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The development of a linear multistep method for initial value problems of Ordinary Differential Equations (O.D.E.s) has been the subject of investigation for some time. In this work, a class of hybrid backward differentiation methods with step number k=1 for initial value problems of first-order ordinary differential equations was presented. The method entails interpolation of approximate solutions and collocation of the differential system. The scheme has been tested and found to be consistent and zero-stable. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the efficiency of the new method. Keywords: Differential equations; collocation hybrid backward differential equation; initial value problems

Biosurfactants possess essential properties that make them highly indispensable in many industries, such as waste management, food, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals, due to their surface-active and wetting abilities. The search for microorganisms capable of producing this extensively utilized biomolecule is increasing daily. In this study, abattoir soil collected from Awka metropolis, Anambra State, was screened for biosurfactant-producing bacteria using mineral salt medium (MSM) supplemented with engine oil. Three bacterial isolates (NJ1, NJ2, and NJ3) were obtained from MSM agar. These isolates were subjected to four biosurfactant screening assays: haemolysis test, drop collapse test, oil spreading test, and emulsification index (E24). The results indicated that all three isolates showed alpha-haemolytic activity, and drop collapse positive reactions. Notably, NJ3 exhibited complete collapse reaction (+++) in the drop collapse test. Additionally, in the oil spreading test, NJ3 demonstrated the highest displacement of engine oil (10 mm), followed by NJ2 (7 mm) and NJ1 (5 mm). The determination of E24 using kerosene for all isolates revealed that NJ1 exhibited the highest E24 at 13%, while NJ2 and NJ3 had E24 of 2.56% and 2.50%, respectively. Morphological characterization, Gram’s staining, and biochemical analyses performed on the isolates, identified NJ1 and NJ3 as members of Streptomyces spp., while NJ2 was identified as Bacillus sp. These findings suggest that abattoir soil could be a potential source of biosurfactant-producing bacteria. Biosurfactants possess essential properties that make them highly indispensable in many industries, such as waste management, food, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals, due to their surface-active and wetting abilities. The search for microorganisms capable of producing this extensively utilised biomolecule is increasing daily. In this study, abattoir soil collected from Awka metropolis, Anambra State, was screened for biosurfactant-producing bacteria using mineral salt medium (MSM) supplemented with engine oil. Three bacterial isolates (NJ1, NJ2, and NJ3) were obtained from MSM agar. These isolates were subjected to four biosurfactant screening assays: haemolysis test, drop collapse test, oil spreading test, and emulsification index (E24). The results indicated that all three isolates showed alpha-haemolytic activity and drop collapse positive reactions. Notably, NJ3 exhibited a complete collapse reaction (+++) in the drop collapse test. Additionally, in the oil spreading test, NJ3 demonstrated the highest displacement of engine oil (10 mm), followed by NJ2 (7 mm) and NJ1 (5 mm). The determination of E24 using kerosene for all isolates revealed that NJ1 exhibited the highest E24 at 13%, while NJ2 and NJ3 had E24 of 2.56% and 2.50%, respectively. Morphological characterisation, Gram staining, and biochemical analyses performed on the isolates identified NJ1 and NJ3 as members of Streptomyces spp., while NJ2 was identified as Bacillus sp. These findings suggest that abattoir soil could be a potential source of biosurfactant-producing bacteria. Keywords: Biosurfactant, Abattoir, Oil Spreading, Screening, Streptomyces spp

Nowadays, there is no shortage of options for customers when choosing where to put their money. As a result, customer churn and engagement have become one of the top issues. With the increase in the number of service providers for the same targeted population, there is a need for service providers to try to find the changing customer behaviour and their rising expectations to retain them. Various studies have proposed customer churn. Data mining was routinely used to predict telecom customer attrition. Most researchers have compared and proposed different approaches for the prediction of customer churn, though some of the Machine learning (ML) algorithms used were unable to provide the performance needed to identify customer churn. Therefore, this paper presents a comparative analysis of Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT) and Random Forest (RF) in the Telecommunications Dataset. To prepare the dataset for machine learning algorithms, chi-square was used for feature selection to select the most informative features from the original dataset. We validate our model using a ten-fold cross-validation approach to test the performance of our models. RF model performed better than other models in terms of accuracy (94%), precision (94%) and F-measure (94%), respectively. Additionally, we compared our results with existing models that used the same dataset; the proposed strategy outperformed them. Keywords: Customer Churn, Telecommunication, Machine Learning, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF)

We present Full SMS, a multipurpose graphical user interface (GUI)-based software package for analyzing single-molecule spectroscopy (SMS) data. SMS typically delivers multiparameter data—such as fluorescence brightness, lifetime, and spectra—of molecular- or nanometer-scale particles such as single dye molecules, quantum dots, or fluorescently labeled biological macromolecules. Full SMS allows an unbiased statistical analysis of fluorescence brightness through level resolution and clustering, analysis of fluorescence lifetimes through decay fitting, as well as the calculation of second-order correlation functions and the display of fluorescence spectra and raster-scan images. Additional features include extensive data filtering options, a custom HDF5-based file format, and flexible data export options. The software is open source and written in Python but GUI based so it may be used without any programming knowledge. A multiprocess architecture was employed for computational efficiency. The software is also designed to be easily extendable to include additional import data types and analysis capabilities.

A common type of cytoskeletal morphology involves multiple microtubules converging with their minus ends at the microtubule organizing center (MTOC). The cargo-motor complex will experience ballistic transport when bound to microtubules or diffusive transport when unbound. This machinery allows for sequestering and subsequent dispersal of dynein-transported cargo. The general principles governing dynamics, efficiency, and tunability of such transport in the MTOC vicinity are not fully understood. To address this, we develop a one-dimensional model that includes advective transport toward an attractor (such as the MTOC) and diffusive transport that allows particles to reach absorbing boundaries (such as cellular membranes). We calculated the mean first passage time (MFPT) for cargo to reach the boundaries as a measure of the effectiveness of sequestering (large MFPT) and diffusive dispersal (low MFPT). We show that the MFPT experiences a dramatic growth, transitioning from a low to high MFPT regime (dispersal to sequestering) over a window of cargo on-/off-rates that is close to in vivo values. Furthermore, increasing either the on-rate (attachment) or off-rate (detachment) can result in optimal dispersal when the attractor is placed asymmetrically. Finally, we also describe a regime of rare events where the MFPT scales exponentially with motor velocity and the escape location becomes exponentially sensitive to the attractor positioning. Our results suggest that structures such as the MTOC allow for the sensitive control of the spatial and temporal features of transport and corresponding function under physiological conditions.

