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Routine blood culture is used for the detection of bloodstream infections by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and by common pathogenic yeasts. A retrospective study was conducted in a public hospital in Maceió-AL, by collecting data of all medical records with positive blood cultures. Out of the 2,107 blood cultures performed, 17% were positive with Staphylococcus coagulase negative (51.14%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (11.21%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (6.32%). Gram-positive bacteria predominated among positive blood cultures, highlighting the group of Staphylococcus coagulase-negative. While Gram-negative bacteria had a higher number of species among positive blood cultures. Resumo A cultura sanguínea de rotina é usada para a detecção de infecções na corrente sanguínea por bactérias aeróbias e anaeróbias e por leveduras patogênicas comuns. Estudo retrospectivo realizado em hospital público de Maceió-AL, por meio da coleta de dados de todos os prontuários com culturas sanguíneas positivas. Das 2.107 culturas sanguíneas realizadas, 17% foram positivas com Staphylococcus coagulase negativo (51,14%), seguido por Staphylococcus aureus (11,21%) e Klebsiella pneumoniae (6,32%). As bactérias Gram-positiva predominaram entre as culturas de sangue positivas, destacando-se o grupo das Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo. Enquanto as bactérias Gram-negativas apresentaram um número maior de espécies entre as culturas de sangue positivas.

A growing body of evidence has demonstrated the importance of the gut microbiome in human health. In general, fecal microbial samples are used to study the mechanisms of relevant diseases. In this context, it is worth mentioning that an optimized cryopreservation method is urgently needed to successfully perform clinical diagnosis, therapy, and scientific investigations of the gut microbiome without affecting its viability and biological activity. In this study, we aimed to test the relative cryopreservation efficiency of different nontoxic natural cryoprotectants using infant fecal and meconium samples. First, we selected two facultative and two obligate anaerobic bacteria as the experimental gut microbial strain to compare these cryoprotectants' toxicity and concentration-dependent bacteria viabilities after cryopreservation, then the viabilities and bacterial diversity of mixed facultative and obligate anaerobic bacteria. Finally, we explored the effects of optimized cryoprotectants for meconium and infant feces after cryopreservation using 16S rRNA sequencing analyses. In addition, to better understand the effectiveness of these cryoprotectants, we used different freeze-thaw conditions mimicking real-life situations in the process of distribution. We found that the better choice for the infant fecal sample's cryopreservation was 100 mg/mL trehalose, whereas 200 mg/mL trehalose/betaine was the optimum choice for meconium cryopreservation. We hope that our results will shed light on the importance of natural cryoprotectants toward the long-term and stable viability of invaluable human gut microbial specimens.

This work was focused on study of anti-infection ability and its underlying mechanism of a novel dental implant made of titanium-copper (TiCu) alloy. In general, most studies on antibacterial implants have used a single pathogen to test their anti-infection ability using infectious animal models. However, dental implant-associated infections are polymicrobial diseases. We innovatively combine the classic ligature model in dogs with sucrose-rich diets to induce oral infections via the canine native oral bacteria. The anti-infection ability, biocompatibility and underlying mechanism of TiCu implant were systematically investigated in comparison with pure Ti implant via general inspection, hematology, imageology (micro-CT), microbiology (16S rDNA and metagenome), histology, and Cu ion detections. Compared with Ti implant, TiCu implant demonstrated remarkable anti-infection potentials with excellent biocompatibility. Additionally, the underlying anti-infection mechanism of TiCu implant was considered to involve maintaining the oral microbiota homeostasis. It was found that the carbohydrates in the plaques formed on the surface of TiCu implant were metabolized through the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycles, which prevented the formation of an acidic microenvironment and inhibited the accumulation of acidogens and pathogens, thereby maintaining the microflora balance between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Anti-infective ability of TiCu implant was proved in the peri-implant infection condition induced by natural oral bacteria. • TiCu implant maintained the oral microbiota homeostasis and effectively inhibited the peri-implant infections. • TiCu implant owned good biosafety and anti-infective actions with the potential for clinical applications.

La Trobe University Faculty of Science, Technology and Engineering Murray Darling Freshwater Research CentreMDFRC item.The development and demise of substantial populations of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a and d containing phototrophs are documented within the bottom waters of a billabong (oxbow lake) in south-eastern Australia. The observation of such populations within a freshwater body is unusual, illustrating an unexpected source of organic carbon within the floodplain ecosystem of one of Australia's principal rivers. Values of up to 1086 µg L−1 BChl a and 490 µg L−1 BChl d were recorded during an 11 month study of physico-chemical parameters, algae and bacteria. An unusual density stratification was observed within the billabong, fostered by an increase in bivalent ions at depth, and leading to persistent anoxia below 0.75 m depth over summer. A marked vertical distribution was observed for both algae and bacteria, that for the bacteria being lost with a mixing event in late March. The presence of up to 74 µg L−1 BChl a at the surface of the billabong during the summer months is ascribed to entrainment of bacteria within bubble plumes rising from the sediments.

The problem of treatment and prevention of infectious-inflammatory post extraction complications in modern surgical dentistry are still challenging, despite the great advances in this field. Many etiological factors are identified as contributing to the development of such complications, but at present scientists are paying much attention to the infectious factor, which is associated with the microflora of the tooth socket after tooth removal. According to the literature, the most common post-extraction complication during an outpatient surgical appointment is alveolitis, which accounts for 1-35% of all cases of tooth extraction. To combat an infectious etiological factor of alveolitis, dental surgeons apply topical antiseptics with a broad spectrum of action such as iodoform and chlorhexidine. As a topical antiseptic drug in the treatment and prevention of oral infectious and inflammatory complications, a domestic antiseptic, Decasan, based on decamethoxine, is becoming more widely applied. Previous studies have shown that this antiseptic has antimicrobial effect against gram-positive and gram-negative, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria; this requires further in-depth studies of its properties, which could be applied in the dental surgical practice to treat and prevent infectious-inflammatory post extraction complications. Chlorhexidine bigluconate is a cationic biguanide. Penetrating into the intracellular membranes of bacteria, it impedes the oxygen consumption and leads to the death of bacterial cells. This antiseptic is widely used in dental practice. Treatment of alveolitis is carried out by using the standard method, namely by using iodoform tamponade of the tooth socket in combination with other medicines. Iodoform (triiodomethane) is a yellow crystalline substance with a strong characteristic odor, practically insoluble in water. In dentistry, this drug is used as an antiseptic in powder form, or combined pastes. The purpose of this in vitro study is to investigate the antimicrobial properties of Decasan, chlorhexidine and iodoform against museum microbial strains. Materials and methods. Museum strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 14990, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Esherichia coli ATCC 25922, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, obtained from L.V. Gromashevsky Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, were used as studied cultures of microorganisms. The antimicrobial effect of decasan, chlorhexidine and iodoform was assessed by quantitative method of serial dilutions in broth and agar according to the order №167, dated 5.04.2007 On approval of guidelines “Determination of sensitivity of microorganisms to antibacterial drugs". Conclusion. According to the data obtained, decasan and chlorhexidine demonstrate higher bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect on the studied museum microbial strains at a concentration thousands of times lower than the concentration of iodoform.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of Aspergillus oryzae inclusion on ruminal fermentation, feed intake and dry matter (DM) apparent digestibility in cows fed Cenchrus purpureus forage and concentrate. Cows were randomly assigned in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design, into four treatments: control and three doses of A. oryzae culture (1, 2 and 3 g/d). Experimental periods had 21 days, in which 14 days were allowed for treatment adaptation and 7 days for sampling. Addition of 2 g/d increased (p = 0.0054) total anaerobic bacteria. For cellulolytic bacteria and fungal populations increases (p < 0.0001) with all doses were observed. Highest concentrations of total short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), acetate, isovalerate and valerate were observed with 2 g/d of additive. Propionate concentration and acetate: propionate (Ac:Pr) ratio were unaffected by treatments. A. oryzae addition did not modify ruminal pH. A decrease of ammonia-N was observed with 2 g/d of additive. Dry matter intake and apparent digestibility of DM were increased (p = 0.0171 and p = 0.0023, respectively) with the fungal culture addition. It is concluded that Aspergillus oryzae strain H/6.28.1 stimulates ruminal fermentation and improves feed intake and dry matter apparent digestibility in cows feeding with Cenchrus purpureus forage and concentrate.

