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Three populations of Amaranthus powellii were discovered in Kerala region (SE-India), representing the first record of this species for the national flora. A morphological description based on the Indian plants, as well as ecological data are given. A preliminary list of all the Amaranthus species occurring in India, which was never published during the last 136 years, is also provided.

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott is an emergent aquatic and semi-aquatic species native to Asia, where it grows in tropical and subtropical areas. This species is widely cultivated for its edible corm and is considered as alien in various parts of the world, becoming sometimes invasive (e.g., in Spain), and in these areas eradication should be carried out. As part of ongoing studies on Araceae, in 2015 a population of C. esculenta was discovered in Rome (central Italy), where it grows along ditches. This is the first record of a naturalized population in Italy. A comprehensive view of this species in Italy and Europe was given, with clarifications about its occurrence in the Balkans, where C. esculenta was excluded from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia. A morphological description based on the population found and considerations of its ecology and the climatic conditions at the Roman site are provided.

Habrosia (Sagineae, Caryophyllaceae) is a genus that includes only H. spinuliflora, a species occurring in Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Turkey (Irano-Turanian floristic chorological element). Based on the available molecular data published in 2011, Habrosia appears to be nested in a Minuartia-clade, which includes taxa currently recognized under the genus Sabulina. Consequently, Habrosia should be treated as a genus to be included in Sabulina. However, the molecular tree published in 2011 considered only 9 Sabulina members whereas, according to the current concept, Sabulina is a genus comprising about 65 species. Unfortunately, the molecular phylogeny including a larger Sabulina sample published in 2014 did not include H. spinuliflora and the taxonomic position of Habrosia remains, therefore, uncertain. With the aim of verifying the correct position of Habrosia in the tribe Sagineae with respect to its relationship to Sabulina, a comprehensive molecular investigation based on ITS sequences, linked to detailed morphological data, is presented. The results obtained revealed that Habrosia is not part of Sabulina. A detailed description of H. spinuliflora, its ecological preference, and a distribution map are provided. Eventually, the name Arenaria spinulifolia (basionym of H. spinuliflora) is lectotypified on a specimen preserved at G (barcode G00212963).

Indobanalia thyrsiflora is an endemic species occurring in peninsular India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu States) and Sri Lanka. A nomenclatural study of the basionym Banalia thyrsiflora, published by Moquin-Tandon in Candolle’s Prodromus (year 1849), is carried out and the name is lectotypified on a specimen deposited at P (barcode P00609924); isolectotypes are traced at K and CAL. A preliminary morphological characterization of the species is also given, based on field surveys and examination of herbarium specimens. We noted that I. thyrsiflora is highly variable. However, we prefer to avoid, for the moment, taxonomic conclusions about the various morphotypes found, waiting the complete results of this ongoing morphological and molecular investigations.

As part of ongoing studies on Fabaceae Lindl. (see e.g., Bernardo et al. 2019, Iberite et al. 2017, Iamonico et al. 2021), we here present a note about the names Onobrychis tenoreana Lacaita (1911: 276), O. laconica Orph. ex Boissier (1872–1873: 530) [= O. alba (Waldstein & Kitaibel 1803–1805: 111) Desvaux (1814: 83) subsp. pentelica (Haussknecht 1887: 71) Nyman (1889: 99)], and O. pentelica. The research is based on both analysis of the relevant literature and examination of specimens at BM, FI, JE, MPU, and P (Thiers 2021 onwards).

Several names belonging to the Sesleria sect. Argenteae (Poaceae) were discussed in this paper and, where necessary, typified. Lectotypes were designated for the names Sesleria nitida var. brevidentata, S. nitida var. intermedia, S. nitida var. tenoreana f. macrostachya, and S. nitida var. tenoreana f. visianii. Neotypes were designated for the names Sesleria nitida var. tenoreana s.s. and S. nitida var. de-gasperiana. Synonyms were proposed for the following names (accepted names in brackets): S. feretrana (= S. italica), S. italica subsp. mariculensis (= S. italica), S. nitida var. brevidentata (= S. vaginalis), S. nitida var. candae (= S. italica), S. nitida var. intermedia (= S. robusta), S. nitida var. tenoreana f. visianii (= S. italica), and S. nitida var. tenoreana f. macrostachya (= S. italica). As regards Sesleria nitida var. de-gasperiana and S. nitida var. sancti-marinii, they were confirmed as synonyms of S. pichiana. Due to the extremely limited number of herbarium specimens available, we could not confirm the taxonomic autonomy of S. nitida var. pulchella (basionym of the taxon currently accepted as S. pulchella) and consider it as a preliminary synonym of Sesleria italica.

