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The use of entomopathogenic nematodes in pest management is an alternative to reduce the yield and/or damage losses caused by pests in several crops. The present study aimed to evaluate the performance of Heterorhabditis indica (Nemata: Rhabditida) and Steinernema carpocapsae (Nemata: Rhabditida), in pre-pupae of Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and determine the temporal viability of the pathogenicity of S. carpocapsae applied to soil. The nematode species were diluted in distilled water to 50, 65, 83, 107, 138, 178, 229, 295, 380 and 500 infective juveniles per pre-pupae (IJs insect-1) of N. elegantalis. The mortality of pre-pupa of N. elegantalis was higher as the concentrations of both studied species increased. The nematode S. carpocapsae was the most effective, causing mortality of 82.93% in the concentration of 65 IJs insect-1 and an LC50 of 24.32 IJs insect-1. In the pathogenicity test, S. carpocapsae was applied in the concentration of 100 JI/cm² in pots previously planted with tomato seedlings. As positive control was used tomato seedlings treated with distilled water. S. carpocapse presented soil viability of 24 days. Thus, S. carpocapsae can be an important tool in the integrated pest management (IPM) of N. elegantalis.

A coleta e a identificação do parasitoide de ovos Trichogramma Westwood, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) consistem no primeiro passo para umaaplicação bem sucedida em campo. Isso porque, em um programa de controle biológico, é necessário selecionar as espécies de parasitoides mais adaptadasàs condições de cultivo e climáticas da região onde serão utilizadas. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi coletar Trichogramma em pomares no estado do RioGrande do Sul, visando identificá-lo ao nível das espécies pelo método morfológico e caracterizá-lo pelo método molecular da região ITS2 (espaço interno transcrito) de rDNA (ácido desoxirribonucleico ribossomal). A coleta foi realizada com armadilhas confeccionadas com tecido micro-tule, distribuídas aleatoriamente em pomares. A captura ocorreu em todos os pontos de coleta. A identificação resultou em Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) para todas as coletas. Os fragmentos de DNA presentes no gel de agarose estavam em torno de 500 pb.

The use of biological control agents come in response to the need for a more developed and sustainable agriculture. Duponchelia fovealis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) was reported causing serious problems for strawberry culture in the State of Espirito Santo. Because it is a recent pest, there is no registration of products for its control. Among the entomopathogen bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner stands as a promising method of control, since it is specific and is not harmful to man. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of two products formulated the basis of B. thuringiensis Agree® (B. thuringiensis var. aizawai GC-91) and Dipel® WP (B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD-1) on Duponchelia fovealis Zeller for their use in pest management programs. Bioassays were performed in microtubes containing acrylic trays, filled with artificial feed. Each tube was inoculated on the feed, 70 ml of each commercial product at a concentration 1 x 108 spores•mL-1. Subsequently, 50 larvae of each stage of development, were individually wrapped, forming a particular treatment. Mortality was assessed daily until day 7. The estimated lethal concentration (LC50) to the stage of increased susceptibility was also performed. In view of the results it was observed that the initial stage of development , showed higher mortality at 90% and 80% for Agree® and Dipel® WP, respectively products. The products were effective in controlling D. fovealis in the first stage of development, however we observed greater virulence Agree® product, which required a lower dose to achieve the LC50.

The coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is one of the main pests of world coffee growing. For the purpose of monitoring the presence of this insect, colored traps and attractives have been developed. Then, the objective of this work was to determine the association between trap colors and ethanol: methanol proportions in the CBB catch, and also to determine the infestation in the coffee plantation by the H. hampei. Painted traps of red, green and colorful (red upper half + green lower half) and six volatile mixtures were used. The reference mixtures consisted of ethanol: methanol (E:M), in the proportions of 1:1 and 1:3, with addition of 0.002 and 0.004 kg of pure caffeine powder. The infestation in the coffee plantation was determined by the H. hampei number count into the fruits and the traps. The insects caught number showed significant interaction between the factors color and mixtures of volatile compounds (F107:85 = 2.46; p < 0.05). The peaks of H. hampei infestation occurred in the stages of grain formation (January) and maturation (April). The red traps with attractive E:M 1:1 + Benzoic Acid had the most significant effects in the H. hampei catch.Key words: Monitoring; pest; semiochemicals; volatile attractive.

