Search

The article presents the AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry) radiocarbon dating results of the Giant of Bevoay, which is a very large Grandidier baobab (Adansonia grandidieri Baill.) of Madagascar. The investigation of this baobab shows that it has a cluster structure, which consists of 3 perfectly fused stems. The calculated wood volume of the tree is 520 m3, which makes it the third largest Grandidier baobab and also the third largest individual of all Adansonia species. Two samples were collected from the outer part of the stems. The oldest dated sample segment had a radiocarbon date of 525 ± 23 BP, which corresponds to a calibrated age of 585 ± 10 years. According to this value, the Giant of Bevoay is 825 ± 50 years old.

Records from Austria, Hungary, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova collected in the last 30 years suggest that Xestia sextrigata (Haworth, 1809) is extending its range towards South-Eastern Europe. Here we report the first genuine record of X. sextrigata from Romania. Older records from the literature are shown to be erroneous.

Over the past years, our research on baobabs mainly focused on the largest Malagasy species, namely the Reniala or Grandidier baobab (Adansonia grandidieri Baill.). The biggest A. grandidieri are located in the Morombe area, especially in the so-called Andombiry Forest. This giant forest of Reniala hosts well over 6000 mature individuals, out of which more than 30 have very large sizes, i.e., circumferences over 20 m. We investigated, measured and dated by AMS radiocarbon the largest specimens. We found that all large Grandidier baobabs are multi-stemmed. They mostly exhibit a closed ring-shaped structure, with a false cavity inside. In this architecture, which enables Grandidier baobabs to reach very large sizes, the stems that build the ring typically have similar ages. Here we present the AMS radiocarbon investigation of two large baobabs, A 215 (girth 21.50 m) and A 257 (girth 25.70 m). According to dating results, the baobab A 215 has an age of only 375 years. It consists of four fused stems and has a closed ring-shaped structure. The baobab A 257 has the second largest trunk of all known live Reniala trees. It also exhibits a closed ring-shaped structure, with five fused stems around a false cavity, which has an opening toward the exterior. The dating results indicate that A 257 is around 900 years old.

The article discloses the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating results of the Big Reniala of Isosa, which is a massive Grandidier baobab (Adansonia grandidieri Baill.) of Madagascar. The investigation of this baobab shows that it consists of 5 perfectly fused stems and exhibits a cluster structure. The calculated wood volume of the tree is 540 m 3 , which makes the Big Reniala of Isosa the largest individual of all Adansonia species and also the biggest known angiosperm in terms of volume. Several samples were collected from the outer part of the stems. The oldest dated sample had a radiocarbon date of 934 ± 24 BP, which corresponds to a calibrated age of 845 ± 25 years. This value indicates an age of 1000 ± 100 years for the big Reniala of Isosa.

Author Posting. © Studia Chemia, 2018. Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Chemia is an Open Access Journal (read, download, copy, distribute, print for research use, search, or link to the full texts of articles). The definitive version was published in Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Chemia 63(4), (2018): 7-13, doi: 10.24193/subbchem.2018.4.01.

Herbivores and their predators are affected by changes in land-use and habitat fragmentation. Past studies of tri-trophic herbivore communities have found that increasing land-use intensity leads to declines in community stability. The majority of these studies analysed community stability in highly fragmented ecosystems characterised by intensive agriculture. In this study we considered how landscape configuration and composition affected habitat networks and parasitoid food webs under moderate but increasing land use. We used gall wasp communities as models to test the effects of landscape change on multi-species hierarchical communities of plants and animals. We investigated characteristics of networks formed by rose bushes and quantitative webs of rose gall parasitoids along a gradient of land-use intensity. We found that link density and compartmentalisation of rose bush networks, and local extinction within parasitoid webs increased with increasing landscape homogenization. Because these network and web characteristics are linked with resilience, our results suggest that stability of these communities can increase as landscapes become less complex. This is an intriguing aspect of landscape homogenisation effects on biological communities that contrasts with most expectations and the majority of the relevant literature, where decreasing community stability is usually associated with landscape homogenization.

