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This study aimed to study the effect of the germination process on grain quality, chemical composition for brown rice and comparing them with white rice for use it is on a commercial scale . Three rice varieties namely Sakha 104(Japonica), Giza 178(Japonica- Indica), and Giza 182(Indica) were used in this study. And the three statuses (milled rice, brown rice, and germinated brown rice). A completely randomized design in the factorial arrangement was used in this experiment to determine some cooking and eating quality characters i.e. gelatinization temperature, amylose content and elongation %, Water uptake, hardness, chemical composition: Phytic acid, total antioxidant capacity, and panel test evaluation for rice samples. The results indicated that there were significant differences in amylose content and gelatinization temperature among the three rice statuses and no significant difference in these characters with the three rice varieties under study. Germinated brown rice showed the lowest amylose content (15.58%), followed by brown rice (17.26%) and white rice (18.39%). Brown rice gave the highest temperature followed by germinated brown rice then milled rice. A maximum elongation ratio was observed in Giza178 (Japonica Indica). White rice gave the maximum elongation (47.18%) followed by germinated brown (24.56 %) then brown rice (16.08 %). Japonica rice exhibited lower hardness than indica rice. The strongest value (4.82) was recorded at brown rice, while the weakest value (3.64) was in white rice. The Indica rice variety Giza181 had the highest protein and fat%. The germinated brown rice had the highest value of protein, crude fiber, and fat (7.27, 1.98, and 2.87%, respectively), compared with compared to brown rice and white rice. White rice had lower Phytic acid (%) followed by germinated brown rice, then brown rice. Japonica rice cultivar (Sakha 104) has a higher antioxidant level than Indica rice cultivar (Giza 182)....

Bread wheat cross Sids 12 x Misr 3 was studied in F1, F2, F3 and F4 generations to develop promising genotypes for improvement of grain yield, rust resistance and grain quality. The two parents differed significantly for most characters under study showing sufficient variability in F2 and F3 generations to calculate the genetic parameters. The genetic variances indicated important role coupled with moderate to high broad sense heritability for most studied characters in F2 and F3 generations. Both grain filling rate and number of spikes m-2 were the most important characters in selection for high grain yield in F3 generation. Rust resistance in the two parents was controlled by one dominant gene for yellow rust, two dominant genes for leaf rust and two complementary dominant genes for stem rust. Thirty-seven families out of 100 families were superior for grain yield, but the susceptibility of the three rusts eliminated 17 families and only 20 families were resistant or moderately resistant to the three rusts. Five out of the selected 20 families had good grain quality characteristics. In F4 generation, five wheat plants characterized by an adequate resistance to the three rusts and good agronomic characters were selected for further evaluation as F5 lines.

The F2 and F3 populations resulting from Giza171 × Sids12 hybrid were used from 2015/2016 to 2018/2019 seasons at Sakha Agricultural Research Station to study the inheritance of some agronomic characters and resistance to rusts diseases and select new bread wheat families with high yield potential and good grain quality. Giza171 was preferable for yield and its components, while Sids12 was desirable for earliness characters. The ranges of the F2 and F3 populations went out the means of its parents for the studied characters. All characters showed moderate to high values of broad sense heritability in F2 and F3 generations. The best responsive characters to selection in F2 were No. spikes plant-1 and grain yield plant-1, while days to maturity was the least responsive character. F3 families hadhighly significant variations for all studied characters. Correlation coefficients referred that grain filling rate, followed by No. spikes m-2, then kernels weight spike-1, later the No. kernels spike-1 had the most impact on grain yield in F3 families. The resistance of yellow and leaf rusts was controlled by two dominant genes and stem rust was controlled by two complementary dominant genes. Thirteen promising families were high yielding, resistant to the three rusts and have appropriate height were selected to promote to the next advanced of segregating generations and five of them were preferable for grain quality of wheat.

Aim: This cross-sectional study was conducted from April to July 2012 in Khartoum state, Sudan, to determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis in goats and to investigate potential risk factors associated with this disease. Materials and Methods: A total of 307 serum samples were collected from both sexes of goats in four different localities and were subjected to testing for brucellosis using rose bengal plate test (RBPT), serum agglutination test (SAT), and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Results: The overall seroprevalence was 11.4% (n=35) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) ranging from 7.80 to 15.0. Out of these 35 RBPT-positive samples, the positivity of 18 and 17 were confirmed by SAT and cELISA, respectively. A significant statistical variation was observed between brucellosis seroprevalences in goats purchased from local animal markets and goats that were raised at the farm. Conversely, such significant variations were not observed among the categories of other risk factors with seroprevalences ranging from 3.0% (95% CI between 0.40 and 7.20) to 16.3% (95% CI between 10.4 and 22.3). Location (χ2=9.33, df=3, p=0.02), breed (χ2=3.52, df=1, p=0.05), herd size (χ2=6.59, df=2, p=0.03), and herd expansion (χ2=5.39, df=1, p=0.02) were associated with RBPT-positive status for brucella in the two-tailed Chi-square test. In addition, Sharq an-Nil locality and goats raised at the farm had increased odds of being RBPT positive. Conclusion: Brucellosis was detected in goats in all surveyed localities. An effort should be made to educate goat owners/herders about brucellosis as well as about the importance of vaccination.