Significant efforts have been made to characterize the biophysical properties of proteins. Small proteins have received less attention because their annotation has historically been less reliable. However, recent improvements in sequencing, proteomics, and bioinformatics techniques have led to the high-confidence annotation of small open reading frames (smORFs) that encode for functional proteins, producing smORF-encoded proteins (SEPs). SEPs have been found to perform critical functions in several species, including humans. While significant efforts have been made to annotate SEPs, less attention has been given to the biophysical properties of these proteins. We characterized the distributions of predicted and curated biophysical properties, including sequence composition, structure, localization, function, and disease association of a conservative list of previously identified human SEPs. We found significant differences between SEPs and both larger proteins and control sets. In addition, we provide an example of how our characterization of biophysical properties can contribute to distinguishing protein-coding smORFs from noncoding ones in otherwise ambiguous cases.

In vitro assays of ion transport are an essential tool for understanding molecular mechanisms associated with ATP-dependent pumps. Because ion transport is generally electrogenic, principles of electrophysiology are applicable, but conventional tools like patch-clamp are ineffective due to relatively low turnover rates of the pumps. Instead, assays have been developed to measure either voltage or current generated by transport activity of a population of molecules either in cell-derived membrane fragments or after reconstituting purified protein into proteoliposomes. In order to understand the nuances of these assays and to characterize effects of various operational parameters, we have developed a numerical model to simulate data produced by two relevant assays: fluorescence from voltage-sensitive dyes and current recorded by capacitive coupling on solid supported membranes. Parameters of the model, which has been implemented in Python, are described along with underlying principles of the computational algorithm. Experimental data from KdpFABC, a K+ pump associated with P-type ATPases, are presented, and model parameters have been adjusted to mimic these data. In addition, effects of key parameters such as nonselective leak conductance and turnover rate are demonstrated. Finally, simulated data are used to illustrate the effects of capacitive coupling on measured current and to compare alternative methods for quantification of raw data.

Self-organizing spiral waves of excitation occur in many complex excitable systems. In the heart, for example, they are associated with the occurrence of fatal cardiac arrhythmias such as tachycardia and fibrillation, which can lead to sudden cardiac death. The control of these waves is therefore necessary for the treatment of the disease. In this letter, I present an innovative approach to control cardiac arrhythmias using low (nonfreezing) temperatures. This approach differs from all previous established techniques in that it involves no drugs, no genetic modification, no injection of foreign bodies, no application of voltage shocks (high or low, single or pulsed), and no curative damage to the heart. It relies on regional cooling of cardiac tissue to create a transient inhomogeneity in the electrophysiological properties. This inhomogeneity can then be manipulated to control the dynamics of the reentrant waves. This approach is, to my knowledge, the most sustainable theoretical proposal for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in the clinic.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is a powerful tool for elucidating both static and dynamic conformational alterations in macromolecules. However, to effectively utilize EPR for such investigations, the presence of paramagnetic centers, known as spin labels, is required. The process of spin labeling, particularly for nucleotides, typically demands intricate organic synthesis techniques. In this study, we introduce a unique addition-elimination reaction method with a simple spin-labeling process, facilitating the monitoring of structural changes within nucleotide sequences. Our investigation focuses on three distinct labeling positions with a DNA sequence, allowing the measurement of distance between two spin labels. The experimental mean distances obtained agreed with the calculated distances, underscoring the efficacy of this straightforward spin-labeling approach in studying complex biological processes such as transcription mechanism using EPR measurements.

Magnetic fields have been shown to affect sensing, migration, and navigation in living organisms. However, the effects of magnetic fields on microorganisms largely remain to be elucidated. We develop an open-source, 3D-printed magnetic field exposure device to perform experiments on well-mixed and spatially structured microbial populations. This device is designed in AutoCAD, modeled in COMSOL, and validated using a Gaussmeter and experiments on the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find that static magnetic field exposure slows the spatially structured expansion of yeast mats that expand in two dimensions, but not yeast mats that expand in three dimensions, across the surface of semi-solid yeast extract-peptone-dextrose agar media. We also find that magnetic fields do not affect the growth of planktonic yeast cells in well-mixed liquid yeast extract-peptone-dextrose media. This study provides an adaptable device for performing controlled magnetic field experiments on microbes and advances our understanding of the effects of magnetic fields on fungi.

The gene regulatory network (GRN) of biological cells governs a number of key functionalities that enable them to adapt and survive through different environmental conditions. Close observation of the GRN shows that the structure and operational principles resemble an artificial neural network (ANN), which can pave the way for the development of wet-neuromorphic computing systems. Genes are integrated into gene-perceptrons with transcription factors (TFs) as input, where the TF concentration relative to half-maximal RNA concentration and gene product copy number influences transcription and translation via weighted multiplication before undergoing a nonlinear activation function. This process yields protein concentration as the output, effectively turning the entire GRN into a gene regulatory neural network (GRNN). In this paper, we establish nonlinear classifiers for molecular machine learning using the inherent sigmoidal nonlinear behavior of gene expression. The eigenvalue-based stability analysis, tailored to system parameters, confirms maximum-stable concentration levels, minimizing concentration fluctuations and computational errors. Given the significance of the stabilization phase in GRNN computing and the dynamic nature of the GRN, alongside potential changes in system parameters, we utilize the Lyapunov stability theorem for temporal stability analysis. Based on this GRN-to-GRNN mapping and stability analysis, three classifiers are developed utilizing two generic multilayer sub-GRNNs and a sub-GRNN extracted from the Escherichia coli GRN. Our findings also reveal the adaptability of different sub-GRNNs to suit different application requirements.

Plant myosins have higher velocities than animal myosins. Among them, myosins in freshwater algae of the genus Chara have extremely high velocities. We have biochemically studied myosins that perform high-speed movements in the alga Chara. Our studies have elucidated the structural and enzymatic basis for the fast movement of Chara myosins. This review outlines the history leading to the discovery of the fastest myosin, algae Chara myosin XI, and the structure-function correlation of the fastest myosin. This review article is an extended version of the Japanese article, “Structure-function Relationship of the Fastest Myosin” by Ito et al., published in SEIBUTSU BUTSURI Vol. 63, p. 91–96 (2023).

