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Two field trials were conducted to determine the effect of P-K solubilizing bacteria and nitrogen chemical fertilizer on growth, yield and nitrate in leaf of mustard greensBrassica junceaL.) cultivated on acid sulfate soils. Eight P-K solubilizing bacterial strains composed of 3 strains ofAcinetobactercalcoaceticusand 5 strains ofRhizobiumsp., bacterial liquid were directly watered into plant at 3 stages [6, 12 and 21 days after planting] during vegetable cultivation, chemical fertilizer (60N – 40 P2O5– 20 K2O) and control (no-inoculation). The study revealed that eight P-K solubilizing bacterial strains have good characteristics as nitrogen fixation, phosphate and potassium solubilisation. Application of nitrogen chemical concentration, increasing nitrate concentration of leaf of mustard greens. Application of bacterial liquid withAcinetobacter calcoaceticusstrain NT4 andAcinetobacter calcoaceticusstrain NT30 strain,Rhizobium tropicistrain N18 andRhizobiumleguminosarumstrain K35 on mustard greens cultivated on acid sulfate soils (basal fertilizer: 40 P2O5– 20 K2O) was the best cultural practice because the this model not only supported the highest biomass, but also decreased nitrate concentration in leaf of mustard greens.

Summary Mustard yield per plant is severely restricted by the seed number per silique. The seed number per silique in the Brassica juncea trilocular mutant J163‐4 is significantly greater than that in normal bilocular plants. However, how the trilocular silique of J163‐4 is formed remains unclear. Here, we studied the gene structure and function of mc2 in B. juncea and Arabidopsis using comparative morphology and molecular genetic experiments. We found that mc2 is a CLV1 ortholog, BjA7.CLV1. The deletion of cis‐regulatory region in mc2 promoter, which affects Mc2 expression in carpel margin meristem (CMM), led to trilocular silique formation. The BjCLV1 sequence with its complete promoter containing the cis‐regulatory region can restore the Bjclv1 and clv1 mutant phenotypes in B. juncea and Arabidopsis, respectively. Additionally, this cis‐regulatory region had a collinear segment in the promoter of CLV1 homologous gene in most Brassicaceae species. Our results are consistent with the report that BjCLV1 represents a conserved pleiotropic role in shoot meristem and CMM development, which contains a cis‐regulatory sequence specifically expressed BjCLV1 in CMM in its promoter, and this cis‐regulatory region is conserved in Brassicaceae species. These results offer a reliable approach for fine‐tuning the traits of seed yield in Brassicaceae crops.

Heterotrimeric G‐proteins are one of the highly conserved signal transducers across phyla. Despite the obvious importance of G‐proteins in controlling various plant growth and environmental responses, there is no information describing the regulatory complexity of G‐protein networks during pathogen response in a polyploid crop. Here, we investigated the role of extra‐large G‐proteins (XLGs) in the oilseed crop Brassica juncea, which has inherent susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The allotetraploid B. juncea genome contains multiple homologs of three XLG genes (two BjuXLG1, five BjuXLG2, and three BjuXLG3), sharing a high level of sequence identity, gene structure organization, and phylogenetic relationship with the progenitors’ orthologs. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis revealed that BjuXLGs have retained distinct expression patterns across plant developmental stages and on S. sclerotiorum infection. To determine the role of BjuXLG genes in the B. juncea defence response against S. sclerotiorum, RNAi‐based suppression was performed. Disease progression analysis showed more rapid lesion expansion and fungal accumulation in BjuXLG‐RNAi lines compared to the vector control plants, wherein suppression of BjuXLG3 homologs displayed more compromised defence response at the later time point. Knocking down BjuXLGs caused impairment of the host resistance mechanism to S. sclerotiorum, as indicated by reduced expression of defence marker genes PDF1.2 and WRKY33 on pathogen infection. Furthermore, BjuXLG‐RNAi lines showed reduced accumulation of leaf glucosinolates on S. sclerotiorum infection, wherein aliphatic glucosinolates were significantly compromised. Overall, our data suggest that B. juncea XLG genes are important signalling nodes modulating the host defence pathways in response to this necrotrophic pathogen., The Brassica juncea XLG genes play distinct roles in defence against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum through altered expression of defence pathway genes and leaf glucosinolates accumulation.

Omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LC-PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are important for human health. Sub-optimal levels of ω3 LC-PUFAs are associated with increased risk of several diseases (Ghasemi Fard et al., 2019). Docosapentaenoic acid (ω3-DPA, C22:5) is a rare LC-PUFA but of special interest because of its unique properties (Drouin et al., 2019, Kaur et al., 2013). Multiple studies showed direct effects of DPA on inflammation, improved plasma lipid profile and cognitive function (Ghasemi Fard et al., 2021). The principal sources of DPA are wild oceanic fish species. However, DPA is not currently available in sufficient quantities for commercial production. An inexpensive and sustainable supply of this important ω3 fatty acid is highly desirable to conduct large scale human intervention studies to examine the role of ω3-DPA in relation to optimal health.

Mustard is a commonly used condiment including in production of other food products. As mustard is an allergen, it is necessary to control its presence. The development of PCR test-systems for its detection is complicated by the fact that this condiment can be made from seeds of various plant species (Brassica juncea, Brassica nigra, Sinapis alba) of the family Brassicaceae that are not closely related. This family includes other plant species such as white cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and rapeseed (Brassica napus), which can cause the allergic reaction, although seldom. In this connection, many authors use primers specific to many species of this family, including to allergens, to detect mustard. In this work, we used the similar strategy. To increase sensitivity, primers for the mitochondrial COX gene were selected. To increase PCR stability in analysis of deeply processed products, primers were selected for a region with a length of 61 base pair. In the work, the specificity and sensitivity of the developed PCR method was confirmed. Analyses of different products, including those that underwent deep technological processing, were carried out with these primers. Also, primers were selected to detect white mustard (S. alba). When analyzing products on the presence of white mustard, charac‑ teristic regional preferences were demonstrated: this species is used in manufacturing products mainly in the UK and USA.

International audience; Breeding varieties for increased disease resistance is a major means to control epidemics. However, the deployment of resistance genes through space and time drives the genetic composition of the pathogen population, directionally altering pathotype frequencies. In France, Leptosphaeria maculans causes stem canker on Brassica napus oilseed rape crops but not on B. juncea condiment mustard. Prior to the deployment of winter B. napus varieties with Rlm6 resistance gene introduced fromB. juncea, the aim of our study was to investigate if this deployment could impact disease control in condiment mustard. We assessed the presence of resistance genes against the disease in a set of current FrenchB. juncea varieties and breeding lines with a set of five differential L. maculans isolates carrying know Avr/avr genes.Rlm6was detected in all 12 condiment mustard varieties.Rlm5was also detected in eight varieties. No additional resistance genes were detected with the set of isolates used. Because the frequency of isolates virulent onRlm6is very low in France, these results indicate thatRlm6gene is a major component of disease control in the French B. juncea mustards tested. Using Rlm6 in oilseed rape varieties will very likely induce an increase in frequency ofRlm6virulent isolates. This raises the acute concern of a wise deployment of oilseed rape around the condiment mustard growing area. Scientific knowledge on adaptation dynamics, spatial segregation of crops and cooperation between actors is currently available in order to mitigate the risk and advert negative consequences of the introduction ofRlm6resistance gene in oilseed rape varieties.

Tumorous stem mustard is well known for its swollen stem from which pickled “Fuling Mustard” is made. The molecular mechanisms governing the formation of the modified swollen stems are still poorly understood. This paper aims to identify candidate genes involved in the developmental regulation of the swollen stems. We sought to map previously published transcriptome datasets for Brassica juncea, including those derived from swollen stems at four different developmental stages and a mutant variety without swollen stems. Using pairwise comparisons of the five datasets, we identified 31 368 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). A total of 55 DEGs related to plant hormone signal transduction and 259 continuously up- or downregulated transcription factors were identified during stem development using Gene Ontology (GO) analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results showed that the expressions of 12 important candidate DEGs were consistent with RNA-seq results. Our study provided digital gene expression profiling and a dynamic view of the swollen stem development process. Furthermore, we identified candidate genes for further studies on mechanisms of modified stem development in non-model species.

The SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein (SBP)-box consists of a family of transcription factors unique to plants and mediates important roles in plant growth and development. We identified 57 SBP genes in the Brassica juncea (swollen-stem mustard) genome, and analyzed the structural characteristics, evolutionary relationships, as well as their involvement in regulation and response to environmental stress. By the help of phylogenetic analysis, the SBP genes were divided into seven subgroups (G1-G7). Interestingly, most members of the same group shared conserved gene structure and motifs as well as gene duplications. This suggests that their functions are redundant highlighting evolutionary relatedness. Identification of the cis-acting elements of the promoter revealed multiple regulatory elements that responded to phytohormone or abiotic stresses. In addition, data from GO annotation indicated that BjuSBPs play a role in biological processes. Further interrogation of the expression of BjuSBPs in different stages of swollen-stem mustard showed spatiotemporal expression patterns. On the other hand, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that the expression levels of SBP genes at the development stage correlated with their transcriptome data but treatment with phytohormones affected their expression levels. Our study showed that the SBP-box responds to phytohormone signals and the genes might confer different functions in the development of the mustard plant. Our data lay the foundation for further studies evaluating the regulatory mechanisms of SBP-box family of genes.

