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We present field observation results from October 2019 to February 2021 in Israeli fish farms. Surprisingly, two metazoan parasites, the larvae of Contracaecum multipapillatum and unidentified metacercaria N1, which disappeared from Israeli fish farming 30 years ago, were commonly found in the current study. The reappearance of these two helminths is likely related to changes in the management policy related to new regulations regarding bird-of-prey species. It means that farmers could have prevented parasitic infections by keeping away piscivorous birds from their fish ponds and by treating these ponds with appropriate compounds against the affected invertebrates.

A newly isolated Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) beta-actin promoter SbaP and its derivative compact construct SbaP (ENX) have recently been demonstrated to promote ectopic gene expression in vitro and in vivo. To further explore the potential transduction application, this newly isolated shrimp promoter SbaP was comparatively tested with cytomegalovirus (CMV), simian virus 40 (SV40), polyhedrin (Polh), and white spot syndrome virus immediate early gene 1 (WSSV ie1) four constitutive promoters and a beta-actin promoter (TbaP) from tilapia fish to characterize its promoting function in eight different cell lines. Luciferase quantitation assays revealed that SbaP can drive luciferase gene expression in all eight cell lines including sf21 (insect), PAC2 (zebrafish), EPC (carp), CHSE-214 (chinook salmon), GSTEF (green sea turtle), MS-1 (monk seal), 293T (human), and HeLa (human), but at different levels. Comparative analysis revealed that the promoting activity of SbaP was lower (

The clariid catfish, Clarias batrachus commonly known as Magur, has declined drastically from natural habitats in India during the last decade. This fish is highly preferred fish by Indian consumers and has high market demand. As a result traders often substitute C. batrachus with a morphologically similar but supposedly banned exotic catfish, C. gariepinus, in India. This study uses rigorous morphological comparisons confirmed by DNA barcode analysis to examine the level of substitution of C. batracus by C. gariepinus in India. Our results indicate that up to 99% (in many cases) of the market samples sold as Magur or C. batrachus were in fact C. gariepinus.

The Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758), is a highly valued species endemic to India that is currently in drastic decline in most of its natural habitat. The present study was undertaken to document the genetic structure of populations of this species using mitochondrial DNA markers, specifically from the cytochrome B and D-loop regions. Specimens from eight wild populations were collected and analyzed from different regions in India. The genetic variation within and among populations was evaluated using a range of descriptive statistics. The analysis described here provides a broad and consistent view of population structure and demographic history of populations of C. batrachus. Although there was some genetic structuring consistent with regional differences, all eight populations examined here showed relatively low levels of genetic variation in terms of both haplotype and nucleotide diversities in the different analyses used. However, a number of private haplotypes were discovered, and this may provide valuable information for future selective breeding program and conservation management. The results may aid in the design and implementation of strategies for the future management of this endangered catfish C. batrachus in India.

Chantier qualité GA; International audience; Sea bass is a major species in Mediterranean aquaculture, but has a distribution area ranging from North Atlantic to South Mediterranean, with a population structure previously revealed by population genetics. To test the farming performances of wild sea bass populations, we produced a partial diallel cross mating scheme, using sires originating from North Atlantic (NAT), South Atlantic (SAT), West Mediterranean (WEM), North-East Mediterranean (NEM) and South-East Mediterranean (SEM). Fifteen sires per origin were mated in a full-factorial design using artificial fertilization with 9 NAT dams and 17 WEM dams, producing 10 population crosses and 1950 potential full-sib families. All fish were reared together, then tagged at an average weight of 20 g and distributed to four different sites (1800 fish per site). They were grown to an objective of 200 g mean weight, where 737 to 775 fish were slaughtered in each site, and their parentage was recovered using 6 to 7 microsatellite loci, resulting in 98.9% unique assignments. All populations had similar growth rates until tagging size (20 g), but differences appeared later on. No heterosis appeared for growth rate, and genotype by environment interaction (G × E) at the population level was limited, with a significant re-ranking only in one rearing site, while strong G × E for growth rate was observed within populations. Populations were different in shape, muscular fat content, and carcass yield, but not in fillet yield. In general, heterosis was absent and G × E was very limited between populations. No "ideal" population combining all favorable traits was identified. Differences between extreme populations ranged between 3 and 49% of the mean, depending on the traits. Interestingly, in almost all cases, these differences were within the reach of one generation of intense (5%) phenotypic selection.

