study, which was conducted under field conditions in the village of Jurumleri near Skopje, North Macedonia, was to investigate the influence of the application of two different types of fertilizers on leaf area and stomatal density in potato. The influence of the microbiological fertilizer Slavol and the organic fertilizer Biohumus was investigated. Also, a control plot without any fertilizer was used. A statistical tool (ANOVA test) was used for data analyses. The results showed that a statistically highly significant difference in average leaf area was found between plants treated with Slavol and plants treated with Biohumus (p

Farmers and seed companies constantly require high-quality seeds with excellent agronomic performance. However, faced with environmental adversity, limited natural resources and increasing food demand around the globe, more attention has turned to improving crop plant production by implementing efficient strategies. Seed priming technology has shown promising biological improvements leading to suitable agronomic performance in crop plants under adverse environmental conditions. Seeds are subjected to controlled conditions that are conducive to complex physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes, conferring specific stress tolerance to subsequent germination and growth conditions. In this review paper, we aimed to study the recent approaches in the efficiency of hydropriming, osmopriming, chemopriming, hormopriming, nanopriming, matrix priming, biopriming, physical priming and hybrid priming procedures in the production of crop plants under environmental adversity, as well as their biological mechanism changes. All priming methods demonstrated relevant changes in the biological mechanism related to crop plant production by mitigating salinity effects, heavy metals, and flooding stress and enhancing chilling, heat, drought and phytopathogen tolerance. We strongly recommend that researchers combine multiple priming methods, known as hybrid priming, in their investigations to provide novel technologies and additional biological approaches to enhance the knowledge of crop plant science. Thus, the findings shed light on the use of seed priming technology as a key strategy to increase crop plant production under environmental adversity by acquiring stress tolerance and enhancing agronomic traits to meet the global food demand.

Allium tuncelianum (Kollman) Özhatay, Matthew & Şiraneci forms a single-cloved edible white bulb with mild garlic (A. sativum) odour and taste. Its ability to form seeds make it suitable for genetic improvement via classical and modern approaches. A detailed study was carried out to determine the gynogenesis potential of two A. tuncelianum (AT1 and AT2) accessions. Unopened flower buds of A. tuncelianum accessions were cultured in various BDS- and MS-based induction media. A total of 17 (0.09%) gynogenic plantlets were obtained from ~20000 flower buds used in gynogenesis induction experiment. Accessions showed slight differences in their responses to gynogenesis induction cultures. The highest gynogenic plantlet production frequency (0.34 %) in AT1 was achieved flower buds cultured in T12 medium (MS with 100 g/L sucrose, 1 mg/L a-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 8 mg/L isopentenyl adenine (2IP). Flower buds of AT2 showed the highest gynogenic plantlet production response (0.44 %) in T2 medium (BDS with 50 g/L sucrose). Eight of 17 gynogenic plantlets continued to grow and became healthy plants with green leaves and well established roots. Flow cytometric (FCM) analysis of well-developed gynogenic plants showed that two were haploid (25 %), four were diploid (50 %), and two were mixoploid (25 %) for haploid and diploid cells. Nine gynogenic plantlets showing abnormal development were diploid. Therefore, formation of gynogenic plantlets with abnormal phenotypes was likely due to genetic factors. Results obtained from this study suggest use of DH technology in the production of homozygous A. tuncelianum inbreeds in variety improvement programs.

This study was developed to examine morpho-agronomic traits of 18 sunflower cultivars and identify superior cultivars in terms of grain yield, forage quality, or both, for animal feeding. Twenty-two morpho-agronomic traits related to plant development and architecture; earliness of maturity; grain yield (achenes); dry matter yield; and dry matter content were evaluated. Cultivars Hélio 253, Hélio 358, Embrapa 122, BRS 321, and Hélio 360 showed inflorescence at the final stage. Aguará 4 showed the lowest flowering rate, characterizing it as late-maturing. For grain yield, cultivars Charrua, Olisun 3, BRS 321, Paraíso 103CL, Paraíso 65, Aguará 6, and CF 101 are recommended, as they showed the highest achene yields (average: 1,541.67 to 2,148.81 kg.ha−1, respectively). Cultivars Charrua, Hélio 251, Olisun 3, Hélio 360, Paraíso 55, and Paraíso 103CL exhibited higher dry matter yields (9,550.93 to 11,789.91 kg ha−1) and were thus indicated for forage production. Cultivars Charrua, Olisun 3, BRS 321, Paraíso 103CL, Paraíso 65, Aguará 6, and CF 101 are recommended for grain yield, for the diet of monogastric animals; Charrua, Hélio 251, Olisun 3, Hélio 360, Paraíso 55, and Paraíso 103CL for forage yield, for ruminant feeding; and Charrua, Olisun 3, and Paraíso 103CL for both purposes.