Two experiments evaluated feeding Brassica (B.) napus (canola) or B. juncea co-products to brown-shelled egg laying hens. In Exp. 1, diets including 20% B. napus or B. juncea extruded-expelled cakes (NC, JC) or solvent-extracted meals (NM, JM) compared to a control diet with no Brassica co-products, were fed to 120 hens (4 hens/cage, n = 6) for 36 wk. In Exp. 2, DM, gross energy, CP and amino acid (AA) retention/digestibility was determined by feeding diets containing 30% B. napus or B. juncea cakes or meals and basal diet to 240 hens (8 hens/pair of cages, n = 6) for 7 d. Cakes averaged 40 g/kg lower moisture, 28 g/kg lower CP, and 84 g/kg greater fat content compared with meals. In Exp. 1, there was no effect of diet on lay percentage or BW throughout the experiment. Feed consumption was 3.5 g/d lower in layers fed JM compared with controls and egg: feed was reduced by 14 mg egg/g feed in layers fed JC (P < 0.01). Although eggs from layers fed NM were 0.7 g heavier than controls, eggs from layers fed NC, JM or JC were 1.4 g lighter than controls (P < 0.01). Eggs from layers fed Brassica diets contained a greater proportion (1.6%-points) of monounsaturated fatty acids compared with controls (P < 0.01). Eggs from layers fed B. juncea had a relatively greater proportion (0.2%-points) of C18:3 (n3) compared with those of layers fed B. napus diets (P < 0.01). Feeding Brassica diets reduced digestibility of DM (5%-points), gross energy (7%-points) and CP (4%-points) vs. basal (P < 0.01). The digestibility of indispensable AA except tryptophan, was reduced feeding Brassica diets vs. basal (P < 0.01). We concluded that feeding B. napus and B. juncea extruded-expelled cakes and solvent-extracted meal at 20% of diets to hens supported acceptable lay performance and egg quality over a 36 wk production cycle. Digestibility data indicated that indispensable AA in Brassica co-products had moderately high (75 to 85%) apparent ileal digestibility.

Brassica juncea, an allotetraploid species, is an important germplasm resource for canola improvement, due to its many beneficial agronomic traits, such as heat and drought tolerance and blackleg resistance. Receptor-like kinase (RLK) and receptor-like protein (RLP) genes are two types of resistance gene analogues (RGA) that play important roles in plant innate immunity, stress response and various development processes. In this study, genome wide analysis of RLKs and RLPs is performed in B. juncea. In total, 493 RLKs (LysM-RLKs and LRR-RLKs) and 228 RLPs (LysM-RLPs and LRR-RLPs) are identified in the genome of B. juncea, using RGAugury. Only 13.54% RLKs and 11.79% RLPs are observed to be grouped within gene clusters. The majority of RLKs (90.17%) and RLPs (52.83%) are identified as duplicates, indicating that gene duplications significantly contribute to the expansion of RLK and RLP families. Comparative analysis between B. juncea and its progenitor species, B. rapa and B. nigra, indicate that 83.62% RLKs and 41.98% RLPs are conserved in B. juncea, and RLPs are likely to have a faster evolution than RLKs. This study provides a valuable resource for the identification and characterisation of candidate RLK and RLP genes.

Among Brassica species, Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) is known to tolerate most abiotic stresses, including drought. Drought caused by low and erratic rainfall in semi-arid regions consistently challenges rapeseed mustard productivity. Development of B. carinata-derived lines (CDLs) in Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. nuclear background, carrying genomic segments from B. carinata, are expected to tolerate moisture deficit stress conditions. The present study was, thus, aimed to establish the phenomenon “heterosis” for drought tolerance and water use efficiency by evaluating 105 hybrids developed from intermating 15 CDLs in half diallel fashion. Data on 17 seed yield and yield contributing traits were recorded under two different environments, viz., irrigated and rainfed conditions. Traits under study were found to be governed by both additive and non-additive types of gene action. Average degree of dominance was higher (>2) for yield and yield contributing traits, viz., secondary branches/plant, point to first siliqua on main shoot, total siliquae/plant, 1,000-seed weight, seed yield/plant, biological yield, harvest index, and seed yield/hectare under rainfed conditions, clearly indicating that higher productivity under drought conditions can be realised through the development of hybrids. Out of 15, highly significant general combining ability (GCA) effects for seven CDLs were observed under rainfed condition. Furthermore, nine and six hybrids expressed highly significant specific combining ability (SCA) effects and > 50% heterobeltiosis for yield contributing traits under rainfed and irrigated conditions, respectively. Water use efficiency (WUE) of parental CDLs and hybrids varied from 2.05 to 2.57 kg m–3 under rainfed, while 1.10 to 1.28 kg m–3 under irrigated conditions. Hybrids expressed higher WUE than parental lines under both water regimes. Furthermore, selection indices such as drought tolerance index (DTI) and mean relative performance (MRP) were identified to be efficient in the selection of productive CDLs and hybrids under drought conditions. Nine hybrids, identified as highly productive in the present study, can further be exploited for improving the yield of Indian mustard in drought-prone areas. Usefulness of interspecific hybridisation in the development of B. carinata-derived B. juncea lines for improving heterosis and WUE is, thus, well demonstrated through the present study.

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is an important winter oilseed crop in India. It acts as a promising species for the extraction of Zn and Fe under nutrient-deficit conditions. Therefore, this study planned to determine the impact of nutritional supplementation (Zn, Fe and urea) on the productivity and nutritional quality of Indian mustard. In the experiment, different combinations of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) with 0.5% FeSO4·7H2O, 0.5% ZnSO4·7H2O and 1% urea at 45 and 60 days after sowing (DAS) were applied to Indian mustard. Foliar application of micronutrients along with urea enhanced the productivity and quality of the crop. Among different treatments, the foliar application of 0.5% FeSO4·7H2O + 0.5% ZnSO4·7H2O + 1% urea (FZU) at 45 and 60 DAS resulted in the maximum increase in grain (27.8%) and stover (34.47%) yield, which was statistically at par with the treatment 0.5% FeSO4·7H2O + 0.5% ZnSO4·7H2O at 45 and 60 DAS (FZ). A similar trend was observed for Zn concentration in grain and stover, as well as Fe concentration in stover. However, the Fe concentration in grain was at maximum with treatment FZU, and the results were significantly higher compared with the treatment FZ. Treatment FZU also resulted in a maximum increase in Zn and Fe uptake in grain (54.7% and 34.3%, respectively) and stover (110.5% and 46.1%, respectively), which was statistically at par with treatment FZ. Physiological efficiencies of Zn (11,838.33) and Fe (3575.887) were highest when only urea was applied along with RDF, whereas the apparent recovery efficiency of Zn and Fe was highest in treatment FZU. Overall, it is concluded that combined foliar application of, 0.5% FeSO4·7H2O + 0.5% ZnSO4·7H2O + 1% urea at 45 and 60 DAS along with RDF was found to be most effective to enhance yield, concentration and uptake of Zn and Fe in Indian mustard.

Drought stress is considered to be a major factor responsible for reduced agricultural productivity, because it is often linked to other major abiotic stresses, such as salinity and heat stress. Understanding drought-tolerance mechanisms is important for crop improvement. Moreover, under drought conditions, it is possible that growth regulators are able to protect the plants. Brassinosteroids not only play a regulatory role in plant growth, but also organize defense mechanisms against various tresses. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of brassinolide on physio-biochemical amendment in two contrasting cultivars (drought-tolerant RH 725, and drought-sensitive RH 749) of Brassica juncea under drought stress. Two foliar sprayings with brassinolide (10 and 20 mg/L) were carried out in both cultivars (RH 725 and RH 749) at two stages—i.e., flower initiation, and 50% flowering—under stress conditions. The results clearly revealed that the activities of antioxidative enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants (carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and proline) increased significantly in RH 725 at 50% flowering, whereas 20 mg/L of brassinolide showed the most promising response. The different oxidative stress indicators (i.e., hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and electrolyte leakage) decreased to a significant extent at 20 mg/L of brassinolide spray in RH 725 at 50% flowering. This study indicates that brassinolide intensifies the physio-biochemical attributes by improving the antioxidant system and photosynthetic efficiency in RH 725 at 50% flowering. It is assumed that enhanced production of proline, improvement of the antioxidant system, and reduction in the amount of stress indicators impart strength to the plants to combat the stress conditions.

Mustard plants have been widely cultivated and used as spice, medicine and as source of edible oils. Currently, the use of the seeds of the mustard species Sinapis alba (white mustard or yellow mustard), Brassica juncea (brown mustard) and Brassica nigra (black mustard) in the food and beverage industry is immensely growing due to their nutritional and functional properties. The seeds serve as a source for a wide range of biologically active components including isothiocyanates that are responsible for the specific flavor of mustard, and tend to reveal conflicting results regarding possible health effects. Other potentially undesirable or toxic compounds, such as bisphenol F, erucic acid or allergens, may also occur in the seeds and in mustard products intended for human consumption. The aim of this article is to provide comprehensive information about potentially harmful compounds in mustard seeds and to evaluate potential health risks as an increasing use of mustard seeds is expected in the upcoming years.