A note about some taxa in Anthyllis and Trifolium (Fabaceae) described from Sicily is presented. Concerning Trifolium, we provide the lectotypification of the name T. pratense var. semipurpureum (≡ T. pratense subsp. semipurpureum), using a specimen preserved at PAL (Todaro’s collection). Concerning the Lojacono-Pojero’s name Vulneraria heterophylla var. parvula, it is lectotypified by a specimen at G. A neotype at NAP is proposed for the Gussone’s name Vulneraria heterophylla var. albiflora. As this latter name is applied to a taxon accepted here at specific rank, a new combination is validated. On the contrary, A. heterophylla var. parvula is considered as a new heterotypic synonym of Anthyllis vulneraria var. rubriflora. Finally, this latter is typified by a specimen deposited at TO.

A new species of Alternanthera from Kerala (SW-India), named Alternanthera indica, is described and illustrated. A detailed description, photographs, and drawings are provided. The new species resembles A. carcasana, A. paronychioides var. robusta, A. pungens, A. sessilis, and A. tenella for sharing habit and sessile synflorescences, but it differs from these species in several characters (i.e. shape and size of leaves, sepal length and hairiness, and appendages on the androecial tube margin and length).

As part of ongoing studies of Tunisian Malvaceae, a population of Phymosia umbellata was discovered in Monastir city. It represents the first generic record for the national and continental flora. Morphological characters, as well as ecological data are given. A list of all the accepted names in Phymosia, their synonyms and types is also provided, with nomenclatural notes about some accepted Phymosia species.

The names Epilobium lanceolatum, Lotus requienii (currently accepted as Lotus conjugatus subsp. requienii), Orchis romana (currently accepted as Dactylorhiza romana subsp. romana), and Romulea columnae are lectotypified on specimens kept at RO and BOLO, and on a Sebastiani’s illustration published in his Romanarum plantarum fasciculus primus. An epitype (at RO) for the name Epilobium lanceolatum is also designated.

Edraianthus (Candolle 1830: 130) Candolle (1839: 149) (Campanulaceae Juss.) is a genus of 10–14 species with a centre of distribution in the Balkans, while disjunctions occur in the central and southern Apennines (peninsular Italy), Sicily, and the southern Carpathians (Stefanović et al. 2008).

The typification of the names Cerastium biebersteinii, Dianthus glumaceus, D. plumarius, Gypsophila collina, and G. elegans is discussed. Specimens from the herbaria G, LE, LINN, and P are designated as lectotypes, or neotype (G. elegans) of the concerned names.

The growing interest to the ancient South American pseudocereal crop quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Willdenow (1798: 1301), not only stimulated research on this species and its wild relatives (see Jellen et al. 2011, FAO & CIRAD 2015, Maughan et al. 2019, and references therein), but also spurred taxonomic and nomenclatural studies of these taxa, including issues of typification and/or conservation of their names (e.g., Lack & Fuentes 2013, Mosyakin & Walter 2018). The closest relatives of Chenopodium quinoa are grouped together with that species in a tetraploid (2n = 36) species complex containing such taxa as C. berlandieri Moquin-Tandon (1840: 23) sensu lato, and C. hircinum Schrader (1833: 2). Despite the growing attention to the crop and its relatives, the infraspecific taxonomy of C. quinoa remains problematic. A critical revision and proper typification of all available valid names published in that economically important group should be made to ensure the correct application of these names. The name C. hircinum was recently lectotypified by Mosyakin & Sokolova (2020), based on the specimen from LE (barcode LE00011694). However, some other names linked with C. quinoa and C. hircinum, in particular C. bonariense Tenore (1833: 13) and two varieties validated under C. hircinum by Aellen (1929), have not been typified yet and are investigated here as part of ongoing studies on the genus.

A new species of Amaranthus from Kerala (SW-India)—Amaranthus rajasekharii—is described and illustrated. Macro- and micro-morphological descriptions (with SEM analysis of pollen and seed), as well as original photos and drawings were provided. The new species is similar to A. dubius, from which it differs by stem color, inflorescence structure, gynoecium colour, number of stamens, and shape and lenght of tepals and bracts in pistillate flowers, seed ornamentation, and pollen architecture.

