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The utilization of wild medicinal plants in primary healthcare system is still vital for mankind, particularly for people residing nearby the protected area. However, ethnobiological knowledge of indigenous people on plant usage is diminishing. The present study aimed at documenting the wild ethnomedicinal plants and to evaluate their importance in the healthcare among the local inhabitants in the fringe villages of Kitam Bird Sanctuary, South Sikkim, India. The methodology comprised interviews and questionnaire-based household surveys focusing on the informant's knowledge and experience in the use of wild medicinal plants against several diseases and ailments. Data was analysed using relative frequency citation (RFC), use value (UV), informant consensus factor (ICF) and fidelity level (FL%). A total of 23 ethnomedicinal plant species belonging to 20 families were recorded from the study area. Among the growth forms, herbs accounted the highest number of species (39%), followed by trees (30%), climbers (13%), ferns and shrubs with 9% each. Fruits have shown the highest use (20%), followed by leaves (16%) and whole plant. Terminalia chebula had the highest RFC (0.91) and UV (0.99), followed by Terminalia bellirica (RFC = 0.89, UV = 0.96) and Phyllanthus emblica (RFC = 0.84, UV = 0.91). Results indicate that the locals in the area had good ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants which indicates their dependency on plants for treating several ailments and diseases. Some unexplored species such as Calamus erectus, Laportea bulbifera, Pteris biaurita and Solanum viarum possessing high fidelity level have scope for further pharmacological investigation.

Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn or Phyllanthus emblica Linn; family Phyllanthaceae) has a recognized history in Indian traditional medicine (Ayurveda). Various therapeutic properties have been attributed to gooseberry as a dietary supplement. Many parts of the plant (fruits, seed, leaves, root, bark, and flowers) possess various activities and are used to treat a range of diseases. This review focuses on the evidence for the cancer-preventive properties of gooseberry, its extracts, and its principal phytochemicals based on studies In Vitro and In Vivo. Most importantly, in multiple rodent models of cancer, treatment with P. emblica was found to prevent tumor incidence, number, and volume at various organ sites. The mechanism(s) implicated in gooseberry-mediated cancer inhibition are diverse and include antioxidants, Phase I and II enzyme modifications, anti-inflammatory action, regulation of the cell cycle, and modulation of oncogenic signaling genes. Studies in humans also indicate that P. emblica can offer various health benefits and synergize with other treatments. This review provides detailed information on the potential use of gooseberry extract as an anticarcinogenic in humans, illuminates the therapeutic applications, and discusses clinical trials.

BACKGROUND Microbial pathogens, mainly bacteria, are a major cause of food spoilage resulting in several foodborne diseases. Food spoilage can be prevented by the application of chemical preservatives in the food industry but such process has harmful effects on human health and causes the introduction of chemicals in several food chains, leading to toxicity and long-term complications. Due to such adverse effects, the need to find natural preservatives that are safer to use, effective and less complicated is increasing. OBJECTIVES This study is based on plant extracts that play a major role in microbicidal action (the use of natural preservatives is preferred over chemical ones). Antimicrobial action of different plant extracts was assessed using Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as experimental bacterial strains. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ethanolic extracts of different plants like Punica granatum, Acacia catechu and Phyllanthus emblica were highly effective against the both analyzed bacterial strains at a dosage of 10 mg/mL, while the extracts of Ocimum bacilicum and Quercus infectoria were effective only against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. RESULTS Punica granatum and Phyllanthus emblica extracts were found to be the most effective and exhibited bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities against the highly infectious strains of pathogenic bacteria causing food spoilage, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2.5 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 5 mg/mL. CONCLUSIONS The plant extracts used in the study were highly effective in reducing bacterial contamination and can be used as an alternative to chemical preservatives to avoid and control foodborne diseases and for preservation of food with no health-related hazards caused by chemicals.

Phyllanthus emblica is a traditional medicinal plant that is endowed with curative properties including anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, and analgesic properties. Bacteria make use of cell-cell signaling system known as quorum sensing (QS) and respond to their own population. In most gram-negative bacteria, the transcriptional regulators belonging to the Lux R protein play a crucial role in the QS mechanism by detecting the presence of signaling molecules known as N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs). In this present work, the anti-quorum sensing activity of Phyllanthus emblica was evaluated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Anti-quorum sensing efficacy of Phyllanthus emblica was estimated with reference to QS bio-monitoring strain Chromobacterium violaceum. The binding efficacy of the phytochemicals of Phyllanthus emblica against CviR protein from Chromobacterium violaceum and LasR protein from Phyllanthus emblica were studied.

Now-a-days, the most occurring problem is hair fall, so the main aim of the study is to reduce hair fall and promote hair growth. The main ingredient in this study is fermented rice water (Oryza sativa) which contains many antioxidants when compared to the plain rice water. Inositol is the major constituent which helps in decreasing hair fall. The herbal shampoo was formulated using some of the traditional herbs like Hibiscus-rosa-sinensis, Phyllanthus emblica, Aloe vera, Trigonella foenum graceum along with fermented rice water in different concentrations and evaluated for various parameters. The prepared herbal shampoo was evaluated with physico-chemical parameters like pH, foam formation, dirt dispersion, surface tension, viscosity and wetting test. The results states that the herbal shampoo possess the following characteristics such as good foam ability, good cleansing, low surface tension, viscosity and soothing property. The evaluation results of the herbal shampoo had shown better results, which is ideal to use, safe and effective in the treatment of hair fall. Keywords: Herbal shampoo, Oryza sativa, Hair fall.

Cancer chemotherapies may result in resistance, and therefore, contemporary treatments including natural products may find an increasing consideration. As per Persian medicine (PM), many natural products have been used for malignant and chronic diseases. Triphala, with a combination of Terminalia chebula Retz., Terminalia bellirica Retz., Phyllanthus emblica L., and honey, is a multi-ingredient traditional formulation attributed to anticancer activities in PM. This study is aimed at evaluating the cytotoxic activity of this preparation on HepG2, the human liver cancer cell line. Hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared from the formulation and its components. Compared with the control and Cisplatin, the extracts were tested using MTT assay at different concentrations. All concentrations of the preparation, as well as Cisplatin, were effective significantly against HepG2 cells. All extract preparations at multiple concentrations were significantly effective as evidenced by MTT assay when compared to the control group. The IC50 level for Triphala extract was 77.63 ± 4.3 μ g / ml . Based on the results, Triphala and its components have cytotoxic activity on the HepG2 cancer cell line and they can reduce the survival rate significantly.