Slow-growing Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria (SGAB) such as Cutibacterium acnes are increasingly recognized as causative agents of implant-associated infections (IAIs) in orthopaedic surgeries. SGAB IAIs are difficult to diagnose because of their non-specific clinical and laboratory findings as well as the fastidious growth conditions required by these bacteria. A high degree of clinical suspicion and awareness of the various available diagnostic methods is therefore important. This review gives an overview of the current knowledge regarding SGAB IAI, providing details about clinical features and available diagnostic methodologies. In recent years, new methods for the diagnosis of IAI were developed, but there is limited knowledge about their usefulness in SGAB IAI. Further studies are required to determine the ideal diagnostic methodology to identify these infections so that they are not overlooked and mistakenly classified as aseptic failure.

Water is essential to the life of every living organism. The water used by the consumer must be safe for the preservation of his health. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of well water used in households in the city of Korhogo. To do this, water samples were taken from the wells of different households. Parameters such as pH, temperature, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids were measured at the sampling sites. Nitrates and ammonium were determined by spectrophotometric methods using sodium salicylate and indophenol blue, respectively. The membrane filtration technique has been used for the enumeration of total coliforms, Escherichia coli, fecal enterococci, sulfite-reducing anaerobic bacteria, yeasts and moulds. The agar incorporation method was used for the enumeration of mesophilic aerobic germs. The non-conformity relative to pH was 73%. All wells were contaminated with nitrates and ammonium. Non-compliance rates of 80% and 53% were obtained for nitrates and ammonium respectively. Non-compliance with mesophilic aerobic germs, total coliforms, E. coli and fecal enterococci was 100% for each indicator. No spore of sulphite-reducing clostridia has been identified. Contamination rates of 80% (mould) and 67% (yeast) were recorded. The moulds isolated from the various water samples belong to the genus Aspergillus. The quality of well water in households is not suitable for human consumption. These waters require treatment or household residents must switch to other safe sources of drinking water.

Some anaerobic bacteria, particularly Clostridium species, produce extracellular cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes as multienzyme complexes (MECs). However, an amylolytic/xylanolytic/cellulolytic multienzyme complex (AXC-MEC) from anaerobic bacteria is rarely found. In this work, the glycoprotein AXC-MEC, composed of subunits of amylolytic, xylanolytic, and cellulolytic enzymes, was isolated from crude extracellular enzyme of the mesophilic anaerobic bacterium Clostridium manihotivorum CT4, grown on cassava pulp, using a milled cassava pulp column and Sephacryl S-500 gel filtration chromatography. The isolated AXC-MEC showed a single band upon native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (native-PAGE). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed at least eight protein bands of the multienzyme complex which predominantly exhibited amylolytic enzyme activity, followed by xylanolytic and cellulolytic enzyme activities. The AXC-MEC is highly capable of degrading starch and non-starch polysaccharides present in cassava pulp into glucose and oligosaccharides, without conventional pretreatment. Base on the genomic analysis of C. manihotivorum CT4, we found no evidence of the known structural components of the well-known multienzyme complexes from Clostridium species, cellulosomes such as scaffoldin, cohesin, and dockerin, indicating that AXC-MEC from strain CT4 exhibit a different manner of assembly from the cellulosomes. These results suggest that AXC-MEC from C. manihotivorum CT4 is a new MEC capable of hydrolyzing cassava pulp into value-added products, which will benefit the starch industry. KEY POINTS: • Glycoprotein AXC-MEC was first reported in Clostridium manihotivorum. • Unlike cellulosomes, AXC-MEC consists of amylase, xylanase, and cellulase. • Glucose and oligosaccharides were hydrolysis products from cassava pulp by AXC-MEC.

Biogas merupakan gas mudah terbakar yang dihasilkan dari proses fermentasi bahan-bahan organik oleh bakteri anaerob. Senyawa tersebut didalam digester akan dikonversi menjadi senyawa metan yang dapat dibakar sebagai sumber energi. Bahan tersebut adalah kotoran sapi, tanaman hydrilla verticillata, tanaman eceng gondok, dan tanaman rumput gajah. Pada penelitian kali ini mencoba untuk memanfaatkan bahan-bahan kombinasi antara Kotoran sapi dengan variasi ketiga tanaman dengan perbandingan 2 : 1 dan kombinasi variasi tanaman dengan perbandingan 1 : 1. Untuk membandingkan 3 tanaman tersebut manakah yang optimal menghasilkan biogas. Parameter yang dianalisa terdiri dari kadar air, C/N rasio, suhu, tekanan, lama nyala api dan kadar gas metan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa biogas terbaik diperoleh pada waktu fermentasi selama 30 hari pada variasi campuran bahan kotoran sapi dengan hydrilla verticillata pada perbandingan 2 : 1 dengan kadar air sebesar 41,3%, rasio C/N sebesar 21,5%, 50,4% kadar gas metan. Dan ditandai dengan kenaikan suhu mencapai 35oC juga dengan nyala api paling lama yaitu selama 72 detik dengan menggunakan kompor portable

Hot springs harbour diverse and interesting groups of microorganisms adapted to extreme conditions. However, due to limitations in the culture-dependent approach, most of such thermophiles remain uncultured and unexplored. Hence, this study was conducted to gain a comprehensive understanding of the bacterial diversity of Mahapelessa hot spring, Sri Lanka using both culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. The in situ temperature of the water sample was 44.5 °C and the pH was 8.14. 16S rRNA Sanger sequencing of DNA extracted from the 18 bacterial isolates revealed the presence of eight genera belonging to two phyla: Proteobacteria (84%) and Firmicutes (16%) and the most abundant genus being Klebsiella. A total of 23 bacterial phyla representing 80 classes, 43 orders, 123 families, 205 genera and 83 species were detected by 16S rRNA V3-V4 region by amplicon metagenome sequencing of DNA extracted from water samples, where the most abundant phylum was the Proteobacteria (57.39%), followed by Firmicutes (23.7%) and Chloroflexi (4.14%). The three phyla Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes and Bacteroidetes were also detected less than 3% in abundance while 4.48% of bacteria could not be fit into any known phylum. The most abundant genera were Burkholderia (14.87%), Desulfotomaculum (7.23%) and Stenotrophomonas (6.1%). Four strictly anaerobic bacteria, Anaerosolibacter carboniphilus (0.71%), Bellilinea caldifistulae (0.04%), Salimesophilobacter vulgaris (0.1%), Anaerobacterium chartisolvens (0.12%); two potential plant growth-promoting bacteria, Azospirillum halopraeferens (0.04%) and Bradyrhizobium liaoningense (0.16%) and one potential alkali tolerant and sulphate-reducing bacterium, Desulfovibrio alkalitolerans (0.45%) were recorded. Pigmentiphaga sp. was isolated from Mahapelessa hot spring and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of this genus from a hot spring. This study gives insight into the vast bacterial diversity present in the Mahapelessa hot spring from the culture-independent approach which could not be identified using standard culturing techniques.