Obesity and arsenic exposure have been linked to many health issues. However, arsenic poisoning severity and susceptibility may depend on Body Mass Index (BMI), oxidative state, food supplements, and other factors. This study examines how quercetin and ascorbic acid can improve arsenic-induced health dysfunctions in normal and high BMI male Wistar rats. A total of 70 male Wistar rats weighing between 135 - 220 g were divided into 10 groups. A: Control group; B: sodium arsenite group; C: quercetin + sodium arsenite group; D: ascorbic acid + sodium arsenite group; E: sodium arsenite + quercetin + ascorbic acid; F: obese group; G: obese + sodium arsenite group; H: obese + sodium arsenite + quercetin group; I: obese + sodium arsenite + ascorbic acid group; J: obese + sodium arsenite + quercetin + ascorbic acid group, all treatments were administered orally daily for twenty-eight (28) days. The doses administered were 595 mg/kg body weight of ascorbic acid (10 % LD50), 50 mg/kg body weight of quercetin (5 % LD50), and 0.75 mg/kg body weight of sodium arsenite (5 % LD50). Concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL 6), TNF-alpha (TNF-α), COX-2, nitric oxide (NO), total bilirubin (TBL) and activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were determined in plasma. Upon the completion of the experiment, serum IL-1β, IL 6, TNF-α, COX-2, NO, TBL concentrations and ALP, AST, ALT, and GGT activities increased significantly (p

Swamp land is a rubber development area in South Kalimantan and rubber plants are a leading commodity in South Kalimantan, second after palm oil plants. Starting in 2019, the rubber industry in Indonesia experienced an outbreak of leaf fall disease. This disease causes a decrease in latex production of up to 50%, even in advanced conditions, infected plants will rot and die without treatment. This research aims to study the distribution of rubber leaf fall disease in the swamplands of Barito Kuala district. A disease incidence and severity survey was carried out using a stratified random sampling method. It was observed that eight sub-districts in Barito Kuala district and Banjar district had swamp land that planted rubber. At four locations/villages in each sub-district, sample plants were taken, and it was determined that there were 25 plants diagonally. Disease incidence and severity parameters followed the International Rubber Research Development Board. The research revealed that rubber leaf fall disease has spread in four rubber-plantation sub-districts. All sub-districts surveyed were 100% affected by rubber leaf fall disease. The rubber leaf fall disease attack in the studied is quite severe with an average disease severity of 67%. Keywords: Distribution, Leaf fall disease, Rubber, Swamp land

This research investigated the impact of incorporating green synthesised copper oxide nanoparticles into nanoporous carbon counter electrodes to enhance photovoltaic performance in Monolithic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (MDSSCs). Copper oxide nanoparticles were successfully synthesised using an extract from Ocimum gratissimum leaves. Optical absorption between 250 nm and 400 nm confirmed the formation of copper oxide nanoparticles. XRD patterns indicated the crystalline nature of the copper oxide nanoparticles, with an average crystallite size of 47.9 nm. FTIR analyses identified chemical bonds potentially responsible for nanoparticle formation. MDSSC performance evaluation demonstrated a significant 3.5% increase in efficiency over the cells without nanoparticles; this translates to a 105.9% increase in efficiency observed for cells with the nanoparticles. The incorporation of green-synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles into the counter electrode of MDSSCs exhibited an eco-benign and even dispersion, suggesting its potential as a promising nanomaterial for DSSC applications. Keywords: Green Synthesis; Nanoparticles; Copper Oxide; Counter Electrode; Monolithic Dye -Sensitised Solar Cell

The presence of toxic elements in mining areas has always been a concern for public health worldwide. Previously conducted studies have mainly focused on separate soil or water contamination as routes to potentially toxic elements, conceivably underestimating residents' risks. This study examined the health risks associated with the consumption of Abelmuscus esculentus planted in different sediment compositions; control soil + control water (CSCW), control soil + goldmine water (CSGW), goldmine sediment + control water (GSCW) and goldmine sediment + goldmine water (GSGW). As, Ni, Cr and Cd concentrations in goldmine water were found to be higher than allowable limits. After 21 days, A. esculentus seedlings planted on different soil/sediment compositions were harvested for the determination of elements using an inductively coupled plasma-optical electron spectrometer (ICP-OES). Estimated dietary intakes of minerals and toxic metals were lower than recommended limits. The non-carcinogenic risks posed by heavy metals are minimal, but A. esculentus in GSGW had 131.67 % greater risks of being hazardous. Carcinogenic risks indicate that A. esculentus grown in all soil/sediment compositions had the potential to cause cancer, with GSGW having approximately 63 % higher risks. Farming practices employing goldmine sediment and water present foreseeable hazards to health when not controlled going by findings in this study. Keywords: Abelmuscus esculentus, Carcinogenic risk; Estimated dietary intake; Gold mining; Hazard ndex

Malaria vector abundance has been linked to certain agricultural practices. This work examined the impact of the agricultural practice of irrigation on the composition and seasonal distribution of malaria vectors in agrarian communities of Kano state. Longitudinal data collection was done four times a year, corresponding to different transmission seasons from early rains to late rainy season, early dry season to late dry season. Indoor-biting adult mosquitoes were collected using standard pyrethrum spray collection (PSC) techniques. Female Anopheles mosquitoes collected from houses were morphologically identified to species level. Molecular characterisation of the members of the Anopheles gambiae complex was carried out using PCR technique. Two thousand four hundred fifty-two (2452) adult female Anopheles species were collected throughout the study period. The Large Irrigation (LIC) and Urban Irrigation Communities (UIC) had a higher mean abundance of female Anopheles mosquitoes across seasons. There was a significant difference in the mean adult mosquito catch across the season (F =113.49, p≤0.001) and across the three communities (F = 44.73; p ≤0.001). Anopheles gambiae sl. was the most encountered among the four species, with a mean abundance of 11.94±11.76, 5.39±7.45 and 2.58 ±3.41 for LIC, UIC and NIC, respectively. Molecular characterisation of An. gambiae s.l. by PCR showed the presence of three sibling species, An. coluzzi, An. gambiae ss and An. arabiensis. An. Coluzzi was significantly more abundant across the three communities during the wet and dry seasons. The predominance of this species has implications for malaria control. This study shows that irrigation is likely to influence mosquito breeding, thus exposing community members to a higher risk of being bitten by infected vectors. A review of the ecology of Anopheles species, especially in urban environments, is needed, considering the current abundance of malaria vectors in the urban community. Keywords: Seasonal, Abundance, Composition, Anopheles species, Irrigation, Urban