The work sought to investigate, using response surface analysis, the synergistic antioxidant activity among four plants—Terminalia chebula Retz. var. chebula, Terminalia arjuna Wight and Arn., Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., and Phyllanthus emblica L.—which are comprised in the Chatuphalathika recipe. The response surface analysis of the four-component simplex lattice design was performed using the combination index method. The mass ratio of the four plants was varied. The total phenolic content, antioxidant activity based on the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) from 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were monitored and used to calculate the combination index value. Results showed that the total phenolic content was high and the IC50 values from DPPH and FRAP assays were low when T. chebula, T. arjuna, and T. bellirica were used without P. emblica. Synergistic antioxidant activity was also observed among them. The mixture of T. chebula, T. arjuna, and T. bellirica without P. emblica gave better synergistic antioxidant activity than when P. emblica was incorporated. The data from this work could be used to select the suitable mass ratio of the plants for the preparation of the supplementary health products in further work.

Cancer is one of the most death causing diseases and the number of cases rising around the world. So, there is a developing demand to get a durable cure to treat this awful disease. Currently, conventional techniques such as chemotherapy are not suitable for their destructive post-treatment outcomes and sometimes it is not a budget-friendly option to every person. Various medicinal plant acquired metabolites have become the core of interest due to their fewer side effects and variable application in averting cancer. Bangladesh is an agricultural country, and a remarkable variety of medicinal plants is available here with significant anticancer properties. Numerous natural products and their analogs have been recognized as potent anticancer agents. This review has been plotted to explore diverse medicinal plants of Bangladesh with anticancer activity and their effectual compounds to treat cancer. Based on the results of the various articles indexed in Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus etc. a number of plants have been reported to be used in the treatment and prevention of different kinds of cancer disorders. The plants include Phyllanthus emblica, Terminalia chebula, Withania somnifera, Azadirachta indica, Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum, Cinnamomum verum, Nigella sativa, Catharanthus roseus, Cannabis sativa, Camellia sinensis, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Solanum lycopersicum etc. Different anticancer metabolites found in these plants has potential to treat different cancer. Phytochemical investigations have scrutinized the therapeutic effects of medicinal plants constructive on numerous cancers and their possible mechanisms of action and clinical effects.

The extensive use of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections has led to the widespread emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, becoming increasingly difficult to treat with currently available antibacterial agents. The present study is based on prospecting the ethnomedicinal potential of Indian plant varieties for the treatment of MDR bacteria. Plants produce an array of diverse pharmacological compounds in defence against microbial pathogens which may be employed as a novel intervention strategy to combat MDR human pathogens. In the present study, the antimicrobial activity of extracts of four common Indian plants:Azadirachta indica(Neem),Murraya koenigii(Kadipatta),Phyllanthus emblica(Amla), andOcimum sanctum(Tulsi) prepared in four solvents, water, methanol, ethanol, and chloroform was tested against nine MDR bacterial isolates. Kirby-Bauer well diffusion assays were adopted to assess the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts against the MDR strains. The potency of plant extracts was examined by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). All MDR isolates includingStaphylococcus haemolyticus,Bacillus subtilis,B. thuringiensis,B. cereus,Enterobacter xiangfangensis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, andPseudomonas aeruginosawere significantly inhibited by the plant extracts. Test extracts showed promising antibacterial potential against MDRP. aeruginosaandBacillussp. with low MIC values ranging between 0.02-1.56 mg/ml, while most plant extracts exhibited either moderate MBC values or bacteriostatic effects. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrates the potential use of endemicA. indica,M.koenigii,P.emblica, andO. sanctumas therapeutic agents against circulating MDR human pathogens in the national capital.

Diabetes has become a global health concern, its management lies hugely on expensive medical care and monitoring; thus the need to investigate possible alternatives to reduce treatment cost and also to reduce the side effects of commonly used anti diabetic drugs. This study aims to assess the anti-diabetic effect of mixed fruit juice nanoemulsion of Coccinia grandis, Punica granatum and Phyllanthus emblica. Mixed fruit juice nanoemulsion were prepared in the ratio of VCO oil:water:surfactant- 32:36:32 (%w/w). characterization parameters of mixed fruit juice nanoemulsion including PH, zeta potential, size, morphology were within the standard limits and was used for the study. The anti diabetic effect of nano emulsified mixed fruit juice was compared with that of acarbose by measuring their inhibitory effect on the enzyme alpha glucosidase. Maximum Inhibitory effect of formulated Nano emulsion on enzyme alpha glucosidase was 83% at concentration 81μg/ml whereas that for the standard anti-diabetic drug Acarbose was 93% at concentration 540μg/ml. For acarbose, the maximum Inhibition was 92% at the concentration of 540μg/ml. The relative inhibition Percentage of Nano emulsion versus Control has been analyzed and the results found to be statistically significant (P

In Nagaland ~70% of population lives in rural areas and depends on forest products for livelihood. Being part of the biodiversity hotspot, state is rich in biodiversity. The present study was an attempt made to understand the nutritional properties of 22 popular underutilized edible plants (UEP) Kohima, Phek, Tuensang districts. Results revealed moisture content of 22 studied plants ranged between 4.8 to 88.15 g/100g, while protein content varied between 0.00269 - 0.773 g/100g with highest in Terminalia chebula (0.773 g/100g) fruit while lowest protein content was in Setaria italica (0.00269 g/100g). Total carbohydrate content was between 0.198 - 5.212 g/100g with highest in Setaria italica (5.212 g/100g) and lowest in Juglans regia (0.198 g/100g). Of the 22 samples, maximum antioxidant activity was in Terminalia chebula fruits (37.49 μg/ml) followed by Clerodendrum glandulosum (65.29 μg/ml) leaves, Phyllanthus emblica (79.08 μg/ml) fruits against Trolox (96.89 μg/ml). Highest total phenol content (TPC) was recorded in Terminalia chebula (53.11 mg GAE/g) and Rhus chinensis (43.99 mg GAE/g) while in other 20 crops the values varied from 0.09 - 8.44 mg GAE/g. Total flavonoid content (TFC) varied between 0.004 - 43.67 mg QE/g with clerodendrum glandulosum (43.67 mg QE/g) and Terminalia chebula (27.78 mg QE/g) were found to be highest among the 22 plant samples. Findings suggest that these underutilized edible plants should be popularized as they can contribute to nutritional support to different region of the state for health improvement and cultivated them commercially to help and develop various value added local product to improve the livelihood status of the rural population and also add to the economy of the state and region.

