Search

Fruit leather is one of the processed fruit products. It’s shaped similar to thin sheets that can be rolled, has an elastic texture, and has a specific flavour. One of the suitable fruit that can be processed to fruit leather is starfruit and guava. The aim of this research was to study the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the fruit leather made from starfruit (Dewa variety) and guava which were added with Arabic gum with different concentration (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 2.5%). Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) at α = 0.05. The result showed that the addition of Arabic gum had a significant effect on tensile strength, water, ash, vitamin C content, and pH value, but it did not has a significant effect on crude fiber, water activity content, total bacteria, and total yeast and mold. While the addition of Arabic gum had a significant effect on color and texture sensory test. The best fruit leather was determined based on the physicochemical and sensory test, and it showed that the addition of 0.5% Arabic gum was the best. Characteristics of the best starfruit and guava fruit leather were tensile strength value 437.38 gf, water content 7.38%, ash content 2.02%, vitamin C content 77.08%, crude fiber content 1.85%, pH value 4.22, water activity value 0.48 , total bacteria < 2.5 CFU/g, total yeast and mold < 1 CFU/g with golden yellow color, slightly strong starfruit aroma, strong starfruit flavor, and elastic fruit leather texture.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important to determine the aroma and sensory perception of cocoa. Starter cultures can modulate the volatile profile of cocoa beans during fermentation. This study aimed to determine the VOCs and sensory of chocolates produced using cocoa beans fermented with yeast starters (Pichia kudriavzevii (MH979681), Hanseniaspora thailandica (MH979675) and the mixture of the two yeasts (Mix)). The VOCs of chocolates were determined by Head-Space Solid Phase Microextraction followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry. Sensory analysis was determined by using trained panels. VOCs profiles of chocolates produced using beans fermented with HT, PK or Mix were noticeably different from Ghana and control chocolates (no starter). The addition of yeast starters during cocoa fermentation produced chocolates that were preferred by trained panels. Bitterness and astringency were the more intense flavour attributes in chocolates produced using cocoa beans added with yeast starters. The chocolate produced using cocoa beans fermented with PK was the most acidic; whereas chocolate produced using beans fermented with Mix had the sweetest taste. The addition of PK or HT is helpful in producing chocolate with a distinct flavour.

Background and Aims Knowledge of varietal wine flavour and aroma compounds has improved, but gaps exist concerning how grape composition impacts wine style. This work aimed to explore the influence that different grape tissues can have on the volatile profiles of wines. Methods and Results Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon berries were separated into skin, flesh and seeds. Two sets of fermentations were performed using separated tissues: one using an equal mass of each tissue and another where the amount of each tissue in 25 g of berries was fermented. When an equal mass of tissue was used, the seed-derived wines had a higher concentration of esters than that produced from other grape tissues. Those produced using skins had the highest concentration of lipoxygenase pathway-derived compounds, and, for Riesling, a higher concentration of monoterpenes. When the proportional amounts of each tissue found per berry were used, the flesh-derived wines generally had a higher concentration of many wine volatiles compared to the other tissues. This reflects the greater proportion of flesh tissue in the berry compared to skin and seeds. Conclusions Seed-derived compounds can enhance ester biosynthesis during fermentation and skins appear to have high lipoxygenase pathway activity. Nevertheless, the flesh makes up such a large proportion of the whole berry that it has the major influence on volatile profiles of whole berry fermentations. Significance of the Study Different berry tissues can alter wine composition in unique ways, and this can inform strategies to alter wine composition through vineyard management or the selection of new germplasm.

Common carp is a fish species of economic importance in China;traditionally it is mostly salt-fermented. In the fermenting process, the bacterial community of spontaneously fermented fish is important for its flavour and quality. However, very few studies have been conducted about the relationship between bacterial community and development of flavour involved in the salt-fermentation of carp. Therefore, we explored this relationship by determining the flavour components, including amino acids, and changes in volatile flavour and bacterial metabolite. Samples were taken during fermentation on the days 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50. The second-generation 16S recombinant DNA (rDNA) sequencing was performed to analyze the composition of bacteria. Contents of amino acids were determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography combined with ultraviolet detection. The volatile components were analyzed with solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, and Staphylococcus were the dominant bacteria. The bidirectional orthogonal partial least squares approach was used to analyze the correlation between bacterial succession and flavour component dynamics. This study would help to better understand the role of bacteria in the fermented fish meat flavour and support the industrial production of fermented fish.

Nowadays, consumers tend to search for additional source of protein and energy for their dietary consumption, for instance from legumes and nuts. This trend is getting more common since the increase case of lactose intolerance. This study aims to study the effect of the formulation of materials consisting of a mixture of two or three types of nuts and the CMC (Carboxy Methyl Cellulose) on the quality characteristics of plant milk and consumer preferences towards the produced plant milk. The method used in this study was a factorial completely randomized design (FCRD). This study were used combination of two or three types of beans, namely soybeans (KK), peanuts (KT), green beans (KH). The first factor was formulation of raw materials (K1 = 50% KK: 50% KT: 0% KH, K2 = 50 % KK: 0% KT: 50% KH, K3 = 0% KK: 50% KT: 50% KH, and K4 = 33.3% KK: 33.3% KT: 33.3% KH). In addition, CMC was used as a stabilizer by treating different concentrations of CMC (C1 = 0.20% and C2 = 0.40%). Anova continued with DMRT0.05 determined that plant milk with the best treatment is K1C2 with the formulation of 50% peanut: 50% soybean and the addition of 0.4% CMC. The KIC2 treatment had values: protein content 3.87%, fat content 14.74%, pH 6.62, total dissolved solids 11.47oBrix. For consumer acceptance with RATA (Rate All That Apply) method, researchers found out that K1C2 has milky white color (89% of respondents), peanut aroma flavour (78% respondents), sweet (48%) and savory (37%) taste, thick and homogenous texture (44% respondents) with overall hedonic liking 3.11 or neutral. Protein content, fat content, and pH of vegetable milk meet the quality requirements of soy milk based on SNI No. 01-3830-1995.