Background Campylobacter rectus is one of the anaerobic bacteria in the mouth. Case Presentation We report the case of a 73-year-old man admitted for lung abscess caused by Campylobacter rectus with unique manifestations under electronic bronchoscopy, and the pathogen is first reported to be confirmed by metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) through testing bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Conclusion Sometimes, Campylobacter rectus can cause infection outside the mouth such as lung abscess. Most patients have good outcomes., Video abstract Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://youtu.be/ZCyY2vJ3XRw

Using proteomics-based identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), we conducted the first analysis of the composition of endophytic bacteria isolated from different parts of selected Epipactis species, i.e. the buds, the inflorescences and the central part of the shoots, as well as the rhizomes. We identified aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including such taxa as Bacillus spp., Clostridium spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Stenotrophomonas spp., which may be considered as promoting plant growth. Because most of the indicated bacteria genera belong to spore-producing taxa (spores allow bacterial symbionts to survive adverse conditions), we suggest that these bacteria species contribute to the adaptation of orchids to the environment. We found clear differences in the microbiome between investigated closely related taxa, i.e., Epipactis albensis, E. helleborine, E. purpurata and E. purpurata f. chlorophylla. Some of the analysed orchid species, i.e. E. albensis and E. purpurata co-occur in habitats, and their bacterial microbiomes differ from each other.

BACKGROUND Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disease of the pilosebaceous units which can affect the individual's physiological and psychological health. Abnormal growth of lipophilic anaerobic bacteria such as Propionibacterium acnes is reported to be a major factor in the development of acne. However, the relationship between skin microorganisms and acne has not been fully elucidated. Our study aimed to explore the microbial differences between patients with acne and healthy controls (HCs). METHODS The study involved 16 participants diagnosed with acne vulgaris and 5 HCs. We collected skin microbe samples from the cheeks, brow, forehead, neck, chin, or chest of the participants with sterile cotton swabs depending on the location of the acne lesions. Cutaneous microbe samples from the participants were tested by 16s sequencing. RESULTS Patients with acne showed increased diversity of skin microbiota in their samples. OTU535601 (Lachnospiraceae), OTU4460604 (Clostridiales), OTU3217705 (Moraxellaceae), OTU1066814 (Prevotella), and OTU455671 (Lactococcus garvieae) were the top 5 most abundant species found in patients with acne but were not present in HCs. OTU423327 (Achromobacter), OTU4423360 (Stenotrophomonas), OTU993127 (Porphyromonas), OTU677680 (Prevotella), and OTU269901 (Pseudomonas) were the top 5 most abundant species in HCs but were not found in patients with acne. CONCLUSIONS The present study has analyzed and compared the diversity and abundance of microorganisms and the characteristics of the main pathogenic bacteria in patients with acne and HCs. Our findings indicate the importance of maintaining the skin's commensal microflora balance with the development of acne vulgaris.

Thermophilic anaerobic bacteria have received increasing interest as a promising bioprocessing platform for bioethanol production due to their broad substrate range and higher operating temperature. However, ethanol concentration is still lower than the commercial requirements on account of the high by-product formation and low ethanol tolerance. Our previous transcriptome analysis showed the gene expression level of pyruvate formate lyase-activating protein (PflA) was significantly down-regulated when Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense SCUT27/Δldh was stimulated by various concentrations of ethanol. Based on this, we constructed the mutant strain T. aotearoense SCUT27/Δldh/ΔpflA, which not only possesses higher ethanol tolerance and production but also has enhanced ethanol/acetate ratio that is important for economical ethanol production. Compared to T. aotearoense SCUT27/Δldh, the mutant strain could resist to 5% (v/v) exogenous ethanol and produce 49 % more ethanol (38.82 g/L vs. 26.05 g/L) in 5-L bioreactor. In addition, the final concentration of ethanol reached 45.01 g/L by immobilized cell fermentation, which is the highest value obtained in T. aotearoense SCUT27. Simultaneously, the ethanol/acetate ratio of the mutant strain achieved 6.82, which was 2.16-fold higher than that of the parental strain.

Sulfonates include diverse natural products and anthropogenic chemicals and are widespread in the environment. Many bacteria can degrade sulfonates and obtain sulfur, carbon, and energy for growth, playing important roles in the biogeochemical sulfur cycle. Cleavage of the inert sulfonate C–S bond involves a variety of enzymes, cofactors, and oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent catalytic mechanisms. Sulfonate degradation by strictly anaerobic bacteria was recently found to involve C–S bond cleavage through O2-sensitive free radical chemistry, catalyzed by glycyl radical enzymes (GREs). The associated discoveries of new enzymes and metabolic pathways for sulfonate metabolism in diverse anaerobic bacteria have enriched our understanding of sulfonate chemistry in the anaerobic biosphere. An anaerobic environment of particular interest is the human gut microbiome, where sulfonate degradation by sulfate- and sulfite-reducing bacteria (SSRB) produces H2S, a process linked to certain chronic diseases and conditions.

Microaerobic hydrolysis and acidification (MHA), as a promising pre-treatment method of industrial wastewater, is drawing increasing attention to enhance the hydrolysis-acidification rate and inhibit the production of toxic gas H2S. In the present work, a pilot-scale MHA reactor coupled with anoxic-oxic (A/O) processes for treating the petrochemical wastewater was established and the mechanism and application of the MHA reaction were explored. The results showed that the ratio of VFA/COD was increased by 43-90% and low effluent S2- concentration (less than 0.2 mg/L) was obtained after MHA treatment with 5.5-13.8 L air m-3 h-1 supply. The MHA sludge exhibited a good settleability, a higher protease activity and plentiful community diversity. In addition to the dominant anaerobic bacteria responsible for hydrolysis and acidification such as Clostridiales uncultured, Anaerovorax, Anaerolineaceae uncultured and Fastidiosipila, the sulfate reducing bacteria involving Desulfobacter, Desulfomicrobium and Desulfobulbus, the sulphur oxidizing bacteria involving Thiobacillus, Arcobacter and Limnobacter, the nitrifies such as Nitrosomonadaceae uncultured and Nitrospira, and denitrifies Thauera were also identified. MHA pre-treatment guaranteed the efficacy and stability of the following A/O treatment. The removal efficiency of COD and ammonium of the MHA-A/O system remained at around 78.3% and 80.8%, respectively, although the organic load fluctuated greatly in the influent.

Vaginal microbiota provide the first line of defense against urogenital infections primarily through protective actions of Lactobacillus species Perceived stress increases susceptibility to infection through several mechanisms, including suppression of immune function. We investigated whether stress was associated with deleterious changes to vaginal bacterial composition in a subsample of 572 women in the Longitudinal Study of Vaginal Flora, sampled from 1999 through 2002. Using Cox proportional hazards models, both unadjusted and adjusted for sociodemographic factors and sexual behaviors, we found that participants who exhibited a 5-unit-increase in Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale had greater risk (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13, 1.74) of developing molecular bacterial vaginosis (BV), a state with low Lactobacillus abundance and diverse anaerobic bacteria. A 5-unit increase in stress score was also associated with greater risks of transitioning from the L. iners-dominated community state type (26% higher) to molecular-BV (adjusted HR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.56) or maintaining molecular-BV from baseline (adjusted HR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.47). Inversely, women with baseline molecular-BV reporting a 5-unit stress increase were less likely to transition to microbiota dominated by L. crispatus, L. gasseri, or L. jensenii (adjusted HR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.68, 0.99). These findings suggest that psychosocial stress is associated with vaginal microbiota composition, inviting a more mechanistic exploration of the relationship between psychosocial stress and molecular-BV.