Nanotechnology is defined as a very broad field of science which is as diverse as surface science, organic chemistry, molecular biology, semiconductor physics, molecular engineering etc. Nanotechnology might have the option to make numerous new materials and devices with a huge scope of use, for example, in Nano medicine, Nano electronics, and bio materials energy creation. Phyllanthus emblica is a remarkable supply of diet C; consequently, it facilitates increase your immunity. Its dietary profile additionally comes studded with a variety of polyphenols which are acknowledged to combat towards the improvement of most cancers cells. Cinnamomum verum is stocked with powerful antioxidants which protects the body from oxidative damage caused by free radicals. The physical characterization of these silver nanoparticles was verified using UV - visible spectroscopy and the surface Plasmon resonance band was formed at 400nm of silver nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles synthesized using Cinnamomum verum and Phyllanthus emblica extract showed higher antioxidant activity.

Introduction: In the context of the global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among bacterial pathogens against conventional bactericidal antibiotics, investigation on complementary/ alternative approaches to manage bacterial infections is warranted. The present study aimed at investigating the anti-pathogenic potential of Phyllanthus emblica seed extract (PESE) against four different pathogenic bacteria. Methods: Hydroalcoholic extract of P. emblica seeds was tested for its possible in vitro quorummodulatory potential against Chromobacterium violaceum, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus through broth dilution assay. In vivo efficacy of PESE was assayed employing Caenorhabditis elegans as the model host for these four pathogens. Results: PESE was found to exert in vitro quorum-modulatory effect on C. violaceum, S. marcescens, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus at ≥50 μg/mL. This extract could curb the haemolytic activity of all the four test bacteria by 23-65%, inhibit biofilm formation, and was also able to modulate their antibiotic susceptibility (AS) and catalase activity. Susceptibility of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus to lysis by human serum was enhanced under the influence of this extract by 23% and 49%, respectively. Repeated exposure of both these notorious pathogens to PESE did not induce resistance in them. In vivo assay confirmed the anti-virulence effect of this extract in the C. elegans host, wherein the nematode host challenged with the PESE-treated pathogenic bacteria scored better survival. PESE also displayed notable prebiotic potential by promoting the growth of three probiotic strains. Conclusion: To the best of our awareness, this is the first report on the quorum-modulatory potential of P. emblica seed extract, validating its anti-infective potential and prebiotic property.

This work sought to apply the four-component simplex lattice experimental design to determine the chemical interaction between Terminalia chebula Retz. var. chebula, Terminalia arjuna Wight and Arn., Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., and Phyllanthus emblica L., which are found in the traditional Chatuphalathika remedy. The four phenolic compounds, gallic acid, corilagin, chebulagic acid, and chebulinic acid, were quantified using validated high-performance liquid chromatography. A response surface analysis was also conducted to describe the level of interaction among the four plant ingredients. The results showed that a low content of P. emblica in the herbal remedy exhibited a positive effect on the extraction yield and the phenolic compounds content, except gallic acid. According to the combination index value, the low content of P. emblica in the herbal remedy revealed a positive effect on the interaction of extraction yield and the phenolic compounds content. The maximum interaction was found at an equal weight ratio of T. chebula, T. arjuna, and T. bellirica, with no P. emblica. The formula which boasts the equal weight ratio of three Terminalia plants exhibited a 167% increase in phenolic compounds as compared with the effects of any of the plants individually. Data from this work could be used to describe the synergy of plant ingredients contained in the Chatuphalathika remedy based on the chemical analysis aspect.

In the current scenario nanoparticles (NPs) have gained a breathtaking impetus due to their multidimensional applications in varied fields. In the present effort, biogenic synthesis of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was carried out using aqueous extract of dried powder of Emblica officinalis (Amla). Physicochemical characterization of nanoparticles was carried out via UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) wherein the particles were found to be quasi spherical and with a size ranging between 3 and 11 nm. The ZnO nanoparticles exhibited significant antibacterial activity against bacteria as Streptococcus pyogenes MTCC 442, Bacillus cereus MTCC 1272, Escherichia coli MTCC 1687 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 4673. The nanoparticles displayed high anti-biofilm activity toward all the bacterial strains, when tested against three different base materials viz. glass, plastic and metal (Aluminum). Further, the nanoparticle treatment of bacterial cells caused changes in their cell membrane permeability, leading to leakage of nucleic acid from the bacterial cells, thereby defining it as the most probable mechanism for their anti-biofilm potential.

Assam is the largest state of North-East India. This state is considered as one of the most extravagant biodiversity hotspots of the world because of its different geography, atmosphere and agro-environmental conditions. Various plant species that incorporate natural products have their starting point in this locale. A considerable number of these are yet to be developed in wild or semi-wild states. Regardless of the huge hereditary decent variety of these natural products, just a couple have been grown as business crops for their monetary, social and strict significance. Some of the explored fruit crops of Assam that have many potentials of being used not only in culinary purpose but also in much Ayurvedic medicine which is still underutilized Some of the underutilized fruit (UUF) crops of Assam are Kordoi/Carambola (Averrhoa Carambola), Leteku/Burmese grape (Baccurea sapida), Amra/Hog plum (Spondius mangifera), Jalphai/Olive (Olea europaea), Bael/Stone apple (Aegle marmelos), Imli/Tamarind (Tamarindus indica), Jamun/Wild Jamun (Sygium cuminii), Thekera/Garcinia spp., Poniol/Govorners plum (Falcourita jangomas), Outenga/Elephant fruit (Delinia indica ) and Amlokhi/ Indian Goose berry (Phyllanthus emblica) etc. Fruits have multipurpose utilisations and consequently assume critical job, particularly, for the prosperity of country individuals by giving sustenance, family pay and business. Huge numbers of these natural fruits have been utilised as customary restorative plants and some have discovered a significant spot in the Indian arrangement of Ayurvedic medicine and Unani since days of yore. Regardless of their latent capacity, these indigenous fruit crops are less known both at scientific and farmers level particularly in our region and some of them like wild jackfruit (Artocarpus hirsutus), Rattan (Calamus rotang) , Naga tenga (Myrica esculenta) etc. which are nearer to extinction.