Plantago Linnaeus (1753: 112) (Plantaginaceae) is a genus including 200–250 species distributed throughout the temperate zone and the high-elevation tropical regions (Rahn 1996, Rønsted et al. 2002).

As part of ongoing studies on the taxonomy of Cirsium Miller (1754: no pagination) sect. Eriolepis (Cassini in Cuvier 1826: 331) Dumortier (1827: 74) (Asteraceae) (Del Guacchio & Iamonico 2015), and in the context of the “Italian loci classici census” project (see e.g., Domina et al. 2012, Peruzzi et al. 2019), aimed at typifying all the names of taxa described from Italy and at improving their systematic knowledge (Vallariello et al. 2016, Del Guacchio et al. 2017, Iamonico et al. 2017, Santangelo et al. 2017), we here present a note concerning the name C. lacaitae Petrak (1914: 456), which appears still not typified.

A new species of Agave L. (Asparagaceae: Agavoideae), A. lexii García-Morales, García-Jiménez & Iamonico, from Tamaulipas (northeastern Mexico) is described and illustrated. The new species is morphologically similar to A. tenuifolia Zamudio & E. Sanchez and A. striata Zucc. Agave lexii differs from A. tenuifolia and A. striata in leaf arrangement, size, and color, flower number and length, and fruit size. The distribution of A. lexii in Mexico, notes on its preferential habitat and phenology, and an assessment of its IUCN conservation status are provided.

The typification of the Linnaean name Atriplex maritima is revisited according to the Art. 7.8 (Ex. 10) of ICN. A specimen deposited at BM (barcode BM001148306), which is part of the Dale’s collection, is designated as the lectotype superseding the previous proposed neotypification on BM000647540 (Clifford Herbarium). The correct name for this taxon remains A. laciniata L. with A. maritima accepted as heterotypic synonym.

Molecular analyses and cytological data have shown that Silene multinervia, which has always been placed in section Conoimorpha and often regarded as a heterotypic synonym of S. coniflora, is a separate taxon in a distinct clade. A comparison between S. multinervia and the members of section Conoimorpha is provided, showing that the species can be distinguished by both vegetative (plant height) and reproductive (flower number per inflorescence, calyx vein number, calyx length, petal apex shape, fruit length, carpophore length, and seed diameter) characters. Cytological, molecular, and morphological evidence support recognition of S. multinervia as a member of a new section endemic to southwestern California and northwestern Mexico (Baja California). Therefore, Silene sect. Californicae, sect. nov. (type: S. multinervia) is here proposed.

Antecedentes y Objetivos: Stellaria tradicionalmente incluye 150-200 especies principalmente distribuidas en las regiones templadas de Eurasia y América del Norte. Estudios moleculares mostraron que Stellaria es polifilética e incluye aproximadamente 120 especies. El género tiene una alta variabilidad fenotípica que ha llevado a desórdenes nomenclaturales lo que dificulta la identificación de las diversas especies. Se presenta una nota sobre un taxón actualmente aceptado bajo el género Stellaria -Stellaria obtusa- que debe reconocerse como un género separado, aquí propuesto como Engellaria gen. nov.Métodos: El trabajo está basado en la revisión de especímenes de herbarios americanos y europeos y en el análisis de la literatura.Resultados clave: Datos moleculares disponibles muestran que Stellaria obtusa no está incluida en el clado Stellaria s.s., pero que es basal a otro clado que comprende los géneros Honckenya, Schiedea y Wilhelmsia. Stellaria obtusa, por lo tanto, fue comparada con estos tres grupos y con los miembros apétalos morfológicamente similares de Stellaria s.s. (S. crispa, S. media, S. pallida y S. irrigua). Los resultados obtenidos conducen al reconocimiento de S. obtusa como un nuevo género monotípico norteaméricano separado. Se propone una clave diagnóstica de los miembros apétalos pertenecientes a los géneros americanos de Caryophyllaceae. Finalmente, los nombres Stellaria obtusa y Stellaria washingtoniana (= S. obtusa) se lectotipifican basado en especímenes depositados, respectivamente, en UC (isolectotipos en GH, NY y YU) y GH (isolectotipos en BM, CAN, CAS, CS, DOV, F, GH, K, MIN, MSC, NY, US y VT), respectivamente. Para el nombre Alsine viridula (= S. obtusa) el holotipo se encontró en USA (isotipos en CAS, F, GH, NY, OSC, RM y UC).Conclusiones: Stellaria obtusa no pertenece al género Stellaria. El presente estudio muestra cómo el uso combinado de datos morfológicos y análisis filogenéticos ayudó a aclarar la posición taxonómica de grupos de plantas difíciles, como Stellaria.