Leg ulcers are estimated to occur in 1%–10% of North American patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Their pathophysiology remains poorly defined, but as with other chronic wounds, it is hypothesised that the microbial milieu, or microbiome, contributes to their healing and clinical outcomes. This study utilises 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing to describe, for the first time, the microbiome of the SCD leg ulcer and its association with clinical factors. In a cross‐sectional analysis of 42 ulcers, we recovered microbial profiles similar to other chronic wounds in the predominance of anaerobic bacteria and opportunistic pathogens including Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, and Finegoldia. Ulcers separated into two clusters: one defined by predominance of Staphylococcus and smaller surface area, and the other displaying a greater diversity of taxa and larger surface area. We also find that the relative abundance of Porphyromonas is negatively associated with haemoglobin levels, a key clinical severity indicator for SCD, and that Finegoldia relative abundance is negatively associated with CD19+ B cell count. Finally, ratios of Corynebacterium:Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus:Lactobacillus are elevated in the intact skin of individuals with a history of SCD leg ulcers, while the ratio of Lactobacillus:Bacillus is elevated in that of individuals without a history of ulcers. Investigations of the skin microbiome in relation to SCD ulcer pathophysiology can inform clinical guidelines for this poorly understood chronic wound, as well as enhance broader understanding about the role of the skin microbiome in delayed wound healing.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the pathogenic potential of Bacteroides pyogenes, rarely identified in clinical laboratories anaerobic bacteria. To increase the knowledge about this poorly understood anaerobic microorganism, the study also includes cases of infections described so far in the literature. Only the use of 16S rRNA sequencing and mass spectrometry technique allowed the identification of B. pyogenes from clinical specimens. We reported 13 severe human infections caused by B. pyogenes. Bacteria were cultured from the wound after biting by animals, chronic infections within the oral cavity, from patients with histologically or radiological proven osteomyelitis, surgical site infection, and from urine sample collected after a urological procedure. Most (9/13) of the patients required hospitalization. Almost 70% of them needed urgent admission via the emergency room. Two inpatients due to a life-threatening condition were admitted to the intensive care unit. Almost 50% of isolates were resistant to penicillin. All resistant to penicillin strains were isolated from skin and mucous membrane infections.

The human gut microbiota has been a major focus of scientific research in recent years. Studies based on metagenomic methods have revealed the multifaceted abilities of gut microbes, from metabolic functions to immunomodulation, from antipathogenic activity to behavioral formation. Since the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining human health, more or less specific changes in the gut microbiota are associated with various gastrointestinal diseases. These data strongly support the use of gut microbiota modulators, such as antibiotics, prebiotics and probiotics, as the choice for almost all gastrointestinal disorders. The traditional use of antibiotics in clinical practice is to counteract local or systemic infections. It can be assumed that antibiotics have a detrimental effect on the intestinal ecology. However, this is not true for all antibiotics.Rifaximin is a non-systemic oral antibiotic derived from rifampin and is characterized by a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and negative, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Rifaximin was first approved in Italy in 1987 and then in many other countries of the world for the treatment of several gastrointestinal diseases. This review presents the pharmacology and pharmacodynamics of rifaximin, describing various actions beyond its antibacterial activity, such as altering virulence, preventing intestinal mucosal adhesion and bacterial translocation. Key studies on the different uses of rifaximin are also described. In addition, rifaximin has some anti-inflammatory effects with minimal impact on the overall composition of the gut microbiota. All of these properties make rifaximin a good candidate for the treatment of various gastrointestinal diseases.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) become concerned pollutants in landfill gases, and their composition and concentration varied significantly during waste decomposition. Many environmental factors are known to affect VOC emissions, while the effect of indigenous bacteria in wastes on VOC production remains elusive. In this study, a simplified anaerobic degradation experiment, with the single substrate and the purified bacteria from a landfill, was set up to measure the degradation process and the dynamic changes of VOCs. The experiment excluded the abiotic factors for VOC variation. The two isolated bacteria, identified as Sporanaerobacter acetigenes and Clostridium sporogenes, could anaerobically ferment amino acids by Stickland reaction. They produced 51 and 57 species of VOCs in the experiment, respectively. The concentration changes of VOCs over bacterial growth and fermentation were clustered into four types by principal component analysis: three profiles were regular, similar to the variation of nitrate, hydrogen sulfide, and the major fermentation products (carbon dioxide, ammonium, and volatile organic acids), respectively; while one profile was unique to any degradation indicator. The various concentration profiles indicated different origins for VOCs, possibly from the extracellular environment, fermentation, and secondary reactions. The findings provide insights into the understanding of VOC diversity and variability during waste decomposition.

Probiotics, in particular Lactobacillus (lactic acid bacteria, LAB) strains, are widely used in clinical practice. Despite that these probiotics have GRAS (generally regarded as safe) and qualified presumption of safety (QPS) statuses, the safety of particular strains still needs to be thoroughly studied. The aim of the study was to evaluate the safety of Lact. casei IMV B-7280 strain by investigating toxicity and the effects on gut microbiota in experimental animal model. Male BALB/c mice (7–8 weeks, weight 20–24 g) were treated with amounts of Lact. casei IMV B-7280 strain: 5 × 106, 5 × 108, or 5 × 109 CFU/animal once per day during 7 days, or in the amount of 1 × 1010 CFU/animal once per day during 3 days (most of the proposed probiotic doses for humans—from 108 to 109 CFU) and monitored during 14 days. Blood tests and serum biochemistry were conducted; the cecal content from mice of the experimental and control groups were freshly collected and analyzed. At the end of the experiments (15th day), the presence of LAB in the heart, liver, kidney, and mesenteric lymph nodes and peripheral blood was determined; histology of the brain, liver, heart, fragments of the small and large intestine, and mesenteric lymph nodes was conducted. Survival rate of BALB/c mice treated with Lact. casei IMV B-7280 strain in different concentrations in toxicity experiments during 14 days was 100%. We observed no signs of toxicity as changes in gait, lethargy, sleep, somatomotor activity as well as changes in fur, eyes, skin and mucous membranes, tremors, behavior pattern, convulsions, salivation, diarrhea, and local injuries in mice from all experimental groups. After administration of probiotic strain, the number of opportunistic bacteria in cecal contents, such as Staphylococcus spp., Candida spp., Pseudomonas spp., and total aerobic and optionally anaerobic bacteria decreased compared to controls; the population of beneficial bacteria such as lactobacilli increased in cecal contents of these mice. LAB were not detected in the peripheral blood, heart, liver, kidneys, and mesenteric lymph nodes after administration of this strain to intact mice. Lact. casei IMV B-7280 strain is safe at dose up to 1010 CFU/animal during 3- and 7-day oral administration to mice and has a positive effect on the gut microbiota composition; it could be potentially considered as safe probiotic for humans.

For the first time, a comparative study of the influence of two species of earthworms (Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus terrestris) on the composition of the prokaryotic complex of Umbric Albeluvisols was carried out using the methods of metagenomics. Prokaryotes in the soil and casts were represented mostly by Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia phyla. The passage of soil through the earthworm intestines changed significantly the abundance of some taxa in the soil prokaryotic block, but not general indicators of biodiversity. In the casts of earthworms of both species, a decrease in the abundance of Acidobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes phyla, including predominantly oligotrophic bacteria, was observed. Casts of L. terrestris were characterized by an increase in the proportion of Actinobacteria and Firmicutes phyla, which were mainly represented by copiotrophs and hydrolytic bacteria. In addition, the abundance of Clostridiaceae anaerobic bacteria and Flavobacterium capable of nitrate respiration increased in the casts of L. terrestris, which could be due to the appearance of anaerobic conditions in the biogenically transformed soil. Generally, the changes in the taxonomic structure of prokaryotes in the soil treated by L. terrestris were greater than those in the soil treated by A. caliginosa. These differences among casts of different earthworm species could be due to the specificity of functioning of their digestive systems adapted to transformation of different food sources.