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) infection attacking mainly on the immune system of a body. It is a potentially fatal disease that is of public health and economy concern globally. In December 2019, COVID-19 outbreak occurred in Wuhan city, Hubei Province, China furthermore spread worldwide. Research is underway in many countries to develop effective vaccines and drugs for the COVID-19. In Ayurveda, Acharya Charaka explained the concept of an epidemic condition in Janapadodhwans Adhayay and combating of these diseases is to be done by Panchakarma (five procedures of purification), Rasayana Chikitsa (immune-modulators therapy) and Sadvritta (good conduct). Rasayan dravyas (immuno modulators drugs) of Ayurveda can be used for health promotion, immune-modulation, prevention and reduce disease burden from COVID-19. Drugs such as Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal), Guduchi (Tinospora cordifoloia (Willd.) Miers), Amalaki (Phyllanthus emblica L.), Mulethi (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus Willd), Chireta (Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum L.) Punarnava (Boerhaavia diffusa L.) and Pippali ((Piper longum L.) For symptom management of COVID-19 like illness Agastya Haritaki, Anutaila, AYUSH–64 can be used. Scientific research on these drugs may reveal the new approach for the prevention and management of COVID-19. The main aim of this article is to review research which has already conducted and currently being carried out on the herbal plant for their immunomodulation property which have a possible application in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.

Background and Aim: Although existing research confirms the antiparasitic effect of the Malacca plant against Plasmodium, its effect on the liver, one of the target organs of Plasmodium has not been investigated. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the potential of the ethanolic extract of Malacca (Phyllanthus emblica) leaves in preventing liver damage in mice (Mus musculus) caused by Plasmodium berghei infection. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using the livers of 18 mice fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin. A completely randomized design with a unidirectional pattern comprising six treatments was used in this study, with each treatment consisting of three replications. Treatment 0 was the negative control group infected with P. berghei, treatment 1 was the positive control group infected with P. berghei followed by chloroquine administration at a dose of 5 mg/kg BW, and treatments 2, 3, 4, and 5 were groups infected with P. berghei and administered Malacca leaf ethanolic extracts at doses of 100, 300, 600, and 1200 mg/kg BW, respectively. The extracts were administered orally using a gastric tube for 4 consecutive days. Mice were sacrificed on the 7th day and livers were collected for histopathological examination. Results: Histopathological examination of the livers of mice infected with P. berghei demonstrated the presence of hemosiderin, hydropic degeneration, fat degeneration, necrosis, and megalocytosis. However, all these histopathological changes were reduced in the livers of P. berghei-infected mice treated with various doses of Malacca leaf ethanolic extract. The differences between the treatments were found be statistically significant (p

The present study was carried out to identify the 20 medicinally important species of family Euphorbiaceae by the aid of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the foliar anatomical characteristics. Both qualitative and quantitative measurements for the anatomical characters like epidermal cells, stomata, trichomes, and subsidiary cells on both abaxial(ab) and adaxial(ad) epidermis were recorded. Remarkable variations in these anatomical features had been observed among the studied Euphorbiaceae species. Most species had epidermal cells irregular or polygonal in shape, only five species had hexagonal cells, that is, Euphorbia neriifolia L., Euphorbia prostate Aiton, Jatropha integerrima Jacq., Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.), and Euphorbia royleana Boiss. Stomata were abundant on abaxial epidermis as compared to adaxial epidermis. E. prostate Aiton, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex Klotzsch and Phyllanthus emblica L. possessed anomocytic stomata, and Euphorbia helioscopia L., Euphorbia cotinifolia L., E. neriifolia L., and Ricinus communis L. possessed anisocytic stomata, while rest of the species had paracytic stomata. Trichomes were present in very few species including Euphorbia hirta L., E. prostate Aiton, E. pulcherrima Willd. Ex Klotzsch, and Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Similarly, variations were also reported by quantitative features such as E. helioscopia L. can be distinguished from E. hirta on the basis of length of epidermal cells, that is, 103.4 ± 0.15 and 74.9 ± 0.55 μm, respectively. Moreover, E. pulcherrima Willd. Ex Klotzsch had trichomes with the length of 408 ± 0.55 μm and P. roxburghii Wall. had trichome with the length of 314.2 ± 1.35 μm, respectively. These findings confirmed that taxonomic utility of the anatomical traits for the identification of studied Euphorbiaceae taxa.

Introduction: Triphala, a herbal medicine which is a product from Chae Son, Lampang, Thailand, is an unequal-proportional mixture of fruits of three herbs, Phyllanthus emblica, Terminalia chebula, and Terminalia bellirica (2:1:1). Materials and Methods: The contemporary study concentrated on extracts detection and comparative analysis between various annual year (A.D.2017/2018) activities in hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanolic extracts of Triphala. The determination of antioxidant was using by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The broth dilution and agar well diffusion assay were determined antibacterial. Results: Results exposed the valuable biological activity extracts from ethyl acetate and methanol solvents of T. chebula and T. bellirica, which strength is accountable for biological activities. Extracts displayed acceptable radical-scavenging activity analogous with ascorbic acid. The methanol extract of T. bellirica (0.0013 mg/mL), ethyl acetate extract of P. emblica (0.0009 mg/mL), in A.D. 2017 and the ethyl acetate extract of P. emblica (0.0090 mg/mL), the methanol extract of Triphala (0.0176 mg/mL) in 2018, were exhibited higher antioxidant activity. Also, extracts indicated hopeful antibacterial potential against tested strain comparable to chloramphenicol. Conclusion: The results in A.D. 2017 showed that inhibition zone of P. emblica in ethyl acetate extract; S. aureas (8.67 mm), E. aerogenes (8.67 mm), E. coli (EPEC) (7.67 mm), P. mirabilis (7.73 mm) , S. typhimurium (8.33 mm), S. flexneri (8.33 mm) and V. cholera (7.33 mm) together with P. emblica methanol extract; S. aureas (6.67 mm), E. aerogenes (7.76 mm.) and V. cholera (4.0 mm). Therefore, it could be concluded that Triphala may be a talented candidate in pharmaceutical and future medicine.