The increasing need for sustainable food choices places a demand on developing palatable foods from lower impact production and with a suitable shelf-life. In this context, knowledge of the sensory properties of whole sterilised chickpeas is required to be able to make them more attractive to the consumers. The sensory quality of chickpeas is largely dependent on the aroma and flavour, which can be influenced by storage conditions. In this study, sterilised chickpeas in two different packaging materials with different oxygen permeabilities, stored up to 52 weeks at ambient temperature (20 °C) were investigated using both descriptive sensory profiling and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry – olfactometry analysis (GC-MS-O). During storage, intense, sulphury and meat-like aromas decreased in intensity, while with longer storage time hay-like, green-like and potato-like flavours and aromas became more apparent. A total of 40 odour-active volatiles were detected, of which some had properties reminiscent of the chickpea flavour profiles. However, no clear relationships could be established between these odorants and the sensory changes observed during storage by descriptive sensory analysis. It was concluded that, significant changes in the sensory attributes of sterilised chickpeas occurred during 52 weeks of storage, but that packaging material does not seem to largely influence the sensory attributes during storage., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Significant sensory changes occur in sterilised chickpeas during 52 weeks storage. • 40 odour-active volatiles are detected in the sterilised chickpeas. • Sulphur compounds formed during sterilisation change during storage. • Hay and green attributes are perceived more intense with increased storage time. • Oxygen permeability of packaging does not impact the sensory quality during storage.

AIMS To develop a dried rice flour powder (DP) formulation to contain a lactic acid bacterial starter culture for fermenting mussel meat (FM). METHODS AND RESULTS Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KU-LM173 (LP), Enterococcus hirae KU-LM174 and Pediococcus acidilactici KU-LM145 (PA) were selected from commercial FMs and identified to have high acid and protease production. Mixed culture between LP, for high acid production, and PA, for the flavour, was the best for DP and had greater organoleptic properties than a single starter fermentation. The best ratio of DP for production was 1% of the mussel weight, while the highest numeric scoring of the organoleptic test between 3% and 6%. The starter culture fermentation accelerated over the natural (wild) fermentation and ended at day 3. The shelf life of the product was at least 30 days at 30-35°C with no pathogens detected. The shelf life of DP at 4°C was 10 weeks. CONCLUSIONS DP with the best strains and long shelf life promoted safety of FM and reduced the processing time. High consumer acceptance, protease and acid production and flavour were unique product characteristics. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY Accelerated commercial FMs with effective DP formulation for the industrial sector may be plausible.

Intip adalah kerak yang biasanya menempel di dasar panci atau periuk. Intip sebagai makanan tradisional yang sudah ada sejak jaman dahulu menjadikan intip populer di beberapa daerah yang ada di Indonesia. Kondisi daerah Indonesia yang beragam, menyebabkan perlunya penanganan penyimpan produk intip yang dipengaruhui suhu dan lama penyimpanan.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat penerimaan (kesukaan) konsumen terhadap produk intip goreng yang disimpan dengan suhu dan lama penyimpanan yang berbeda. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara produk intip disimpan pada suhu 25ºC, 35ºC dan 45ºC selanjutnya dilakukan pengujian sensoris (kesukaan) atribut tekstur,warna,aroma dan kesukaan keseluruhan pada hari ke-0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 dan 18 untuk menentukan tingkat penerimaan konsumen. Hasil penelitian ini adalah intip yang disimpan pada rentang waktu 3 hingga 6 hari pada suhu 35ºC merupakan intip yang disukai konsumen. Tingkat kesukaan konsumen terhadap produk intip rata-rata menurun pada hari ke-9 hingga hari ke-18. Kesukaan keseluruhan intip selama penyimpanan adalah intip yang disimpan pada suhu 35ºC selama 6 hari, dengan skor atribut kerenyahan (3,96), warna (3,14), aroma (2,86) dan kesukaan keseluruhan (3,61). Penyimpanan pada suhu 25ºC selama 18 hari merupakan kondisi penyimpanan yang tidak disukai konsumen dengan skor atribut kerenyahan (1,81), warna (1,50), aroma (2,00) dan kesukaan keseluruhan (1,35)

The goal was to assess the effect of different substitution levels (SL) of wheat flour with germinated basul flour (GBF) on nutritional, physical, and sensory characteristics of bread. The previously soaked basul fruits were germinated, dried, and transformed into flour. This product substituted wheat flour in the following SL: 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, and 20% of GBF, respectively, for the processing of loaves of bread. Nutritional values were determined by AOAC method. The physical characteristics assessed were weight, volume, porosity, and colour. The Flash Profile technique was used for the sensory assessment. A significant increase in the content of protein and crude fibre (3.86 and 50.49%, respectively) and a decrease in the content of carbohydrates (2.57%) were observed in all loaves with SL of 20%. With this same SL, it was observed that the physical characteristics did not differ significantly, except for height. In the sensory characteristics, loaves made with 20% SL also had a sweet flavour and a spongy appearance, except for the colour (change to opaque colour), which gradually decreased with the increased SL. The inclusion of GBF in bread improved nutritional and sensory quality, without affecting physical quality, which is why it can be considered healthy food.

Seaweeds are a valuable potential source of protein, as well as free amino acids (FAAs) with umami flavour which are in high demand by the food industry. The most commonly used flavouring agents in the food industry are chemically synthesised and therefore are subject to concerns regarding their safety and associated consumer resistance. This study focuses on the effects of extraction time (1 and 2 h) and solvents (0.1 M HCl, 1% citric acid and deionised water) on the extraction of protein and FAAs including umami FAAs from Irish brown seaweeds (Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus). Extraction yields were influenced by both the extraction solvent and time, and also varied according to the seaweed used. Both seaweeds investigated were found to be good sources of protein, FAAs including umami FAAs, demonstrating potential application as flavouring agents in the food industry. Overall, the use of green solvents (deionised water and citric acid) resulted in higher recoveries of compounds compared to HCl. The results of this study will facilitate the use of more sustainable solvents in industry for the extraction of proteins and flavouring agents from seaweed. European Commission - European Regional Development Fund Science Foundation Ireland BiOrbic SFI Bioeconomy Research Centre Ireland’s European Structural and Investment Programmes