Background Abiotic stresses like drought, heat, cold and salinity cause major productivity loss in the rapeseed-mustard crops (Brassica). Major efforts have been made in the past to identify genes that provide resistance against such stresses. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) proteins, member of the metallo-enzyme family play vital role in protecting plants against abiotic stresses. In the present study, genome-wide analysis of abiotic stress responsive SOD gene family has been done in B. juncea and B. rapa. Results A total of 29 and 18 SOD genes were identified in B. juncea and B. rapa respectively and chromosome location mapping indicated their wide distribution across genome. On the basis of domain composition, the SODs were phylogenetically classified into sub-groups which was also substantiated by the gene structure and sub-cellular locations of SOD proteins. Functional annotation of SODs was also done by Gene Ontology (GO) mapping and the result was corroborated by the identified cis-regulatory elements in the promoter region of SOD genes. Based on FPKM analysis of SRA data available for drought, heat and salt stress, we identified 14 and 10 abiotic stress responsive SOD genes in B. rapa and B. juncea respectively. The differential expression analysis under drought and heat stress of identified abiotic-stress responsive SOD genes was done through quantitative Real Time PCR. Conclusion We identified abiotic-stress responsive genes that could help in improving the plant tolerance against abiotic stresses. This was the first study to describe the genome-wide analysis of SOD gene family in B. rapa and B. juncea, and the results will help in laying basic ground for future work of cloning and functional validation of SOD genes during abiotic stresses leading to Brassica crop improvement. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5593-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Dead organs enclosing embryos, such as seed coats and pericarps, are emerging as important maternally-derived components of the dispersal unit that affect seed performance and fate. In the face of climate change and increased incidents of heatwaves, we sought to investigate the effect of salinity (S), short episodes of high temperature (HS), and combination of S + HS (SHS), at the reproductive phase, on the properties of dead pericarps of Brassica juncea. Proteome and metabolome analyses revealed multiple proteins and metabolites stored in dead pericarps whose levels and composition were altered under single and combined stress conditions. The protein profile of SHS showed a higher correlation with salt than with HS indicating the dominant effect of salt over heat stress. On the other hand, the analysis of metabolites showed that the profile of SHS has better correlation with HS than with salt. The integration of metabolic and proteomic data showed that changes in TCA cycle intermediates and certain amino acids (e.g., proline) under salt treatments (S and SHS) are highly correlated with changes in proteins involved in their biosynthetic pathways. Thus, accumulation of proteins and metabolites in dead pericarps is differently affected by single and combination of salt and heat stresses. Salinity appears to dominate plant response to combined stresses at the protein level, while heat appears to be the major factor affecting metabolite accumulation in dead pericarps.

In the present study, the potential of ethylene as ethephon (an ethylene source) was investigated individually and in combination with split doses of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) soil treatments for removal of the damaging effects of salt stress (100 mM NaCl) in mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Plants were grown with 50 mg N plus 50 mg S kg−1 soil at sowing time and an equivalent dose at 20 days after sowing [N50 + S50]0d and 20d. Ethephon at 200 μL L‒1 was applied to combined split doses of N and S with or without NaCl. Plants subjected to NaCl showed a decrease in growth and photosynthetic characteristics as well as N and S assimilation, whereas proline metabolism and antioxidants increased. The application of ethephon to plants grown with split N and S doses significantly enhanced photosynthetic efficiency by increasing the assimilation of N and S, improving the concentration of proline and induction of the antioxidant system with or without NaCl. The regulation of ethylene and/or split forms of N and S application may be potential tools for not just overcoming salt stress effects in this species and in related Brassicaceae but also enhancing their photosynthesis and growth potential through increased nutrient assimilation.

Microtheca punctigera (Achard) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a major pest of Brassicaceae family plants in Brazil and occurs together with M. semilaevis. Occurrence of larvae and adults of M. punctigera and M. semilaevis Stal in five host plants grown in closely patchs was investigated in three periods in the field [Fall/Winter 2001 (May 10 to July 21); Fall 2002 (April 3 to June 12), and Spring 2002 (September 20 to November 15)]. Treatments were Chinese cabbage, mustard, watercress, arrugula and radish. The standard of occurrences of larvae of M. punctigera + M. semialevis was not repeated in the three trials: Chinese and mustard were the preferred food in 2001 Fall Winter while in the 2002 Fall and 2002 Spring preference was predominated for mustard and arrugula. M. punctigera was the predominant species during the experiments and populations were higher in the winter periods. In general, M. punctigera beetles were found mostly on Chinese cabbage and mustard, but in some assessments populations were high also in other hosts (mostly arugula). M. semialevis beetles occurred mostly on Chinese cabbage and mustard. RESUMO Microtheca punctigera (Achard) é praga primária de plantas da família Brassicaceae no Brasil e ocorre associada com M. semilaevis Stal. Ocorrência de larvas e adultos de M. punctigera e M. semilaevis em cinco plantas hospedeiras em parcelas próximas foi avaliada em três períodos no campo ([outono/inverno, 2001 (10 de maio a 21 de julho); outono, 2002 (3 de abril a 12 de junho), e primavera, 2002 (20 de setembro a 15 de novembro)]. Os tratamentos foram couve chinesa, mostarda, agrião, rúcula e rabanete. O padrão de ocorrência de larva de M. punctigera + M. semialevis não se repetiu nos três períodos de avaliação: couve chinese e mostarda foram os alimentos preferidos no outono/inverno de 2001, enquanto que no outono e primavera de 2002, mostarda e rúcula foram os hospedeiros preferidos.M. punctigera foi a espécie predominante durante os experimentos e as populações foram maiores no período de inverno. De maneira geral, besouros de M. semialevis foram encontrados principalmente em couve chinesa e mostarda, mas em algumas as avaliações populações foram superiores em outros hospedeiros (principalmente em rúcula). Besouros de M. semialevis ocorreram principalmente em couve chinesa e mostarda.

The contamination of soil with high levels of cadmium (Cd) is of increasing concern, as Cd is a heavy metal element that seriously limits crop productivity and quality, thus affecting human health. (1) Background: Some miRNAs play key regulatory roles in response to Cd stress, but few have been explored in the highly Cd-enriched coefficient oilseed crop, Brassica juncea. (2) Methods: The genome-wide identification and characterization of miRNAs and their targets in leaves and roots of Brassica juncea exposed to Cd stress was undertaken using strand specific transcript sequencing and miRNA sequencing. (3) Results: In total, 11 known and novel miRNAs, as well as 56 target transcripts, were identified as Cd-responsive miRNAs and transcripts. Additionally, four corresponding target transcripts of six miRNAs, including FLA9 (Fasciclin-Like Arabinogalactan-protein 9), ATCAT3 (catalase 3), DOX1 (dioxygenases) and ATCCS (copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase), were found to be involved in the plant’s biotic stress pathway. We further validated the expression of three miRNA and six target genes in response to Cd, hydrargyrum (Hg), manganese (Mn), plumbum (Pb) or natrium (Na) stress and Mucor infection by qRT-PCR, and show that ATCCS and FLA9 were significantly and differentially regulated in the Cd-treated leaves. In addition, our results showed that DOX1 was obviously induced by Pb stress. Among the respective target miRNAs, bra-miR172b-3p (target for ATCCS) and ra-miR398-3p (target for FLA9) were down-regulated in Cd-treated leaves. (4) Conclusions: We identified bra-miR172b-3p as a potential Cd-specific resistant inhibitor, which may be negatively regulated in ATCCS in response to Cd stress. These findings could provide further insight into the regulatory networks of Cd-responsive miRNA in Brassica juncea.

Brassica juncea has great application potential in phytoremediation of cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil because of its excellent Cd accumulating and high biomass. In this study, we compared the effects of Cd under 48 h and 7 d stress in roots of Brassica juncea using metabolite profiling. The results showed that many metabolic pathways and metabolites in Brassica juncea roots were altered significantly in response to Cd stress. We found that significant differences in levels of amino acids, organic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and indoles were induced by Cd stress at different times, which played a pivotal role in the adaptation of Brassica juncea roots to Cd stress. Meanwhile, Brassica juncea roots could resist 48 h Cd stress by regulating the biosynthesis of amino acids, linoleic acid metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, ABC transporters, arginine biosynthesis, valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, and alpha-linolenic acid metabolism; however, they regulated alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, ABC transporters, and linoleic acid metabolism to resist 7 d Cd stress. A metabolomic expedition to the response of Brassica juncea to Cd stress will help to comprehend its tolerance and accumulation mechanisms of Cd.

