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Biofilm production, hitherto an uncharacterized feature among circulating Pasteurella multocida strains, was studied along with the antibiotic susceptibility pattern. On the basis of biofilm formation ability, all the strains were categorized into four groups under six different culture conditions: strong biofilm-forming (22%), moderate (19%), weak (51%), and non-adherent (7%). Strains from serogroups A and B formed significant biofilms in at least one culture condition whereas strains from serogroup D were unable to form biofilms. All strains were found to be susceptible to tetracycline. In addition, the correlation between diverse factors (host, capsule type, clinical condition and the tadD gene) as well as antimicrobial susceptibility in biofilm production were analyzed by Joint distribution models, and showed that enrofloxacin and azithromycin resistant strains were positively correlated with strong biofilm production.

Coronavirus belongs to the family of Coronaviridae, comprising single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome (+ ssRNA) of around 26 to 32 kilobases, and has been known to cause infection to a myriad of mammalian hosts, such as humans, cats, bats, civets, dogs, and camels with varied consequences in terms of death and debilitation. Strikingly, novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), later renamed as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and found to be the causative agent of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), shows 88% of sequence identity with bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21, 79% with SARS-CoV and 50% with MERS-CoV, respectively. Despite key amino acid residual variability, there is an incredible structural similarity between the receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. During infection, spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 compared to SARS-CoV displays 10–20 times greater affinity for its cognate host cell receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), leading proteolytic cleavage of S protein by transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). Following cellular entry, the ORF-1a and ORF-1ab, located downstream to 5′ end of + ssRNA genome, undergo translation, thereby forming two large polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab. These polyproteins, following protease-induced cleavage and molecular assembly, form functional viral RNA polymerase, also referred to as replicase. Thereafter, uninterrupted orchestrated replication-transcription molecular events lead to the synthesis of multiple nested sets of subgenomic mRNAs (sgRNAs), which are finally translated to several structural and accessory proteins participating in structure formation and various molecular functions of virus, respectively. These multiple structural proteins assemble and encapsulate genomic RNA (gRNA), resulting in numerous viral progenies, which eventually exit the host cell, and spread infection to rest of the body. In this review, we primarily focus on genomic organization, structural and non-structural protein components, and potential prospective molecular targets for development of therapeutic drugs, convalescent plasm therapy, and a myriad of potential vaccines to tackle SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The present study reports data on the skull bone morphometry of barking and sambar deer. The skulls of adult barking deer (n = 6) and sambar deer (n = 6) of either sex (n = 3 males and n = 3 females) were collected from the Aizawl Zoological Park, Aizawl, Mizoram, India, with official permission from the Government of Mizoram. Anatomically, barking and sambar deer's skulls were elongated, pyramid-like, dolichocephalic and consisted of thirty-two cranial and facial bones. The cranial bones were eleven (three single and four paired), comprising of occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal, interparietal, parietal and temporal. The facial bones were twenty-one (one single and ten were paired), consisting of the maxilla, premaxilla (incisive), palatine, pterygoid, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic (malar), vomer, turbinates, mandible and hyoid. In the present study, altogether 41 different measurements were taken morphologically and 6 different indices were applied. The obtained morphometrical parameters were significantly (p

Skin diseases can have an adverse impact on the production in a swine herd by causing decrease in growth rate and feed efficiency. Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis is one of the most common causes of mange in domestic and wild pigs. Keeping this point in view, a study on seroprevalence and dermatopathology of Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis infestation in the pig population of Tripura has been undertaken. The presence of anti Sarcoptes antibodies (Immunoglobulin G) was detected by commercially available kit. In the present study, 189 pigs (11.81%) were found to be seropositive against Sarcoptes scabiei infestation out of 1600 screened pigs. Thirty one pigs out of 189 were found to be clinically positive and confirmed by microscopic examination. Examination of the skin scraping revealed various developmental stages viz., egg, larva, protonymph and adult of Sarcoptes mite. Occurrence of sarcoptic mange was found to be highest in young age group (67.72%, 128/189), male pigs (56.08%, 106/189) and Large White Yorkshire breed (47.08%). The highest and lowest occurrence of sarcoptic mange was noticed in winter (41.27%) and monsoon (7.94%) season, respectively. Clinical lesions were distributed most commonly in ear pinna (87.10%, 27/31) region. The presence of anti Sarcoptes antibodies was found to be highest in pigs having severe generalized skin lesions (70.0%). Histopathology of skin biopsy revealed a tunnel like ulcerated lesion in the skin with severe inflammatory cell infiltration in the core. The present study shows the high seroprevalence of Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis in pigs in Tripura state and recommends for proper control measures. However, epidemiological studies involving larger population are required for comprehensive results.