The gut-brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that exists between the brain and gut. Several studies claimed that some types of headaches are associated with various gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. In Persian medicine (PM), physicians believed that gastric disturbances could stimulate headache and introduced some herbs for boosting gastric function as a therapeutic remedy for headache. Here we review the current evidence for the gastroprotective and antiheadache effects of herbs used in PM. Herbs used for their gastrotonic effects in PM were identified from selected Persian medical and pharmaceutical textbooks. PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar were used to search for contemporary scientific evidence relating to the gastric and neurologic effects of these plants. A total of 24 plants were recorded from the selected sources included in this review, most of which belonged to the Rosaceae family. Phyllanthus emblica, Zingiber officinale, Boswellias errata, Punica granatum and Hypericum perforatum had the most recent studies related to GI disorder and headache, while current research about quince, rose, apple, hawthorn and pear was limited. Reducing Helicobacter pylori growth, gastritis, erosion of the stomach lining, hemorrhage and perforation, improving gastric mucosal resistance, antisecretary, antiulcer, antipyretic, analgesic, sedative, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, neuroprotective and antioxidant effects as well as improvement in memory scores were some of the gastrotonic and neuroprotective mechanisms described in the current research. These results confirmed that medicinal plants prescribed in PM may improve headache in patients through the management of GI abnormalities. However, further studies are recommended to investigate the efficacy and safety of the mentioned medicinal plants.

The present study is based on the measurement of selected metals (Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sr and Zn) in the fruits of eight medicinal plants (Carrisa opeca, Phyllanthus emblica, Solanum nigrum, Zizyphus nummularia, Zizyphus mauritiana, Physalis minima, Opuntia dillenii and Phoenix dactylifera) and relevant soil samples by atomic absorption spectrometry. Highest average concentrations of Cu (14.4 mg/kg), Cr (19.0 mg/kg), and Zn (125 mg/kg) were found in the fruits of P. minima, C. opeca and Z. nummularia, respectively, while O. dillenii showed the elevated mean levels of Cd (3.49 mg/kg), Sr (61.4 mg/kg), Mg (0.21%), Ca (6.62%) and Mn (44.6 mg/kg). However, highest average levels of Pb (41.7 mg/kg) and Co (38.4 mg/kg) were found in Z. mauritiana. Overall, most of the fruit samples showed higher contributions of Ca and Mg, followed by Fe, Zn, Co and Pb. In the case of soil samples, highest concentration was observed for Ca, followed by Fe, Mg, Mn and Sr, while lowest concentration was shown by Cd. Bioaccumulation factors exhibited significantly higher accumulation of Co (0.813–1.829) and Pb (0.060–2.350) from the soil to the fruits. Principal component analysis revealed significant anthropogenic contributions of Pb, Fe and Co in the fruit samples. Contamination factors and enrichment factors of Cd and Pb in the soil indicated very high contamination and extreme enrichment of these metals. Keywords: Bioaccumulation, Fruit, Medicinal plant, Metal, Enrichment, Health risk

Background: The content of secondary metabolites in amla (phyllanthus emblica L.) such as flavonoids and phenols have the potential as an antioxidant. One of the benefits of antioxidants is to prevent degenerative diseases, such as diabetes mellitus . Purpose: This research to determine activity of amla fruit extract in reducing blood glucose levels at balb/c mice induced with alloxan. Methods . This research method uses a pre and posttest-controlled group design with 35 balb/c mice divided into five treatments groups. In the positive control group and the treatment group alloxan was injected for 14 days . Results: Amla (Phyllanthus emblica L.) fruit extract at a dose of 40 mg / 20 g BW was equivalent to positive control of glibenclamide dose 3 mg / 20 g BW compared to the treatment group at a dose of 10 mg / 20 g BW and 20 mg /20 g BW . Conclusion : From this research, it was obtained that the best dose of A mla fruit (phylanthus emblica L) extract applied to blood glucose was 40 mg/20mg BW with a decrease percentage of 56,93% with an effective dose value (ED50) 50% of 34.00 mg / 20 g BW.

Traditional Triphala (three fruits), consisting of Phyllanthus emblica, Terminalia chebula, and Terminalia bellirica, presents a broad range of biological activities. However, its ability to inhibit dengue virus (DENV) infection has not been reported yet. Herein, the authors investigated the efficiency of three different Triphala formulations and its individual extract constituents to inhibit DENV infection. Treatment with T. bellirica extract or Triphala formulated with a high ratio of T. bellirica extract showed remarkable efficiency in significantly lowering DENV infection in Vero cells. Their effects were further studied in Huh7 cells, to address its potential ability in human cells. Treatment with 100 μg/mL of T. bellirica extract or Triphala resulted in an approximate 3000-fold or 1000-fold lowering of virus production, respectively. Furthermore, the treatment diminished IL-6 and CXCL-10 expressions, which are the hallmark of the cytokine storm phenomenon in DENV infection. The HPLC profiling demonstrated gallic acid as a major compound, the treatment by which showed its ability to effectively inhibit DENV infection after virus entry. Molecular docking demonstrated that gallic acid was able to interact with DENV NS5 protein, which could be one of Triphala’s antiviral mechanism. This study offers Triphala formulation and its ingredient, T. bellirica extract, as a natural based pharmaceutical to be used in DENV infection treatment.