Summary Allopolyploid Brassica juncea crops in Brassicaceae are becoming increasingly revitalized as vegetables and oilseeds owing to wide adaptability and significant economic values. However, the genomic differentiation of diversified vegetables and oilseed B. juncea and the genetic basis underlying glucosinolates accumulation have yet to be elucidated. To address this knowledge gap, we report the sequencing of pairwise genomes of vegetable and oilseed B. juncea at chromosome scale. Comparative genomics analysis unveils panoramic structural variation footprints, particularly the genetic loci of HSP20 and TGA1 associated with abiotic and biotic stresses responses between oilseed and vegetable subgroups. We anchored two major loci of MYB28 (HAG1) orthologues caused by copy number variations on A02 and A09 chromosomes using scored genomic SNPs‐based GWAS that are responsible for seed oil quality‐determining glucosinolates biosynthesis. These findings will provide valuable repertories of polyploidy genomic information enabling polyploidy genome evolution studies and precise genomic selections for crucial traits like functional components of glucosinolates in B. juncea crops and beyond.

The response to selection in any crop improvement program depends on the degree of variance and heritability. The objective of the current study was to explain variance and heritability components in Indian mustard Brassica juncea (L). Czern & Coss to recognize promising genotypes for effective breeding. Two hundred and eighty-nine diverse accessions of Indian mustard belonging to four continents were analyzed for yield and yield-related traits (20 traits) over two seasons (2017–2018 and 2018–2019) using an alpha lattice design. The genetic variance was found to be significant (P ≤ 0.01) for the individual and under pooled analysis for all of the evaluated traits, demonstrating the presence of significant genetic variability in the diversity panel, which bids greater opportunities for utilizing these traits in future breeding programs. High heritability combined with high genetic advance as percent of mean and genotypic coefficient of variation was observed for flowering traits, plant height traits, seed size, and seed yield/plant; hence, a better genetic gain is expected upon the selection of these traits over subsequent generations. Both correlation and stepwise regression analysis indicated that the main shoot length, biological yield, total seed yield, plant height up to the first primary branch, seed size, total siliqua count, days to flowering initiation, plant height at maturity, siliquae on the main shoot, main shoot length, and siliqua length were the most significant contributory traits for seed yield/plant. Also, promising genotypes were identified among the diversity panel, which can be utilized as a donor to improve Indian mustard further. These results indicated a greater scope for improving seed yield per plant directly through a selection of genotypes having the parsimonious combination of these nine traits.

The study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of Mustard (Brassica juncea) and Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf extracts and coagulant protein for their potential application in water treatment. Bacterial cell aggregation and growth kinetics studies were employed for thirteen bacterial strains with different concentrations of leaf extracts and coagulant protein. Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOS) and coagulant protein showed cell aggregation against ten bacterial strains, whereas leaf extract alone showed growth inhibition of five bacterial strains for up to 6 h and five bacterial strains for up to 3 h. Brassica juncea leaf extract (BJS) showed growth inhibition for up to 6 h, and three bacterial strains showed inhibition for up to 3 h. The highest inhibition concentration with 2.5 mg/mL was 19 mm, and furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (0.5 mg/mL) and MBC (1.5 mg/mL) were determined to have a higher antibacterial effect for &lt, 3 KDa peptides. Based on LCMS analysis, napin was identified in both MOS and BJS, furthermore, the mode of action of napin peptide was determined on lipoprotein X complex (LpxC) and four-chained structured binding protein of bacterial type II topoisomerase (4PLB). The docking analysis has exhibited moderate to potent inhibition with a range of dock score −912.9 Kcal/mol. Thus, it possesses antibacterial-coagulant potential bioactive peptides present in the Moringa oleifera purified protein (MOP) and Brassica juncea purified protein (BJP) that could act as an effective antimicrobial agent to replace currently available antibiotics. The result implies that MOP and Brassica juncea purified coagulant (BJP) proteins may perform a wide degree of antibacterial functions against different pathogens.

Sucrose synthase (SUS) plays an important role in sucrose metabolism and plant development. The SUS gene family has been identified in many plants, however, there is no definitive study of SUS gene in Brassica juncea. In this study, 14 SUS family genes were identified and comprehensively analyzed using bioinformatics tools. The analyzed parameters included their family member characteristics, chromosomal locations, gene structures and phylogenetic as well as transcript expression profiles. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the 14 members could be allocated into three groups: SUS I, SUS II and SUS III. Comparisons of the exon/intron structure of the mustard SUS gene indicated that its structure is highly conserved. The conserved structure is attributed to purification selection during evolution. Expansion of the SUS gene family is associated with fragment and tandem duplications of the mustard SUS gene family. Collinearity analysis among species revealed that the SUS gene family could be lost or mutated to varying degrees after the genome was doubled, or when Brassica rapa and Brassica nigra hybridized to form Brassica juncea. The expression patterns of BjuSUSs vary among different stages of mustard stem swelling. Transcriptomics revealed that the BjuSUS01-04 expression levels were the most elevated. It has been hypothesized that they play an important role in sucrose metabolism during stem development. The expression levels of some BjuSUSs were significantly up-regulated when they were treated with plant hormones. However, when subjected to abiotic stress factors, their expression levels were suppressed. This study establishes SUS gene functions during mustard stem development and stress.

Background Mustard (Brassica juncea) is an important economic vegetable, and some cultivars have purple leaves and accumulate more anthocyanins than the green. The genetic and evolution of purple trait in mustard has not been well studied. Result In this study, free-hand sections and metabolomics showed that the purple leaves of mustard accumulated more anthocyanins than green ones. The gene controlling purple leaves in mustard, Mustard Purple Leaves (MPL), was genetically mapped and a MYB113-like homolog was identified as the candidate gene. We identified three alleles of the MYB113-like gene, BjMYB113a from a purple cultivar, BjMYB113b and BjMYB113c from green cultivars. A total of 45 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 8 InDels were found between the promoter sequences of the purple allele BjMYB113a and the green allele BjMYB113b. On the other hand, the only sequence variation between the purple allele BjMYB113a and the green allele BjMYB113c is an insertion of 1,033-bp fragment in the 3’region of BjMYB113c. Transgenic assay and promoter activity studies showed that the polymorphism in the promoter region was responsible for the up-regulation of the purple allele BjMYB113a and high accumulation of anthocyanin in the purple cultivar. The up-regulation of BjMYB113a increased the expression of genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway including BjCHS, BjF3H, BjF3’H, BjDFR, BjANS and BjUGFT, and consequently led to high accumulation of anthocyanin. However, the up-regulation of BjMYB113 was compromised by the insertion of 1,033-bp in 3’region of the allele BjMYB113c. Conclusions Our results contribute to a better understanding of the genetics and evolution of the BjMYB113 gene controlling purple leaves and provide useful information for further breeding programs of mustard.

This present research, the proximate analyses, the antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of Sinapis alba (yellow mustard seed), Brassica nigra (black mustard seed), Brassica juncea (brown mustard seed) and their autoclaved samples were evaluated. The antioxidant capacity of mustard seeds was analysed by examining antiradical activity, Fe2+ chelating activity, H2O2 scavenging and total phenolics. The mustard seeds were autoclaved to inhibit myrosinase activity. The level of antioxidant capacity and the phenolics of the mustard seeds were increased with autoclave treatment. The antiradical activity of mustard seeds were determined ACL×YM (0.810) followed by ACL×BRM (0.750), UNACLxYM (0.680), UNACLxBRM (0.600), ACLxBLM (0.590) and UNACLxBLM (0.450) types respectively (P < 0.05).