The study was undertaken to know the sero-prevalence of sarcoptic infestation in pig in Mizoram and its effect on haemato-biochemical and oxidative stress indices and to develop cost effective herbal therapeutic management. Total 600 pigs of three district of Mizoram, Aizawl, Kolasib and Mamit were screened by using commercial indirect ELISA SARCOPTES 2001H Pig (AFOSA GmbH, Blankenfelde-Mahlow, Germany) to detect anti-Sarcoptic antibodies. The results cleared that out of 600 inspected pigs, 100 (16.66%) were found to be seropositive with sarcoptic mange. Geographically, pigs from Aizawl areas were more exposed to mange infestation (56/200, 28%) than Kolashib (32/200, 16%) and Mamit (12/200, 6%). The neutrophil and eosinophil was significantly (Pd£ 0.05) increase and RBCs, Hb and PCV were significantly (Pd£ 0.05) decreased in infested groups. There were significant ELISA SARCOPTES-ELISA 2001H Pig decrease in values of total protein, albumin, while there were significant (Pd£ 0.05) increase in values of AST, ALT, ALP, BUN and creatinine In regard to oxidative stress, there was a significant (Pd£ 0.05) increase in malonyldialdehyde (LPO) and NO and significant (Pd£ 0.05) decrease in reduced GSH, SOD and TAA in infested group. In the present study, polyherb formulation showed similar efficacy to improve skin lesion, haemato-biochemical and oxidative stress indices with Ivermectin on 15th day of post therapeutic application against sarcoptic infestation in pigs. ELISA SARCOPTES-ELISA 2001H Pig represent a useful tool for population surveys and the plant extracts can be used as alternatives to drugs of synthetic origin.

A study was conducted with the objective to compare the efficacy of the intravaginal progesterone sponge and buck effect on oestrus synchronization, conception rate and oestrous behaviour during non-breeding season in non-descript goats. The study was carried out from November, 2015 to February, 2016 and does (n=18) were divided into three equal groups. T1 group was treated with intravaginal progesterone (P4) sponge kept in situ for 15 d (350mg P4/sponge) and T2 group was teased with a sexually active aproned buck for 6 h/dy for 15 d. The does in control group were kept without any treatment. The does in T1 group exhibited 100% oestrus as against 50% in T2 group within 72 h of treatment. The interval between removal of sponge and onset of oestrus was significantly (P

Aim: To establish reference values of vertebral heart score (VHS) in Indian Spitz, Labrador retriever, and Mongrel dogs; to assess applicability of VHS in these three dog breeds; to determine if breed, recumbency side, gender, body weight, and thoracic depth (TD) to thoracic width (TW) ratio has an influence on the VHS measurement in these dog breeds. Materials and Methods: A total of 60, client owned, clinically healthy Indian Spitz (n=20, mean age = 4.25±2.15 years, body weight = 11.87±2.7 kg), Labrador retriever (n=20, mean age = 4.75±1.91 years, body weight = 27.31±5.43 kg), and Mongrel dogs (n=20, mean age = 4.25±1.52 years, body weight = 16.25±3.99 kg), having no radiological and clinical signs of cardiovascular or pulmonary disease were included in the study. All dogs were restrained manually and left lateral (LL) and right lateral (RL) radiographic views were obtained. The size of heart in lateral radiographs was calculated using VHS method. Besides, the TD, TW and TD: TW were calculated to determine the type of thoracic conformation in the dog breeds. In addition to this, the effect of breed, side of recumbency, gender, body weight, and TD to TW ratio on the calculation of VHS was determined. Results: VHS was calculated in all the animals of the breeds. VHS in Spitz and Labrador retriever was significantly (p9.7±0.5 v. RL and LL VHS in Mongrel dog was significantly (p9.7±0.5 v. Significant (p

The present study was designed to evaluate and develop the therapeutic management for toxicity of Jatropha curcas seed and seed oil in rats. Sub-acute toxicity of Jatropha curcas seed and seed oil was evaluated by using 30 healthy rats, weighing 150–200 gram and 2–2.5 months old, equally and randomly divided in five groups of six rats in each group and adequate measures were taken to minimize pain to the animals. Group I served as control. The study was conducted by daily oral dosing of Jatropha curcas seed @ 4seed/rat and seed oil @ 1ml/rat followed by the treatment with the therapeutic module comprising of sodium thiosulphate (33.75mg/ml) and glutathione (22.5mg/ml) @ 1ml/rat in group III and V for 28 days. Hematobiochemical and antioxidative parameters as LPO and GSH in erythrocytes, liver, kidney and brain were estimated at day 28. Mild to moderate diarrhoea, dullness, depression and letharginess were observed in all animals in without treatment group II and IV, whereas, mild clinical signs were observed in treatment group III and V. A significant (P