RESUMEN Desde un punto de vista microbiológico, tanto en el tratamiento antimicrobiano empírico como el dirigido en la infección respiratoria se fundamenta en el perfil de sensibilidad de los microrganismos aislados y los posibles mecanismos de resistencia que puedan presentar. Estos últimos puedan variar en diferentes áreas geográficas según los perfiles de prescripción y los programas de vacunación. Los antibióticos betalactámicos, las fluoroquinolonas y los macrólidos son los antimicrobianos más empleados en la exacerbación de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad. En su prescripción se deben tener en cuenta aspectos como la actividad intrínseca, el efecto bactericida y su capacidad para evitar el desarrollo de resistencias. Este último está relacionado con los parámetros PK/PD, la concentración preventiva de mutantes y la denominada ventana de selección. Mas reciente ha crecido en importancia el potencial impacto ecológico, no solo sobre la microbiota intestinal, sino también sobre la respiratoria. El mantenimiento del estado de eubiosis requiere el uso de antimicrobianos con bajo perfil de actuación sobre los microorganismos anaerobios. Con ellos se facilita la resiliencia de las poblaciones bacterianas que integran la microbiota, el estado de resistencia de colonización y se limita el daño colateral relacionado con la emergencia de resistencia a los anti-microbianos en los patógenos que producen las infecciones y las poblaciones bacterianas que integran la microbiota.

The Passaic River in New Jersey, USA is heavily polluted by chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs). Highly chlorinated CDDs are dechlorinated by anaerobic bacteria from these sediments, producing lightly c...

The present investigation is on bioethanol and biohydrogen production from oxalate-rich rhubarb leaves which are an underutilized residue of rhubarb cultivation. Rhubarb leaves can be the feedstock for bioethanol and biohydrogen production using thermophilic, anaerobic bacteria. The fermentation of second-generation biomass to biofuels by Thermoanaerobacter has already been reported as well as their high ethanol and hydrogen yields although rhubarb biomass has not been examined for this purpose. Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus strain AK91 was characterized (temperature and pH optima, substrate utilization spectrum) which demonstrates that the strain can utilize most carbohydrates found in lignocellulosic biomass. Additionally, the influence of specific culture conditions, namely the partial pressure of hydrogen and initial glucose concentration, were investigated in batch culture and reveals that the strain is inhibited. Additionally, batch experiments containing common inhibitory compounds, namely carboxylic acids and aldehydes, some of which are present in high concentrations in rhubarb. Strain AK91 is not affected by alkanoic carboxylic acids and oxalate up to at least 100 mM although the strain was inhibited by 40 mM of malate. Interestingly, strain AK91 demonstrated the ability to reduce alkanoic carboxylic acids to their primary alcohols, more detailed studies with propionate as a model compound demonstrated that AK91’s growth is not severally impacted by high propionate loadings although 1-propanol titers did not exceed 8.5 mM. Additionally, ethanol and hydrogen production from grass and rhubarb leaf hydrolysates was investigated in batch culture for which AK91 produced 7.0 and 6.3 mM g−1, respectively.

Bacterial vaginosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and endometritis are infections of the genital tract that can lead to many adverse health outcomes, including infertility. Bacterial vaginosis is characterized by a lower prevalence of lactobacilli and a higher prevalence of anaerobic bacteria, including Gardnerella vaginalis, Megasphaera spp., and Atopobium vaginae. Endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease are caused by the ascension of pathogenic bacteria to the uterus, although the mechanisms by which they do so are unclear. Bacterial vaginosis, chronic endometritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease have been linked to infertility in retrospective and prospective trials. Similarly, the causes of bacterial vaginosis and endometritis-related infertility are likely multifactorial and stem from inflammation, immune targeting of sperm antigens, the presence of bacterial toxins, and increased risk of sexually transmitted infections. Diagnosis and treatment of bacterial vaginosis, chronic endometritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease before attempting conception may be important components of preconceptional care for symptomatic women to improve outcomes of natural and assisted reproduction.

While the impact of oral microbiome dysbiosis on autoimmune diseases has been partially investigated, its role on bullous diseases like Pemphigus Vulgaris (PV) is a totally unexplored field. This study aims to present the composition and relative abundance of microbial communities in both healthy individuals and patients with oral PV lesions. Ion Torrent was used to apply deep sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene to oral smear samples of 15 healthy subjects and 15 patients. The results showed that the most dominant phyla were Firmicutes (55.88% controls-c vs 61.27% patients-p, p value = 0.002), Proteobacteria (9.17%c vs 12.33%p, p value = 0.007) and Fusobacteria (3.39%c vs 4.09%p, p value = 0.03). Alpha diversity showed a significant difference in the number of genera between patients and controls (p value = 0.04). Beta diversity showed statistical differences in the microbial community composition between two groups. Fusobacterium nucleatum, Gemella haemolysans and Parvimonas micra were statistically abundant in patients. We noticed the characteristic fetor coming out of oral PV lesions. Most of anaerobic bacteria responsible for oral halitosis are periopathogenic. Though, only F. nucleatum and P. micra were differentially abundant in our patients. Especially, F. nucleatum has been reported many times as responsible for bad breath. Furthermore, Streptococcus salivarius and Rothia mucilaginosa, species mostly associated with clean breath, were found in relative abundance in the healthy group. Consequently, the distinct malodor observed in PV patients might be attributed either to the abundance of F. nucleatum and P. micra and/or to the lower levels of S. salivarius and R. mucilanginosa in oral lesions.

Endodontic infections are polymicrobial and predominantly caused by anaerobic bacteria and some facultative bacteria. The list of microorganisms involved in endodontic infections keeps expanding and has the potential to become increasingly more accurate during the next few years. Copaiba oil is an important Amazonian herbal medicine commercialized worldwide. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of copaiba oil and substances used in the treatment of endodontic infections against anaerobic microorganisms such as Prevotella melaninogenica; Prevotella intermedia; and Clostridium acetobutylicum. The MIC was determined by thioglycollate broth dilution. The data were statistically analyzed by Tukey's parametric and non-parametric methods of Cochran and Kruskal-Wallis test with a confidence level of 99%. The analysis of the antimicrobial activity showed that the samples of Copaiba oil, Sodium Hypochlorite, Otosporin, Tricresol formalin, Chlorhexidine and PMCC showed high antimicrobial activity (p

Pneumonia has been reported in both free-ranging and captive koalas and a number of causative agents have been described. Between 2016 and 2019, 16 free-ranging and 1 captive koala ( Phascolarctos cinereus) from the Mount Lofty Ranges of South Australia were identified with pyogranulomatous lobar pneumonia, which involved the left caudal lobe in 14/17 (82%) cases. Within lesions, numerous gram-positive or gram-variable, non-acid-fast filamentous bacteria were observed in association with Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon. Culture yielded growth of anaerobic bacteria, which were unidentifiable by MALDI-TOF-MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry) analysis in 5/5 cases. Sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene identified a novel Actinomyces species in 4 samples, confirming a diagnosis of pulmonary actinomycosis. Concurrent examination of resin lung casts from healthy koalas suggested greater laminar flow of air to the left caudal lung lobe in koalas. Actinomyces spp. have been reported as commensals of the oral microbiome in other species, and an association with similar pulmonary lesions in other species. Considering the predilection for involvement of the left caudal lung lobe, aspiration is suggested as the likely cause in some cases of pulmonary actinomycosis in koalas. Pulmonary actinomycosis has not been previously described in koalas and further work needs to be undertaken in order to classify this organism within the Actinomyces genus.