The Linnaean names Malva abutiloides, Sida alba, Sida americana, and Sida triquetra are investigated. Sida alba is a nomen nudum and not validly published according to the Art. 38.1 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Sida triquetra is a superfluous and illegitimate name, replacement of the legitimate Sida trisulcata by Jacquin. The name S. americana is lectotypified by a specimen kept at LINN (No. 866.25). For nomenclatural purposes, the names Abutilon dentatum (= A. abutiloides), Albutilon ramosissimum (= S. trisulcata), Sida tricuspidata (= A. abutiloides), and Sida lignosa (= A. abutiloides) were also studied. These four names are lectotypified by specimens preserved at US (A. dentatum), PR (A. ramosissimum), and MA (S. tricuspidata and S. lignosa).

Senecio fontanicola is endemic to black-bog-rush fens of southern Austria, northwestern Slovenia and north-eastern Italy. It is characterized by oblanceolate leaves, a low number of supplementary bracts and glabrous achenes and it grows in marshy spring areas, fens and reed beds, between elevations from 20 to 850 m. The species was never described with molecular traits and during the last decades, S. fontanicola showed a dramatic decline due to land reclamation for agriculture. Therefore, the present study aims to characterize S. fontanicola using the molecular barcoding technique and to updated its distribution to propose a global risk category for the species, based on IUCN criteria. The three molecular markers used in this study (trnH-psbA, rbcL, and ITS) clearly distinguished S. fontanicola from S. doria. s.s. and the revised distribution allowed the definition of the conservation status of the species, that is Endangered-EN B2ab(i, ii, iii, iv) following the B criterion of the IUCN guidelines.

Amaranthus spinosus L. (Amaranthaceae s.l.), a species native to the Neotropics, has been found in four localities (Bizerta, Bir Bouregba, Hammamet, and Nabeul) of N. Tunisia. Our discovery represents the first record at national level, and the second one for N. Africa. Morphological characters and ecological data are given. Nomenclatural notes are provided for the name A. diacanthus, which was regarded by some authors as heterotypic synonym of A. spinosus. A neotype is designated in the present paper based on a specimen preserved at LSU.

Populations of Atriplex canescens var. gigantea were found in Lamta, Bouficha-Enfidha (central Tunisia), and Medenine (southern Tunisia). Literature data concerning the presence of this species in Tunisia are contradictory but now our data confirm its occurrence in the country. On the other hand, this variety is reported in the present paper for the first time both in Tunisia and in North Africa in general. Morphological characters and ecological data are presented, as well as notes about patterns of infraspecific variability of A. canescens. Nomenclatural notes on infraspecific names in A. canescens, as well as on the closely related species A. garrettii, are provided. The types of the names A. canescens var. laciniata, A. canescens var. macilenta, A. garrettii, Obione occidentalis var. angustifolia, and Pterochiton occidentale, that in earlier publications were erroneously considered to be holotypes, are in fact lectotypes (for most of taxa) under Art. 9.10 of the ICN. Isolectotypes were found at CAS (A. canescens var. laciniata and A. canescens var. macilenta), GH (A. canescens var. macilenta), and YU (Atriplex nuttallii).

The names of the Italian taxa in Cirsium sect. Eriolepis are discussed. The accepted names are: Cirsium echinatum, C. eriophorum subsp. eriophorum, C. eriophorum subsp. spathulatum, C. ferox, C. italicum, C. lacaitae, C. lobelii, C. morisianum, C. scabrum, C. tenoreanum, C. vallis-demonii subsp. vallis-demonii, C. vallis-demonii subsp. calabrum comb. nov., and C. vulgare (= C. crinitum, C. sylvaticum). Four accepted names are typified by specimens preserved at FI (one lectotype), G (one lectotype and one neotype), P (one lectotype), and by illustrations (two lectotypes). Several other heterotypic synonyms of taxa described from Italy are discussed and six of them are typified. A new combination and status are proposed: C. vallis-demonii subsp. calabrum, based on C. eriophorum var. vallis-demonii f. calabrum.