BACKGROUND Ultrafiltration of green honeybush (Cyclopia genistoides) extract results in a by-product (retentate). Application of further separation processes for recovery of polyphenols would entail creation of additional waste. Repurposing the retentate as a food flavour ingredient provides an alternative valorization approach. RESULTS The retentate, suspended in water (270 g L-1 ), was heat-treated at 80 °C for 2, 4, 8 and 16 h, and at 90 °C for 2, 4, 6 and 8 h to change its sensory profile. The heat-treated retentate, diluted to beverage strength (2.15 g L-1 ), had prominent 'grape/Muscat-like' and 'marmalade/citrus' aroma and flavour notes. Overall, heating for ≤ 4 h increased the intensities of positive flavour and aroma notes, while reducing those of 'green/grass', 'hay' and bitterness, whereafter further heating only had a slight effect on the aroma profile at 80 °C (P

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is used as flavour enhancer in food preparation. The regulations in Indonesia didn’t mention the maximum limit for using MSG. This resulted in the pro and contra regarding the side effects of MSG. On the other hand, complex process of fermentation, purification and crystallization were needed to make MSG. These various things led to the thought of finding alternative flavour enhancers that were relatively safer with simpler processes. The previous study has shown that oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) was potential to be develop into a flavouring product as an alternative of MSG. Product formulations was needed to produce the accepted products by taste and economic. Sensory test was needed in the product development process to determine the panellists acceptance of the product. This study aims to provide the panellist preference for sensory tests. This study was an observational laboratory study, conducted on June 2018-April 2019, at Laboratorium Gizi/Kulinari, Universitas Respati Yogyakarta. The 1st sensory test was carried out to know the difference between the oyster mushroom-based flavouring formula and MSG, and the panelists preference level of the formula. The flavouring formula in the 2nd sensory test was made by adding a combination of sugar and salt. The 2nd phase of sensory test was carried out to find out the most acceptance formula by the panellists. Each sample was dissolved in warm water, then 30 ml for each sample was served. The basic ingredients of this formula were oyster mushroom flour which were prepared by soaking in 6.25 ppm of sodium bisulfite solution for 10 minutes, followed by cabinet drying with temperature of 50ºC for 30 hours. Formula 403 is the best flavouring formula based on sensory test results. Future studies can consider products using for food processing in the food service., Jamur tiram mengandung asam glutamat yang tinggi sehingga potensial untuk dikembangkan menjadi bumbu penyedap pengganti monosodium glutamate (MSG). Pengembangan formulasi produk diperlukan untuk menghasilkan produk yang dapat diterima masyarakat dari segi cita rasa maupun secara ekonomi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui formulasi yang dapat dikembangkan menjadi bumbu penyedap berbasis jamur tiram. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional laboratory, pada Juni 2018 - April 2019. Bahan dasar formula produk penelitian ini adalah tepung jamur tiram (Pleurotus ostreatus) yang dipreparasi dengan perendaman dalam larutan natrium bisulfit 6,25 ppm selama 10 menit, dilanjutkan dengan pengeringan menggunakan cabinet dryer dengan suhu 50 °C selama 30 jam. Penentuan formulasi terbaik dilakukan melalui dua tahap uji sensori. Uji sensori tahap I meliputi uji pembedaan dan uji hedonik, dengan menggunakan dua sampel formula tepung jamur dan produk MSG sebagai kontrol. Semua sampel dilarutkan dalam air hangat, kemudian disajikan masing-masing sebanyak 30 mL. Penilaian tingkat kesukaan menggunakan parameter warna, aroma, rasa, dan penilaian secara keseluruhan. Analisis data menggunakan uji Chi Square, sedangkan analisis data pada uji hedonik menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney. Data dianalisis menggunakan software statistik SPSS Statistic 21. Penelitian ini melibatkan sejumlah 20-30 panelis tidak terlatih. Hasil uji sensori pada tahap I digunakan sebagai kontrol pada uji sensori tahap II. Formulasi produk lainnya dibuat dengan substitusi kombinasi gula-garam dengan perbandingan tepung jamur tiram, garam, dan gula masing-masing 5:2:1 dan 5:3:2 (b/b/b). Analisis data secara deskriptif dan disajikan dalam bentuk diagram. Hasil penilaian tingkat kesukaan panelis menunjukkan nilai tertinggi pada formula dengan perbandingan tepung jamur, gula, dan garam sebesar 5:3:2 (b/b/b), sehingga formuli ini dapat dikembangkan menjadi produk bumbu penyedap berbasis jamur tiram.

This study was carried out during 2017-2020 in the food science and human nutrition department college of agricultural sciences University of Hlabja, were studied different physiochemical properties of locally yogurt in Halabja city. During the study cow milk was used from different area. Microbial evolution was studied too, this product has an important properties and special aroma and flavour, it is generally conceders as a main meal in breakfast for Iraqi family. This product is deference from area to another according to type of animal, its breed and feeding of animals. Yogurt product were divided in too 10 categories accprding to the different area .There are many factors affecting this product. this study content physical properties including (viscosity, hardness, pH and texture determination). In other hands this study was mentioned to the chemical properties of yogurt including % of (Moisture, ash, fat, protein and water holding capacity). The data was analyzed according to XLSAT test. Microbial evolution was carried out for three types of microorganism which were Streptococcus spp. , Lactobacillus spp, and Yeasts for all categories .In this current study illustrated that among all categories category 8 has a standard properties in flavour, aroma, portion ,total solid , moisture and hardness. In microbial evolution there were not any contamination with these species of bacteria and yeasts.

Dietary herbs are used for imparting flavour, aroma, and piquancy to foods. Besides their role in improving food quality, spices also have health benefits, such as anticancer, antidiabetic, antimic...