To present our validation study of the BD BACTEC FX blood culture system for sterility testing of cardiovascular tissues aimed for human application. For operational qualification, we performed temperature mapping of the system, vacuum test using non-inoculated BACTEC vials, and growth promotion tests by injecting contaminant strains into aerobic and anaerobic bottles. For performance qualification, negative control, assessment of method suitability, evaluation of sensitivity limits, control of neutralization of antibiotics in biopsy samples from allografts and tissue toxicity effects, were performed. Tissue samples and transport/cryopreservation solutions were homogenized in GentleMACS Dissociator and injected into BACTEC Plus aerobic and anaerobic vials for incubation at 35 °C for 14 days. Tissues were spiked with aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and fungi. Growth of contaminants appeared in all aerobic and anaerobic vials for Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; in anaerobic vials for Cutibacterium (Propionibacterium) acnes and Clostridium sporogenes; and only in aerobic vials for Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensis. The majority of bacterial strains were detected within two days (59-100%), exceptionally between 3 and 14 days. In contrast, fungal contaminations were detected within 2, 3-6, 7-10 and after 10 days of incubation in 33.3, 71.6, 96.6 and 99.9% of cases,respectively. Uninhibited growth appeared in the tissue biopsies and homogenized tissues with and without antibiotics and in other solutions. BD BACTEC blood culture system with GentleMACS Dissociator is a rapid and efficient tool for detection of contamination in cardio-vascular tissues aimed for human application.

Aims: Identifying the alterations occurred in the bacteriology of the dermic layer of the abdominal wall in patients who underwent a colostomy, through the qualitative and quantitative determination of the pericolostomic colonization. Methods: 19 cases have been carried out in the sigmoid colon. As for the age range, we have observed that the average age was 52 years. All patients have been colostomized for more than seven weeks. Results: The aerobic bacterium more often found was the Escherichia coli. Among the anaerobic bacteria, the most frequent one was the Bacteroides spp (44.5%), in the benign colorectal condition, and the Peptococcus spp (43.7%) in the malign colorectal neoplasic condition. In the study of the association made between the presence of microorganism and the kind of medical condition, the Enterobacter spp bacterium had a higher incidence in the malign colorectal condition. The quantitative study showed variable rates in the number of colonies and microorganisms per gram of tissue, which is compatible with the qualitative analysis. Conclusions: There is an alteration in the bacterial colonization in the dermic area in the pericolostomic region, as a result from the colonization of this area by bacteria present in the intestinal matter.

In the seventeenth century, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first observed “animalcules” swarming on living and dead matter out of curiosity he discovered these “animalcules” on his own teeth, it is reasonable to suggest that this early study of dental plaque was the first documented evidence of the existence of microbial biofilms. Biofilm is an association of micro-organisms in which microbial cells adhere to each other on a wide range surfaces i.e. biological and inert surfaces within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Bacterial biofilm is infectious in nature and can result in infections. The microbial biofilm of caries is diverse and contains many facultative and obligate anaerobic bacteria, S. mutans, is the most common acid producer, primarily associated with caries. Due to increased resistance to antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents there is a need for effective and economical way to control the oral biofilm. Chlorhexidine is the most commonly used antimicrobial agent in dentistry as they destroy wide spectrum of microrganisms. Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is used in traditional medicinal systems as an antimicrobial due to presence of volatile compounds, tannins, phenols and various unknown substances. Similarly, acetic acid in apple cider vinegar effective against several types of bacteria and acts as an antimicrobial agent. Methodology: The current study focuses on In-vitro studies on biofilm establishment by S. mutans followed by competitive quenching of the biofilm by Piperidine from black pepper and apple cider vinegar which was carried out at 50,100 150µL concentrations using bacterial growth assessment by spectrophotometer and crystal violet assay. Chlorhexidine has been used as the positive control. Conclusion: Statistical analysis of the results was carried out to determine the correlation between the intensity of biofilm and the concentration of the test materials to evaluate the competence of the three candidate materials tested. The mechanism of anti-biofilm activity has been demonstrated through insilico docking between Piperidine and S. mutans. The study predicts the prospects of Piperidine based product formulations for dental treatments.

Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) such as caproic, heptanoic, and caprylic acids are monocarboxylic acids, which can be used as precursor molecules to synthesize biodiesel, bioplastics, antimicrobials, and corrosion inhibitors. Anaerobic bacteria transform ethanol and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) such as acetate, butyrate, and valerate into MCFA through chain elongation. SCFA and MCFA production were evaluated in this study using two types of waste: apple waste (AW) and pumpkin waste (PW). Two kinds of PW, pumpkin pulp waste (PPW) and pumpkin skin waste (PSW), were used. AW and PW were first converted into a paste using a blender, and then into a leachate (liquid extract obtained from the paste) by adding an anaerobic mixed bacterial culture to the paste in a separate anaerobic chamber. The leachate containing SCFA was further transformed to MCFA using a Clostridium kluyveri augmented, especially enriched anaerobic mixed bacterial culture. The production of SCFA, MCFA and biogas was established for 75 days and analyzed throughout the experiment using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC), respectively. Bacteria incubated with AW produced significant amounts of SCFA (7.2 g l−1 of butyric acid) and MCFA (1.2 g l−1 of caproic acid). Bacteria incubated with PPW produced 4.4 g l−1 of butyric acid and 6.1 g l−1 of caproic acid, whereas, bacteria incubated with PSW showed lower amounts of SCFA (1.7 g l−1 of butyric acid) and MCFA (2.5 g l−1 of caproic acid). Clean energy in the form of biohydrogen (H2) constituted the highest proportion (75%) of the biogas composition.

Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a rare "flesh-eating" entity with a high mortality rate due to late diagnosis. More specifically, this disease is deemed to be a subset of the aggressive skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) resulting in necrosis of the muscle fascia and subcutaneous tissues. It is usually caused by Gram-positive cocci specifically strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococci or the combination of Gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria. If septic thrombophlebitis complicates a parapharyngeal abscess the clinical condition is referred to as Lemierre's syndrome (LS), which is also a rare entity and can result in necrotizing fasciitis of the neck and is usually caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum or Fusobacterium nucleatum. In our study, a rare case of a 61-year-old male patient who presented with progressed necrotizing fasciitis of his neck, chest, as well as his upper arm and a history of a bacterial throat infection in our emergency department is discussed. Despite treatment involving iv antibiotics and urgent radical surgical debridement, the patient unfortunately succumbed to his disease due to sepsis and secondary multiorgan failure.

Antibiotic-induced host health imbalance during upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) treatment is an emerging issue. Studies have confirmed that Lactobacillus casei 431 and Lactobacillus fermentum PCC alleviate gut microbiome dysbiosis and improve immune response. However, their effect on the upper respiratory tract (URT) microbial structure and the correlation between the URT microbiota and immunological indicators remain unclear. To evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus strains on restoring penicillin-induced imbalance in the URT microbiome and on immune response, Lactobacillus fermentum PCC and Lactobacillus casei 431 were individually administered to penicillin-pretreated mice, and their effects were assessed. The results revealed that L. casei 431 and L. fermentum PCC could regulate the systemic immune response imbalance, but the regulation direction of L. fermentum PCC was closer to that of the control group. Moreover, the Lactobacillus strains could restore penicillin-induced URT dysbacteriosis in the microbial community structure, but no significant change in alpha diversity was observed. The key bacterial taxa modulated by L. casei 431 were Faecalibaculum, Lactococcus, and Ralstonia. L. fermentum PCC enhanced biofilms and facultatively anaerobic bacteria. Different regulation pathways were observed in the two strains, and RDA revealed that both L. casei 431 and L. fermentum PCC groups were correlated with IL-17 and IL-1α, while the L. casei 431 group was also correlated with IL-6. In conclusion, L. casei 431 and L. fermentum PCC could beneficially and differentially ameliorate penicillin-induced imbalance in the URT microbial composition structure and functional metabolic pathways and modulate immune response, reflecting strain-specific regulation.