En las últimas décadas, la mayor concientización de la sociedad sobre los efectos nocivos de los agroquímicos sobre la salud y el medio ambiente, ha generado cambios en algunos establecimientos hortícolas y florícolas del cinturón verde de Buenos Aires, que han incorporado otras estrategias de control de plagas, amigables con el medio ambiente, con la consecuente reducción en el uso de plaguicidas sintéticos. En este contexto, la biofumigación con mostaza india (Brassica juncea L. Czerniak) se presenta como una estrategia biológica eficaz para el control de plagas de suelo, que podría formar parte de un programa de manejo agroecológico de plagas. En nuestro país, hay registros de prácticas de biofumigación con recursos locales (principalmente, restos de cosecha de especies hortícolas brasicáceas), pero no existían desarrollos de cultivares con propósitos biofumigantes. Por este motivo, se realizó un proceso de selección masal y se obtuvo la variedad biofumigante SANTA CATALINA UNLP, que es el primer cultivar de mostaza india inscripto en el Registro Nacional de Cultivares del INASE. La variedad de mostaza india SANTA CATALINA UNLP fue desarrollada para su utilización como biofumigante de suelos y sustratos en producciones hortícolas y florícolas. Dado que el proceso de selección se realizó en la localidad de Llavallol, conurbano bonaerense, este cultivar se adapta a las condiciones medioambientales del cinturón verde de Buenos Aires. Numerosas investigaciones realizadas durante el período de selección del cultivar, han demostrado que la biofumigación con esta variedad es eficaz para suprimir algunas especies de hongos fitopatógenos, reducir poblaciones de nematodos fitófagos y para inhibir la emergencia y el crecimiento de algunas malezas. También se demostró que la biofumigación con mostaza india no afecta al hongo antagonista Trichoderma spp. ni a los nematodos de vida libre del suelo (benéficos). La variedad SANTA CATALINA UNLP fue desarrollada en el Instituto Fitotécnico de Santa Catalina, dependencia de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Desde el año 2009 hasta el 2016 se realizó selección masal sobre una población mixta proveniente de un lote de semillas de mostaza india que ingresó al país procedente de la India, para ser comercializado como condimento. Se seleccionaron las plantas con mayor biomasa aérea y con menor incidencia y severidad de podredumbre negra o mancha en V (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris). Paralelamente se realizaron ensayos para evaluar su capacidad como biofumigante para el biocontrol de plagas agrícolas. En junio de 2017 fue multiplicada, verificándose la estabilidad de la variedad. En varios ensayos se observó que la biofumigación con mostaza india tuvo efecto supresor sobre el crecimiento de Fusarium graminearum cultivado in vitro. En otro trabajo se concluyó que la biofumigación redujo significativamente la cantidad de esclerocios de Sclerotium rolfsii. Los resultados obtenidos en varios ensayos mostraron que la técnica de biocontrol con el hongo antagonista Trichoderma spp. puede ser considerada compatible con la biofumigación con B. juncea. Además, el crecimiento del hongo benéfico Trichoderma spp. no fue afectado por la biofumigación con B. juncea. En otro ensayo se observó que la biofumigación con dosis bajas de B. juncea no inhibió el crecimiento in vitro de colonias de Azospirillum brasilense, bacteria rizosférica promotora del crecimiento vegetal. Con respecto al efecto de la biofumigación sobre las malezas, se observó reducción del crecimiento de varias especies de malezas: Anoda cristata (malva cimarrona), Picris echiodes, Portulaca oleracea (verdolaga), Digitaria sanguinalis (pasto de cuaresma) y Taraxacum officinalis (diente de león). También se determinó que la biofumigación con SANTA CATALINA UNLP incrementó la densidad de nematodos de vida libre y redujo la densidad de nematodos parásitos de plantas., In recent decades, the greater awareness of society about the harmful effects of agrochemicals on health and the environment, has generated changes in some horticultural and flower farms in the green belt of Buenos Aires, which have incorporated other strategies to control pests, friendly with the environment, and reduced the use of synthetic pesticides. In this context, biofumigation with indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czerniak) is presented as an effective biological strategy for the control of soil pests, which could be part of an agroecological pest management program. In our country there are use experiences of biofumigation practices with local resources (mainly, harvest residues of horticultural Brassicaceae species) but there were no cultivar developments for biofumigant purposes. For this reason, a mass selection process was carried out and the biofumigant variety SANTA CATALINA UNLP was obtained, which is the first cultivar of indian mustard registered in the national registry of cultivars (Registro Nacional de Cultivares, INASE). The SANTA CATALINA UNLP indian mustard variety was developed for use as a biofumigant for soils and substrates in horticultural and floricultural productions. Given that the selection process was carried out in Llavallol town (Buenos Aires Province), this cultivar is adapted to the environmental conditions of the green belt of Buenos Aires. Numerous investigations carried out during the cultivar selection period have demonstrated the efficacy of biofumigation with this variety to suppress some species of phytopathogenic fungi, to reduce populations of phytophagous nematodes and to inhibit the emergence and growth of some weeds. Biofumigation with indian mustard was also shown not to affect the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma spp. nor to the free-living soil nematodes (beneficial). The SANTA CATALINA UNLP variety was developed at the Instituto Fitotécnico de Santa Catalina, a facility at Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. From 2009 to 2016, mass selection was made on a mixed population from a batch of indian mustard seeds that entered the country from India, to be marketed as a condiment. The plants with the highest aerial biomass and with the lowest incidence and severity of black rot or V-spot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris) were selected. At the same time, tests were carried out to evaluate its capacity as a biofumigant for the biocontrol of agricultural pests. In June 2017 it was multiplied, verifying the stability of the variety. In several tests it was observed that biofumigation with indian mustard had a suppressing effect on the growth in vitro of Fusarium graminearum. In another work, it was concluded that biofumigation significantly reduced the amount of sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii. The results obtained in several trials showed that the biocontrol technique with the Trichoderma spp. antagonist fungus can be considered compatible with B. juncea biofumigation. Thus, the growth of the Trichoderma spp. beneficial fungus it was not affected by biofumigation with B. juncea. In another trial, it was observed that biofumigation with low doses of B. juncea did not inhibit the in vitro growth of colonies of Azospirillum brasilense, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Regarding the effect of biofumigation on weeds, a reduction in the growth of several weed species was observed: Anoda cristata, Picris echiodes, Portulaca oleracea, Digitaria sanguinalis and Taraxacum officinalis. It was also determined that biofumigation with SANTA CATALINA UNLP increased the density of free-living nematodes and reduced the density of plant parasitic nematodes., Secretaría de Ciencia y Técnica

In this study, Pseudomonas putida BSP9 isolated from rhizosphere of Brassica juncea was investigated for its plant growth promoting and biosurfactant producing activities. The isolate showed the ability to produce indole acetic acid, siderophore, phosphate solubilization activity and was an efficient producer of biosurfactant. Purification (of the biosurfactant) by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and further characterization by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that biosurfactant produced by the isolate belonged to the glycolipid category, which is largely produced by Pseudomonas sp. In addition, liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) analysis showed the presence of a mixture of six mono-rhamnolipidic and a di-rhamnolipidic congeners, confirming it as a rhamnolipid biosurfactant. Bioformulations were developed using BSP9 and its biosurfactant to check their impact on promoting plant growth in B. juncea. It was noted from the study that bioformulations amended with biosurfactant (singly or in combination with BSP9) resulted in enhancement in the growth parameters of B. juncea as compared to untreated control. Maximum increment was achieved by plants inoculated with bioformulation that had BSP9 plus biosurfactant. The study also suggested that growth promotion was significant up to a threshold level of biosurfactant and that further increasing the concentration did not further enhance the growth parameter values of the plant. The study proves that novel bioformulations can be developed by integrating plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their biosurfactant, and they can be effectively used for increasing agricultural productivity while minimizing our dependence on agrochemicals.

Stem mustard is a stem variety of mustard, an important Brassica vegetable. The formation and development of the tumorous stem, which is the key organ for the direct yield and quality, is a complex biological process involving morphogenesis, material accumulation and gene regulation. In this study, we demonstrated through anatomical studies that stem swelling is mainly dependent on the increase in the number of cells and the volume of parenchyma cells in the cortex and pith. To further understand transcript and metabolic changes during stem swelling, we obtained 27,901 differentially expressed genes, of which 671 were specifically detected using transcriptome sequencing technology in all four stages of stem swelling. Functional annotation identified enrichment for genes involved in photosynthesis, energy metabolism, cell growth, sulfur metabolism and glucosinolate biosynthesis. Glucosinolates are a group of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing secondary metabolites, which largely exist in the Cruciferous vegetables. HPLC analysis of the contents and components of glucosinolates in four different stem development stages revealed eight glucosinolates, namely, three aliphatic glucosinolates (sinigrin, glucoalyssin and gluconapin), four indole glucosinolates (4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, glucobrassicin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin) and one aromatic glucosinolate (gluconasturtiin). All these types of glucosinolates showed a significant downward trend during the stem swelling period. The content of aliphatic glucosinolates was the highest, with sinigrin being the main component. In addition, qPCR was used to validate the expression of nine genes involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis. Most of these genes were down-regulated during stem swelling in qPCR, which is consistent with transcriptome data. These data provide a basic resource for further molecular and genetic research on Brassica juncea.

Verticillium stripe in canola (Brassica napus L.) caused by Verticillium longisporum was first reported in Manitoba in 2014. In this study, Brassica crops including canola, mustard (Brassica juncea) and radish (Raphanus sativus) with visible symptoms of Verticillium stripe were collected from Portage La Prairie, Manitoba, and the pathogens were isolated. Isolates from canola and radish were identified to V. longisporum, which produced longer conidia (7.92&ndash, 12.00 &micro, m) than Verticillium dahliae (4.32&ndash, 7.04 &micro, m). An isolate derived from mustard was characterized as V. dahliae. Molecular diagnostics with 18S rDNA, 5.8S rDNA and mating-type marker primers were used to confirm the identification of Verticillium isolates. PCR-RFLP of the mitochondrial small subunit rDNA and the cytochrome b gene were also employed to distinguish V. longisporum isolates from V. dahliae. The multi-gene characterization approach allowed for lineage determination, and V. longisporum isolates from canola and radish were in the A1/D1 group. Isolates of Verticillium longisporum from canola inoculated onto the canola cultivar &lsquo, Westar&rsquo, caused symptoms of stem striping, stunting and short plants. Re-isolated fungal strains from infected stems were again inoculated onto canola plants, in order to confirm that V. longisporum was the causal agent of Verticillium stripe disease in the pathogenicity test.