To extend the shelf life of food, structural, sensory or mechanical properties are analysed to provide superlative quality for the dried product. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of drying methods and their parameters on the properties of strawberries (their structure, mechanical parameters and sensory profiles). The drying methods influenced the internal structure of strawberries. At the same temperature (45 °C) among various drying methods, strawberries obtained by vacuum drying (VD) had higher hardness than convective-dried fruits (AD), but it was significantly lower compared to freeze-dried samples (FD). Increase in temperature in the VD method caused changes in the hardness of dried fruits. They differed in the sensory profile including: appearance, texture and taste/flavour. The lowest intensity of cooked strawberries' aroma with high intensity of fresh strawberries' flavour, higher level of sour taste and lower sweetness were obtained in FD. By lowering the temperature in VD, the sensation of crispness or crunchiness decreased, and the intensity for gumminess, the impression of aroma of cooked or fresh strawberries increased. The highest correlations between sensory and mechanical properties were noted for VD fruits dried at temperature of 55 °C and set pressure of 4 kPa.

Fruits are preserved in many ways and making fruit bars is one of such method. Pulpy fruits like banana, guava, mango, apple and kiwi are best suited for making fruit bars. The kiwi bar was made with entire skin removed kiwi fruit and other ingredients. The developed kiwi bar was compared with the markedly available mango fruit bar ‘Naturo' as control for further analysis. The physical dimensions like length, breadth, width and weight and were measured and they significantly differed. The physico- chemical characteristics like titrable acidity, pH, TSS, ash and moisture were also determined and they are approximately similar whereas the moisture and ash content of developed bar was lesser than the control ‘Naturo' mango bar. The developed kiwi bar was analysed for its nutrient composition. The control and developed kiwi bars were organoleptically evaluated for their sensory attributes; other criterias like appearance, colour, flavour and taste significantly showed difference at one per cent level. Further the phytochemical analysis was done in the developed kiwi bar and considerable amount of phytonutrients were present in it.

Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, also known as Endomyces fibuliger or Saccharomyces fibuligera, is a yeast that produces ascospores and is widely found in all types of fermentation starters. It secretes α-amylase, β-glucosidase and acid protease with high efficiency and is an important functional microorganism in the fermentation of grains. Hence, S. fibuligera has high industrial application value; for example, it has a high starch conversion capacity and can synthesise trehalose from starch and it can decompose and synthesise single-cell proteins from starch and use proteins as a protein feed. It also produces aromas, esters and alcohols via fermentation; thereby, improving liquor quality. Moreover, S. fibuligera exerts an inhibitory effect on guava grey mould and can synthesise fungicides. Because S. fibuligera has excellent development potential and research value in industrial production, it has attracted considerable attention. In this study, the physicochemical, enzymatic and ester-producing properties of S. fibuligera and its effect on liquor flavour were examined. These findings will help screen excellent strains, optimise liquor fermentation conditions and improve liquor production quality.

Although spices are added to food in small quantities for their flavour and aroma, they also have impact on the health of consumers. This study aimed at ascertaining the nutritional and elemental composition of the most preferred forest spices used amongst Itsekiri ethnics in Delta state, Nigeria. The most preferred spices were determined through questionnaire administration to 143 users and sellers. Crude protein, fat, fibre, ash and moisture content were analyzed using the standard methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Elemental analysis was done using PIXE accelerator to detect the heavy metals (Mg, Al, Si, Cr, Fe, Zn, Mn & Cu) in the five most preferred local spices. One way ANOVA was used to separate the means of the elements while mean comparison was done with LSD. The five most preferred spices include Monodora myristica, Xylopiaa ethiopica, Parinari excelsa, Aframomum subsericeum and Ighereje (Itsekiri local name). Xylopiaa ethiopica had the highest Crude protein (16.83%) while Parinari excelsa had the lowest percentage crude protein (11.67%). Monodora myristica had highest moisture content (10.8%) while Xylopia aethiopica had the lowest (6.52%). Elemental analysis revealed magnesium as the highest in concentration for Ighereje (3079.03ppm). Silicon and manganese were found to be higher in Aframomum subsericeum with 1488.2ppm and 148.9ppm respectively. Overall, the spices were found to contain significant nutrients required for good health. However, the concentrations of some elements in the spices per 1 kg samples were higher than the WHO/FAO maximum permissible daily limit which could make the spices not safe for daily consumption. But very little quantity are needed as flavourant (usually below 50g/family NOT individual), therefore consumption of the forest spices may be deemed safe for consumption.

Flax seeds are one of the potential oil seeds packed with excellent amount of nutrition and possess various health benefits. Interestingly, flax seeds’ health benefits are mainly attributed to the omega-3 fatty acids, lignans and fiber they contain. It is used in different forms, such as whole and flour. The flour is used in bakery products and provides nutty flavour, nutritional and health benefits of the final product. Consumption of this oil seed may lower both total and LDL cholesterol because of its low content of saturated fat, high PUFA and phytosterol content. Processing of flax seeds makes its nutrients are bioavailable. In this review, nutrition composition and the health benefits of the flaxseed has been discussed. Keywords: Flax seeds, Linseed, Linum usitatissimmun, Hypocholesterolemic alpha linoleic acid.

The coordination of single or multiple microorganisms are required for the manufacture of traditional fermented foods, improving the flavour and nutrition of the food materials. However, both the additional economic benefits and safety concerns have been raised by microbiotas in fermented products. Among the fermented products, Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are one of the stable microbiotas, suggesting their interaction is mediated by coexistence-relevant mechanisms and prevent to be excluded by other microbial species. Thus, aiming to guide the manufacture of fermented foods, this review will focus on interactions of coexistence-relevant mechanisms between Lactobacillus and S. cerevisiae, including metabolites communications, aggregation, and polymicrobial biofilm. Also, the molecular regulatory network of the coexistence-relevant mechanisms is discussed according to omics researches.

This study was aimed to enhance the encapsulation stability of natural strawberry flavour using spray and freeze drying processes. Optimum spray drying conditions in terms of the wall materials (maltodextrin, soluble fibre, modified starch, β-cyclodextrin and arabic gum) and the inlet air temperature (130–190 °C) were determined using the response surface methodology where dependent parameters were minimum aroma release, maximum aroma recovery, drying yield and solubility. Particle morphology, particle size, bulk and tapped density analyses were also determined. The optimum conditions were found as; air inlet temperature: 190 °C, maltodextrin: 15.30%, modified starch: 1.83% and arabic gum: 12.87%. Optimum process yield and solubility of the microencapsulation were determined as 85.17 and 98.19%, respectively. Spray dried microcapsules were generally spherical, smooth and homogeneous while those obtained by freeze-drying were heterogeneous and spongy. Particle size of the spray dried samples (D90 value: 22.91 μm) was much lower than the freeze dried samples (D90 value: 326.83 μm).