A closed system for plant production with artificial light is an innovative method of plant cultivation. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of light colour on rooting cuttings and subsequent growth of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum Ramat./Kitam.) During the experiments, the following conditions were maintained: photoperiod 16 h or 10 h, temperature 22 °C, relative humidity of 65–70%. LED lamps emitted the following light colours: white, blue, white + blue (50:50), and red + blue (75:25). For all light spectra, the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was 50 μmol m−2 s−1. The effectiveness of exposure to different light colours was measured with parameters: cutting weight (g), cutting length (cm), length of roots, and index of leaf greenness (SPAD). The measurements referred to plant features determining plant quality, i.e., the number of flower buds and flower head, the diameter of the flower head, height of plants, index of leaf greenness (SPAD), the number of leaves, and the fresh and dry weights of aboveground parts of plants. The rooting of cuttings and subsequent growth are integral processes in the cultivation of potted chrysanthemums. Both were differently affected by the colour of light from LED lamps. The exposure to red + blue light resulted in the highest leaf greenness index (SPAD) value and the shortest cuttings with the longest roots. White + blue light significantly influenced most of the growth parameters, except the height of the plants and the number of leaves.

The aim of this work was to verify the effectiveness of the reapplication of bud break producers on flowering, sprouting and production of ‘Fuji Suprema’ apple trees. The experiment was carried out in an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC, during 2016/2017 to 2019/2020 seasons. Treatments were applied at stages B and C, and those with reapplication, from 7 to 14 days after the first application. Phenology, axillary and terminal bud break, frui set, production per plant and average fruit mass were evaluated. Phenology was advanced in relation to control with the application of bud break promoters. However, treatments applied at stage B provided greater advance in relation to applications at stage C. In axillary and terminal bud break, all treatments were superior to control. In some seasons, the sequential application of bud break promoters increased bud sprouting compared to single application treatment. There is no reduction fruit set in treatments with sequential application in relation to single application. In plant production, sequential applications did not differ from single application. The average fruit mass was not altered by the sequential application of bud break promoters. Resumo O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar o efeito da reaplicação dos indutores de brotação na floração, brotação e produção da macieira ‘Fuji Suprema’. O experimento foi desenvolvido em pomar experimental localizado no município de Caçador-SC, durante os ciclos de 2016/2017 a 2019/2020. Os tratamentos foram aplicados nos estádios B e C, e os com reaplicação, de 7 a 14 dias após a primeira aplicação. Foram realizadas a avaliação da fenologia, a brotação de gemas axilares e terminais, a frutificação efetiva, a produção por planta e a massa média dos frutos. A fenologia foi adiantada em relação à testemunha com a aplicação dos indutores de brotação. Todavia, os tratamentos aplicados no estádio B propiciaram maior adiantamento em relação às aplicações no estádio C. Na brotação das gemas axilares e terminais, todos os tratamentos foram superiores à testemunha. Em alguns ciclos, a aplicação sequencial de indutores de brotação aumentou a brotação de gemas em relação ao tratamento de uma única aplicação. Não se observa redução da frutificação efetiva nos tratamentos com aplicação sequencial em relação à aplicação única. Na produção por planta, as aplicações sequenciais não diferiram da aplicação única. A massa média dos frutos não foi alterada pela aplicação sequencial de indutores de brotação.

Technology regarding grafted walnut production is very complex and expensive because it depends on a number of factors that directly influence grafting success. Due to a long production period and a smaller number of first class plants compared to other fruit species, young walnut trees are among the most expensive. New in situ production technology of young walnut trees has led to quicker production, shorter by 1 year, and increased the success of grafting, allowing for large-scale production of grafted walnut. In order to increase the production of quality planting material for walnut varieties, the possibility of walnut grafting in the open, i.e. in situ, was examined herein. Based on the average results for all of the varieties/selections, similar performance was achieved with grafting (57.14%) and the number of first class plants (55.71%) when compared to conventional grafting (54.46% and 53.39%, respectively), but it was concluded that this method shortened the process of plant production for 1 vegetation. The greatest success with the application of in situ grafting was with the Rasna selection, which had significantly the best grafting take (72.86%) in comparison with the other walnut varieties examined during the research period. By comparing the success of the indoor and in situ production methods and examining the influence of certain factors on production success, it was concluded that the in situ method proved to be a better option for a simpler, more profitable, and faster mass production of high-quality walnut planting material.