Brassica juncea is an important dietary vegetable cultivated and consumed in China for its edible stalks and leaves. The purple leaf mustard, which is rich in anthocyanins, is eye-catching and delivers valuable nutrition. However, the molecular mechanism involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis has not been well studied in B. juncea. Here, histological and transcriptome analyses were used to characterize the purple leaf color and gene expression profiles. Free-hand section analysis showed that the anthocyanin was mainly accumulated in the adaxial epidermal leaf cells. The anthocyanin content in the purple leaves was significantly higher than that in the green leaves. To investigate the critical genes and pathways involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation, the transcriptome analysis was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the purple and green leaves from the backcrossed BC3 segregation population in B. juncea. A total of 2,286 different expressed genes were identified between the purple and green leaves. Among them, 1,593 DEGs were up-regulated and 693 DEGs were down-regulated. There were 213 differently expressed transcription factors among them. The MYB and bHLH transcription factors, which may regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis, were up-regulated in the purple leaves. Interestingly, most of the genes involved in plant–pathogen interaction pathway were also up-regulated in the purple leaves. The late biosynthetic genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis were highly up-regulated in the purple leaves of B. juncea. The up regulation of BjTT8 and BjMYC2 and anthocyanin biosynthetic genes (BjC4H, BjDFR, and BjANS) may activate the purple leaf formation in B. juncea. This study may help to understand the transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in B. juncea.

Accurate analysis of gene expression requires selection of appropriate reference genes. In this study, we report analysis of eight candidate reference genes (ACTIN, UBQ, EF-1&alpha, UBC, IF-4&alpha, TUB, PP2A, and HIS), which were screened from the genome and transcriptome data in Brassica juncea. Four statistical analysis softwares geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder were used to test the reliability and stability of gene expression of the reference genes. To further validate the stability of reference genes, the expression levels of two CYCD3 genes (BjuB045330 and BjuA003219) were studied. In addition, all genes in the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) family were identified in B. juncea and their patterns at different periods of stem enlargement were analyzed. Results indicated that UBC and TUB genes showed stable levels of expression and are recommended for future research. In addition, XTH genes were involved in regulation of stem enlargement expression. These results provide new insights for future research aiming at exploring important functional genes, their expression patterns and regulatory mechanisms for mustard development.

Brassica juncea mustard seed are used to make mustard paste or condiment. Mustard seed contains glucosinolates which are converted to isothiocyanates following cell disruption by the enzyme, myrosinase. Isothiocyanates are sulphur-containing compounds which give a pungent flavour to the mustard condiment. Three mustard seed cultivars from two seasons were processed into Dijon- and wholegrain-style mustard and glucosinolates and isothiocyanates analysed. Canadian cv. Centennial tended to contain higher glucosinolates compared with the French cv. AZ147 and Ukrainian cv. Chorniava. Conversion of the mustard seed into a wholegrain condiment had a lesser effect on total isothiocyanates and sinigrin content compared with the Dijon-style preparation. The Canadian mustard cultivars produced wholegrain-style mustard with higher total isothyocyantes and sinigrin compared with the French and Ukrainian cultivars. In summary, results herein suggest that Canadian mustard seed cvs. Centennial and Forge, and wholegrain processing may result in a condiment with greater bioactive composition.

The present study was undertaken to identify the aluminum (Al) tolerant cultivar of Brassica juncea. We examined the changes in antioxidant enzymes, proline level, chlorophyll a fluorescence and psb A gene expression at vegetative and reproductive growth stages of B. juncea cultivars (Bio-902, CS-14, Pusa-Tarak and Laxmi). The selected cultivars were exposed to soil (pH 5.2) supplemented with Al (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg kg−1). We observed the lowest decline in photosynthetic efficiency (ΔF/Fm′), ETR, PPFD values and psb A expression to Al stress in the cultivar Bio-902 (tolerant cultivar) followed by CS-14 and Pusa-Tarak whereas the highest decline was observed in the cultivar Laxmi (sensitive cultivar). The improved performance of the cultivar Bio-902 under Al stress was accompanied by an increase in proline level, CAT and APX activities but without any increase in SOD activity. However, significant increase in SOD activity was observed in Laxmi.

The increase in the cultivation area of cruciferous oilseed crops and the use of short crop rotation has resulted in the enhanced spread of several major pests in Northern latitudes. There is currently limited information about incidence and severity of Alternaria black spot disease (Alternaria brassicae) on the main oilseed crop, spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus), in the Northern Baltics. Thus, spring oilseed rape and five alternative cruciferous oilseed crops were selected and their resistance to black spot disease was evaluated in field conditions during two growing seasons. We hypothesized that spring oilseed rape is more susceptible to Alternaria black spot disease than other alternative cruciferous oilseed crops. Both growing seasons were warmer and drier compared to the long-term average, and were thus suitable for A. brassicae development and assessments. In both years, incidence of Alternaria black spot infection was recorded on all cruciferous species, yet the disease development differed considerably among the crops. During both growing seasons, black mustard (B. nigra) plants were the most infected. Based on our observations during warm growing seasons we conclude that alternative oilseed crops such as Sinapis alba, Eruca sativa and Raphanus sativus are more resistant to the Alternaria black spot infection than the traditional oilseed crops and thus, possess a great potential to grow with limited chemical disease control in Northern Baltic conditions.

In the face of climate change and the predicted increase in the frequency and severity of abiotic stresses (e.g., hot spell, salinity), we sought to investigate the effect of salinity (S), short episodes of high temperature (HS) and combination of salinity and high temperature (SHS), at the reproductive phase, on yield with a special focus on the properties of dead pericarps of Brassica juncea. Three interval exposures to HS resulted in massive seed abortion, and seeds from salt-treated plants germinated poorly. Germination rate and final germination of B. juncea seeds were slightly reduced in the presence of salt and SHS pericarp extracts. All pericarp extracts completely inhibited seed germination of tomato and Arabidopsis, but removal of pericarp extracts almost fully restored seed germination. Heat and salinity profoundly affected the accumulation of phytohormones in dead pericarps. Combined stresses highly reduced IAA and ABA levels compared with salt, and enhanced the accumulation of GA1, but abolished the positive effect of salt on the accumulation of GA4, JA and SA. Interestingly, pericarp extracts displayed priming activity and significantly affected seedling performance in a manner dependent on the species and on the origin of the pericarp. While control pericarps improved and reduced the seedlings’ performance of autologous and heterologous species, respectively, pericarps from salt-treated plants were harmless or improved heterologous seedling performance. Thus, the strategy employed by the germinating seed for securing resources is set up, at least partly, by the mother plant in conjunction with the maternal environment whose components are stored in the dead maternal organs enclosing the embryo.

This paper reviews research advances in cytogenetics and germplasm innovation in Brassica allopolyploids, particularly oilseed rape (Brassica napus), in China. Three naturally evolved Brassica allotetraploid species are cytologically stable but tend to preferentially lose several chromosomes from one subgenome when induced by alien chromosome elimination. A-subgenome is extracted from B. napus, and the ancestral Brassica rapa was restituted after the total loss of C-subgenome chromosomes. Genome-wide genetic and epigenetic alterations were observed in both natural and synthetic Brassica allotetraploids. B. napus was subjected to extensive interspecific hybridization with landraces of B. rapa and Brassica juncea, which exhibit abundant phenotype variations, to widen the genetic diversity in breeding and select numerous elite germplasm resources and cultivars; these cultivars include the representative Zhongyou 821, which also parented numerous other varieties. Novel B. napus genotypes were obtained using Brassica trigenomic hybrids and allohexaploids (2n=54, AABBCC) by combining subgenomes from extant allotetraploids and diploids as bridge. Alien additions, substitutions, and translocations of the B. napus genome were developed by intergeneric/intertribal sexual and somatic hybridizations with several crucifers. Furthermore, mitochondrial DNA recombination promoted the production of novel cytoplasmic male sterile lines.

The present study was directed to evaluate antioxidant potential of methanolic extract from defatted meal of twenty Exotic collections (EC) of Brassica juncea for selection of desirable breeding germplasm having functional value in term of antioxidative potential. Being antioxidative in nature, B. juncea may be used as an alternative in place of synthetic ones. Total antioxidant activity and phenol content was observed in the range 14.204 to 26.973 mg/g and 5.39 to 7.47 mg/g, respectively. In term of IC50 value Hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide & superoxide radical scavenging was maximum in EC564649 where as DPPH radical scavenging was maximum in EC552583 (YS). Metal chelating activity was maximum in EC564641.

This study examined the protective effect of Zn on salt-stressed Brassica juncea plants using some key morphological and biochemical attributes at different developmental stages (30, 60, and 90 days after treatment [DAT]). Salt stress (200 mM) caused suppression in plant height, root length, and dry weight by 58.35%, 41.15%, and 53.33%, respectively, at 90 DAT, but Zn application improved these variables by 15.52%, 16.59%, and 11.45%, respectively. Furthermore, 200 mM NaCl decreased total chlorophyll by 45.32% and relative water content by 27.62% at 90 DAT, whereas Zn application compensated the decrease in the levels of both variables. NaCl (200 mM) increased H2O2, malondialdehyde, and electrolyte leakage by 70.48%, 35.25%, and 68.39%, respectively, at 90 DAT, but Zn supplementation appreciably reduced these variables. Except for catalase, enzymatic antioxidant activity increased under NaCl stress. Zn application with salt further increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione-S-transferase by 33.51%, 9.21%, 10.98%, 17.46%, and 12.87%, respectively, at 90 DAT. At 90 DAT, salt stress increased flavonoids by 24.88%, and Zn supply by a further 7.68%. Overall, Zn mitigated the adverse effects of salt stress through osmotic adjustment, as well as by modulating the oxidative defense system and flavonoid contents.