In the present study, we examined the long-term effects of environmental salinity, diet (35% and 25% crude protein) and 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) on corresponding levels of pituitary and serum growth hormone (GH) and prolactins (tPRL177 and tPRL188) in the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). We observed no discernible patterns in serum GH that would suggest an effect of salinity, diet or MT. However, serum GH levels in all treatments declined at 1 and 3h after first feeding. Serum tPRL177 and tPRL188 were significantly higher in freshwater (FW) than in seawater (SW) and levels were significantly affected by dietary protein. tPRL177 levels were higher in all groups fed a 35% protein diet, but tPRL188 levels were higher only in the groups fed the MT-treated 35% protein diet; only serum tPRL188 levels were affected by MT. Moreover, serum tPRL177 and tPRL188 increased throughout the sampling time-course. Subsequent work using fasted tilapia suggests that first feeding is likely to initiate the post-prandial suppression of serum GH levels. In contrast with the picture observed in blood, pituitary glands of SW animals showed higher levels of GH than FW fish. Pituitary GH was elevated by MT in both FW and SW. We also observed that pituitary tPRL177 and tPRL188 levels were higher in FW fish than in SW fish; tPRL177 and tPRL188 levels were elevated by MT only in FW animals. To assess the somatomedin activity of plasma from FW- and SW-reared tilapia, we measured [35S]-sulfate incorporation into ceratobranchial cartilage explants in vitro. Plasma from SW-adapted tilapia showed greater activity in this assay than plasma from FW-reared tilapia, suggesting that the GH-dependent IGF bioactivity of plasma is higher in SW-reared tilapia. Collectively, these studies suggest that the growth-promoting actions of SW rearing and of MT administration in tilapia may be linked to elevations in GH and/or prolactin (tPRL177 and tPRL188)levels.

Quality production of the shrimp Penaeus monodon in hatchery operations depends heavily on the evaluation of genetic diversity and population structure of brood stocks. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences have been widely used to study genetic variability and relationships in many crustacean groups, and these same markers may be incorporated into evaluation studies of shrimp broods and populations. For this purpose we looked at variation in mitochondrial D-loop sequences as an indicator of genetic diversity in shrimp populations from a region of India that represents the main sources of new material for brood stocks. In our study of these populations the overall mean genetic diversity was 0.191. The highest level of genetic diversity (0.357) was observed in the Kakinada population, whereas the lowest diversity (0.0171) was observed in the Nellore population. The results also indicate that overall, the populations along the Andhra Pradesh coast are genetically diverse despite the fact that there is considerable gene flow between them. From the results, it is evident that east cost of India shows high genetic diversity among P. monodon broods and no evidence of loss of diversity due to excessive inbreeding. The fact that the genetic variability of these populations has been maintained, despite ten years of dependence on these broods, shows that at the present time there is no indication of over exploitation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-671) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The effects of long-term 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) treatment (10 mg MT kg −1 feed) and ration size on the growth of the euryhaline tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus , in fresh water (FW) and seawater (SW) were examined. Tilapia were fed a limited daily ration, starting initially at 18% of body weight for yolk-sac fry and decreasing gradually to 4% at 126 days. Eight treatments were employed. Control and MT treatment groups were replicated in FW and SW using either fish fed the limited daily ration described above or fish fed twice that ration. On limited ration, control fish in SW grew to twice the size of their FW counterparts. Treatment with MT increased growth in both FW and in SW tilapia. Doubling the feeding ration produced a significant increase in growth in SW, but not in FW fish. The greatest growth was observed in SW, MT-treated fish on double ration which grew to >4.2 × the size of FW control fish on a limited ration. Routine metabolic rate was measured in tilapia reared from the yolk-sac fry stage in FW or SW. The rate of oxygen consumption in the SW tilapia was 72.4 ± 11.3 mg kg −1 h −1 (mean ± SE, n = 6) and 148.2 ± 9.2 mg kg −1 h −1 in FW fish ( n = 6). These data suggest that the reduction in routine metabolism in O. mossambicus in SW may account for the increase in growth of the SW animals over their FW counterparts.

One of the major problems in the mariculture of the commercially important European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, is that females grow 20-50% more rapidly than males. For that reason, farmers are interested in developing female monosex populations. Studies on evolution, genet- ics, and physiology have been conducted during the last decade to solve this problem. This review summarizes the latest data related to the effects of evolution, genetics, physiology, and environment on sex determination and differentiation in the European sea bass.