Aim: The study aimed at comparing the antimicrobial activity of mycelium and spore of Ganoderma lucidum on Prevotella intermedia isolated from subgingival plaque of chronic periodontitis patients. Settings and Design: Written informed consent was obtained from each subject enrolled in the study. The institutional ethics committee granted ethical clearance for the study. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis were included in the study. Using sterile curettes, pooled subgingival plaque samples were collected from the deepest sites of periodontal pockets. The collected samples were then transported in 1 mL of reduced transport fluid. The organisms were cultured and confirmed and were used for the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) procedure. Statistical Analysis: Mean of the MIC value obtained was calculated. Comparison between the antimicrobial activity of mycelium and spore against P. intermedia groups with respect to mean MIC value (in mcg/ml) was done by Mann–Whitney U test. Comparison of antimicrobial activity of mycelium and spores of G. lucidum against P. intermedia expressed by the MIC value at different concentrations was done by Chi-square test. Results: The mean MIC obtained for mycelium was 5.64 mcg/ml. The mean MIC obtained for spore was 3.62 mcg/ml. Results of the comparison of antimicrobial activity implied that the antimicrobial activity of mycelium and spore of G. lucidum was comparable. Conclusions: Both mycelium and spore of G. lucidum with its bioactivity could be used as an antimicrobial, in combination with conventional therapy in periodontal disease.

Background Epidermal inclusion cysts (EIC) are one of the most common forms of cysts found on and/or underneath the skin. Inflamed EICs typically show signs and symptoms such as pain and erythema, mimicking cutaneous abscess. However, prior studies have demonstrated at least 20% of lesions are culture negative. Objective To determine the rate of culture positivity in mild inflamed epidermal inclusion cysts, in particular to identify whether empiric antibiotics are warranted. Methods In a retrospective chart review 76 cases of inflamed EIC that were mild (lacking systemic symptoms) were analyzed who presented to the department of dermatology at Mount Sinai between 2016n2019. Results Of cultures taken from inflamed cysts, 47% resulted in no bacterial growth or growth of normal flora, 38.4% resulted in growth of aerobic bacteria with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (8%), Staphylococcus lugdunensis (5%), and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (13%) predominating, and 9.3% resulting in growth of anaerobic bacteria with Finegoldia magna, Peptostreptococcus, and Cutibacterium acnes presenting. Review of prescribed treatment regimens often involved antibiotic medication, despite a high prevalence of negative culture. Conclusions Almost half of cases of mild inflamed EIC (lacking systemic symptoms) cultured will not grow pathogenic bacteria, therefore incision and drainage with culture and appropriate therapy is a viable therapeutic option in uncomplicated inflamed EIC lesions. In this way, over prescription of antibiotics can be minimized. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(2):199-202. doi:10.36849/JDD.5014.

Plasmalogens are vinyl ether-containing lipids produced by mammals and bacteria. The aerobic biosynthetic pathway in eukaryotes and bacteria is known, but the anaerobic pathway has remained a mystery. Here, we describe a two-gene operon (plasmalogen synthase, pis) responsible for plasmalogen production in the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium perfringens. While aerobic plasmalogen biosynthesis involves an oxidative conversion of an ether to a vinyl ether, anaerobic plasmalogen biosynthesis uses the reductive conversion of an ester to an aldehyde equivalent. Heterologous expression of the C. perfringens pis operon in E. coli conferred the ability to produce plasmalogens. The pls operon is predicted to encode a multidomain complex similar to benzoyl-CoA reductase/hydroxylacyl-CoA dehydratase (BCR/HAD) enzymes. Versions of this operon can be found in a wide range of obligate and facultative anaerobic bacteria, including many human gut microbes. National Institutes of HealthUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA [R01AT009708, F32GM122233, F32AT010415] Published version We thank H. Goldfine (University of Pennsylvania) for kindly providing insights from his laboratory's work on plasmalogens in anaerobic bacteria, and for inspiring and supporting us early on in our research efforts. We acknowledge funding support from the National Institutes of Health (Grant Nos. R01AT009708 (J.C. and R.J.X.), F32GM122233 (D.R.J.), and F32AT010415 (C.D.C.).

Con la finalidad de establecer la presencia de Staphylococcus saprophyticus causantes de Vaginosis Bacteriana fue necesario determinar su incidencia y los factores asociados a esta infección. Se realizó un estudio experimental de los pacientes con diagnóstico positivo en Vaginosis Bacteriana atendidos en el Laboratorio Clínico Solidario, del Cantón Machala. La población de estudio la conformaron los 82 pacientes que presentaron flujo vaginal anormal. El método que se empleó para el diagnóstico de VB fue el test de Amsel y el método automatizado con el equipo Vitek 2 Compact. El estudio se realizó en los meses agosto a septiembre de 2019. Se determinó que en los pacientes estudiados prima con un 100% la presencia de bacterias anaerobias facultativas, como el Staphylococcus saprophyticus. siendo el grupo más susceptible a tal contagio las mujeres en edad comprendida entre 12 a 59 años. Se encontró asociación de factores de riesgo de 1 pareja sexual en el año con el 43,8%, no usar condón en las relaciones sexuales con el 63,8%, y el aumento de flujo vaginal con mal olor causando ardor al orinar con el 97,5%. Se recomienda buenas prácticas de higiene en los genitales en las mujeres y el uso de los medicamentos de elección ante este tipo de infección se encontraron a la: vancomicina, levofloxacina y clindamicina, como fármacos de mayor eficacia ante este tipo de patógenos.

Introduction: The European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) provides principles for microbiological testing of tissue preparations. According to the Ph. Eur., tests should be performed at different temperatures for detection of aerobic bacteria and fungi (20–25°C) vs. anaerobic bacteria (30–35°C). Semiautomated systems using blood culture bottles are already widely used and they are adequate for growth detection. Resin-containing bottles and the addition of penicillinase permit testing of culture media containing antibiotics. Materials and Methods: At 3 temperatures (21, 30, and 35°C) cornea culture media with and without dextran (CM II and CM I) and thermal disinfected femoral head medium (FH) were spiked with the 6 reference strains recommended by the Ph. Eur. (additionally: Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Cutibacterium acnes). Microbial growth was monitored with the BACTECTM FX unit or visually at 21°C. Results: Growth for all strains was detected with each medium at all 3 temperatures, except for C. acnes at 21°C (all media) and 30°C with FH. C. acnes had the highest times to detection, requiring test durations of 14 days. Microbial growth was faster at 30 and 35°C compared to 21°C. Conclusion: The requirements according to the Ph. Eur. for a successful method suitability test could be fulfilled for the semiautomated blood culture bottle system with the BACTECTM FX unit for the media and microorganisms used. In the presented validation study 35°C was shown to be the incubation temperature with the fastest growth, of the majority of the test strains used, and complete detection within 14 days.

Sheep farms produce waste in the form of feces and urine that are organic materials and the source of bacteria. This study aims to determine the potential of bacteria in sheep feces when used as a starter for biogas formation (the number of anaerobic bacteria and biogas production) on lignite coal media. The method used in this study was experimental in the laboratory using a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance, and Duncan test was performed to find out the differences between treatments. The research procedure was divided into two stages. The first stage was in vitro method to select the feces sample with the largest biogas production. The second stage was utilizing enriched media (media 98-5) liquid for observing the growth of bacteria originating from selected sheep feces, and then the bacteria consortium was used as starters on lignite coal media. The treatments were based on the concentration of bacteria consortium used, T1=0%, T2=1.5%, T3=3%, and T4=4.5%. The number of anaerobic bacteria was observed in Hungate tubes, and biogas production was observed in serum bottles. The results showed that the highest number of anaerobic bacteria (1012 CFU/ml) and the highest biogas production (105 mL) were achieved at T2=1.5%. Bacteria in sheep feces can be potentially used as a biogas forming agent on lignite coal media, which is proved by the growth of anaerobic bacteria and the biogas production from present study.