Highlights • Expression of chitinase gene was studied by RT-PCR in response to Alternaria brassicae. • Chitinase gene is induced by Alternaria, wounding and by JA and not by SA. It shows the tissue specificity of the gene. • Pathogen-inducible 2.5 kb chitinase class IV promoter was isolated from B. juncea by Genome Walking. • Induction pattern of chitinase gene is also reflected in promoter validation studied in transgenic Arabidopsis leaf. • This will help in using this promoter discretely in developing fungus resistant transgenic plants., Chitinases are the hydrolytic enzymes which belong to the pathogenesis-related (PR) protein family and play an important role not only in plant defense but also in various abiotic stresses. However, only a limited number of chitinase genes have been characterised in B. juncea. In this study, we have characterised B. juncea class IV chitinase gene (accession no EF586206) in response to fungal infection, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) treatments and wounding. Gene expression studies revealed that the transcript levels of Bjchitinase (BjChp) gene increases significantly both in local and distal tissues after Alternaria infection. Bjchitinase gene was also induced by jasmonic acid and wounding but moderately by salicylic acid. A 2.5 kb class IV chitinase promoter of this gene was isolated from B. juncea by Genome walking (accession no KF055403.1). In-silico analysis of this promoter revealed a number of conserved cis-regulatory elements related to defense, wounding and signalling molecules like SA, and JA. For validation, chitinase promoter was fused to the GUS gene, and the resultant construct was then introduced into Arabidopsis plants. Histochemical analysis of T2 transgenic Arabidopsis plants showed that higher GUS activity in leaves after fungal infection, wounding and JA treatment but weakly by SA. GUS activity was seen in meristematic tissues, young leaves, seeds and siliques. Finally investigation has led to the identification of a pathogen-inducible, developmentally regulated and organ-specific promoter. Present study revealed that Bjchitinase (BjChp) promoter is induced during biotic and environmental stress and it can be used in developing finely tuned transgenics.

Currently, information on the allergens profiles of different mustard varieties is rather scarce. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess protein profiles and immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding patterns of selected Canadian mustard varieties. Optimization of a non-denaturing protein extraction from the seeds of selected mustard varieties was first undertaken, and the various extracts were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed by means of protein recovery determination and protein profiling. The IgE-binding patterns of selected mustard seeds extracts were assessed by immunoblotting using sera from mustard sensitized and allergic individuals. In addition to the known mustard allergens&mdash, Sin a 2 (11S globulins), Sin a 1, and Bra j 1 (2S albumins)&mdash, the presence of other new IgE-binding protein bands was revealed from both Sinapis alba and Brassica juncea varieties. Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of the in-gel digested IgE-reactive bands identified the unknown ones as being oleosin, &beta, glucosidase, enolase, and glutathione-S transferase proteins. A bioinformatic comparison of the amino acid sequence of the new IgE-binding mustard proteins with those of know allergens revealed a number of strong homologies that are highly relevant for potential allergic cross-reactivity. Moreover, it was found that Sin a 1, Bra j 1, and cruciferin polypeptides exhibited a stronger IgE reactivity under non-reducing conditions in comparison to reducing conditions, demonstrating the recognition of conformational epitopes. These results further support the utilization of non-denaturing extraction and analysis conditions, as denaturing conditions may lead to failure in the detection of important immunoreactive epitopes.

Some plant species accumulate selenium in their tissues in quantities far above soil concentrations, and experiments demonstrate that selenium can serve as a defence against herbivores and pathogens. However, selenium may also cause oxidative stress and reduce growth in plants. We measured growth, selenium accumulation and herbivory in four varieties of the selenium accumulator Brassica juncea to investigate the cost of accumulation as well as its benefit in reducing herbivory. We measured selenium levels, plant size and flower number in four varieties of B. juncea watered with sodium selenate or treated as controls. We also conducted no-choice herbivory trials on leaves from both treatments with the specialist herbivore Pieris rapae. The selenate treatment slightly increased leaf number over the control, but tissue concentrations of selenium and flower number were negatively correlated in some varieties. In herbivory trials, leaves from the plants in the selenate treatment lost less leaf tissue, and the majority of larvae given leaves from selenate-treated plants ate very little leaf tissue at all. In the variety with the highest selenium accumulation, leaves from selenate-treated plants that showed reduced flower production also experienced less herbivory in feeding trials. The protective advantage of greater selenium accumulation may be offset by negative effects on reproduction, and the relatively low level of selenium accumulation in this species as compared to more extreme hyperaccumulators could reflect the minimum level necessary to enhance protection from herbivory., Selenium is an essential element for animal health, but it can be toxic at high concentrations. Plants are known to exploit this by storing high levels of selenium in their leaves and poisoning their animal enemies. We found that brown mustard plants that absorbed selenium from the soil and accumulated it in their leaves were in fact eaten less by a moth larva. However, at high concentrations of selenium plants also made fewer flowers. Accumulating selenium protects the plants from herbivores, but it also may come at a cost in reproduction.

Blackleg (Phoma stem canker) of crucifers is a globally important disease caused by the ascomycete species complex comprising of Leptosphaeria maculans and Leptosphaeria biglobosa. Six blackleg isolates recovered from Brassica rapa cv. Mizspoona in the Willamette Valley of Oregon were characterized as L. biglobosa based on standard pathogenicity tests and molecular phylogenetic analysis. These isolates were compared to 88 characterized L. biglobosa isolates from western Canada, 22 isolates from Australia, and 6 L. maculans isolates from Idaho, USA using maximum parsimony and distance analysis of phylogenetic trees generated from the ITS rDNA (internal transcribed spacer rDNA) sequence, and the actin and &beta, tubulin gene sequences. The L. biglobosa isolates derived from B. rapa collected in Oregon formed a separate subclade based on concatenated gene sequences or a single gene sequence, regardless of the analyses. Pathogenicity tests showed that these isolates failed to infect either resistant or susceptible B. napus cultivars, but caused severe symptoms on three B. rapa cultivars (Accession number: UM1113, UM1112, and UM1161), a B. oleracea var. capitata (cabbage) cultivar (Copenhagen Market), and two B. juncea cultivars (CBM, a common brown Mustard, and Forge). These findings demonstrated that the L. biglobosa isolates derived from a B. rapa crop in Oregon were genetically distinct from existing species of L. biglobosa, and constitute a new subclade, herein proposed as L. biglobosa &lsquo, americensis&rsquo

EnglishBiochar has been used worldwide as an efficient soil amendment due to its beneficial interaction with soil particles and nutrients; however, studies on the effect of biochar on the availability of nutrients such as N and P in tropical soils are still missing. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of different types and doses of biochars on the concentration and uptake of N and P in Indian mustard plants (Brassica juncea L.) grown in a Cu contaminated soil during three successive growth cycles. The greenhouse experiment was set up as randomized block design in a 3x3 factorial scheme, with 3 types of biochars (coconut shell, orange bagasse and sewage sludge) and three rates of application (0, 30 and 60t ha-1), and 4 replicates. Biochar increased plant growth by approximately 30 to 224%; however, the orange bagasse biochar was the most effective. Biochar reduced plant N concentration in approximately 15-43%, regardless of the rate of application, indicating the need to carefully adjust N fertilization. In the last growth cycle, biochar from coconut shell and orange bagasse improved the N uptake efficiency suggesting a better amelioration effect with ageing in soil. Biochar did not affect P nutrition in Indian mustard to a great extent; however, it significantly decreased the N:P ratio in the plant. Key words: biochar; pyrogenic carbon; copper contamination; plant nutrition; Brassica juncea portuguesO biocarvao tem sido usado mundialmente como um eficiente insumo agricola devido a sua interacao benefica com as particulas e os nutrientes do solo. Contudo, seu efeito na disponibilidade de nutrientes como N e P em solos tropicais tem sido pouco investigado. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes tipos e doses de biocarvao na concentracao e na eficiencia de absorcao de N e P em plantas de mostarda indiana (Brassica juncea L.) cultivadas em solo contaminado com cobre, em tres ciclos sucessivos de cultivo. O estudo foi desenvolvido em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3x3, em casa de vegetacao, com tres tipos de biocarvao (casca de coco, bagaco de laranja e lodo de esgoto) e tres doses (0, 30 e 60t ha-1). Todos os biocarvoes aumentaram o crescimento das plantas, com variacao de 30 a 224%. No entanto, o biocarvao de bagaco de laranja foi o mais eficiente. A presenca de biocarvao reduziu a concentracao de N nas plantas em torno de 14 a 43%, independente da dose aplicada, indicando a necessidade de monitoramento mais cuidadoso da fertilizacao nitrogenada. Os biocarvoes de casca de coco e bagaco de laranja melhoraram a eficiencia da planta na absorcao de N no terceiro ciclo de cultivo, indicando melhor efeito com o tempo de contato como o solo. O uso de biocarvao teve pouca influencia na nutricao fosfatada na mostarda indiana, mas diminuiu significativamente a relacao N:P. Palavras-chave: biocarvao; carbono pirogenico; contaminacao com cobre,nutricao de planta; Brassica juncea