Numpulsuksant W, Saensouk S, Sanesouk P. 2021. Diversity and ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Ban Hua Kua, Kae Dam District, Thailand. Biodiversitas 22: 4349-4357. Diversity and ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Ban Hua Kua village, Kae Dam District, Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand. Biodiversitas 22: xxxx-xxxx. This study can serve as basic information for further study and provide conservation criteria for medicinal plants in Ban Hua Kua village, Kae Dam District, Maha Sarakham Province to assure continued species richness and sustainable use. This study aimed to document ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants, including their diversity, in Ban Hua Kua village, Kae Dam District, Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand. The ethnobotanical data were obtained from 19 local experts using semi-structured forms to record the interviewee's personal information and topics related to the medicinal use of specific plants. Thirty-eight medicinal plants belonging to 35 genera in 23 families were collected. The most commonly represented family was Zingiberaceae comprised of six species (Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd., Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf., Curcuma angustifolia Roxb., Curcuma comosa Roxb., Curcuma longa L., and Zingiber officinale Roscoe), followed by Fabaceae with four species (Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth., Dialium cochinchinense Pierre, Senna siamea Lam., and Tamarindus indica L.), and Rutaceae with three species (Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa ex Roxb., Clausena wallichii Oliv., Hesperethusa crenulata (Roxb.) Roem.), while the other 20 families represent only one to two plant species. The root was the most frequently used part of the plant. The species with the highest use-value was Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. (0.68), a native plant of the Ban Hua Kuavillage. Diospyros mollis Griff. (CI = 0.21), Dialium cochinchinense Pierre (CI = 0.21), Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze (CI = 0.21), Vitex glabrata R. Br. (CI = 0.21), Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa ex Roxb. (CI = 0.21), Phyllanthus emblica L. (CI = 0.21), and Hesperethusa crenulata (Roxb.) Roem. (CI = 0.21) were found the highest cultural important index (CI), while Diospyros mollis Griff., Dialium cochinchinense Pierre, Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze, Vitex glabrata R. Br., Phyllanthus emblica L., Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa ex Roxb., and Hesperethusa crenulata (Roxb.) Roem. were found the highest %FL = 50. The climber was mostly used for medicinal plants (IAR = 0.97). Root (57.89%), leaf (52.63%), and fruit (39.47%) were reported the most plant parts used by the villagers. Therefore, the indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants at Ban Hua Kua village is indicated to conservation for sustainable use in the future. Moreover, this study was the first reported in Maha Sarakham province.

This study focused on the effects of eight medicinal plant extracts on Solanum nigrum L. potential to accumulate Cd and Pb from soil. These medicinal plants were common and relatively cheap. The eight 10% water extracts were made from the peel of Citrus reticulata Blanco (PCR), fruit of Phyllanthus emblica L. (FPE), root of Pueraria Lobata (Willd.) Ohwi (RPL), rhizome of Polygonatum sibiricum Red (RPS), root of Astragalus propinquus Schischkin (RAP), bud of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni (BHC), seed of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn (SNN) and fruit of Prunus mume (Sieb.) Sieb.etZuce (FPM). The results showed that among all exposures, the treatment with FPE resulted in the significant increase (p

Family Phyllanthaceae is one of the largest segregates of the eudicot order Malpighiales and its species are herb, shrub, and tree, which are mostly distributed in tropical regions. Certain taxonomic discrepancies exist at genus and family level. Here, we report chloroplast genomes of three Phyllanthaceae species—Phyllanthus emblica, Flueggea virosa, and Leptopus cordifolius— and compare them with six others previously reported Phyllanthaceae chloroplast genomes. The species of Phyllanthaceae displayed quadripartite structure, comprising inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb) that separate large single copy (LSC) and small single copy (SSC) regions. The length of complete chloroplast genome ranged from 154,707 bp to 161,093 bp; LSC from 83,627 bp to 89,932 bp; IRs from 23,921 bp to 27,128 bp; and SSC from 17,424 bp to 19,441 bp. Chloroplast genomes contained 111 to 112 unique genes, including 77 to 78 protein-coding, 30 transfer RNA (tRNA), and 4 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that showed similarities in arrangement. The number of protein-coding genes varied due to deletion/pseudogenization of rps16 genes in Baccaurea ramiflora and Leptopus cordifolius. High variability was seen in number of oligonucleotide repeats while analysis of guanine-cytosine (GC) content, codon usage, amino acid frequency, simple sequence repeats analysis, synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions, and transition and transversion substitutions showed similarities in all Phyllanthaceae species. We detected a higher number of transition substitutions in the coding sequences than non-coding sequences. Moreover, the high number of transition substitutions was determined among the distantly related species in comparison to closely related species. Phylogenetic analysis shows the polyphyletic nature of the genus Phyllanthus which requires further verification. We also determined suitable polymorphic coding genes, including rpl22, ycf1, matK, ndhF, and rps15 which may be helpful for the reconstruction of the high-resolution phylogenetic tree of the family Phyllanthaceae using a large number of species in the future. Overall, the current study provides insight into chloroplast genome evolution in Phyllanthaceae.

Malacca plant (Phyllanthus emblica) is one of the medicinal plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of n-hexane extract of Malacca (Phyllanthus emblica) leaves on the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria in vivo. All mice were first induced by Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. Negative control (K1) was given aquadest, positive control (K2) was given ciproflaxacin suspension at doses of 20 mg/kg BW, while K3, K4, and K5 were given n-hexane extract of Malacca leave at dose of 100 mg/kg BW, 200 mg/kg BW, and 300 mg/kg BW. Respectively blood sampling was carried out on the 5th day after treatment. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that the mean (± SD) number of bacterial colonies in K1 was 656x10² cfu/ml. The average number of bacterial colonies in K2 was 2328x10² cfu/ml. The average number of bacterial colonies given n-hexane extract of malacca leave 100 mg/kg BW on K3 was 359,60x10² cfu/ml. The average number of bacterial colonies given n-hexane extract of malacca leave 200 mg/kg BW at K4 was 200x10² cfu/ml and the average number of bacterial colonies given n-hexane extract of malacca leave 300 mg/kg BW at K5 was 3483x10² cfu/ml. The results showed there were no significant difference among treatment groups (P 0.05). N-hexane extract of malacca leave was unable to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria in vivo

The present study is focused on the biogenic synthesis of AgNPs (B-AgNPs) using fruit extract of Phyllanthus emblica L. and its effect (0, 5, 10, 25, 50 mg/L concentrations) on early seedling growth of two wheat varieties (HD-2967 and DBW-17). The prepared silver nanoparticles were characterized with several techniques such as UV–Vis spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction as well as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The capping of AgNPs by phytochemicals was confirmed by Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. B-AgNPs, chemically synthesized AgNPs, chemically synthesized AgNPs+10% fruit extract and AgNO3 salt were compared for phytotoxicity, based on growth parameters, ROS production, cytotoxicity assay and silver accumulation in two wheat varieties (HD-2967 and DBW-17). These effects were more pronounced in the variety HD-2967 over DBW-17 variety at 10 mg/L B-AgNPs exposure. Root cells viability of treated radicles was studied using Evans blue dye assay which suggest that 10 mg/L B-AgNPs was effective in promoting early seedling growth by decreasing ROS toxicity. Lower accumulation of Ag resulting in higher root cell viability than those of chemically synthesized AgNPs treated seedlings. The findings of the present study clearly indicate that phytochemicals capped AgNPs act as a growth promoter at lower concentrations by delivering a potent antioxidant during early seedling growth as compared to chemically synthesized AgNPs treated wheat seedlings.