We investigated the systematics and biogeography of the West-Palaearctic water cricket genus Velia Latreille based on a phylogenetic analysis of five molecular markers obtained from 79% of all known taxa of the subgenera Velia (s.s.) and Velia (Plesiovelia) Tamanini. The results revealed a sister-group relationship between Velia (Plesiovelia) and the monotypic subgenus Velia (s.s.), and showed that the former is divided into three major clades. All taxa of Velia (Plesiovelia) were recovered as monophyletic, except for V. (P.) serbica Tamanini, which was paraphyletic with respect to V. (P.) mancinii mancinii Tamanini. Our results also indicate the existence of several unrecognized species. Molecular dating based on fossil data and COI rates indicates that the split between Velia (s.s.) and Velia (Plesiovelia) occurred between 40 and 22 Ma. An ancestral area reconstruction suggests that the latter originated in southeastern Europe, from where it radiated to the west and east, along the Neogene archipelagos of Europe and Asia Minor. Northwestern Africa served as the second most important diversification centre of the subgenus. The low genetic variability in the widespread V. (P.) caprai caprai Tamanini and V. (P.) saulii Tamanini implies a rapid postglacial colonization of Europe, whereas high diversity within the lineages of V. (P.) serbica indicates survival of Pleistocene glaciations in microrefugia throughout southeastern Europe. These results serve as a useful framework for future studies ranging from the systematics of the group to historical biogeography, ecology and biodiversity conservation.

Author Posting. © Studia Chemia, 2017. This article is posted here by permission of Studia Chemia for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Seria Chemia 62, no. 2, Tom 2 (2017): 347-354, doi:10.24193/subbchem.2017.2.27.

The article reports the growth stop phenomenon, which was documented only for baobabs, i.e. for trees belonging to the Adansonia genus. The identification of growth stop was enabled by radiocarbon dating, which allows a complex investigation of samples collected from the trunk/stems of baobabs. In several cases, the outermost rings of baobabs, which were close to the bark, were found to be old, with ages of several hundreds of years, instead of being very young. Dating results of samples collected from six baobabs are presented. For multistemmed baobabs, the growth stop may occur only for one or several stems. We identified four factors that may induce the growth stop: (i) stress determined by severe climate conditions, (ii) old age, (iii) the need to keep a stable internal architecture, and (iv) the collapse of stems that survive this trauma. Baobabs and their stems affected by growth stop may survive for several centuries, by continuing to produce leaves, flowers, and fruits. This phenomenon was associated with the capacity of baobabs to store large amounts of water in their trunks/stems in the rainy season. This reservoir of water is used during the dry season and allows the trees to survive prolonged drought periods.

When selecting specific host plants, caterpillars of many lycaenid butterflies, such as the protected Pseudophilotes bavius hungarica, are known to engage in various interactions with ants, which help them survive. Although P. bavius is a protected species, data about its host plant selection is very scarce, and little information is available on its myrmecophilous relationships. Our aim was to identify the host plant characteristics that determine the occurrence of the caterpillar and to clarify the specificity of its myrmecophily. We conducted a series of field surveys regarding host plant characteristics. Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the nature of interactions between the caterpillar and its potential ant partners. Control experiments involving non-visiting ants were also performed. On the basis of our findings, the physical characteristics of host plants do not seem to influence host plant choice, but the absence of aphids and the presence of different ant species proved important. According to the results of behavioural assays, neutral reactions to the caterpillars were recorded in the case of ant species that regularly visited the host plant (Lasius paralienus, Camponotus aethiops), in contrast to Tapinoma subboreale, which was not observed at all on the host plants and which behaved aggressively towards the larvae. Therefore, the caterpillar is expected to show a certain ant host selectivity. The study constitutes an essential contribution to our knowledge of the natural history of a protected butterfly species, which can be used as a basis for more appropriate management strategies, while also shedding light on aspects of myrmecophilous relationships in Lycaenidae in general.

An annotated review of the Mesoveliidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha) of the south-east European countries is provided. Mesovelia thermalis Horvath, 1915 is recorded for the first time from Romania outside of its type locality and for the first time from Bulgaria, Serbia, and Croatia. Therefore, its European geographical range is two times larger than previously known. Mesovelia vittigera Horvath, 1895 is excluded from the faunas of Romania and Moldova based on proven or suspected misidentifications and new information is provided about the distribution of M. furcata Mulsant et Rey, 1852. We analysed the phylogenetic relationships of M. thermalis within the genus and further examined additional south-east European individuals of M. vittigera and M. furcata. The results revealed that M. thermalis is a possible sister species to M. furcata, and that the south-eastern individuals of both M. vittigera and M. furcata are closely related to their conspecifics. Molecular dating based on fossil ...