The processing of chocolate bars is influenced by cocoa beans used. Chocolate bar is one of the downstream products with a simple processing process. The taste and aroma in candy comes from chocolate bars. Fermentation is an important activity in the formation of cocoa flavour. This study aims to determine the panellists’ acceptance of chocolate bars produced from various fermentation treatments of sun-dried cocoa beans. The materials used in this study were cocoa beans of varieties of Lindak. The fermentation variation consisted of two treatments, namely, the addition of the inoculum gradually (A1) and the addition of the inoculum simultaneously at the beginning of fermentation (A2). The inocula added were Sacharomyces cerevisiae (FNCC 3056), Lactococcus lactis (FNC 0086) and Acetobacter aceti (FNCC 0016). The control treatment was dry cocoa beans without fermentation (A0). The fermentation time was 120 h, then the fermented cocoa beans were processed into chocolate bars. The resulting chocolate bars were subjected to sensory analysis including evaluation of the taste of sepia, bitter, and sour taste and in the test the polyphenol content of chocolate bars was used. The results showed that there was a decrease in the septic, bitter and sour taste from treatment A0, A2 and A1, respectively. The highest polyphenol content was in A0, A2, and A1, respectively. Panellists stated that the preferred chocolate bar was made from cocoa beans with A1 treatment.

Water is the second important ingredient in coffee preparation after coffee type and affects the coffee quality. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of four different water hardness (bottled, purified, medium hard and hard water) used in filter coffee preparation on volatile compounds and flavour of filter coffee. The highest number of volatile compounds were determined in filter coffee prepared using medium hard water (12 furan, 7 pyrazine, 3 pyrrole, 2 aldehyde, 1 furanone, 1 ketone, 1 pyridine and 1 thiophene group, totally 28 volatile compounds). It was determined that the hardness of the water used in the preparation of filter coffee affected the area percentages of 2-methylfuran, 2-methylbutanal, 5-methyl-3-hexanone, 1-methyl-1H-pyrrole, 2-vinyl-5-methylfuran, 2- (methoxymethyl) furan, dihydro-2-methyl- 3 (2H)-furanone, 2-ethyl-3-methyl-pyrazine, 3-ethyl-2.5-dimethyl-pyrazine, 2-furancarboxaldehyde, benzaldehyde, 2.2'-bifuran and 2.2'-methylenebisfuran volatile compounds. Aroma characters (roasted coffee (2.77), roasted hazelnuts (2.35), almonds (0.96), raw vegetables (2.69), soil (0.96)) were perceived in low intensity in filter coffee prepared with hard water. Bitter taste (3.63) was the most perceived taste character in the filter coffee prepared with hard water, while hazelnut (0.40), spice (0.63), lemon peel (0.58), sweet (1.04) and sour (1.52) taste characters were perceived at the lowest level. In filter coffee prepared with medium hard water, the characters of hazelnut (1.63), spice (1.96), lemon peel (3.21) and sweet taste (2.23) were intensely perceived. While sourness was perceived most intensely in samples prepared with soft water (3.55), the intensity of sourness decreased in coffees prepared with medium hard water (2.55), and the lowest sourness was detected in samples prepared with hard water (1.52). According to the results of this study, it was determined that the water hardness affects the flavor of filter coffee, and it is advised to use medium hard water in the preparation of filter coffee to obtain filter coffee containing more volatile compounds.

The study evaluated the proximate composition and sensory properties of fruits (banana and tomatoes) and vegetables (Lettuce and cabbage) from an open market and a shopping mall to ascertain the effect of the two environments on the sample quality. Standard analytic procedures were used in sample analysis. Open market samples had moisture, protein, fat, ash, crude fibre and carbohydrate content of 76.56-92.96, 0.25-1.24, 0.03–0.91, 0.56–1.17, 2.20–3.34 and 1.17 – 14.13 % respectively, while values for shopping mall were 80.62-94.10, 0.16–0.29, 0.06–0.21, 0.40–0.86, 1.54–3.87 and 0.91–14.28 % respectively. The degree of likeness for the appearance, flavour (aroma/taste), texture (firmness/crunchiness) and overall acceptability of the samples from the open market ranged from 6.60 - 7.00, 4.90 - 6.35, 5.25 -5.95 and 5.80 - 6.10 respectively, and those of the shopping mall were 6.55–7.25, 4.70–6.65, 5.45–5.95 and 5.85–6.30 respectively. The environment had significant (P≤0.05) influence on the proximate composition and sensory properties of the fruits and the vegetables. Fruits and vegetables from the open market had significantly (P≤0.05) higher nutrient content. The environment of the shopping mall provided the low temperature which improved upon the moisture and sensory attributes of the samples as evidenced in higher degree of likeness of samples from the shopping mall. This revealed the importance of storage and sales of fruits and vegetables under chilled storage.

The industrial processing and cold storage of minimally processed tomato juice might produce changes in volatile compounds responsible for the fresh tomato flavour. Many of these changes are related to the activity of the enzymes lipoxygenase (LOX) and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL), which are involved in the production of volatile compounds. The aim of this research was to ascertain changes in these enzymes and the major volatile compounds contributors to the fresh and green aroma attributes (aldehydes, alcohols, and lycopene volatile derivatives) in a refrigerated tomato juice, following a standardized industrial short thermal processing (96 °C, 30 s) and during refrigerated shelf-life storage (4 °C, 22 and 40 days). Results showed that, after the heat treatment, residual LOX and HPL activities were reduced in a 97% and 60%, respectively, compared to homogenized fresh tomatoes. The content of the volatile aldehydes hexanal and (Z)-3-hexenal decreased substantially from homogenized tomatoes (fresh tomato juice) to short thermal processed juice, however, (E)-2-hexenal increased probably by the action of isomerases. The content of the related alcohols, 1-hexenol and (Z)-3-hexenol, was increased with processing. The slight increase of the lycopene derived compound 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one during storage (from 0.68 to 0.73 mg L−1) could be associated with residual enzymatic activities and lycopene oxidative degradation processes, contributing positively to aroma attributes in the tomato juice. The content of lycopene in this tomato juice (27.25 mg kg−1 FW) only decreased 8% during storage. Minimizing the elapsed time from the initial tomatoes processing and the short thermal treatment is crucial to avoid volatile compounds degradation, mainly the aldehydes as the main contributors to the fresh aroma of tomato juice. The residual LOX and HPL enzymes activities should be studied in every particular case to avoid non-desirable changes in flavor-related compounds that could modify the final quality of the product.