17 pages, 6 figures, uropean sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax of the north-western (NW) and south-eastern (SE) Mediterranean Sea strains were exposed to different temperatures (13, 17 or 21° C) during the larval rearing (11–51 days post hatching, dph) or nursery periods (55–95 dph), in order to examine the effects of temperature on sex differentiation and subsequent growth during the first year of life. Higher growth was observed during exposure to higher temperatures, but fish of the NW strain exposed to 13 or 17° C during larval rearing exhibited compensatory growth once exposure to the lower temperatures finished, and as a result their final size at 300 dph was similar or greater to the group exposed to 21° C. Fish exposed to 17° C during the nursery period also had similar size to fish exposed to 21° C after 300 days of rearing, but the fish exposed to 13° C remained significantly smaller (ANOVA, n = 55–100, P < 0·05). There were significant differences in the sex ratio among the fish exposed to different temperatures during the two periods of rearing, with high temperature (21° C) resulting in a significantly higher percentage of males in the population, both in the NW (ANOVA, n = 2, P < 0·04) and SE populations (ANOVA, n = 2, P < 0·01). The masculinization effect of high temperature was significantly stronger during the larval rearing stage, both in the NW (ANOVA, n = 2, P < 0·005) and SE populations (ANOVA, n = 2, P < 0·01). None of the temperature manipulations could produce 100% females, suggesting that there is a part of the genetic component in sex differentiation which is not labile to environmental influence., This work was undertaken as part of "Improving production efficiency of sea bass farming by developing methodologies to eliminate environmental androgenesis", a research grant from the European Community to S.Z., C.C.M., F.P., and A. T. (contract Q5RS-2000-31365).

The melatonin-generating system of the European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, was studied in vitro using a perfusion tissue culture methodology. The examined properties included photic entrainment in the pineal gland, and circadian rhythmicity in alternating dark and light, in contin- uous darkness, and in continuous light. Pineal glands were removed from adult fish and placed in a perfusion tissue culture at a constant temperature of 24°C. Melatonin discharge into the cul- ture medium was measured using radioimmunoassay. Melatonin concentrations during a pho- toperiod of 12h light:12h dark were low during the light periods and high during the dark. The melatonin discharge was inhibited by continuous light but strong and rhythmic in continuous dark with a circadian period (Tau) of about 24 h (n = 10). The results demonstrate that the European sea bass pineal gland is photosensitive, with ability to be entrained, and contains an internal cir- cadian oscillator that regulates melatonin production.

Effects of environmental salinity and 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) on growth and oxygen consumption were examined in the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus . Yolk-sac fry were collected from brood stock in fresh water (FW). After yolk-sac absorption, they were assigned randomly to one of four groups: FW, MT treatment in FW, seawater (SW) and MT treatment in SW. All treatment groups were fed to satiation three times daily. The fish reared in SW (both control and MT-treated groups) grew significantly larger than either group in FW from day 43 throughout the experiment (195 days). The fish fed with MT added to their feed grew significantly larger than their respective controls from day 85 in FW and in SW until the end of the experiment. The routine metabolic rate (RMR) was determined monthly from month 2 (day 62) to month 5 (day 155). A significant negative correlation was seen between RMR and body mass in all treatment groups. Among fish of the same age, the SW-reared tilapia had significantly lower RMRs than the FW-reared fish. The MT-treated fish in SW showed significantly lower RMRs than the SW control group at months 3–5, whereas MT treatment in FW significantly increased the RMR at month 3. Comparison of regression lines between RMR and body mass indicates that MT treatment in FW caused a significant increase in oxygen consumption at a given mass of the fish, whereas MT treatment was without effect on RMR in SW-reared fish. These results clearly indicate that SW-rearing and MT treatment accelerate growth of tilapia, and that RMR decreases as fish size increased. It is also likely that the increased RMR and growth in MT-treated tilapia in FW may be due to the metabolic actions of MT, although the reason for the absence of MT treatment in SW is unclear.