Several anaerobic bacteria can couple the reduction of aromatic halides to energy conservation. This organohalide respiration is catalyzed by enzymes containing cob(I)alamin, an activated supernucleophilic form of the coenzyme vitamin B12. However, the mechanism underlying the electron transfer (inner-sphere vs outer-sphere ET) still remains elusive. To clarify this issue, we selected 36 fluoro-, chloro-, and bromobenzenes as representative substrates and calculated their free-energy barriers at the quantum chemical density functional theory level, considering a wide range of theoretically possible outer-sphere ET mechanisms. Across all 336 reaction routes addressed, 334 routes involve free-energy barriers larger than 20 kcal/mol. For two reaction routes with highly brominated benzenes, free-energy barriers below 20 kcal/mol imply abiotic reduction as observed in experiments. Thus, microbial B12-dependent aromatic reductive dehalogenation does not proceed through an outer-sphere ET mechanism. Instead, the present study strongly suggests that microbe-catalyzed reductive dehalogenation of aromatic halides is governed by inner-sphere ET.

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is an obstetrical complication with an increased risk of perinatal mortality and morbidity. The uterus, once considered to be a sterile environment, has now been described in recent microbiome studies to harbor diverse commensal placenta microbiota, as well as potentially pathogenic flora known to cause infection. Therefore, in this pilot study, we tested whether IUGR was associated with changes to the reproductive microbiome. The reproductive microbiome was surveyed using 16S sequencing (20 IUGR, 20 controls). Alpha and beta diversity were compared, and differential taxa features associated with IUGR were identified. Microbial screening of the placenta demonstrated a diverse range of flora predominantly including Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. Neither alpha- nor beta-diversity was significantly different by IUGR status. However, at the taxa level, IUGR patients had significantly higher prevalence of Neisseriaceae, mucosal β-hemolytic bacteria known to uptake iron-bound host proteins including hemoglobin. Moreover, the increase in anaerobic bacteria such as Desulfovibrio reflects the emergence of a hypoxic environment in the IUGR placenta. Further analysis of the reproductive microbiome of IUGR samples showed lower levels of H202-producing Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus that switch from respiration to fermentation, a less energetic metabolic process, when oxygen levels decrease. Source tracking analysis showed that the placental microbial contents were predominantly contributed from an oral source, as compared to a gut or vaginal source. Our results suggest that the reproductive microbiome profiles may, in the future, constitute potential biomarkers for fetal health during pregnancy, while Neisseriaceae may constitute promising therapeutic targets for IUGR treatment.

Two Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria, designated ZY170218T and ZY180512, were isolated from lungs of dead sheep with hemorrhagic pneumonia in Yunnan Province, China and their taxonomic positions were studied by a polyphasic approach. The two isolates grew optimally at 37 °C, pH 9.0 and 1.0% NaCl (w/v), and showed identical 16S rRNA, recN and rpoB gene sequences. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the two strains fell within the cluster of species in the genus Mannheimia and formed a separated lineage with comparatively low similarity to the closest related species M. granulomatis (96.5%). Phylogenetic analysis based on rpoB gene indicated that the strains formed a monophyletic evolutionary lineage, with low sequence similarity ≤ 89.0% to the species of the genus Mannheimia. The genomic OrthoANI values between strain ZY170218T and M. granulomatis and M. haemolytica were 80.4% and 83.1%, respectively. The genomic G + C content of strain ZY170218T was 39.1 mol%. The predominant fatty acids (> 5%) of the two strains were C16:0, C14:0, C18:1ω7c, summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/ or C16:1ω6c) and summed feature 2 (C14:0 3OH/ C16:1 Iso). The major polar lipids of strain ZY170218T were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate and diacylglycerols. The sole respiratory quinone of the two strains was CoQ-7. On the basis of phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic features, strain ZY170218T and ZY180512 clearly represents a novel species of the genus Mannheimia, for which the name Mannheimia ovis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ZY170218T (= CGMCC 1.13620 T = KCTC 15731 T).

Anaerobic bacteria have only recently been recognized as a source of antibiotics; yet, the metabolic potential of Negativicutes (Gram‐negative staining Firmicutes) such as the oak‐associated Dendrosporobacter quercicolus has remained unknown. Genome mining of D. quercicolus and phylogenetic analyses revealed a gene cluster for a type II polyketide synthase (PKS) complex that belongs to the most ancestral enzyme systems of this type. Metabolic profiling, NMR analyses, and stable‐isotope labeling led to the discovery of a new family of anthraquinone‐type polyphenols, the dendrubins, which are diversified by acylation, methylation, and dimerization. Dendrubin A and B were identified as strong antibiotics against a range of clinically relevant, human‐pathogenic mycobacteria., A path of polyketide ancestry: Genome mining revealed an ancestral type II polyketide synthase (PKS) system of the oak‐associated anaerobic bacterium Dendrosporobacter quercicolus, a member of the underexplored class of Negativicutes. Metabolic profiling led to the discovery of a new family of aromatic polyketides (dendrubins) that exhibit potent activities against a range of clinically relevant pathogenic mycobacteria (see figure).

The aim of this study is to investigate the association between chemotherapy-induced fever with neutropenia less than 1500/μL (FwN) and oral bacteria and/or oral immunity in patients with hematological cancer. Thirty-two patients with hematological cancer were enrolled in the study. Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in saliva and the anaerobic bacteria in tongue coating of each subject were assessed before the first chemotherapy. Eleven subjects had an onset of FwN and 21 subjects did not during the observation periods. It was revealed by the Cox-proportional hazard model analysis that the levels of sIgA were low (HR 0.98, p

To elucidate the individual and multiple roles of physiological bacterial groups involved in biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur, the changes in the abundance of aerobic bacteria (heterotrophs, methane oxidizers, ammonia oxidizers, sulfur oxidizers, phosphate solubilizers, phosphate accumulators) and anaerobic bacteria (total anaerobes, nitrate reducers, denitrifiers and sulfate reducers) were investigated in a biosecured, zero-exchange system stocked with whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei for one production cycle. Key water quality parameters during the 96-day production cycle fell within the normal range for L. vannamei culture. Results of Spearman’s correlation matrix revealed that different sets of variables correlated at varying levels of significance of the interrelationships between bacterial abundances and water quality parameters. The three nitrogenous species (ammonia, nitrite and nitrate) strongly influenced the physiological bacterial groups’ abundance. The strong relationship of bacterial groups with phytoplankton biomass and abundance clearly showed the trophic interconnections in nutrient exchange/recycling. Canonical correspondence analysis performed to assess the total variation revealed that the three dissolved nitrogen species followed by salinity, temperature, phytoplankton biomass and pH collectively accounted for as much as 82% of the total variation. In conclusion, the results of the study revealed that the major drivers that interweaved biogeochemical cycles are the three dissolved nitrogen species, which microbially mediated various aerobic-anaerobic assimilation/dissimilation processes in the pond ecosystem. Considering the pond microbial ecology becoming an important management tool where applied research could improve the economic and environmental sustainability of the aquaculture industry, the findings of the present study are practically relevant.

The purpose of the study : to identify the significance of anaerobic bacteria and analyze their role in the development of infectious complications in cancer patients. Material and Methods . The review includes data from clinical and in vitro studies published in Russian and international press for the period from 1989 to 2018. Results . Data analysis has shown that many aspects related to anaerobic non-sporeforming bacteria are insufficiently studied, although they can cause severe hospital infections. This is especially true for patients with immune system defects, including cancer patients. In this category of patients, anaerobic bacteria can cause infections of the maxillofacial region, intra-abdominal infections, lower respiratory tract infections, urinary infections, and blood flow infections. In cancer patients, infectious complications are more severe, and may adversely affect treatment outcomes. A long process of anaerobic cultivation dictates the need for empirical treatment of infection for an average of 6 to 7 days. Since the middle of the last century, metronidazole was the «gold standard» of therapy. However, today the situation has changed dramatically. More than 80 % of anaerobic strains are resistant to metronidazole. The problem of resistance of anaerobic bacteria to other antibacterial drugs has not been sufficiently studied. Conclusion . It is necessary to develop therapeutic approaches based on current data on the resistance mechanisms of non-sporeforming anaerobic bacteria.