To improve agronomic and quality in bread wheat, this experiment was performed in 2015/16 and 2016/17 seasons at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Egypt to study performance of ten bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes (Giza 171, Sakha 95, Gemmeiza 12, Shandweel 1, Sids 12, Sids 14, Misr 3, Line 1, Line 2 and Line 3) and their forty-five F1 crosses were evaluated for sixteen agronomic and grain quality characters. The mean squares for genotypes, parents, crosses, parents vs. crosses, general and specific combining ability were significant for most studied characters. The ratio of general and specific combining ability was more than unity for all characters and both additive and non-additive gene effects were important in controlling the studied characters with more importance for additive effects. The best performance was detected in Sakha 95, Sids 14 and Shandweel 1 for grain yield plant-1, all parents except for Sids 12 and Giza 171 and Shandweel 1 for yellow rust, Line 1 for stem rust and Gemmeiza 12 and Sids 12 for dry gluten. The best combiners were Sakha 95, Sids 14, Giza 171 and Misr 3 for grain yield plant-1 and Giza 171, Sakha 95, Gemmeiza 12 and Shandweel 1 for wet and dry gluten. Grain yield plant-1 had positive significant correlation with grain filling rate, plant height, number of spikes plant-1 and kernel weight. The correlation of dry gluten was significant and positive with wet gluten and negative with hydration capacity percentage. Path coefficient analysis showed that the highest positive direct effect on grain yield plant-1 was obtained by grain filling period, wet gluten, days to maturity and days to heading. On the other hand, the highest negative direct effect was detected by dry gluten, hydration capacity percentage and days to anthesis. The highest positive direct effect on dry gluten was obtained by wet gluten, grain filling rate and days to maturity. Meanwhile, the highest negative direct effect on dry gluten was obtained by grain yield plant-1, hydration capacity percentage and days to anthesis. Using stepwise regression, days to heading, grain filling period and rate, kernel weight, yellow rust resistance and electrical conductivity had justified the maximum of grain yield plant-1 changes. Number of kernels spike-1, wet gluten and hydration capacity percentage had justified the maximum of dry gluten changes. Giza 171 × Misr 3, Line 1 × Line 3, Sids 12 × Misr 3, Giza 171 × Line 2, Sakha 95 × Shandweel 1, Sakha 95 × Gemmeiza 12 and Shandweel 1 × Misr 3 crosses had high yield potentiality and resistance to yellow rust and moderately susceptible to stem rust, consequently these crosses will be favorable in wheat breeding programs. Sakha 95 × Gemmeiza 12 and Sids 12 × Misr 3 were the best crosses for dry gluten and will be promising in breeding for wheat grain quality.

The objective of this research is to study the effect of packaging materials and storage periods on viability and vigor of seed and changes of some chemical components during storage. Seed samples of five wheat varieties (Sids 12, Sakha 93, Gemmeiza 7, Gemmeiza 10 and Giza 168) have been processed and dried to 12% moisture. The samples were stored in different packages (clothes, plastic, aluminum and polyethylene) for 18 months at room temperature. Changes in seed viability, seedling vigor and some chemical composition (crude protein and total carbohydrate) were determined every six months. Quality parameters such as seed viability (germination %, seed vigor index, accelerated aging germination %, electrical conductivity, seed index, seedling characters and chemical components as affected by storage period and package materials revealed that highly significant differences in seed quality between tested varieties. Gemmeiza 7, Gemmeiza 10 and Giza 168 had more favorable abilities for better storability and had the highest germination percentage and the lowest electrical conductivity than other varieties. Also Gemmeiza 7 and Gemmeiza 10 had the highest significant crude protein and 1000- seed weight and the lowest carbohydrate content compared with other varieties. There was a high reduction in seed germination and seedling vigor as the storage period increased, however, the poor vital seeds were recorded after 18 months from storage. The seed germination percentage for tested varieties after 12 and 18 months of storage was less than the recommended level of standard germination of wheat seed (85%). Wheat seed stored in aluminum and polyester bags showed high seed germination, seedling vigor and kept nutrient contents, and therefore they could delay seed quality deterioration compared with plastic and clothes bags.