In agro-ecosystems, environmental monitoring is fundamental to detect and survey changes related to land use change and management practices. Butterflies and moths have often been suggested as suitable indicators for monitoring environmental effects on biodiversity in farmlands. Here, we estimated the required sample size and monitoring effort necessary to run a Lepidoptera survey in European farmland, assessing in particular if monitoring investment would differ between representative bio-geographical regions.We operated linear 1-km long transect routes in farmland of Romania, Spain and Sweden from 2013 to 2015, and recorded butterflies and burnet moths (Papilionoidea, Zygaenidae). The transects were walked back and forth four times a season, and replicated yearly. The lepidopteran diversity was high in farmlands of Romania and Spain, but comparatively low in Sweden. The coefficient of variation (CV) of recorded species number differed between countries being lowest in Sweden and highest in Spain. In general, the CV dropped above a transect length of 400–800 m, thus indicating an increase in statistical power. Assuming a non-parametric test for matched samples, power calculations were conducted with the raw count data and with log-transformed count data for comparison. When using log-transformed data, the required sample size to detect an effect was less than 10 transects per country or region (in order to detect a 10% loss of species or a decrease of 30% in total abundance). Specific subgroups of species, e.g. protected species or specific indicator groups, showed a higher variance, thus requiring a higher sample size to detect effects ranging from 12 to 16 transects (equivalent to 21–29 working days per country and year). When using original, untransformed count data a considerably larger sample size would be needed. Actual time to be invested in field work differed between countries due to contrasting regional constraints and conditions. Nevertheless, the final monitoring effort in working days was similar between countries as the factors involved balanced out each other, in particular due to the differing year-to-year variations.Our study demonstrated the feasibility of an environmental monitoring programme in arable land using farmland butterflies across Europe. We present a suitable approach and guidelines as well as the necessary effort to be invested in future Europe-wide monitoring programmes of butterflies in agro-ecosystems, based on predictions of statistical power. In agro-ecosystems, environmental monitoring is fundamental to detect and survey changes related to land use change and management practices. Butterflies and moths have often been suggested as suitable indicators for monitoring environmental effects on biodiversity in farmlands. Here, we estimated the required sample size and monitoring effort necessary to run a Lepidoptera survey in European farmland, assessing in particular if monitoring investment would differ between representative bio-geographical regions.We operated linear 1-km long transect routes in farmland of Romania, Spain and Sweden from 2013 to 2015, and recorded butterflies and burnet moths (Papilionoidea, Zygaenidae). The transects were walked back and forth four times a season, and replicated yearly. The lepidopteran diversity was high in farmlands of Romania and Spain, but comparatively low in Sweden. The coefficient of variation (CV) of recorded species number differed between countries being lowest in Sweden and highest in Spain. In general, the CV dropped above a transect length of 400–800 m, thus indicating an increase in statistical power. Assuming a non-parametric test for matched samples, power calculations were conducted with the raw count data and with log-transformed count data for comparison. When using log-transformed data, the required sample size to detect an effect was less than 10 transects per country or region (in order to detect a 10% loss of species or a decrease of 30% in total abundance). Specific subgroups of species, e.g. protected species or specific indicator groups, showed a higher variance, thus requiring a higher sample size to detect effects ranging from 12 to 16 transects (equivalent to 21–29 working days per country and year). When using original, untransformed count data a considerably larger sample size would be needed. Actual time to be invested in field work differed between countries due to contrasting regional constraints and conditions. Nevertheless, the final monitoring effort in working days was similar between countries as the factors involved balanced out each other, in particular due to the differing year-to-year variations.Our study demonstrated the feasibility of an environmental monitoring programme in arable land using farmland butterflies across Europe. We present a suitable approach and guidelines as well as the necessary effort to be invested in future Europe-wide monitoring programmes of butterflies in agro-ecosystems, based on predictions of statistical power.