The study showed the repellent effect of three types of plant powders, Mentha, Myrtus and Ocimum basilica, against rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the results of the study showed that the Myrtus powder had the highest rate of repellent to insects. It reached the highest percentage of repellent outside the loop within 24 hours 41% at concentration of 6% where it was found that there was a significant difference in percentage compared to other plant powders (Mentha, Ocimum basilica) reached 39.5% and 37.5 %, respectively.

Autism spectrum disorder is a complicated neurological disease that is identified by the occurrence of two defining characteristics present in people with ASD, notably social deficits and repetitive and stereotypical behaviors. This review aims to systematically investigate the relationship between the levels of toxic and trace element Hg in hair and the developments of ASD.. The objective of this review is to Methodically investigate the connection Amidst ASD" emergence, also" hair' levels of hazardous, also trace elements Hg.. Through Original articles that reported on the amounts of trace elements Hair was incorporated. The majority of studies' interests change grave not harmful state of being gathered or focused components "in the hair" of kids with neurodevelopmental disorders like ASD. A survey of field medicine describes demonstrated mercury exposure, whether organic, or inorganic can result in the development of characteristics symptoms that characterize or are frequently observed in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The (DSM-IV) diagnostic criteria of autism include deficits with interpersonal relationships, having trouble expressing oneself, and engaging in behaviors that are both stereotypical and repetitious , all of which be brought on by mercury.

Mycoplasma mobile is a parasitic bacterium that forms gliding machinery on the cell pole and glides on a solid surface in the direction of the cell pole. The gliding machinery consists of both internal and surface structures. The internal structure is divided into a bell at the front and chain structure extending from the bell. In this study, the internal structures prepared under several conditions were analyzed using negative-staining electron microscopy and electron tomography. The chains were constructed by linked motors containing two complexes similar to ATP synthase. A cylindrical spacer with a maximum diameter of 6 nm and a height of 13 nm, and anonymous linkers with a diameter of 0.9–8.3 nm and length of 14.7±6.9 nm were found between motors. The bell is bowl-shaped and features a honeycomb surface with a periodicity of 8.4 nm. The chains of the motor are connected to the rim of the bell through a wedge-shaped structure. These structures may play roles in the assembly and cooperation of gliding machinery units.

In this study, emerging-recalcitrant water contaminants were examined to determine their impact on water quality and oxidative disruption of antioxidant markers in Clarias gariepinus (African catfish). Fifty C. gariepinus were randomly exposed to fresh water, 250 mg/L acetaminophen (ACT), 0.525 mg/L chromium (Cr) and a mixture of ACT+Cr – dosed water for 21 days. As compared to the control, dosed water did not significantly (p ˃ 0.05) affect dissolved oxygen (DO), but biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) significantly increased in ACT, ACT+Cr, and Cr-dosed water. Levels of ACT in C. gariepinus exposed to different concentrations followed by kidney ˃ gill ˃ liver ˃ heart. Likewise, higher Cr presence was found in C. gariepinus gills exposed to 0.350 mg/L Cr. Accordingly, kidneys and gills were the worst affected organs by ACT and Cr accumulation. All the targeted organs of C. gariepinus exposed to different concentrations of ACT+Cr showed a concentration-dependent reduction in catalase (CAT) activity, indicating the synergistic effects of ACT and heavy metals. Based on these results, ACT and Cr adversely affect the kidneys and gills of C. gariepinus, compromising their physiological activity. As a result, pharmaceutical wastes and heavy metal effluents released into the aquatic environment indiscriminately need to be monitored. Keywords Acetaminophen, Bioaccumulation, Clarias gariepinus, Chromium, Enzymatic antioxidant

Thought this research, the optical and electrical properties of organic aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPc) molecule based thin film are emphasized. The transmittance of such materials presents a narrow peak and valley within a range of 446 nm. Dielectric parameters like refractive and extinction coefficient are studied within Uv-vis-IR range. Optical band gap and Urbach energy are determined found to be 2.6 eV and 33 meV. Based on single oscillator, dispersion energy and related parameters like E0, Ed, S0, l0, n0, epsil,

Global energy consumption is steadily rising, and fossil fuels are nonrenewable energy sources which provide the majority of this energy. Researchers are seeking and supporting renewable energy sources in order to balance supply and increasing demand. Microalgae is seen as an emerging and dependable feedstock that has the potential to displace fossil fuel-based sources of renewable energy among other options.In the present investigation, none dible hazardous oils from lyngbya sp. algae have been selected for the use as a feedstock for the biofuel production.Themicroalgal isolateswere identified based on their surface morphology under microscope. The biofuel was produced by the transesterificationreaction.Using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, the generated biofuel was characterized and the conversion was calculated.The findings imply that lyngbya sp. algal biomasses are y suitable for the generation of biofuel. More experimental investigations are required in this field.

Human skin is an island in constant interaction between diverse microorganisms (Archaea, fungi, bacteria, and protozoa), especially the inner elbow, armpit and buttocks, of which an imminent health danger is possible during injury or their sustained proliferation. Fat-soluble lauric acid-containing palm kernel oil, hardness-giving caustic soda and water solvent were essential ingredients used to produce toilet soap in this study, via a mechanized setup. Free caustic alkali (FCA), pH and moisture content (MC), as determined for additive (honey, clove, black seed) formulations A, B, C, D and E, which are respectively in the range of 0.006-0.02%, 7.10-9.97, and 7.33-15.33%, gave a soap of desired medicinal functionality. Formulation E physicochemical property compares favorably with other soaps, including Septol, Dettol, Premier, Joy, Sunlight, and Premier Cool found in Nigerian markets. It is found that the three additives introduced into the formulation in the ratio of 33, 50 and 17%, respectively, are responsible for its septic, antioxidant, antimicrobial and sanitizing properties. With this fit achieved, improvement, packaging and mass production of the produced toilet soap already having satisfactory foam stability, lathering, cleansing, fragrance, form and quality (according to SNI standard), is encouraged in this part of the world.