The apple tree is affected by a large variety of phytophagous plants. Woolly apple aphid in apple trees, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are from North America. The main host of this insect is the plant Ulmus americana L. and the secondary host is the apple tree, where it develops throughout the year. Collects were carried out in pioneer municipalities in the planting of apple trees in the state of Espirito Santo, being cultivated Eva, Gala and Fuji varieties. The collections took place in the municipality of Santa Teresa, Santa Maria de Jetiba and Mantenopolis. Samples were taken at the stages of vegetative development and apple production. In this study, the occurrence of this insect was recorded in apple orchards in the state of Espirito Santo, where the presence of E. lanigerum was observed in all the samples, attacking the trunk, new shoots, roots, shoots and fruits between the planting lines.

The coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari, 1867) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) presents a cryptic life cycle, which occurs all within the fruit, which makes its control a difficult task. For this reason, one of the methods that has stood out is the biological control through the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae). However, the efficiency of this fungus is conditioned to environmental factors, such as ultraviolet radiation, temperature, humidity, concentration, correct application, among others. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to evaluate the mortality of coffee berry borer, pre and post application of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana associated with emulsifiers under field conditions. The experiments were conducted in three farms in different locations. The fungus isolate used was the PL63, and emulsifiers (Gum arabic and X1) evaluated were gum arabic and X1 (product subject to patent). Two modes of application were performed: pre and post the coffee berry borer release. In the pre-application, the fungi were mixed in with the emulsifiers and the pure, and after thirty minutes, the coffee berry borer was released. In the post-application, it released the insects, and after 24 hours, the fungus was applied with the emulsifiers and pure. All treatments tested showed coffee berry borer mortality; the emulsifying agents (Gum and X1) in admixture with the fungus B. bassiana, did not increase the mortality of coffee berry borer; the application of the fungus B. bassiana before the entry of the drill into the coffee fruit, resulted in higher mortality.

The parasitoid in eggs of Trichogramma genre is the most studied in the world, being bred widely and used for flooding releases. This study aimed to evaluate the capacity for parasitism of Trichogramma galloi Zucchi, 1988 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) eggs at different temperatures. The experiment was developed at the Nucleus for Scientific and Technological Development in Phytosanitary Management (NUDEMAFI) in which the daily and accumulated biological parameters were assessed, as well as total parasitized eggs by female, sexual ratio (number of females/number of males + females), viability of the eggs (number of eggs with orifice/number of parasitized eggs x 100) and number of individuals per egg at temperatures 18, 21, 24, 27 and 30ºC. The eggs of the fruit borer were offered daily to each T. galloi female at each temperature until the death of the parasitoid could be verified. The larger number of parasitized eggs was found in the first 24 h, at temperatures 24 and 27ºC with 17 parasitized eggs. The accumulated parasitism in N. elegantalis eggs reached 80% of total parasitized eggs for each thermal range (18, 21, 24, 27 and 30ºC) on the 2nd, 3rd, 3rd, 1st and 2nd days respectively. The ideal parasitism conditions for this lineage vary between 24 and 27°C. Therefore, it is concluded that the studied T. galloi lineage has adequate biological parameters in N. elegantalis eggs, demonstrating promise in phytosanitary management of this pest.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological characteristics of Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley 1879) under room temperature and temperature stress by successive generations. The evaluation was carried out in split-plot in the time. The temperature (25 ºC – room temperature and 33 ºC – temperature stress) was the Factor 1 and the Generations (n = 15) were the Factor 2. The biological characteristics evaluated were: longevity; posterior tibia length; number of parasitized eggs; emergence; egg-adult period; sexual ratio and deformed individuals. The increase in temperature, from the first generations of T pretiosum, caused an influence in all observed variables. However, for the emergence and sex ratio variables, there was no significant difference between heat stress and control (room temperature) as of the 14th generation, which suggests an adaptability of the species. This adaptability may imply obtaining more aggressive natural enemies in relation to their host (insect pest) and consequently in the greater efficiency of biological control. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características biológicas de Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley 1879) submetido a temperatura ambiente e estresse térmico por sucessivas gerações. A avaliação foi realizada em parcelas subdividida no tempo. A Temperatura (25 ºC – temperatura Ambiente e 33 ºC – estresse térmico) foi o Fator 1 e as gerações (n = 15) foram o Fator 2. As características biológicas avaliadas foram: longevidade; comprimento da tíbia posterior; número de ovos parasitados; emergência; período ovo-adulto; razão sexual e indivíduos deformados. O aumento da temperatura, provocou, desde as primeiras gerações de T pretiosum, influência em todas as variáveis observadas. Entretanto, para as variáveis emergência e a razão sexual, não houve diferença significativa entre o stress térmico e o controle (temperatura ambiente) a partir da 14 geração , o que sugere-se uma adaptalibidade da espécie. Esssa adaptabilidade podem implicar na obtenção de inimigos naturais mais agressivos em relação ao seu hospedeiro (inseto praga) e consequentemente na maior eficiência do controle biológico.&nbsp