Resumen Iamonico, D. 2020. Estudio de nomenclatura del género Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae). 11. Especies dioicas de Amaranthus pertenecientes a la sección Saueranthus. Darwiniana, nueva serie 8(2): 567-575. Se lleva a cabo un estudio nomenclatural sobre los nombres de las especies dioicas de Amaranthus, pertenecientes a la sección Saueranthus (subgénero Acnida). Todos los nombres estudiados están válidamente publicados pero necesitan aclaraciones nomenclaturales. Se designan lectotipos para A. greggii var. muelleri (NY). Se indica la existencia de holotipos para A. ambigens, A. annectens, A. arenicola, A. myrianthus y A. watsonii (depositados en US, BM, GH y US). Se localizan isotipos para A. ambigens (un espécimen en NY), A. myrianthus (cinco especímenes en GH, M, MO, RM y US) y A. arenicola (tres especímenes en KSC, MO y US), mientras que para A. watsonii fueron localizados dos isotipos en US. Se establece una nueva sinonimia: A. arenicola = A. myrianthus, proponiéndose que el segundo nombre tenga prioridad nomenclatural sobre el primero. Con base en observaciones taxonómicas preliminares, se reconocen dos variedades de A. greggii, var. greggii y var. muelleri, que difieren entre sí en la relación entre la longitud de los tépalos y del fruto (aproximadamente 2/3 en la var. muelleri vs. aproximadamente 1 en la var. greggii).

In our recent paper, we noticed a mistake concerning figure 2 (Di Pietro et al. 2021: 93). According to the caption, figure 2 should represent the sheet FI051890 (a lectotype of Sesleria nitida var. tenoreana f. visianii). In fact, in the place of the sheet FI051890, a figure containing two herbarium specimens deposited in PAD (PAD-HD00955 and PAD-HD00956) was erroneously published. These two PAD specimens were discussed in the paper (Di Pietro et al. 2021: 94) where it was highlighted that these could not be considered with certainty as original material for Sesleria nitida var. tenoreana f. visianii Pampanini (1917: 4).We here, correct the mistake and publish the image of lectotype of Sesleria nitida var. tenoreana f. visianii (FI051890, Fig. 1).

The typification of the names Atriplex marina and A. maritima is discussed. A. marina is lectotypified on a Petiver’s illustration and synonymised with A. littoralis (heterotypic synonym), whereas A. maritima wis neotypified on a specimen from BM and synonymised with and A. laciniata (homotypic synonym).

Como parte de los estudios en curso sobre las Malvaceae de Túnez, se descubrieron poblaciones de dos especies de Hibiscus (H. rosa-sinensis y H. syriacus) y de Lagunaria patersonia en el norte de Túnez, que representan los primeros registros de la flora nacional y norteafricana. Se describen caracteres morfológicos, así como datos ecológicos y corológicos. Se proporcionan notas nomenclaturales sobre los nombres H. acerifolius (= H. syriacus), H. chinensis (= H. syriacus), H. patersonius (basiónimo de L. Patersonia) y H. rhombifolius (= H. syriacus), incluida la designación de holótipo para H. Chinensis (ilustración de van Braam Houckgeest), y designación de lectótipos para H. Acerifolius (una ilustración de Salisbury), H. Rhombifolius (ilustración de Cavanilles) y H. Patersonius (ilustración de Andrew). También se tratan otros nombres ilegítimos e inválidos (Althaea frutex, H. floridus, Ketmia syrorum, K. Arborea y K. Arborescens).