The azo-azomethine dye 6,6'-((1E,1'E)-((4-methyl-1,2-phenylene)bis(azanylylidene))bismethanylylidene))bis(2-methoxy-3-(o-tolyldiazenyl) phenol) (L3) were synthesized and characterized by UV-visible, FT-IR, 1H-NMR and Mass spectroscopy. The effect of the several factors on the CPE pre-concentration of Cobalt (II) with L3 was optimized. Extensive thermodynamic study has been presented to understand the mechanism of extraction and solubilization of studied complex in Triton X-100 micelles. Under the optimized conditions, enrichment factor of 54 is achieved leading to limit of detection and limit of quantitation of 11.5 and 38.4 ngmL-1 respectively. Under the optimal conditions the calibration plot is linear in the range of 0.025-3 μg mL-1, the precision (RSD%; n=8) of the proposed method is of 0.823% at 0.05 μg mL-1 of Co (II). This method is applied to the determination of Co (II) in various environmental samples.

Thyroiditis is a general term that refers to thyroid gland inflammation. The present research was conducted to identify the role of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Ab) in Thyroiditis patients and assaying the levels of thyroid function tests (TFT), which include levels of serum triiodothyronine hormone (T3), thyroxin hormone (T4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). A total of 86 serum samples (76 thyroiditis patients and 10 controls) from August 2023 to November 2023, at Al-Haboby Teaching Hospital and some private clinics in Thi-Qar Governorate were enrolled in the present study. The sandwich-ELISA technique assayed the levels of TPO-Ab, and the levels of (TFT) T3,T4, and TSH by using a competitive binding assay. Thyroiditis patients were divided into hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism type with 47(61.84%) and 29(38.16%) patients, respectively (P≤0.05). Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism groups showed elevated mean serum levels of TPO-Ab (29.78%) and (20.68%) for members of each group separately, with a mean of (478.8) and (1070), respectively. While the mean of TPO-Ab in the control group was (319.5). The means of TFT in hypothyroidism group for T3,T4 and TSH were (0.9215), (5.402), and (22.86), respectively. The means of TFT in hyperthyroidism group for T3,T4 and TSH were (1.003), (7.409) and (0.3893), respectively, compared to the control. The mean of TFT for T3,T4 and TSH was (0.781), (7.374), and (1.603), respectively.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are considered the most prevalent infectious disorders. They can affect the entire urinary tract or specific a portion of it and are mostly brought on by bacteria that are found in the intestine. The present study included 82 pregnant women whom age ranged from 17 to 40 (mean ± SD: 27.44 ± 6.66) and divided to 13 in the first trimester, 9 in the second, and 60 in the third. Also, the study included 56 apparently healthy pregnant women as a control, with age (mean ± SD: 27.11 ± 5.59). Patients with UTIs had lower mean serum levels of IL-6 (12.08 ±16.35 pg/ml) compared to control group (42.19 ± 28.0 pg/ml). Also, the same patients showed had lower mean serum levels of IL-1β (6.91 ± 11.78 pg/ml) compared to control group (43.32 ± 34.62 pg/ml). The conclusions, UTIs continues to be one the most socio-health problems that need a lot of care diagnosis and treatment. Both IL-6 and IL-1β in UTIs pregnant women identification may contribute as Diagnostic marker tools for associated infections.

The analysis by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that the saponin extracts contain a significant component called (Hederagenin glycoside). The wavelengths and electronic transitions of the active groups of the saponin extract were also determined using the UV-Vis Spectra. The optimal result was obtained by utilizing the Gemini C18 (5 µm) stationary phase manufactured by Phenomenex. They determine the optimal chromatographic conditions for enhancing LC/MS analysis by evaluating several mobile phases on a reversed-phase C18 column. Illustrates the anticipated patterns of fragmentation observed in the mass spectra of substances. The Antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus Niger, and Aspergillus Alternaria was determined. The inhibitory effect in vitro was defined to appear, triterpenoid saponins extract showed maximum growth activity inhibitory of fungi against pathogens like Aspergillus Alternaria and Aspergillus Niger (2 cm), at the concentration (100 ppm) and the minimum growth activity inhibitory was against Aspergillus Alternaria (5 cm) at a concentration (25 ppm) compare with control. The triterpenoid saponins extract its ability to grow activity inhibition of fungi type Aspergillus Alternaria, Aspergillus Niger. On the other hand, the percentage of hemolysis activity in human blood increases with a high concentration of triterpenoid Saponins extract.

Solanum nigrum is known locally as the nightshadesamily, and it is considered one of the widespread plants that possess great biochemical potential. This review dealt with providing a comprehensive summary of the biochemistry of this plant, as it contains Solanum nigrum. It contains an important group of biologically active substances, including flavonoids, and some phenolic derivatives. It also contains some alkaloids, epoxy derivatives, and other important compounds. These substances have important biological activity, including significant and powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as strong antimicrobial and anti-cancer properties, and other medically important properties. This plant has been used for medicinal purposes for a long time in treating many diseases. Finally, this review indicates the wide biological diversity in biochemistry. The study also touched on some potential applications in various fields, including nutrition and medicine.

This study showed all isolates of bacteria are identified by many testes , such as morphological, biochemical, and API20E testes, as, the results confirmed that the Gram-negative bacteria in Thi-Qar government during the period of June and July 2023-2024. A total of 60 non-duplicate urine samples from patients are collected and examined for detection of Gram-negative bacteria. The results show that out of 60 urine samples 35(58.33%) samples are positive for bacterial growth of Gram negative. The results of bacterial diagnosis depending on testing showed that the frequency of bacterial pathogens thatause UTI as the following 15 (42.85%) are Escherichia coli,7 (20.0%) Enterobacter cloacae, 5 (14.28%) Klebsiella pneumonia, 3 (8.57 %) are from each of Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 2 (4.76%) are Citrobacter spp. Antibiotics were divided into three categories that work on (nucleic acid, protein inhibition ,and bacterial cell wall synthesis) and the three groups were compared with each other .It was concluded which of them was more effective and performed better in eliminating bacteria and the results appeared as follows: Gram negative bacteria showed 91.42 % resistance to ampicillin 85.7% resistance to amikacin, 65.71% resistance to levofloxacin, 45.71% resistance to Norfloxacin, 31.42 % resistance to azithromycin and 13.37% resistance to ciprofloxacin.