Shores of channels with thermal water provide an adequate microclimate for maintaining wolf spiders in activity during winter. Of the spiders collected after the winter survey of 22 thermal habitats from western Romania, 93.02% were juveniles and subadults, while the remaining individuals belonged to the following seven species: Arctosa leopardus, Pardosa amentata, Pardosa proxima, Pirata piraticus, Piratula latitans, Trochosa robusta and Trochosa ruricola. The reproductive period of some species is altered under the influence of neighbouring hot waters, as revealed by the capture of females with egg sacs and spiderlings, during winter.

The Alcon Blue Maculinea alcon and the Mountain Alcon Blue Maculinea 'rebeli' are obligate ant-parasitic butterflies with no distinct morpho- logical and genetic differences but clear ecological separation. 2. The two butterflies generally lay their eggs on distinct host plant species: M. alcon on Gentiana pneumonanthe and M. 'rebeli 'o nGentiana cruciata. The egg-laying behaviour of these two ecotypes has previously only been investi- gated in sympatric, but not in syntopic populations. We studied the egg-laying preferences of M. alcon and M. 'rebeli' in a unique area where they co-occur, and where they use different host plants. 3. The distance to the nearest other host plant does not seem to influence the decision of female butterflies as to whether to lay eggs on a specific host plant. 4. The two butterflies laid their eggs on different parts of their host plants: M. alcon preferred the sepals of G. pneumonanthe flower buds, while M. 'rebeli' laid most eggs on the leaves of G. cruciata. 5. The major factor correlated with the number of eggs laid on the host plant seemed to be plant quality (number of flowers, stem length, etc.) for both butterflies. 6. The present study reveals behavioural differences between the two Alcon Blue forms under unique syntopic conditions, a hidden intraspecific diversity that is worth conserving.

Demographic parameters such as survival, sex ratio and abundance can profoundly affect the viability of populations and thus are of primary importance in species of conservation concern. Although numerous studies have been published on certain aspects of the ecology and evolution of the endangered Large Blue butterfly Maculinea arion, there is still a lack of detailed knowledge on its populations’ demography. Moreover, M. arion populates a variety of xerothermic habitats throughout its European range using various food plants and host ants, which leads to complications in its conservation. Our aim was to estimate demographic parameters of M. arion populations in different parts of its European range. Detailed mark-recapture sampling was conducted on populations in four different countries. We often found that daily apparent survival probability declined with increasing age of individuals, but there was no difference between male and female survival. In smaller populations, the sex ratio was rather female-biased. Our most interesting result was the lack of protandry in some populations that might be a consequence of selection against reproductive asynchrony in small populations or a polyandrous mating system. The perfect coincidence of male and female phenology can positively affect the effective population size, because the lack of reproductive asynchrony increases the chance of male–female encounters. Abundance of the studied populations ranged between 100 and 1,600 individuals, smaller populations were on the verge of extinction. Habitat of the threatened small populations was either overgrazed or abandoned, while habitat of larger, stable populations was lightly grazed.

1. While the biogeographical structuring of Europe as a whole is already relatively well understood, patterns at the more regional scale are still poorly explored. Especially the influence of differing ecological demands among species groups on regional distribution patterns is mostly unresolved. Therefore, we compare the distributions of strictly terrestrial butterflies with those of semi-aquatic dragonflies. 2. We analysed a regionalised distribution of the 196 butterfly and 68 dragonfly taxa of Romania with cluster analyses and principal component analyses, and worked out the different faunal regions and faunal elements for this country. 3. We obtained a clear regional structuring for the butterflies (e.g. Transylvanian Basin, Carpathians, SE Romania, W/SW Romania), but only a vertical structuring in the dragonflies from the Danube lowlands to the elevations of the Carpathians. 4. This structure implies a recent distribution trigger based on ecological and climatic constraints in dragonflies with water and energy availability being of high importance. 5. The more ancient biogeographical pattern in butterflies reflects the different biogeographical elements of Europe and the connections of the Carpathian regions to the Balkan Peninsula and the Eastern European steppes, with energy being of considerably higher importance for butterfly occurrences than water availability.