The effect of dietary arachidonic acid (ArA) on survival, growth, and cortisol level in different-age gilthead seabream larvae exposed to handling or daily fluctuating salinity was tested. Premetamorphosing (3–19 DPH) larvae were reared in 400-l V-tanks and fed one of three rotifer treatments containing ArA levels of 1.14, 2.11, or 3.87 mg g−1. At 20 DPH, the larvae were divided into two groups where each larval group was randomly divided over twelve 27-l aquaria (300 larvae per aquarium) and the stress of transfer was defined as an acute stressor. In each set of 12 aquaria, larvae were fed over 12 days three Artemia metanauplii treatments, which were tested in four aquaria per treatment, giving Artemia ArA levels of 0.59, 3.42, or 5.86 mg g−1 dry weight (DW). One set of 12 aquaria received seawater of constant salinity (25‰) and these larvae, exposed only to the stress of transfer, were considered as controls. The other set of 12 aquaria was supplied with seawater with a daily fluctuating salinity from 25‰ to 40‰ and back to 25‰, exposing the larvae to 12 days of salinity change. Another trial was carried out on 30 DPH metamorphosing larvae, which were similarly stocked in the aquaria and tested with the identical Artemia treatments as the premetamorphosing larvae study. A positive correlation was found between increasing dietary ArA level and survival at the end of the study in the control premetamorphosing (20–32 DPH) and metamorphosing (30–42 DPH) larvae (38%, 48.6%, and 77.2%, and 58%, 56.4%, and 90.4%, respectively). On the other hand, premetamorphosing and metamorphosing larvae exposed to salinity change, although exhibiting an increase in survival at the intermediate level of ArA, demonstrated a decrease in survival (55.3%, 60.0%, and 25.8%, and 70%, 83%, and 76%, respectively) when fed the highest ArA level. In the control metamorphosing larvae, basal cortisol (6.0, 8.2, and 11.4 ng g−1 DW) was independent of dietary ArA while fish exposed to salinity change demonstrated distinctly higher basal cortisol levels (7.5, 15.9, and 19.8 ng g−1 DW) that markedly increased with rising dietary ArA levels at 42 DPH. Fish exposed to salinity change and fed Artemia containing 0.59, 3.42, and 5.86 mg g−1 ArA exhibited significantly (P

The effect of water temperature on sex differentiation was examined in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) of two strains from the Northwestern and Southeastern Mediterranean Sea, during larval or nursery rearing. Temperatures < 17 °C enhanced feminization, while 21 °C during larval rearing induced higher male% compared to the nursery stage, and the overall male% was significantly different among strains (P

The natural habitat of the white grouper, Epinephelus aeneus, is the Mediterranean Sea, which has a salinity of approximately 35 ppt. As fish species vary in their tolerance of environmental conditions, potential production in specific conditions must be determined empirically. The growth, survival and cortisol level of 1.7 g grouper juveniles grown in diluted sea water (4 ppt) or brackish water (4 ppt) from the Tsofar well in the Arava (southeastern Negev, Israel) was com- pared to the growth of similar fish in sea water (43 ppt). Survival in all treatments was 100%. During the first ten days, the fish grown in brackish water grew significantly less (p

The fish pineal organ, through its 24 h rhythmic release of melatonin, acts as a transducer of the photoperiod, influencing different physiological functions (e.g. reproduction, growth). We have investigated the binding of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin to whole brain membrane preparations from pikes (Esox lucius L., teleost) maintained for 24-48 h under different photoperiodic conditions. Specific binding was stable, reversible, saturable and sensitive to the presence of a GTP analogue. Scatchard analysis revealed one class of binding sites. Displacement experiments suggested the presence of two components with affinities in the femtomolar and nanomolar range of concentrations, respectively. The Bmax exhibited monophasic nycthemeral variations, with higher values at the light-to-dark transition (34.0 +/- 4.5 fmol/mg protein) and low values during the second half of night (10.0 +/- 1.0 fmol/mg protein). Under the same conditions, the KD exhibited biphasic variations: values were low during daytime and at the middle of the dark phase (approximately 100 pM); they were high at the beginning (approximately 225 pM) and at the end (approximately 330 pM) of the night. These variations were maintained under constant light (LL) and constant darkness (DD). Thus, the variations in the number and affinity of the melatonin binding sites were controlled by circadian oscillators, synchronized by the photoperiod. The nature of these oscillators is not known. Therefore, in fish, we suggest that the photodependent effects of melatonin result from the circadian variations of both its production by the pineal and its binding sites in the brain.