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T20:09:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-08-05 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) Brazilian institution 'Programa Cooperativo sobre Protecao Florestal/PROTEF do Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais/IPEF' Brazilian institution 'KOPPERT' Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) can control pests due to mutualistic association with bacteria that reproduce and kill the host from septicemia, making the environment favourable for nematode development and reproduction. The objective of this study was to identify an EPN isolate collected in eucalyptus cultivation and to determine its pathogenicity with regard to Gonipterus platensis Marelli (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Four steel-mesh traps with two seventh-instar Galleria mellonella larvae were buried 5 cm deep in the soil in a commercial Eucalyptus plantation. After 7 days, the traps were packed in plastic bags and transported to laboratory to isolate the EPNs using White traps. The obtained nematodes were multiplied in G. mellonella larvae and identified by sequencing their D2/D3 expansion of the 28S rDNA region by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and specific primers for ITS regions. Steinernema diaprepesi was identified and inoculated into G. platensis pupae at doses of 500, 1000 and 5000 infective juveniles (IJs) to determine its pathogenicity to this pest. At 8 days after inoculation, the mortality rate of the G. platensis pupae was 80% with the lowest concentration and 100% with the others. The emergence of nematodes and the rapid degradation of G. platensis pupae were observed in those inoculated with IJs. The pathogenicity to the G. platensis pupae indicates potential for using this nematode in the integrated management of this insect. Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Fac Ciendas Agron, Dept Protecao Vegetal, BR-18610034 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Vicosa, Dept Entomol, BIOAGRO, BR-36570900 Vicosa, MG, Brazil Univ Fed Vicosa, Dept Engn Florestal, BR-36570900 Vicosa, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Fac Ciendas Agron, Dept Protecao Vegetal, BR-18610034 Botucatu, SP, Brazil

Plant parasitic nematodes have become one of the main problems in the tomato cultivation. Among these, Meloidogyne enterolobii presents great challenges to the farmer, since it is a polyphagous species and difficult to control. The entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) present as potential for biological control of this pathogen. The objective of the study was to evaluate the interference of EPNs S. brazilense, S. feltiae, S. rarum, H. amazonensis and H. bacteriophora on hatching and mortality of M. enterolobii. 500 eggs of this nematode and 1.000 infective juveniles of each EPN species were placed in a plastic pot totaling 25 mL of suspension and kept in an incubator at 25°C. The number of juveniles hatched in the suspension was counted every 2 days, until 10 days. After 10 days of evaluations, the remaining suspension (15 mL) containing M. enterolobii and EPNs was inoculated into Rutgers tomato seedlings. The suspension contained approximately in 300 eggs of M. enterolobii occasional juveniles and 600 IJ of each nematode species. Sixty days after inoculation were evaluated gall indexes, egg mass indexes, total number of eggs and juveniles of M. enterolobii and reproductive factor was calculated. In the mortality experiment, 500 infective juveniles of M. enterolobii and 1.000 juveniles of each EPN species were placed in a plastic pot totaling 25 mL of suspension. The evaluation of juvenile mortality was performed by counting of the mobile and immotile nematodes, by adding two drops of NaOH to the nematode suspension. It was verified that on the 10th day all ENPs provided reduction in the hatching of M. enterolobii. In the pot experiment it was found thato gall index, egg mass indexm, nematodes total number and reproduction factor were significantly reduced in treatments with all species of EPNs tested. However, in the mortality test, only EPNs S. brazilense and S. rarum provided mortality on the second day and H. bacteriophora affected mortality on the 4th day. In the other evaluations, there was no statistical difference. The results highlight the potential of the use of EPNs in programs of integrated management of M. enterolobii in tomato.