Piperine is a bio-active compound found in pepper, including Piper nigrum L. and P. longum L. It has a strong, pungent flavour and several pharmacologic benefits. However, the risks of piperine have not yet been characterized. In this study, piperine in black pepper and some selected foods was determined to characterise the risk of exposure to piperine. Piperine in black pepper, curry and noodle was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet detection, which was validated through the measurement of performance parameters. The mean concentrations of piperine in black pepper, powdered curry, retorted curry, instant noodle and cup noodle were 4,418, 28, 3.4, 4.3 and 4.2 mg/100 g, respectively. The estimated dietary exposure to piperine was 123.66 μg/kg body weight/day, and the margin of exposure calculated by the no-observed-adverse-effect level of piperine, was 162. The piperine from food does not cause an adverse health effect to the public in Korea.

Research background. The production of lager beer includes successive repitchings of a single Saccharomyces pastorianus starter culture. During the beer production process, the yeast is exposed to several stress factors which could affect the fermentation performance. An incomplete fermentation represents a waste of fermentable extract and leads to a beer with higher carbohydrate levels, which could result in a beer with an atypical flavour profile. The aim of the present study is to determine the impact of successive exploitation of a single S. pastorianus starter culture on the wort saccharide uptake dynamics. Experimental approach. The fermentation was monitored during the production of twelve batches of beer, where the starter yeast culture was reused twelve times without any further treatment. The following beer production steps were monitored: wort production, yeast starter culture propagation, primary fermentation, secondary fermentation and the final product. The work was conducted on an industrial scale employing standard process conditions. Results and conclusions. Monitoring of the starter culture viability during successive fermentations indicated no reduction in the viability and vitality of the yeast culture. Monitoring of the fermentable wort saccharide concentrations (glucose, fructose, disaccharides and trisaccharides) revealed a correlation between an improvement in saccharide utilisation and starter culture age. Saccharide uptake efficacy proportionally matched the repitching frequency. Successive exploitation of S. pastorianus starter culture has a positive impact on the dynamics of saccharide utilisation from classical hopped wort and the young beer. Furthermore, the final lager beer contains no residues of fermentable saccharides that could affect the overall quality and flavour profile. Novelty and scientific contribution. Results showed the impact of twelve successive wort fermentations on the dynamics of saccharide uptake that gives brewers important information. The added value of the experiment is all the work done on the industrial scale, with control of all processes and usage of exactly the same raw materials. This study contains usable technological data on the behaviour of saccharides during brewing on the industrial scale, which is not yet found in the literature.

The controlled release of bergamot oil was evaluated from rubberwood boxes containing activated carbon and bergamot oil. Rubberwood boxes impregnated with different concentrations of bergamot oil (50, 100, and 300 µg g−1) with and without activated carbon were prepared. The treated rubberwood boxes were utilized to store strawberries at 6 °C for 21 d, while boxes with only activated carbon were used as a control. The inhibitory effects relative to Botrytis cinerea growth and quality of the strawberries after storage in rubberwood box were investigated. The microstructure of the rubberwood was evaluated via scanning electron microscopy. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry was used to quantify the volatile compounds. The rubberwood boxes with activated carbon and 100 µg g−1 of bergamot oil were found to inhibit Botrytis cinerea growth on strawberries and extend their shelf life for at least 21 d. Compared to rubberwood boxes without activated carbon, activated carbon was able to retard the release of bergamot oil into the system, yielding increased strawberry quality. Releasing less bioactive components from bergamot oil could decrease undesirable effects on strawberries, e.g., tissue, weight loss, flavour, and colour changes.

Vanilla is the world’s most popular flavour extracted from the pods of Vanilla planifolia orchid. It is a mixture of ~ 200 compounds but its characteristic flavour and fragrance primarily come from vanillin. While the importance of its wide usage in flavour and fragrance is well established, there have been limited investigations to evaluate its bioactive potential. However, a few studies have reported a promising array of bioactivities that could be exploited for multiple therapeutic applications. Recently, bioactive properties of vanillin, such as neuroprotection, anticarcinogenic, and antioxidant are gaining attention. Besides this, vanillin and its synthetic analogues are found to regulate gene expression and exhibit biological activities. Therefore, here we summarize the potential bioactivates of vanillin and its derivative with an aim to change the perspective from being a popular flavour to a new age therapeutics molecule. Graphic abstract

Secondary fermentation is generally recommended to improve the aroma, flavour, overall acceptability and stability of the wines. Pediococcus acidilactici BD16 expressing L-alanine dehydrogenase gene is hereby proposed as a starter culture bacterium for the value addition of ginger, kiwi, plum and rose wines through secondary fermentation. Secondary fermentation using Pediococcus acidilactici BD16 (alaD+) imparted a natural sweetness and several health-promoting attributes to the dry wines, thereby improving their sensory and quality attributes. GC-MS-based metabolic fingerprinting further revealed the presence of significantly higher levels of L-alanine and many bioactive secondary metabolites and flavour enhancers such as 3-butynol, acetaldehyde, alaninol, aminopentols, benzene methanol, octanoic acid, ribitol, etc. and therapeutic ingredients such as 8-azanonane, actinobolin, adamantanemethylamine, aminononadecane, amphetamine, benzeneethanamine, guanosine, heptadecanenitrile, isopropyluriedoacetate, octanoic acid, nortriptyline and rimantadine in the secondary fermented wines. Further, a probable metabolic pathway was constructed to indicate major metabolic biotransformations in the wines which accounted for the improved quality attributes and strongly anticipated their therapeutic potential. This study is probably the first of its kind to highlight the application of P. acidilactici BD16 (alaD+) for in situ L-alanine production during secondary wine fermentation for enhancing organoleptic and therapeutic attributes of interest to health-conscious consumers.