Vitamin D is primarily obtained through sun exposure and diet, but factors like dark skin tone, limited time outside, and poor dietary habits can contribute to low levels of this essential vitamin. Getting enough Vitamin D is really important for kids' health, but a lot of them don't get enough because they don't spend enough time in the sun, don't eat well, or have trouble absorbing it. Not having enough can cause weaker bones, more infections, long-term illnesses, and problems with the immune system. To avoid this, children need to spend more time in the sun, eat foods rich in Vitamin D, and maybe take some supplements as well. In summary, this review highlights the importance of addressing vitamin D deficiency in children for their overall health and well-being.

Sustainability has evolved into a broad phrase that includes practically every aspect of life on the Earth, from local to global, and over different periods. Sustainable biological systems include healthy, long-lived forests and wetlands. This paper aimed to study and measure pollution indicators in the Al-Hai city center's air, soil, and water in Wasit province, located at Coordinates (32.1742 N° and 46.0433 E°). The data for Al-Hai city's ambient air pollutants (CO, NO, NO2, H2S, SO2, and CO2) that considered air pollution was recorded for the date (12-13/12/2021). The Maximum values for the concentration of carbon monoxide CO and sulfur dioxide SO2 were 1.019 ppm and 0.0321 ppm, respectively. The water and sediment samples were collected in December 2021, and all samples were analyzed in the laboratory. Heavy elements (Cd, Pb, As, and Hg) were measured in soil and water. The samples were collected and taken from two stations in the Gharraf River of Al-Hai city in Wasit province to investigate the potential for environmental damage caused by these components in this region. This study will be conducted at two stations (North and South of Al-Hai city center) beginning in December 2021. In the south station, all heavy elements showed exponential growth in water and sediment samples, but concentrations in the north station were low. The highest value recorded in this study was for the pb concentration in the soil samples taken from the main street, which was 31.9 ppm.

Since deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are readily available, inexpensive, highly biodegradable, and easy to synthesize, they are gaining popularity as a green alternative to hazardous organic solvents and traditional ionic liquids (ILs). DES is a mixture of hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and acceptor (HBA) that is viscous and non-water soluble. There are two main penalty areas of DES fabrication. The first is to reduce its operation temperature to lower that of these components. The second is to produce a molten salt with a melting point lower than its components. Therefore, DESs are being utilized more and more in a range of analytical chemical applications. Different extraction techniques have been used for this kind of salt. In this review, production methods, and classification of DESs were discussed. The most physical properties of DESs were demonstrated, including melting point, viscosity, density, surface tension, phase changes in behavior, analyte solubility, instrumental compatibility, and toxicity. It also included the main advantages and disadvantages of DES production.

Beta thalassemia (β-thalassemia) is the most severe kind of β-thalassemia hereditary disease that makes blood transfusion dependent. Patients with β-thalassemia disease experience many physiological abnormalities, including oxidative stress, iron overload, and aggregated β-globin proteins. These abnormalities may also lead to premature RBC mortality. In the present study, 100 patients with β-thalassemia major with an average age of 16.30 ± 6.67 years old and 30 healthy controls with an average age of 14.63 ± 4.17 years old were included in this study. The serum levels of urea, creatinine, serotonin, and cortisol were investigated in the patient and control groups. The results showed a marked increase in the urea levels among the patients compared to the control group (from 14.63 ± 6.05 mg/dl in the control group to 24.98 ± 11.35 mg/dl in patient group) with P

A decorated ferrimagnetic mixed triangular system was studied using the molecular mean-field approximation. The outcomes of the investigation were examined using the Blume-Capel Ising model. The study paper investigates the influence of crystal and external magnetic fields on ferrimagnetic devices decorated with mixed spin-2 and spin-7/2 of a triangular lattice. It is noteworthy that spin-2 ions are located at the nodal points, whereas six additional spin-7/2 ions surround the proposed lattice. Altering the exchange interactions through the specific crystal and external magnetic fields induces superparamagnetic behaviours. New characteristics reveal that mixed spin triangular decorated ferrimagnets exhibit superparamagnetic behaviour at DA∕|J2|=-2.5, with J1 = -0.5 and J2 = -1.0 in the range (15 ≤ KBT /|J2| ≤ 18). It is important to note that the total magnetization changes with the external magnetic field and affects the superparamagnetism phenomenon of a decorated mixed spin ferrimagnet when DA/|J2| = 8, and DB/|J2|=-11, J1 = -0.5 and J2 = 1, for KBT/|J2| = 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, and 4 Ko respectively.

Free- living amoebae (FLA) are predatory heterotrophic protozoa that are widely distributed in various environmental sources .They are known to cause serious human infections including a fatal encephalitis, pneumonia and a blinding keratitis. was performed in Thi –Qar province south of Iraq in order to detection of the opportunistic FLA and identified by morphological characters in the culture , Polymers Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification a targeting specific genes for each genus During the period from February to September 2020, one hundred and two (102)samples were collected including 75samples from different environmental sources, soil , water ( rivers , tap water , tank water, stagnant water, the marshes water and drops of water from the air conditioner units ) and animals wastes(lizard , birds and wild mice) ,and 27 clinical samples ( eye, skin, ear, and Cerebral Spinal Fluid)collected from Al-Hussain teaching hospital , Bint AL-Huda teaching hospital , Al-Hboobi teaching hospital and private laboratories in Thi-Qar province . All samples were cultured in the Non Nutrient agar medium (NN-agar medium) and then examined by light microscope and recognized morphologically the trophozoites and cysts of opportunistic amoebas that belong to the genera ; Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp.(A. triangularis ,A. astronyxis ,A. castellini A. polyphaga ), Sappinia spp.(S. pedata , S. diploidea) and Balamuthia mandrillaris, the study found 62 (60.78%) samples were positive for total opportunistic FLA, and 40(39.21%) samples were negative, the incidence of FLA in environmental samples were 76% and in clinical samples were18.51 % .