The selection of suitable ecological indicator groups is of great importance for environmental assessments. To test and compare two such groups, we performed transect walks of butterflies and light traps of moths at eight sample localities in the Carinthian Alps. All of them were conducted with identical methods in the years 2002 and 2004 allowing the evaluation of the response on the conservation measures performed on five of the eight sites in late 2002. We recorded a total of 2346 butterflies (including Zygaenidae and Sesiidae) representing 83 species and 7025 moths of 534 species. 150 of these species were listed in the Red Data Book of Carinthia. In general, butterflies increased from 2002 to 2004 while moths declined. The highest increase rates of butterflies were obtained for the numbers of individuals of calcareous grassland specialists at the conservation sites, while their numbers were unchanged at the control sites. Similar trend differences between conservation and control sites were obtained for the Red Data Book butterfly species. On the contrary, the development of moth individuals was more positive at the control than the conservation sites for calcareous grassland specialists (only macro-moths) and species of the Red Data Book. However, change rates of species numbers were positively correlated between butterflies and moths. Principal Component Analysis revealed strong differences between the different sites, but mostly consistent results for butterflies and moths; however, stronger differences between years were only detected for some of the conservation sites for the butterfly communities. Our results show that butterflies as well as moths are suitable ecological indicator groups, but they do not yield identical results. Thus, butterflies are more suitable for the analysis of open habitats, whereas moths are suitable for open and forested habitats as well. Furthermore, butterflies might be a more sensitive indicator group than moths for the short-term detection of conservation measures, especially for the restoration of open habitat types.

Population dynamics studies in insects mostly focus on a specific life stage of a species and seldom consider different stages. Here, we studied the population demography of a protected Maculinea alcon ‘cruciata’ population and the factors that could influence the distribution of eggs. The results of the mark-recapture survey showed a relatively short flight period between mid-June and mid-July with a clearly marked early peak period. Unlike in many other butterflies, protandry was not strong. The total population of M. alcon ‘cruciata’ was estimated at 699 individuals. The survival rate, and consequently the average life span, was relatively low. Eggs showed a highly aggregated pattern, and egg numbers were positively related to general shoot size, while the number of flower buds and the features of the surrounding vegetation did not display any effect on egg laying. Based on our findings, the studied population appears viable, but specific management techniques could ensure optimal conditions for egg laying in this protected butterfly.

The article reports the radiocarbon investigation of Anzapalivoro, the largest za baobab (Adansonia za) specimen of Madagascar and of another za, namely the Big cistern baobab. Several wood samples collected from the large inner cavity and from the outer part/exterior of the tree were investigated by AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry) radiocarbon dating. For samples collected from the cavity walls, the age values increase with the distance into the wood up to a point of maximum age, after which the values decrease toward the outer part. This anomaly of age sequences indicates that the inner cavity of Anzapalivoro is a false cavity, practically an empty space between several fused stems disposed in a ring-shaped structure. The radiocarbon date of the oldest sample was 780 ± 30 bp, which corresponds to a calibrated age of around 735 yr. Dating results indicate that Anzapalivoro has a closed ring-shaped structure, which consists of 5 fused stems that close a false cavity. The oldest part of the biggest za baobab has a calculated age of 900 years. We also disclose results of the investigation of a second za baobab, the Big cistern baobab, which was hollowed out for water storage. This specimen, which consists of 4 fused stems, was found to be around 260 years old.

Aim The analysis of the phylogeographical structures of many European species reveals the importance of Mediterranean glacial refugia for many thermophilic species, but also underlines the relevance of extra-Mediterranean glacial differentiation centres for a number of temperate species. In this context, phylogeographical analyses of species from south-eastern Europe are highly important for a comprehensive understanding of Europe as a whole. Location Romania and Bulgaria. Methods We analysed 19 allozyme loci for 615 individuals of the temperate butterfly species Erebia medusa from 28 populations. Results These populations had an intermediate genetic diversity, but the Bulgarian populations were significantly more diverse than the ones north of the Danube in Romania. The differentiation among populations was strong, and 52.1% of the genetic variance among populations was distributed between these two countries. The genetic differentiation was considerably stronger in Romania than in Bulgaria, but several sublineages were distinguished within each of these countries. Main conclusions The observed genetic structure is so strong that it is most probably the result of glacial differentiation processes in south-eastern Europe and not a post-glacial structure. The strong differentiation into the two groups north and south of the Danube suggests a separating effect by this river valley. The strong differentiation accompanied with genetic impoverishment in Romania suggests the existence of several differentiation centres: at least two small ones on the southern slopes of the southern Carpathians and one in the eastern Carpathian Basin. The considerably weaker differentiation among the Bulgarian samples and their significantly higher genetic diversity imply that gene flow occurred among different regions of Bulgaria during the last ice age.