Camel meat is a kind of lean meat with a high animal protein content, which has a lower fat and cholesterol content than other animal meat. Using camel meat as raw material, we determined the optimal processing craft of the camel meat burger, followed by an analysis on the quality changes of the burger under storage conditions of 4 and-20°C. After response surface optimisation, the best formula for the camel burger was found to be a 1:5 ratio of fat to lean, with 15% ice water and 0.5% isolated soybean protein. The experimental storage results of the camel burger showed that, under the storage condition of-20°C for 3 months, the variation in the moisture activity value, pH value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value, colour value, flavour, etc., were smaller than that under the storage of 4°C, which could better extend the shelf life of the product.

Herbs and spices have a prolonged history of use in culinary purposes, as preservatives and also as pharmaceuticals. Their characteristic flavour and aroma is mainly due to the volatiles accumulated within them. These compounds are very sensitive to different factors (e.g. high temperature, moisture or oxygen), therefore the methods used for preserving herbs and spices can influence not only their healing characteristics but also organoleptic properties and enjoyment value. During the drying process, the temperature of plant parts is increased, which results in the loss of essential oils. Among the artificial drying methods, lyophilization or freeze-drying helps to obtain dried products with good organoleptic properties, as this method uses a low temperature and a shorter processing time. In recent times, lyophilization has become an accepted method for preserving different herbs and spices as it has many advantages compared with other drying and preservation techniques. However, only relatively little and contradictory information is available in relation to the formation of essential oils during freeze-drying. This review aims to summarize the effects of lyophilization on the essential oil content and composition of herbs and spices.

In this study, Central Composite Rotatory Design (CCRD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used for the optimization of levels of Costus speciosus extract and sucralose in the low calorie burfi. The response variables used were sensory characteristics: flavour, body and texture, colour and appearance, sweetness and overall acceptability. Coefficient of determination (R2) ranged from 81 per cent to 92 per cent for all the attributes and the Adequate Precision Value (APV) came in the range of 5.87 to 10.09. From the models, the optimum level of Costus speciosus extract and sucralose to achieve the predicted maximum response values were found to be 63.12 and 151.85 ppm respectively. The developed product was analysed for its physico-chemical properties and microbiological characteristics. The product was found to contain 26.98 percent fat, 25.43 per cent protein, 18.58 per cent lactose, 81.40 per cent total solids, 4.6 percent ash, 18.60 percent moisture and 0.36 per cent lactic acid. Freshly prepared low calorie burfi had a Standard Plate Count (SPC) of 4.82 log10cfu/g and yeast and mould count of 1.90 log10cfu/g. Coliform count was found to be absent in the samples.

Ficus carica L. has fruits with an exquisite flavour, colour and aroma. However, due to its morphological characteristics, it has a limited shelf life. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of modified atmosphere packaging on nutraceutical quality and the overall appearance of figs stored at 1 °C. The experimental design used was completely randomized with four replications. The combined use of packaging and cold allowed to observe fruits with less weight loss and firmness, maintaining the values of citric acid and VC without significant changes. With the exception of the last evaluation period, no statistical variation was found in the content of TAn, TP and AC. On the other hand, it was also possible to observe a significant impact on the reduction of respiration and ethylene production, which could be corroborated with the conservation of sensory aspects of the fruit (texture, colour, appearance, marketing level, aroma and flavour) from very good to good. The generation of passive atmospheres (packaging) and the use of cold (1 °C) are useful tools in maintaining the nutraceutical quality and appearance of fig fruits, aspects highly appreciated by consumers and marketers of this fruit.

Hop breeding in the Czech Republic develops a number of flavour hops. The Kazbek hop variety was registered in 2008 and the Mimosa variety in 2019. The best 7 hop genotypes were selected from breeding materials between the years 2014 and 2019. Kazbek, 5512 (Ceres) and 5571 (Eris) expressed a clear citrusy flavour. Mimosa, 5495 (Juno) and 5520 (Saturn) could be described as fruity while 5164 (Uran), 5540 (Jupiter) and 5580 (Pluto) as rather spicy. Genotype 5164 showed the highest aroma intensity, content of alpha acids (11.51% w/w) and alpha/beta ratio (2.20). Whereas Mimosa demonstrated the highest content of beta acids (5.56% w/w) and the lowest alpha/beta ratio (0.28), 5571 and 5520 had the highest cohumulone amount (49.19% rel. and 47.35% rel., respectively). In contrast, 5580 were distinguished by the lowest cohumulone (21.28% rel.). The highest amount of hop oils was determined in 5164 (1.77 w/w) and 5520 (1.53 w/w). 5164, 5540 and 5495 show a myrcene level above 40% rel. On the other hand, Kazbek, Mimosa and 5571 indicated a myrcene content below 35%. The highest level of farnesene (12.50% rel.) was detected in 5164; in other samples the values were below 1% rel. Mimosa showed the highest concentration of selinenes (32.75% rel.); other samples demonstrated selinenes below 10% rel. The Kazbek variety is the foundation for the breeding of flavour hops in the Czech Republic, and therefore it is the mother plant of genotypes 5495, 5512, 5520, 5540 and 5571. Harmonie is the mother plant of genotype 5580.

Dodol is a semi-wet food that has a plastic texture. The typical organoleptic properties of dodol are brown and have a sweet, savory and legit taste with a plastic texture. Nutmeg meat has the potential to be processed into various food products such as candied nutmeg, nutmeg syrup, jam, nutmeg juice, instant nutmeg drink, nutmeg jelly, nutmeg wine, vinegar acid, gelatin hard candy and dodol. Processing nutmeg meat into nutmeg dodol can add value to nutmeg products and increase farmers' income. The purpose of this study was to produce nutmeg dodol with the best organoleptic properties. Dodol from nutmeg meat and banana flour mulu bebe produces a colour value of 3.64-3.70 (dislike), flavour 3.25-3.59 (rather dislike), and aroma of 3.75-4.15 (dislike). The ratio of the addition of nutmeg meat 65% and banana flour mulu bebe 35% meets the quality of SNI dodol, the ratio of addition of nutmeg meat 45% and banana flour mulu bebe 55% produces nutmeg dodol favoured by consumers.