Distribution and metabolism of the thyroid hormone 3,5, 3'-l-triiodothyronine (T3) were studied in several ways to gain insights into these processes in the warm water fish tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. Trace doses of 125I-labeled T3 (T*3)1 were injected intraarterially, extraarterially, or intraperitoneally in freshwater-reared male tilapia to explore plasma clearance kinetic responses to these different input modalities. Multicompartmental analysis of the plasma clearance data indicated a kinetic distribution of T*3 much like that reported for the rat and human, with about 2% of total body T*3 in plasma, 5% in rapidly exchanging tissues such as kidney and liver, and 93% in slowly exchanging tissues such as muscle. However, plasma clearance rates (PCR, 5.37 mL/h . 100 g body wt) and plasma appearance rates (PAR3 = PCR x [T3] plasma = 36.3 ng/h . 100 g body wt) were quite different than these indices in rat and human and 5 to 50 times larger than values reported for rainbow trout. On a whole-body basis, normalized for body weight, the tilapia we studied produced and accumulated much more T3 than rat, human, or rainbow trout. Enzymatic and chromatographic analyses of the plasma clearance data samples indicated substantial production of labeled glucuronide, but not sulfate, conjugates of iodothyronines (TiG) of unknown origin appearing in plasma. The TiG appeared beginning a few hours postinjection, peaked at 6 hours, and yielded a predicted steady-state TiG level of 8.3% of the T3 level in plasma. In contrast, in published studies, no conjugates were detected in rainbow trout plasma from 2 to 24 h after iv injection of T*3, T*4, or reverse-T*3, although conjugates of all were present in bile. To our knowledge, although T3 and T4 sulfate conjugates are present in the sera of several mammals, this is the first quantification of iodothyronine glucuronides reported in blood of any species under normal conditions. This might have physiological significance for the tilapia, with T3G providing a reversible storage form of T3 in blood, as has been suggested for sulfate conjugates of T3 and T4 in blood of several mammals.

Plasma volumes in male tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) of different size were estimated following intracardial injection of radioiodinated human serum albumin ((125)I-HSA), coupled with short-term, early sampling transient response analysis of 1251-HSA disappearance from the plasma pool. This approach circumvents vascular marker leakage problems associated with constant steady state indicator dilution methods, minimizes some sampling and mixing problems, and simplifies analysis of the data. Changes in hematological parameters due to experimental stress were also studied, because the fish were not chronically cannulated. Results were used in a novel way to correct estimates of plasma volume upward by 15%, thereby providing a potentially useful alternative approach to vascular volume measurement in species where stress-eliminating or reducing techniques, e.g., cannulation, are impractical or infeasible. Hematrocrits increased 38% at the onset, from 24.9% to 34.4%, and remained essentially constant during the 60 minute kinetic study, and plasma osmolalities increased 7%. Corrected plasma volumes Vp (ml) were a linear function of body weight (BW). The group mean Vp was 2.93% of BW and corresponding blood volumes were 3.9% of BW.

In European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), females grow 20-50% faster than males. Therefore, they are more in demand than males for commercial farming, generating much inter- est in the development of female monosex populations. Whereas most current research focus- es on the influence of temperature on sex determination, the present experiments aimed at studying parental effects on sex ratios in progeny. The study analyzed progeny resulting from a diallel crossing (2 x 2 type or a complete bi-factorial mating design), reflecting both maternal and paternal genetic relatedness among progeny. The proportion of females varied significantly among families (20.7-68.2%). There were significant maternal and paternal effects on the pro- portion of females among the progeny. The effect of the parental interaction on the sex ratio in the progeny was also significant. Parents had a significant effect on total length and body weight. Sexual growth dimorphism, in favor of females, was evident in all the full-sib families and varied significantly between families. Among offspring at 9-9.5 months (68.9±23.7 g), females were 26.6% heavier than males. It is concluded that in addition to temperature manipulation in sea bass, as proposed in earlier studies, selection of parents will probably result in an improved ratio of female to male progeny.

India’s third longest river, the Narmada, is studied here for the potential effects on native fish populations of river fragmentation due to various barriers including dams and a waterfall. The species we studied include a cyprinid fish, Catla catla, and a mastacembelid, Mastacembelus armatus, both of which are found in the Narmada. Our goal was to use DNA sequence information from the D-loop region of the mitochondrial DNA to explore how this fragmentation could impact the genetic structure of these fish populations. Our results clearly show that these barriers can contribute to the fragmentation of the genetic structure of these fish communities, Furthermore, these barriers enhance the effects of natural isolation by distance and the asymmetry of dispersal flows. This may be a slow process, but it can create significant isolation and result in genetic disparity. In particular, populations furthest upstream having low migration rates could be even more subject to genetic impoverishment. This study serves as a first report of its kind for a river system on the Indian subcontinent. The results of this study also emphasize the need for appropriate attention towards the creation of fish passages across the dams and weirs that could help in maintaining biodiversity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-385) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.