The article reports the AMS radiocarbon investigation of the two largest known Adansonia grandidieri specimens. The two baobabs, which are named Tsitakakoike and Pregnant baobab, are located in Southwestern Madagascar, near Andombiro. A third specimen from this area, the House baobab, was also investigated. According to measurements, Tsitakakoike is the biggest individual above ground level of all Adansonia species. The House baobab was selected for its exposed structure, which is identical to the closed ring-shaped structure with false cavities identified by us in large and old Adansonia digitata specimens. According to our research, Tsitakakoike and the Pregnant baobab have multi-stemmed cylindrical trunks which are mainly hollow; the two very large baobabs also possess a ring-shaped structure. The radiocarbon dates of the oldest wood samples collected from the large trunks were 1274 ± 20 bp for Tsitakakoike and 930 ± 20 bp for the Pregnant baobab. According to their original positions and to the architectures of the two A. grandidieri , the ages of Tsitakakoike and Pregnant baobab would be between 1300 and 1500 years. Therefore, A. grandidieri becomes the third Adansonia species with individuals that can live over 1000 years, according to accurate dating results.

Classical glacial refugia such as the southern European peninsulas were important for species survival during glacial periods and acted as sources of post-glacial colonisation processes. Only recently, some studies have provided evidence for glacial refugia north of the southern European peninsulas. In the present study, we combined species distribution models (SDMs) with phylogeographic analyses (using mitochondrial DNA = mtDNA) to investigate if the cold-adapted, stenotopic and flightless ground beetle species, Carabus irregularis, survived the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in classical and/or other refugia. SDMs (for both a western European and for a Carpathian subgroup) were calculated with MAXENT on the basis of 645 species records to predict current and past distribution patterns. Two mtDNA loci (CO1 and ND5, concatenated sequence length: 1785 bp) were analyzed from 91 C. irregularis specimens to reconstruct the phylogeography of Central and eastern European populations and to estimate divergence times of the given lineages. Strong intra-specific genetic differentiation (inter-clade ΦST values ranged from 0.92 to 0.99) implied long-term isolation of major clades and subsclades. The high divergence between the nominate subspecies and the Carpathian subspecies C. i. montandoni points to two independent species rather than subspecies (K-2P distance 0.042 ± 0.004; supposed divergence of the maternal lineages dated back 1.6 to 2.5 million years BP) differing not only morphologically but also genetically and ecologically from each other. The SDMs also inferred classical as well as other refugia for C. irregularis, especially north of the Alps, in southeastern Europe and in the Carpathians. The coincidences between the results of both methods confirm the assumption of multiple glacial refugia for the studied species and the usefulness of combining methodological approaches for the understanding of the history of low-dispersal insect species.

Conservation programmes are often based on snapshot information on animal abundance. However, land fragments with high numbers of individuals do not necessarily represent their natal areas, which are crucial for species persistence. A classic example of the above principle are source-sink systems, in which excess individuals emigrate from source areas during their lifetime and gather in sink areas. We demonstrated the existence of source-sink dynamics in two species of endangered Maculinea (=Phengaris) butterflies. Sympatrically occurring M. nausithous and M. teleius were investigated with mark-recapture sampling during the entire flight period. In the first half of the season a great majority of butterflies were captured within the relatively small central part of the site, while later their numbers became similar between the site centre and its peripheries. The analysis of movements indicated that most individuals captured in the peripheral zone eclosed in the central zone. Moreover, the timing of the sharp increase in movements from the site centre to its peripheries corresponded well with the period when the number of eggs laid in the former area reached carrying capacity, defined by the number of the Sanguisorba officinalis foodplant flowerheads available for oviposition. Within the peripheral zone the foodplant availability greatly exceeded the egg load, but in contrast the abundance of host ants (i.e. the other essential resource) was low, which presumably results in low Maculinea larval survival there. Our findings imply that setting conservation priorities over different land fragments should take into account dispersion of individuals among them.