The global supply of vanilla extract is primarily sourced from the cured beans of the tropical orchid species Vanilla planifolia. Vanilla plants were collected from Mesoamerica, clonally propagated and globally distributed as part of the early spice trade. Today, the global food and beverage industry depends on descendants of these original plants that have not generally benefited from genetic improvement. As a result, vanilla growers and processors struggle to meet global demand for vanilla extract and are challenged by inefficient and unsustainable production practices. Here, we report a chromosome-scale, phased V. planifolia genome, which reveals sequence variants for genes that may impact the vanillin pathway and therefore influence bean quality. Resequencing of related vanilla species, including the minor commercial species Vanilla × tahitensis, identified genes that could impact productivity and post-harvest losses through pod dehiscence, flower anatomy and disease resistance. The vanilla genome reported in this study may enable accelerated breeding of vanilla to improve high-value traits. Chromosome-scale, phased Vanilla planifolia genome sequencing shows variants that may impact the vanillin pathway and, therefore, bean quality. Resequencing related vanilla species could benefit vanilla productivity and reduce post-harvest losses.

The analysis of aroma compounds of cooked asparagus using common extraction methods like steam-distillation-extraction (SDE) is sophisticated and time consuming. Therefore a rapid method for measuring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in asparagus was established. Using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) as extraction method for gas chromatographic analysis, it was possible to assess the volatile patterns of both the raw and cooked material in an identical sample. First results of instrumental analysis in comparison with human sensory methods (profile analysis, hedonic test) are presented for measurements on ten different cultivars from a field trial.

Coffee aroma is critical for consumer liking and enables price differentiation of coffee. This study applied hyperspectral imaging (1000–2500 nm) to predict volatile compounds in single roasted coffee beans, as measured by Solid Phase Micro Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry. Partial least square (PLS) regression models were built for individual volatile compounds and chemical classes. Selected key aroma compounds were predicted well enough to allow rapid screening (R2 greater than 0.7, Ratio to Performance Deviation (RPD) greater than 1.5), and improved predictions were achieved for classes of compounds - e.g. aldehydes and pyrazines (R2 ∼ 0.8, RPD ∼ 1.9). To demonstrate the approach, beans were successfully segregated by HSI into prototype batches with different levels of pyrazines (smoky) or aldehydes (sweet). This is industrially relevant as it will provide new rapid tools for quality evaluation, opportunities to understand and minimise heterogeneity during production and roasting and ultimately provide the tools to define and achieve new coffee flavour profiles.

Sensory attributes of cassava semolina (gari and eba)., Summary The purpose of this review is to support breeders and food scientists by examining research carried out on end‐user preferences for gari and its derived dough product, eba, in Africa. The review focused on gari regarding the physical and chemical composition of raw cassava roots, methods of storage, the composition of gari with or without enrichment, and the sensory evaluation of gari and eba. The primary sensory attributes identified to describe gari are colour, taste, texture, aroma and flavour. Texture attribute of importance is crispiness for uncooked gari, and hand feel before consumption for eba. There was a significant correlation between the sensory characteristics of gari and the starch and cyanogenic potential (CNP) contents of the raw roots. Hence, the correlation of the end‐user preferences with the chemical composition of the cassava roots could be helpful to breeders in refining selection criteria and developing high‐throughput screening methods.

Flavour compounds in fermented garlic were identified by physicochemical analysis and gas chromatography (GC) after pre-treatment. Reducing sugars, acids, polyphenols and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF) were detected in fermented garlic, and 5-HMF was identified to be the key aroma compounds. To further improve the flavour quality of fermented garlic, the influence of pre-treatment method, fermentation temperature and fermentation humidity on the 5-HMF formation was studied, and then single factor tests and response surface methods were employed to optimize the fermentation process. The results showed that the best flavour was obtained when the pre-treatment was done by low temperature freezing, the fermentation temperature was 61.8°C and the humidity was 40.2%. Under the optimum condition, the content of 5-HMF reached 3.6 mg/g with a high quality score of 19. Key words: Flavour enhancement, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF), response surface methodology (RSM).

Porridge is a popular cereal flour-based food product for children in Sub-Saharan Africa. Compositing of cereal flours to improve their nutritional composition is done. However, the enrichment of such flours with naturally nutrient-rich plant products is poorly developed. A study was conducted to evaluate the acceptability and sensory attributes of newly formulated extruded composite flours containing maize, sorghum, grain amaranth, baobab and orange-fleshed sweet potatoes. Seven extruded formulations optimized for nutritional composition were developed. Twelve trained panellists evaluated the sensory attributes and overall acceptability of the composite flours determined on a 9-point hedonic scale. Formulation of the composite flours significantly (p 0.05) on overall acceptability between extruded and non-extruded composite flours but extruded flours had significantly higher scores on texture (p 0.05) in the overall acceptability; therefore, they can be potentially adopted. All the sensory attributes contributed to the overall acceptability of the formulations, with mouthfeel and flavour having higher relationship with overall acceptability. It is concluded that these attributes are desirable characteristics of any new naturally fortified cereal formulation. Key words: Extruded, composite flour, formulation, sensory evaluation.

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) and yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) are particularly interesting as functional ingredients due to their high content of essential omega 3-fatty acids and antioxidant properties, respectively. The objective of this work was to formulate a corn snack enriched with flaxseed flour and yerba mate extract and evaluate its physicochemical and sensory properties. Flaxseed flour, added at three levels 1, 3 and 5%, increased the water activity, moisture content and cohesiveness, and decreased the hardness and plastic deformation of the samples. The flour also changed the superficial colour and made the microstructure more compact. On the contrary, yerba mate extract (1 and 3%) decreased the water activity, moisture content and cohesiveness, counteracting the effect of flaxseed flour. Yerba mate increased the plastic deformation and the antioxidant activity of the snacks. The colour was not modified and the microstructure was more fragmented in the presence of yerba mate. Sensory evaluation suggested that flaxseed flour and yerba mate affected the flavour but did not modify the colour and crunchiness of the product., Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ingeniería