Background and Aims: Amaranthus comprises 70-75 species of which about half are native to America. Some taxa are used as ornamentals, food or medicine and escape from cultivation, mainly causing economic impact to the agricultural systems. The genus is taxonomically critical due to its high phenotypic variability and hybridization that caused nomenclatural disorders. A note about Amaranthus polygonoides s.l. and A. anderssonii, whose nomenclature and taxonomy need to be still clarified, is presented. Methods: This work is based on examination of herbarium specimens and analysis of literature. Taxonomically relevant characters were measured (length and width (the widest part of the blade) of the leaves, longest and shortest diameters of the seeds, ratio length/width of the leaf blades and dehiscence/indehiscence of the fruits). The variability of the continuous characters was illustrated by box plots.Key results: The names Amaranthus polygonoides, A. anderssonii s.s., A. anderssonii f. erectus, A. taishanensis, Sarratia berlandieri, and Scleropus urceolatus are discussed. A specimen at BM-SL, that served as the base for the lectotype of A. polygonoides (Sloane’s illustration), was indicated. Previous holotype indications for Sarratia berlandieri and Scleropus urceolatus are corrected as lectotypes. Amaranthus taishanensis is confirmed to be a synonym of A. polygonoides s.s. The morphological study of leaves and seeds, as well as data about the distribution and the available phylogenetic analyses, show that the taxa can be distinguished at infraspecific ranks. A new classification is proposed recognizing a single species (A. polygonoides) with two subspecies, subsp. urceolatus comb. nov. and subsp. polygonoides. The latter taxon includes var. berlandieri comb. nov. and var. polygonoides.Conclusions: Amaranthus polygonoides s.l. and A. anderssonii are native to tropical regions of America, currently treated as separate taxa. The use of box plots, along with the available phylogenetic analyses, helped to clarify their taxonomy.

Antecedentes y Objetivos: Cochemiea es un género que actualmente comprende cinco especies que se encuentran en México, y se caracteriza morfológicamente por sus tallos decumbentes cilíndricos o postrados y por su largo perianto zigomorfo rojo escarlata presumiblemente especializado para la polinización por colibríes. Como parte de los estudios taxonómicos en curso sobre la flora del norte de México proponemos como nueva especie una población descubierta por Thomas Linzen en 2012 en el centro de Sinaloa (México), previamente identificada como Mammillaria sp., se trata de una especie de Cochemiea que no concuerda con ninguna especie conocida del género, la cual proponemos como nueva especie para la ciencia. Métodos: Este trabajo se basa en estudios de campo (otoño 2018 y primavera 2019) en el centro de Sinaloa, la revisión de ejemplares de herbario y de literatura relevante. Se evaluó su estatus de conservación siguiendo los lineamientos propuestos por la IUCN; AOO y EOO fueron calculados usando el programa GeoCAT. Resultados clave: Cochemiea thomasii es descrita e ilustrada de Sinaloa. Esta nueva especie es morfológicamente similar a C. halei, de la cual difiere por sus tallos colgantes, los tubérculos cónicos más grandes, las espinas radiales menos numerosas y más cortas, y los frutos ovoides. Se incluye una clave diagnóstica de las especies conocidas de Cochemiea. Conclusiones: Cochemiea thomasii es endémica del estado de Sinaloa donde vive en un área reducida. Con base en los criterios B2a (distribución geográfica) y C (población pequeña) de la IUCN, esta especie se evalúa como En Peligro Crítico (CR) o Vulnerable (VU). Adoptando el principio de precaución, Cochemiea thomasii es considerada en Peligro Crítico (CR).

The nameAmaranthus commutatus, originally validated by Kerner for a plant taxon from Hungary and Slovakia, was studied as part of a series of contributions with the final aim to clarify the complicated nomenclature of the genusAmaranthus. On the basis of the protologue, the name Amaranthus commutatus cannot be associated with any European species, while out of Europe, Kerner’s original data ofA. commutatusmay match the morphology of the Australian speciesA. rhombeus.Unfortunately, no original material has been traced so far and thus no lectotype can be designated (Arts. 9.3 and 9.4 of Shenzhen Code). Consequently, neotypification is desirable according to Art. 9.8. However no specimens ofAmaranthusseen by Kerner have been traced and it was very difficult to understand Kerner’s concept of that taxon. Having no suitable specimens available, I prefer to avoid the designation of a neotype, and the possible synonymization ofA. commutatuswithA. rhombeusbased just on Kerner’s data. Furthermore, the synonyms cited by Kerner in the protologue [Amaranthus blitumvar.polygonoides(here lectotypified on a specimen preserved at K), andA. blitumvar.prostratus(lectotype designated by Iamonico in 2016 on a Balbis’ illustration] refer to other species, i.e.A. albus(new proposed synonymy) andA. deflexus, respectively. The treatment ofAmaranthus commutatusappears inconsistent but this fact is not ground for rejecting of the name since does not threat any other name and there are no disadvantageous nomenclatural changes (Art. 56.1). Since the failure to properly designate a type, and the impossibility to rejectA. commutatus, Kerner’s name continues to be of ambiguous nature and is proposed as listed as a name incertae sedis. URL:https://www.bz.upjs/thaiszia

The Linnaean names Statice aurea, S. cordata, S. flexuosa, S. incana, S. pruinosa, and S. speciosa (Plumbaginaceae) are investigated. Specimens from the Linnaean Herbarium (LINN) are designated as lectotypes of S. aurea, S. flexuosa, S. pruinosa and S. speciosa, and an illustration is designated as lectotype for S. cordata. Finally, the typification of the remaining Linnaean names in Statice is briefly reviewed and discussed.