A lagartaroscaAgrotis ipsilon(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) é uma praga polífaga que atacamais de uma centena de tipos de cultivos. Ohábito de ficar enterrada ou abaixo dos restos culturaispode ajudar o contato com nematoides entomopatogênicos (NEP), que são inimigos naturais de insetos. O objetivo deste estudofoi avaliar a persistência da patogenicidade de Steinernema carpocapsae e S.feltiae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), aplicados no solo contralagartas de A.ipsilon. Os NEPsforam aplicados em vasos contendo solo e lagartas de A.ipsilonforam introduzidasnos vasos em cinco períodos(0, 2, 4, 6, e 8 dias após otratamento). As duas espécies de NEPscausaram patogenicidade em todos os períodos avaliados. A taxa de mortalidade foi superior a 92% em todos os tratamentos e períodosavaliados.Com base nos resultados, é possível indicar aplicações de NEPs a cada oito dias para redução populacional de lagartas deA.ipsilon.

The tomato root-knot nematode is one of the main phytosanitary problems in crops. Chemical control is the phytosanitary method most used by farmers, and the study of alternative management of phytonematodes is crucial. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of silicon dioxide (SiO2) on the initial development of tomato plants, as well as to determine the best dose of SiO2 for inducing resistance to parasitism by M. incognita. This experiment was set up under a completely randomized design with ten treatments and five replicates in a 5x2 factorial arrangement consisting of five concentrations of SiO2 (0, 0.15, 0.3, 0.45 and 0.6 g dm-3 of soil) with the presence and absence of M. incognita, under greenhouse conditions. The following variables were evaluated: plant height; number of leaves; fresh and dry weight of shoot; percentage of shoot dry matter; root fresh weight; number of galls; final population of nematodes; and population per gram of root. The M. incognita infection affected plant height, number of leaves and shoot fresh weight, while the application of SiO2 negatively affected the formation of galls in the roots of the inoculated plants and the population per gram of root, reducing the final population of nematodes in the root system. SiO2 also provided greater development in the tomato plants, with a significant effect on plant height. The ideal dose was 0.34 g dm-3 of SiO2. RESUMEN Los nematodos se encuentran dentro de los principales problemas fitosanitarios del cultivo de tomate. El control químico es el método fitosanitario más utilizado por los productores y la búsqueda de medidas alternativas para su control se hacen indispensable. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto del dióxido de silicio (SiO2) en el desarrollo inicial de plantas de tomate, así como determinar las mejores dosis en la inducción de resistencia al parásito M. incognita. Se estableció un diseño completamente al azar, con diez tratamientos y cinco repeticiones, en arreglo factorial 5x2, consistiendo en cinco concentraciones de SiO2 (0; 0,15; 0,3; 0,45 y 0,6 g dm-3 de suelo) y la presencia y ausencia de M. incognita, en invernadero. Se evaluaron las variables altura de la planta, número de hojas, masa fresca y seca de la parte aérea, porcentaje de materia seca de la parte aérea, masa fresca de la raíz, número de agallas, población final y por gramo de raíz de nematodos. La infección por M. incognita afectó las variables altura de las plantas, número de hojas y masa fresca de la parte aérea, mientras que la aplicación de SiO2 afectó de forma negativa la formación de ramas en las raíces de las plantas inoculadas y la población por gramo de raíz, reduciendo la población final de nematodos en el sistema radicular de las plantas. La aplicación de SiO2 también proporcionó mayor desarrollo a las plantas de tomate, presentando efecto significativo sobre la altura de las plantas, siendo 0,34 g dm-3 de SiO2 la dosis ideal.

The present study about the oviposition preference of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), can contribute to the determination of the location and time of release of parasitoids and predators or application of insecticides or bio-insecticides in the cabbage culture, Brassica oleracea Capitata group (Linnaeus, 1758) (Brassicales: Brassicaceae). Thus, aimed to this study was to determine the oviposition pattern of diamondback moth on three leaves locations and age of cabbage plants. The locations of the evaluated leaves were external, intermediate and internal. The evaluated plant ages were 20, 40, 60 and 80 days after transplanting. The eggs deposition behavior by diamondback moth was influenced by the development stage of the cabbage plant F6, 96 = 438.21; p = 0.05). The oviposition preference on the external leaves occurred on plants with 20 days old, on the intermediate leaves at 40 days and on the internal leaves at 60 and 80 days. The age with greater oviposition was at 40 days on the external and intermediate leaves; and at 60 days on the internal leaves. Therefore, the behavior of egg deposition of the diamondback moth was altered as the cabbage plant development.