This study was conducted to detect bacterial causative pathogens in patients with diabetes foot ulcer infections and determine the protease enzyme. Samples were collected from 75 swabs were collected from patients suffering from diabetic foot ulcers referred to The Diabetic Center /Thi-Qar province. Data collected from patients included: age, gender and Period of infection. The results revealed that positive bacterial growth appeared in 54 (72 %) of diabetic foot ulcer specimen, and the most common isolates were Enterobacter cloaca 15(27.77%), followed by proteus mirabilis 12 (22.22%), Staphylococcus aureus 10 (18.51%), Escherichia coli 8 (14.81%), for each one Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogens 3(0.84%). The results of the Protease enzyme test were performed for all 54 isolates to determine the variable ability of these bacterial species isolated from didactic foot ulcers to produce this enzyme. The highest percentage production protease enzyme was 100 % for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and 76.92% for proteus mirabilis, while the isolates showed a low production of 20.0 % for Enterobacter cloaca.

Herein, short review paper investigated the rapidly progress in fluorescent biosensors field and their significant influences on analytical chemistry applications. An electrical signal can be produced from a biological reaction using an integrated receptor-transducer device called a biosensor. Because there are so many uses for biosensors in the medical field, including medication delivery, environmental monitoring, water and food quality monitoring, and illness detection, biosensor design and development have become a top priority for scientists and researchers in the last ten years. In the beginning, we started to explain the basic principles of fluorescence. Then, we moved to discuss about the current advancements, creative sensor designs, and the fusion of materials science and nanotechnology. The paper highlighted the sensitivity of fluorescent biosensors by addressing a wide range of applications, including biological research, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnostics. This review paper censoriously assessed the present difficulties, such as interference and constrained dynamic range, and provided explanations into ongoing research. Advanced material and nanotechnology integration is emerging as a force that improves biosensor performance and broadens their uses. This study also discussed the future possible breakthroughs in biosensor technology and its broad use in a variety of scientific and societal fields.

Sequencing reactions showed the accurate identity of the investigated samples and revealed that all investigated samples were homologous to Dipodascus capitatus (GenBank acc. no. OW983902.1). The presence of one nucleic acid variant compared with the referring sequences of the D. capitatussequences was demonstrated. The identified variant was represented by a nucleic acid substitution (359A>T) detected in the S5 sample. Meanwhile, the rest of the samples showed a complete homology with the corresponding sequences and did not exhibit any detectable nucleic acid variations in comparison with the D. capitatus reference sequences. It was inferred from the tree that the detected nucleic acid substitutions showed a slight effect of the observed variations on the altering evolutionary positioning of the investigated S5 sample in comparison with the other wild-type sequences. This was due to the positioning of the altered samples in the other positions compared with the wild-type counterparts. It was inferred from the tree that our investigated D. capitatus samples were suited in the immediate vicinity to various strains deposited from various multi-national positions. Furthermore, neighbor phylogenetic distances in this tree indicated a distinct biological diversity of D. capitatus sequences.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women are one of the most common diseases affecting at different ages of the life. This study was aimed to investigate the uropathogenes in women with UTI and to test their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. A total of 150 urine samples were collected from patients women and healthy in Thi-Qar Province, southern Iraq, between December 2022 and March 2023.Urine samples were collected from each participant women and cultured on media, then identified by different laboratory methods such as characteristic of colony on culture media, Gram stain, biochemical tests and morphologic chromatic properties on Hi UTI chromogenic agar and confirmed by API 20E system. The majority of females (44%) were the age groups 25 to 34 years followed by the (34%) patients were age group from 15 to 24 years. Antibiotic susceptibility testing for bacteria species was performed using the Kirby,Bauer disc, diffusion technique. Out of 136 different isolates with noticeable growth were found in the urine sample after microbiological cultures were performed, bacteria species was represented (63.24%) more than Candida species which was (36.76%). The most frequent bacterium was Staphylococcus species (40.69%) followed by Escherichia coli (18.60%). These bacterial exhibited extremely resistance to antibiotics. Gram positive isolates showed the highest resistant against Amoxicillin-clavulanate (100%), Ampicillin (100%), Oxacillin (100%), and Trimethoprim (91.66%), on the other hand Gram negative bacteria also showed the highest resistance against Amoxicillin-clavulanate (100%), Piperacillin (100 %), and both Ceftazidime and Nitrofurantoin (86.36 %). Other antibiotics showed different results by different bacterial species.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a search for effective pharmaceuticals and vitamins to combat the virus. These therapies have antiviral capabilities and can affect both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of various medications and nutrients in treating bacterial infections linked to COVID-19. In vitro, tests will be conducted to evaluate these therapies' antibacterial efficacy against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. In the current study, we test a group of antibiotics commonly used in treating Coronavirus on different types of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. They found that Azithromycin was highly effective against both positive and negative bacteria, but its effectiveness decreased when combined with vitamin D. Levofloxacin was the most effective antibiotic, and its efficacy was not affected by the addition of zinc or vitamin D. Acyclovir had a slight effect on bacteria when used alone, but its efficacy improved with zinc. Zinc and Vitamin D had a high degree of effectiveness, but Vitamin D had relatively low efficacy, except against one type of bacteria. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of drugs and vitamins against bacterial infections in COVID-19 patients. The results will provide a better understanding of the potential advantages of these medications in controlling bacterial infections. (The abstract should have one paragraph) The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of drugs and vitamins against bacterial infections in COVID-19 patients. The results will provide a better understanding of the potential advantages of these medications in controlling bacterial infections.

The β-thalassemias are a group of recessively inherited genetic disorders that cause varying amounts of hemoglobin production. The study's aim was to look at hepcidin, ferretin, iron, PCV, Hb, ALT, AST, and albumin levels. Serum hepcidin, ferretin, iron, PCV, Hb, ALT, AST, and albumin levels were determined in 55 patients with beta-thalassemia and 55 healthy individuals. The results demonstrated a substantial rise in serum concentrations of ferretin, iron, ALT and AST in the beta-thalassemia group as compared to the control group(p

In this paper, we present a novel method for building a plasmonic photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensor with simplified features to identify unknown analytes. Using the special parameters of plasmonic PCFs, the suggested sensor increases the sensitivity and specificity of target analyte detection. We provide a streamlined design approach that reduces manufacturing complexity without sacrificing reliable performance, opening up the sensor to new useful applications. We show the optimal structure parameters for optimizing sensitivity using the finite element method in the COMSOL environment. The suggested configuration attained strong spectral sensitivity throughout an extensive range of the analyte's refractive indices. Furthermore, a perfect linear connection was established between the analyte's refractive index and the resonant wavelength, qualifying the sensor for usage across the whole range of the analyte's refractive indices.