A new species of Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae), A. tunetanus sp. nov. from Monastir Governorate (central Tunisia) is described and illustrated. The new species is morphologically similar to A. crassipes, A. crispus, A. graecizans subsp. aschersonianus, and A. scleropoides from which it differs mainly by characters of synflorescences and flowers. Distribution in Tunisia, notes of its preferred habitat, phenology, and the IUCN status of conservation are also provided. A diagnostic key to the 14 taxa of subgen. Albersia occurring in North Africa is also presented.

Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson (Amaranthaceae Juss.) is a dioecious noxious weed, native to the Americas, which infests summer crops. It causes high crop losses, and rapidly evolves resistance to herbicides. In Europe, A. palmeri was recorded mostly as a casual alien, but in 2018 it was reported infesting a soybean field in Italy, and the next year two more populations were found in the same area. Experiments were conducted on these three populations to evaluate the resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides, to determine the main resistance mechanisms involved and assess the efficacy of alternative herbicides with different sites of action than ALS. The three populations were confirmed cross-resistant to ALS-inhibiting herbicides (thifensulfuron-methyl and imazamox). Gene sequencing identified a Trp to Leu substitution at position 574 of ALS gene in resistant plants, proving that the main resistance mechanism for the three populations is target-site related. The presence of other resistance mechanisms cannot be excluded. Metobromuron, metribuzin and glyphosate are still effective on these populations.

Cerastium kochianum Iamonico is proposed as a replacement name for C. arvense L. var. strictum W. D. J. Koch (published in 1838) when treated as a species, since C. strictum L., which refers to another taxon (i.e., Arenaria grandiflora L.), is an earlier and validly published name. Cerastium kochianum is related to C. arvense s.l., from which it differs mainly by characters of habit, stem, and leaves and a different chromosome number.

The American duckweed Lemna minuta Kunth is considered an invasive species in several European countries (e.g., Belgium, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy), but its invasiveness outside its original range remains poorly studied. We therefore analyse: (i) the speed with which L. minuta has spread throughout Europe; and (ii) its capability to compete with L. minor L., the most common European native duckweed. Based on literature data, the increasing number of observations of L. minuta since it was reported for the first time in France (1966) indicated the wide extent reached by this species in most of Europe, highlighting its high capacity to colonize new areas. By sampling Lemna populations from 41 stations in standing waters in Central Italy, it emerged that the frequency of the two species was similar, but the alien species was more abundant than the native one, showing generally higher coverages, and predominating in mixed Lemna populations. A negative correlation between L. minuta and L. minor was observed in our study. This relationship was not explained by different ecological requirements, since the two species responded similarly to the main environmental gradient, but was linked to an antagonistic dynamism between both species. A multitemporal analysis, based on the comparison of Lemna coverage data recorded at the same stations at two different times (last vs. first record), revealed that L. minuta had appeared where it had been absent previously and that its abundance had increased to the detriment of L. minor, which in some cases disappeared within a few years. The arrival of L. minuta in a site can be considered a real threat to conservation of the native plant diversity due to its competition with the congeneric L. minor.

The names in Amaranthaceae published by R. de Visiani are investigated. Amaranthus gangeticus var. cuspidatus is a nomen nudum and thus invalid according to Art. 38.1a of the ICN. Amaranthus hierichuntinus, Atriplex patula var. hastifolia, and Chenopodium album var. oblongum are lectotypified, respectively, on a specimen preserved at PAD, and illustrations by Scopoli and Vahl. We here propose to synonymyze the three names (new synonymies) respectively with Amaranthus graecizans subsp. graecizans, Atriplex patula subsp. patula, and the type subspecies of C. album. For nomenclatural purposes, also the name C. lanceolatum Willd. (heterotypic synonym of C. album subsp. album) is investigated and lectotypified, on a specimen preserved at B.