The effect of four soil-applied sulfur (100 mg S kg−1 soil (100S) and 200 mg S kg−1 soil (200S)) in different sources (elemental S, ammonium sulfate, gypsum or magnesium sulfate) in protecting mustard (Brassica juncea L. (Czern &amp, Coss.)) from cadmium effects was studied. Based on the observed reduction in growth and photosynthesis in plants subjected to 100 and 200 mg Cd kg−1 soil, B. juncea cv. Giriraj was selected as the most Cd-tolerant among five cultivars (namely, Giriraj, RH-0749, Pusa Agrani, RH-406, and Pusa Tarak). Sulfur applied to soil mitigated the negative impact of Cd on sulfur assimilation, cell viability, and photosynthetic functions, with a lower lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage, and contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS: hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, and superoxide anion, O2•−). Generally, added S caused higher activity of antioxidant enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase), contents of ascorbate (AsA) and reduced glutathione (GSH), increases in the activities of their regenerating enzymes (dehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase), as well as rises in S assimilation, biosynthesis of non-protein thiols (NPTs), and phytochelatins (PCs). Compared to the other S-sources tested, elemental S more prominently protected B. juncea cv. Giriraj against Cd-impacts by minimizing Cd-accumulation and its root-to-shoot translocation, decreasing cellular ROS and membrane damage, and improving Cd-chelation (NPTs and PCs), so strengthening the defense machinery against Cd. The results suggest the use of elemental S for favoring the growth and development of cultivated plants also in Cd-contaminated agricultural soils.

The growing population of tropical countries has led to a new awareness of the importance of vegetables as a source of essential foods and nutrients. The success of vegetable cultivation depends to a large extent on high-quality seedlings. This work aimed at evaluating the effects of different substrates and different nutrient solution concentrations on the development of lettuce and Chinese cabbage seedlings in a semi-arid tropical area. Three independent experiments were conducted at the Soil and Water Research Station at Yezin Agriculture University, Myanmar (Myanmar, 19.83° N, 96.27° E). In all experiments a randomized block design was implemented with four treatments and three repetitions. In the first experiment the adaptability of lettuce seedling to two substrates (namely a Hulls Manure mix composed by 50% of mature cattle manure and 50% of carbonized rice husk and a soil based substrate constituted by 70% local soil, 20% burned rice husk, and 10% fresh cattle manure) and two nutrient solutions with different electrical conductivities (ECs) (W0.1, stored rainwater with EC = 0.13 dS m−1 and NS1.2, nutrient solution with EC = 1.20 dS m−1) were tested. In the second and third experiments, two species (lettuce and Chinese cabbage) were assessed for their response to nutrient solution concentrations. In both crops, 4 fertigation treatments (W0.1, NS0.6, NS1.2, and NS1.8) were supplied, by modulating the concentration of a compound mineral fertilizer (15:15:15) in the following ranges: W0.1: 0 g L−1, electrical conductivity (EC) 0.13 dS m−1, NS0.6: 0.3 g L−1, EC of 0.60 dS m−1, NS1.2: 0.6 g L−1, 1.2 dS m−1 EC, and NS1.8: 0.9 g L−1, 1.8 dS m−1 EC. Adopting different substrates and applying different nutrient solutions significantly affected growth (fresh weight and leaf morphology) and some physiological parameters (stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, and leaf chlorophyll content) of lettuce and Chinese cabbage seedling. From the first experiment, the combination of the soil based substrate and NS1.2 treatments allowed us to improve the seedlings’ growth. In the second experiment, highest growth of lettuce and Chinese cabbage seedlings was associated with NS1.2 and NS1.8, respectively. The presented results allow for the optimization of both growing media and nutrient solution management when lettuce and Chinese cabbage seedling are produced in the Central Dry Zone of Myanmar.

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutritional components and antioxidant activities of two different cultivars of Brassica juncea (Dolsan, Yeosu, Korea (BJD) and (Jeongseon, Gangwon, Korea (BJJ)). We investigated the proximate composition (moisture, crude ash, crude protein and crude lipid), antioxidant activities (2,2-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)), total phenol content, total flavonoid content and sinigrin content by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Our results show that the proximate compositions of BJD and BJJ were not significantly different. However, both the DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP activities of the BJJ extracts were higher than those of the BJD extracts. The total phenol contents of the BJD and BJJ extracts were 6.56 and 9.80 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, respectively. The total flavonoids content of the BJD and BJJ extracts were 20.92 and 34.81 mg rutin equivalent/g, respectively, whereas the sinigrin contents, one of the major compounds in BJD and BJJ extracts, were 16.16 mg/g and 11.73 mg/g, respectively. In this study, we confirmed that, by comparing BJJ and BJD, the sinigrin content of BJD was higher than that of BJJ, but the antioxidant activity and phenol content of BJD were superior to that of BJJ.

Increasing oil content in oilseed mustard (Brassica juncea) is a major breeding objective—more so, in the lines that have “0” erucic acid content (< 2% of the seed oil) as earlier studies have shown negative pleiotropic effect of erucic acid loci on the oil content, both in oilseed mustard and rapeseed. We report here QTL analysis of oil content in eight different mapping populations involving seven different parents—including a high oil content line J8 (~49%). The parental lines of the mapping populations contained wide variation in oil content and erucic acid content. The eight mapping populations were categorized into two sets—five populations with individuals segregating for erucic acid (SE populations) and the remaining three with zero erucic acid segregants (ZE populations). Meta-analysis of QTL mapped in individual SE populations identified nine significant C-QTL, with two of these merging most of the major oil QTL that colocalized with the erucic acid loci on the linkage groups A08 and B07. QTL analysis of oil content in ZE populations revealed a change in the landscape of the oil QTL compared to the SE populations, in terms of altered allelic effects and phenotypic variance explained by ZE QTL at the “common” QTL and observation of “novel” QTL in the ZE background. The important loci contributing to oil content variation, identified in the present study could be used in the breeding programmes for increasing the oil content in high erucic and “0” erucic backgrounds.

One of the possible ways to challenge selenium (Se) and iodine (I) deficiency in human beings is the joint biofortification of plants with these elements. Though the relationship between Se and I is highly pronounced in mammals, little is known about their interactions in plants where Se and I are considered not to be essential. Peculiarities of Se and I assimilation by a natural Se accumulator, such as Brassica juncea L., cultivar Volnushka, were assessed upon joint and separate plant foliar supply with sodium selenate (50 mg Se L&minus, 1) and potassium iodide (100 mg I L&minus, 1), in two crop seasons (spring, summer). Conversely to the individual application of Se and I, their joint supply did not stimulate plant growth. Separate use of sodium selenate enhanced I accumulation by 2.64 times, while biofortification with I increased the Se content in plant leaves by 4.3 times, this phenomenon was also associated with significant increase of total soluble solids and ascorbic acid content in leaves. The joint supply of Se and I did not affect the mentioned parameters. Both joint and separate application of Se and I led to synergism between these elements in: inhibiting nitrate accumulation, stimulating flavonoids biosynthesis (2&ndash, 2.3 times compared to control plants) as well as Al and B accumulation, decreasing Cd and Sr concentrations. Plant biofortification with I increased the content of Mn and decreased K and Li. The consumption of 100 g Brassica juncea leaves provided 100% of the adequate human requirement of Se and 15.5% of I.

The present study focused on assessing the effects of jasmonic acid (JA) seed treatment on the physiology of Brassica juncea seedlings grown under imidacloprid (IMI) toxicity. It has been observed that IMI application declined the chlorophyll content and growth of seedlings. However, JA seed treatment resulted in the significant recovery of chlorophyll content and seedling growth. Contents of oxidative stress markers like superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde were enhanced with IMI application, but JA seed treatment significantly reduced their contents. Antioxidative defense system was activated with IMI application which was further triggered after JA seed treatment. Activities of antioxidative enzymes and contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants were enhanced with the application of IMI as well as JA seed treatment. JA seed treatment also regulated the gene expression of various enzymes under IMI stress. These enzymes included respiratory burst oxidase (RBO), Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RUBISCO), NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (NADH), carboxylesterase (CXE), chlorophyllase (CHLASE), cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450). JA seed treatment up-regulated the expressions of RUBISCO, NADH, CXE, and P450 under IMI toxicity. However, expressions of RBO and CHLASE were down-regulated in seedlings germinated from JA seed treatment and grown in presence of IMI. Seed soaking with JA also resulted in a significant reduction of IMI residues in B. juncea seedlings. The present study concluded that seed soaking with JA could efficiently reduce the IMI toxicity by triggering the IMI detoxification system in intact plants.