The effect of the input pulse (chirped pulse) on the generation of soliton wave and optical frequency comb in microresonators was studied. The problem was solved numerically using the Lugiato-Lefever equation and the Fourier method by MATLAB program. The effect of Gaussian and ultra-Gaussian pulses, as well as chirped pulses, on the generation of the soliton wave and the frequency comb was also studied. Our study demonstrated that the generation of the soliton and the frequency comb depends on the shape of the pulse intensity distribution. Moreover, the mobility of the soliton and comb changes depending on the shape of the pulse. In addition, the results showed us that the soliton and frequency comb generated in microresonators are strongly affected by the power of the incoming pulse and the radius of the microresonator.

Hemochromatosis is a prevalent hereditary disorder that causes excess iron to build up in the body to dangerous levels. Hereditary hemochromatosis, also known as HFE-related hemochromatosis is carried on by changes in the HFE gene. Investigating the gene mutations of the HFE gene is a way to explore the prevalence of this disease. This study aims to determine the association between hemochromatosis HFE gene mutations (C282Y and H63D) and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in patients at Basra Specialized Hospital for Children and AL-sadder Teaching Hospital in the Basra governance. QIAamp DNA and Blood Mini Kit were used to isolate and identify Human genomic DNA and detect mutations in the HFE gene using the DNA hybridization method. In this study, the absence of the C282Y mutations in both patients and the control group was identified. However, testing DNA-based hybridization experiments revealed low detection levels of the H63D (homozygous, heterozygous) mutations; in only 12.5% of patients. The H63D (only homozygous) mutations were present in 10% of the control group. The association between patients and the control group is considered statistically significant. The HFE gene mutations (C282Y and H63D), originate in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood, thus, this study recommends complementary investigations to illustrate this case in more detail with more cases of patients and discover the hidden agents underlying these mutations.

An uncommon autosomal recessive condition called DREAM-PL syndrome is typified by dysmorphic facial features, renal agenesis, male ambiguous genitalia, microcephaly, polydactyly, and lissencephaly. The CTU2 gene, which is in charge of tRNA post-transcriptional modification, is mutated in the syndrome. This alteration is necessary for the correct translation of genes, and its disruption can result in several aberrant embryonic processes. The severity of DREAM-PL syndrome can vary from moderate to severe, and the clinical characteristics can be diverse. While some patients may exhibit only some of the distinguishing features, others may have all of them. The most common characteristics include ambiguous genitalia, dysmorphic facies, and microcephaly. Diagnosis of DREAM-PL syndrome is typically based on clinical signs and confirmed through genetic testing, which can identify mutations in the CTU2 gene. Material and methodology: In the case being referred to as a study, a 37-week-old male neonate was delivered by lower segment cesarean section. The baby's birth weight was 2.760 Kg, and a heterozygous CMP mutation of the CTU2 gene was confirmed through whole-exome sequencing (WES). Unfortunately, there is currently no known cure for DREAM-PL syndrome. Result: Treatment focuses on managing the symptoms and providing supportive care. In some cases, surgical correction of birth defects may be beneficial.

In this paper, the chaos synchronization of four Nano quantum cascade lasers with optoelectronic feedback was investigated. The present system consists of two receiver lasers and two transmitters lasers. The rate equation model was modulated to study the effect of the Purcell factor F and the spontaneous emission factor because of their importance in a nanocavity. The results indicated that the suggested system, realize the chaos synchronization. Also, the nanocavity parameters F and β, have significant effect on the chaos synchronization quality and may lead to lose it. Furthermore, the results showed the weak effect of delay time on the performance of lasers.

The effect of the saturable absorbent material on the characteristics of a single laser pulse results from the passive Q-switching method, or two pulses. The first pulse is resulted from the passive Q-switching method and the other is resulted from Stokes pulse generated by the laser ray reaction with the Raman medium in the optical system. This study simulated this effect on the characteristics of three pulses (passive Q-switching pulse, Stokes pulse, and anti-Stokes pulse) simultaneously generated from one optical system . The optical system consists of Nd: YVO4, PbWO4, and Cr + 4: YAG as an effective medium, Raman medium, and saturable absorbent material, respectively. The modeling of the rate equations was used, and the Rung-Kutta-Fehelberg numerical method was used to solve the rate equations. The results show increased power of the pulses generated, requiring an increased length of the saturable absorber material used in the system. The results showed that at the shortest length used for the saturated absorbent material, the pulse duration and energy of the three generated pulses were PQS pulse (16.44ns, 1.39mJ), Stokes pulse (12.59ns, 1.148mJ) and anti-Stokes pulse (13.53ns, 1.59mJ), while at the longest length of the saturated absorbent material, the pulse duration and energy were PQS pulse (14.68ns, 1.50mJ), the Stokes pulse (11.41ns, 1.36mJ) and the anti-Stokes pulse (12.38ns, 1.86mJ).

In This study, we modified the Anderson-Newns model for atomic chemisorption to be suitable for the chemisorption of a spherical semiconducting quantum-dot on a monolayer pure perfect graphene. A mathematical expression was used to calculate the occupation numbers for the two levels of the quantum-dot as a function of the normal distance and the external electric field. Appropriate formulas for other chemisorption functions were used by taking into our account the effect of image shift, and a formula for hybridization energy as a function of distance only. The quantum-dot was considered a spherical shape, chooses the type of on-top adsorption on the graphene layer, also taken a fixed value for the correlation energy U to be spin independent and not dependent on distance. At room temperature T=300 K, the occupation numbers and their corresponding energy levels were calculated by stabilizing all the parameters and varying the strength of electric field individually by both positive and negative directions. The contribution of the negative electric field was more effective on quantum-dot chemisorbed on graphene.