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Nile tilapia belongs to the second most cultivated group of fish in the world, mainly because of its favorable characteristics for production. Genetic improvement programs and domestication process of Nile tilapia may have modified the genome through selective pressure, leaving signals that can be detected at the molecular level. In this work, signatures of selection were identified using genome-wide SNP data, by two haplotype-based (iHS and Rsb) and one FST based method. Whole-genome re-sequencing of 326 individuals from three strains (A, B and C) of farmed tilapia maintained in Brazil and Costa Rica was carried out using Illumina HiSeq 2500 technology. After applying conventional SNP-calling and quality-control filters, ~ 1.3 M high-quality SNPs were inferred and used as input for the iHS, Rsb and FST based methods. We detected several candidate genes putatively subjected to selection in each strain. A considerable number of these genes are associated with growth (e.g. NCAPG, KLF3, TBC1D1, TTN), early development (e.g. FGFR3, PFKFB3), and immunity traits (e.g. NLRC3, PIGR, MAP1S). These candidate genes represent putative genomic landmarks that could be associated to traits of biological and commercial interest in farmed Nile tilapia.

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most produced farmed fish in the world and represents an important source of protein for human consumption. Farmed Nile tilapia populations are increasingly based on genetically improved stocks, which have been established from admixed populations. To date, there is scarce information about the population genomics of farmed Nile tilapia, assessed by dense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panels. The patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) may affect the success of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and genomic selection and can also provide key information about demographic history of farmed Nile tilapia populations. The objectives of this study were to provide further knowledge about the population structure and LD patterns, as well as, estimate the effective population size (Ne) for three farmed Nile tilapia populations, one from Brazil (POP A) and two from Costa Rica (POP B and POP C). A total of 55, 56 and 57 individuals from POP A, POP B and POP C, respectively, were genotyped using a 50K SNP panel selected from a whole-genome sequencing (WGS) experiment. Two principal components explained about 20% of the total variation and clearly discriminated between the three populations. Population genetic structure analysis showed evidence of admixture, especially for POP C. The contemporary Ne values calculated based to LD values, ranged from 71 to 141. No differences were observed in the LD decay among populations, with a rapid decrease of r2 when increasing inter-marker distance. Average r2 between adjacent SNP pairs ranged from 0.03 to 0.18, 0.03 to 0.17 and 0.03 to 0.16 for POP A, POP B and POP C, respectively. Based on the number of independent chromosome segments in the Nile tilapia genome, at least 4.2 K SNP are required for the implementation of GWAS and genomic selection in farmed Nile tilapia populations.

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is the second most important farmed fish in the world and a sustainable source of protein for human consumption. Several genetic improvement programs have been established for this species in the world. Currently, the estimation of genetic merit of breeders is typically based on genealogical and phenotypic information. Genome-wide information can be exploited to efficiently incorporate traits that are difficult to measure into the breeding goal. Thus, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are required to investigate phenotype–genotype associations and determine the genomic basis of economically important traits. We performed de novo SNP discovery in three different populations of farmed Nile tilapia. A total of 29.9 million non-redundant SNPs were identified through Illumina (HiSeq 2500) whole-genome resequencing of 326 individual samples. After applying several filtering steps, including removing SNP based on genotype and site quality, presence of Mendelian errors, and non-unique position in the genome, a total of 50,000 high-quality SNPs were selected for the development of a custom Illumina BeadChip SNP panel. These SNPs were highly informative in the three populations analyzed showing between 43,869 (94%) and 46,139 (99%) SNPs in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium; 37,843 (76%) and 45,171(90%) SNPs with a minor allele frequency (MAF) higher than 0.05; and 43,450 (87%) and 46,570 (93%) SNPs with a MAF higher than 0.01. The 50K SNP panel developed in the current work will be useful for the dissection of economically relevant traits, enhancing breeding programs through genomic selection, as well as supporting genetic studies in farmed populations of Nile tilapia using dense genome-wide information.

Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is the second most important farmed fish in the world and a sustainable source of protein for human consumption. Several genetic improvement programs have been established for this species in the world and so far, they are mainly based on conventional selection using genealogical and phenotypic information to estimate the genetic merit of breeders and make selection decisions. Genome-wide information can be exploited to efficiently incorporate traits that are difficult to measure in the breeding goal. Thus, SNPs are required to investigate phenotype–genotype associations and determine the genomic basis of economically important traits. We performedde novoSNP discovery in three different populations of farmed tilapias. A total of 29.9 million non-redundant SNPs were identified through Illumina (HiSeq 2500) whole-genome resequencing of 326 individual samples. After applying several filtering steps including removing SNP based on genotype and site quality, presence of Mendelian errors, and non unique position in the genome, a total of high quality 50,000 SNP were selected for validation purposes. These SNPs were highly informative in the three populations analyzed showing between 43,869 (94%) and 46,139 (99%) SNP in HWE; 37,843 (76%) and 45,171(90%) SNP with a MAF higher than 0.05 and; 43,450 (87%) and 46,570 (93%) SNPs with a MAF higher than 0.01. The final list of 50K SNPs will be very useful for the dissection of economically relevant traits, enhancing breeding programs through genomic selection as well as supporting genetic studies in farmed populations Nile tilapia using dense genome-wide information.

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most cultivated and economically important species in world aquaculture. Intensive production promotes the use of monosex animals, due to an important dimorphism that favors male growth. Currently, the main mechanism to obtain all-male populations is the use of hormones in feeding during larval and fry phases. Identifying genomic regions associated with sex determination in Nile tilapia is a research topic of great interest. The objective of this study was to identify genomic variants associated with sex determination in three commercial populations of Nile tilapia. Whole-genome sequencing of 326 individuals was performed, and a total of 2.4 million high-quality bi-allelic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified after quality control. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to identify markers associated with the binary sex trait (males = 1; females = 0). A mixed logistic regression GWAS model was fitted and a genome-wide significant signal comprising 36 SNPs, spanning a genomic region of 536 kb in chromosome 23 was identified. Ten out of these 36 genetic variants intercept the anti-Müllerian (Amh) hormone gene. Other significant SNPs were located in the neighboring Amh gene region. This gene has been strongly associated with sex determination in several vertebrate species, playing an essential role in the differentiation of male and female reproductive tissue in early stages of development. This finding provides useful information to better understand the genetic mechanisms underlying sex determination in Nile tilapia.