Fruits contribute significantly to the food security of the society especially in terms of vitamins and micronutrients. Numerous wild edible fruits from various families distributed in Poondi, Velliangiri hills,Coimbatore were assessed the Malasar tribal people consume these fruits as a natural source of food supplement. The five wild edible fruits viz., Zizipus jujuba Mill. Z.oenoplia Mill. (Rhamnaceae), Limonia acidissimia L. (Rutaceae), Phyllanthus emblica L. (Euphorbiaceae) and Ficus racemosa L. (Moraceae) were assessed for their mineral and phytochemical contents. In which the underutilized fruits possesses high nutritional and medicinal properties for the ethanolic extracts. The macro and micro elements and their constituents explored that Fe was abundant in all the edible fruit species. while Z.jujuba was observed to contain high Fe content than those of others. Qualitative phytochemical screening also revealed the presence of phenolics, alkaloids, flavanoids and terpenoids. In quantitative phytochemical estimations also phenolic and tannin concentration was found to be high in F. racemosa while L.acidissimia fruit depicted maximum total flavonoid content. The nutritional and phytochemical composition of fruits indicates that, theseneglected wild edible fruits can be a valuable source of nutrients under famine conditions and high levels of some vitamins can be used to prevent diseases.

A simple flow injection analysis (FIA) integrating with a metal-free approach for total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was developed. The non-toxic reaction was based on generating a vibrant blue radical from imipramine to avoid the potential interferents arising from the colorful fruit extracts. The blue radical can be rapidly scavenged by antioxidant compounds present in the sample. TAC values of Thai tropical fruit extracts were assessed by monitoring the quenching in absorbance of the test mixture following the addition of the antioxidant compounds/fruit extracts. The FIA co-operated in order to increase the sample throughput. The results demonstrated that Antidesma thwaiteaianum Muell. Arg. has the highest capacity followed by Terminalia chebula Retz. and Phyllanthus Emblica Linn., respectively. An excellent correlation between the proposed method was found with the DPPH assay. The proposed method allowed the TAC determination of fruit extracts in a high-throughput and straightforward way in accordance with the principles of green analytical chemistry. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13197-019-03801-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Malachite green, a multi-purpose dye induces cyto-toxicity upon its entry and bioaccumulation in tissues. A semi-static chronic (60 days) bioassay was conducted by exposing Cyprinus carpio to sublethal concentration of the dye and Emblica officinalis in four experimental groups viz control, malachite green, E. officinalis, and malachite green + E. officinalis. Effect of dye on the cornea was investigated considering ultra-structural alterations owing to its direct contact to the pollutant in the aquatic medium. SEM studies on corneal epithelium revealed broken continuity of pavement cells, shrunk microplicae, increased intra-microplicae distance, globularization and epithelial uplifting, thereby affecting the integrity of corneal surface and tear film adherence. Whereas dietary supplementation with the plant extract served to restore cytoarchitecture with appearance of large number of regenerating cells. Both lesions and restoration were found to be duration dependent. Thus, E. officinalis can be considered as an effective ameliorant against malachite green induced toxicity.

Amla (Phyllanthus emblica L.) and Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) are the least researched food plants in Pakistan although they have ample uses in food and herbal industry. Amla is being cultivated and observed as wild in most parts of the country including Sindh, Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, whereas Tamarind is mostly confined to tropical areas mainly at Karachi. This study was focused to identify and collect the germplasm of both the species. Among all the collecting sites two types (Banarasi and Sheesha) of Amla were observed at farmers’ fields, whereas wild or Desi types were under natural cultivation. Various important qualitative and yield related important quantitative traits were recorded. For biochemical characterization standard Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate-Polacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) protocol was used. The seed proteins were separated by using 11.25% polyacrylamide gel. The plants at farmers’ fields were observed with a considerable level of variation. Low variation within Banarasi and Sheesha types might be due to limited number of mother plants by few commercial growers that needed to broaden through more germplasm collection/acquisition. High level of morphological diversity was observed among Amla and Tamarind genotypes. The protocol for total proteins in Amla did not exhibit good quality electrophoregram that is needed to refine for its practical utilization. The SDS-PAGE conducted for tamarind gave 11 protein bands and out of these six were polymorphic. The phylogenetic analysis classified all twenty Tamarind genotypes into seven diverged groups. Although most of the plants were similar on their phenotypic basis but the total proteins gave significant differences for most of the plants that indicated the diversity for genetic material and acclimatization to local environment.