The ability to form a large number of tubers in the nest positively affects the productivity of hybrids and potato varieties. However, the expression of the trait is subject to a significant influence of external conditions, depending on the rate of response of the genotype. Studies on the assessment of the varying complexity of interspecific hybrids, their backcrosses in the ability to tie tubers were carried out during 2015‒2017 in three places: the experimental field of the Sumy National Agrarian University (hereinafter SNAU), the Ustimov Experimental Plant of the V. Y. Yuryev Institute of Plant Production of the NAAS of Ukraine (UES ), as well as the Institute of Potato Production of the NAAS of Ukraine (IR). The source material used 26 complex interspecific hybrids, their backcrosses. Varieties standards was Yavir and Grouse. The technique is generally accepted in the study with potatoes. The locations and years of the experiment varied significantly in meteorological conditions. SNAU alone had more rain in 2016 than in many years. In the UES, this applied to 2015 and 2016, and in the IR all the years there was a significant deficit in the supply of moisture with rains. Under the conditions of SNAU, only three decades from 12 in 2015, the air temperature was below the long-term average. In subsequent years there were five. In UES, this, respectively, amounted to 5, 7 and 7 decades. In IK, in all months, the air temperature was above the long-term average; in May 2015 and August 2015 and 2017, the difference exceeded 50 °C. The high potential of the studied samples was determined by the ability to tie tubers. In some hybrids, under optimal conditions, their average number in the nest exceeded 20 pcs. A particularly positive effect on the formation of tubers was revealed in 2016 in the IR, when some of them with the maximum manifestation of the trait amounted to 32.1 %. To a lesser extent, the foregoing related to a part of the material with the number of tubers in the nest of 10 pieces and more ‒ 8.4 %. In all places throughout all years hybrids with the best tuber-forming ability were distinguished than the variety-standard Teterev. In general, some of these hybrids amounted to 0.4‒7.7 %. The distribution data of the manifestation of the trait among hybrids depending on the place and years of testing indicate that in 2015 and 2016 with a tuber/nest of 8.1–10.0 tubers/nest, and 6.1–8.0 in the latter, the modal class in SNAU. Very unfavorable conditions for tying tubers were identified in 2016 under the conditions of UES. More than half of the test material is assigned to class 4 tuber/nest and less. In the other two years, the modal class was 6.1‒8.0 tuber/nest. In all years, under conditions of infrared hybrids there was no hybrids with a minimum value of the indicator, and the modal classes were, respectively, 8.1‒10.0; more than 12.0 and 6.1‒8, as well as 8.1‒10.0.

Purpose. Evaluate the introduced samples of the pea (Pisum sativum L.) of various ecological and geographical origins in the conditions of the southern part of the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine according to a set of productivity and adaptability indicators. Methods. During 2016–2018 under the conditions of the Ustymivka Experimental Station of Plant Production of Plant Production Institute nd. a. V. Ya. Yuriev, NAAS of Ukraine 30 new pea samples from Belarus, Russia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Germany, the Netherlands and France were investigated. In field and laboratory conditions yields, productivity, 1000 beans weight, early-ripening, plant height and height of attachment of the lower pods above the soil level, number of nodes to the first pod and their total number per plant, number of pods and seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod parameters were studied. Results. The study of the introduced material made it possible to distinguish the varieties of the pea by the complex of valuable features. In particular, varieties ‘Zhniven’skiy’, ‘Igumenskaya uluchshennaya’, ‘Armeec’, ‘Tesey’, ‘Zaranka’ (Belarus), ‘Boldor’ are characterized by high yields, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, length of a pod and productivity of a plant. Varieties ‘Chervenskiy’ (Belarus), ‘Patrick’, ‘Pluto’ (Canada), ‘Salamanca’ (Germany) have a big pod length and large number of seeds in a pod. ‘Boldor’ (France), ‘Armeets’ (Belarus) and ‘Kadet’ (Russia) combine a large number of pods per plant and plant productivity. ‘Slovan’ (Czech Republic) and ‘Ul’yanovets’ (Russia) have a big length of pod. Conclusions. The introduced varieties of the pea, identified by a set of valuable traits, can be recommended as starting material in breeding for increa­sing productive and adaptive potential in the conditions of the Southern Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine.

The aim of the present work was evaluation of the current state and leading directions in selection of leaf and spicy-aromatic vegetables crops belonging to the Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Lamiaceae, Chenopodiaceae families. Analysis of leaf and spicy aromatic plant production revealed that at present time these crops become more and more popular. Being a source of essential to human organism vitamins, antioxidants and biologically active compounds they enrich food with marvelous taste and aroma. The main directions in the selection of these crops and presented database of leaf and spicy-aromatic crops genebank promote the selection process optimization. Modern varieties of leaf and spicy-aromatic crops of Federal Scientific Vegetable Center selection are considered to be competitive and promising for import substitution.

Corn is one of stupple food to support economic growth in North Sumatera. The purpose of this research was to obtain data on the ability of compost derived from coffee husks and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the growth and production of sweet corn plants (Zea mays sccharata Sturt). The method used in this study is a randomized block design (RDB) in factorial, with 2 (two) treatment factors, namely: 1) Factor coffee skin and 2) arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (M), each treatment was repeated two (2) times so that there are 40 experimental plots. The parameters observed are plant height, number of leaves, cob length, sample crop production per plot, crop production per plot, top wet weight, bottom wet weight, percentage of pest attack, colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, effectiveness of treatment application to all parameters. The results obtained from this study were: 1) The giving of coffee skin compost did not significantly affect the parameters of plant height, number of leaves, cob length, sample plant production per plot, crop production per plot, top wet weight and bottom wet weight; 2) The allocation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has no significant effect on the parameters of observing plant height, number of leaves, cob length, sample plant production per plot, crop production per plot, top wet weight and bottom wet weight; 3) The combination of coffee husks compost and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi did not significantly affect the parameters of plant height, number of leaves, length of cob, sample crop production per plot, crop production per plot, top wet weight and bottom wet weight.