This study aimed to determine that amla (Phyllanthus emblica L.) extract prevents and alleviates hair loss. We measured cell proliferative activity, 5alpha- reductase inhibitory, TGF-beta1 and DKK-1, IGF-1 and VEGF effect on human dermal papilla cells to investigate therapeutic effect of the amla extract. The cell proliferative activity in human dermal papilla cells was observed to be most prominent in the range of 50 μg/ml. Also, amla extract decreased the expression of 5alpha-reductase in a dose dependent manner in human dermal papilla cells. And IGF-1 and VEGF which were known to accelerate the differentiation and growth of human dermal papilla cells was increased by amla extract in a dose dependent manner. Taken together, these results suggest that amla extract has hair growth promoting effect and it may be a potent candidate for the prevention of hair loss.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) of five less utilized fruits such as Aegle marmelos, Spondias pinnata, Limonia acidissima, Averhoa carambola, Crescentia cujete and was compared with Phyllanthus emblica, (Amla) well known for its antioxidant activities. The natural antioxidants present in fruits reduce the level of oxidative stress. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of samples were correlated with antioxidant activities like 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryl-Hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, Ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Methods: The total phenolic of each fruit extract were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method with some modifications and the total flavonoids were estimated by Aluminum trichloride colourimetric method. The DPPH antioxidant assay, The FRAP assay and TAC were determined spectrophotometrically. Results: The total phenolics were expressed as mg/100g Gallic acid equivalent (mg GAE/100 gm) and the total flavonoids were expressed as mg/100g Quercetin equivalent (mg QE/100 gm). TPC was found to be maximum in Spondias pinnata with 142.16 mg GAE/100 gm where as TFC was maximum in Phyllanthus emblica with 91.1 mgQE/100 gm. DPPH radical scavenging activity was expressed n percentage(%), FRAP values expressed as mg/100g Ascorbic equivalent (AAE) and the total antioxidant activity was expressed as mg/100g Ascorbic equivalent. Maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity was shown by Spondias pinnata (93.75%), FRAP values were maximum in Phyllanthus emblica with 72.6 mg AAE/100 gm and total antioxidant capacity was found to be highest in Spondias pinnata (50.1 mg AAE/100 gm). Conclusion: Spondias pinnata, an underutilized fruit, was found to be promising with antioxidant activities comparable to Phyllanthus emblica.

Background Current pandemic has led us to explore the role of traditional system of medicine to look for formulations that enhance immunity. Objective(s) The obejctive of this experimental study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of two formulations, Tinospora cordifolia (Tc) and Phyllanthus emblica (Pe) with and without coating of Ocimum sanctum (Os). Materials and methods After obtaining Institutional Animal Ethics Committee approval, present experimental study was conducted to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of plant drug formulations against infection induced in mice subjected to major surgical stress. Hemisplenectomy was selected to induce major stress and the procedure for hemisplenectomy was standardized. A model of secondary fungal infection after hemisplenectomy was established followed by the treatment of mice with plant drugs and controls. They were subjected to hemisplenectomy or sham operation and 105 C. albicans were injected intravenously. The therapy continued for next 14 days. Kidneys were isolated to estimate fungal load. Fungal load of the kidneys was estimated on post-operative Day 15. Results The test formulations Tc + Pe and Tc + Pe + Os showed significant reduction in the fungal burden of kidneys as compared to hemisplenectomized control group. However, Tc alone exerted better degree of protection as compared to Tc + Pe and Tc + Pe + Os. Conclusion The formulations, Tc + Pe and Tc + Pe + Os that were developed on the basis of theoretical concepts were not found to be superior to Tc. Though the individual ingredients have been shown to possess immunnostimulant activities, in combination, Pe and Os blunted the effects of Tc. The basis for this drug interaction needs further exploration. Thus, the current experimental study validates immunomodulatory role of Tc. However, the addition of Pe with bhavana (coating the plant drug particles with juice of Ocimum Sanctum) of Os does not lead to any augmentation of immunomodulatory activity of Tc. This study also underlines the need to generate data on Ayurveda formulations to understand the rationality of the multi-ingredient Ayurvedic formulations.

Peptic ulcer disease and its complications remain the cause of significant morbidity worldwide, representing a major burden for health care resources. Although potent anti-ulcer drugs are available, most of them produce several side effects, thus emphasizing the need to search for new alternatives. As high as 80% of the world population depends on plant- derived medicines for the first line of primary health care, reinforcing the theory that plant extracts can be good sources of new drugs. This review focuses to consolidate the evidence-based information on antiulcer plants used in Kerala accumulated in databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Web of Science) upto January 2019. Plants like Acacia nilotica L., Achyranthes aspera Linn., Aegle marmelos L., Allium sativum L., Aloe barbadensis Miller, Annona muricata Linn., Bacopa monnieri Linn., Carica papaya Linn., Centella asiatica Linn., Curcuma longa Linn., Elettaria cardamomum Linn., Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn., Mangifera indica Linn., Mimosa pudica L., Moringa oleifera Linn., Ocimum sanctum Linn., Piper nigrum Linn., Phyllanthus emblica Linn., Terminalia chebula Retz., and Zingiber officinale Roscoe. are available in Kerala, reported with antiulcer activity. The secondary metabolites present in the plants like alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, glycosides, terpines, and resins also have an important role in reliving ulcers due to its antisecretory, antioxidant, and cytoprotective properties. This review summarizes the botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and mechanism of action of antiulcer plants.

The current study describes ethnobotanical (EB) and traditional ethnomedicinal (TEMs) uses of medicinal plants (MPs) of Tehsil Samahni area of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Indigenous inhabitants of the area mostly reside in remote mountainous areas and depend on wild plants for life necessities and treatment of different diseases. This paper presents first quantitative ethnobotanical study describing the popularity level of MPs in indigenous communities by using relative popularity level (RPL) and rank order of priority (ROP) indices. The data of TEMs and EB uses were collected from 200 interviewees consisting of traditional herbal practioners (110) and farmers (90) from study area using structured and semi-structured interview methodology during year 2019. It was found that illiterate peasants have more knowledge and practice of TEMs than other people. A total of 150 plant species belonging to 58 families with botanical and local names, parts used, mode of recipes preparation, administration mechanism and TEMs uses were documented in systematic manner. It was explored that highest number (7.69%) of plants of Moraceae were used in TEMs and followed by species of Asteraceae (6.29%). The ethnobotanical data was analyzed by using quantitative ethnobotanical tools viz: informant consensus factor (ICF), fidelity level (FL), relative frequency of citation (RFC), use value index (UVI), relative importance of plants (RIP), relative populatiry level (RPL) and rank order of popularity (ROP). The leaf ranked first (36.49%) and fruit 2nd (12.07%) being used in TEMs while prevalent use-form was decoction (29.28%), followed by tea (23.05%) and preferably taken as oral (46.66%). ICF analysis proved that diabetes, hypertension, rabies, snake sting and joint pains were the most prevalent occurring infirmities. The highest RFC (0.95) was found for Acacia modesta, followed by Boerhavia procumbens (RFC:0.87) and Berberis lycium (RFC:0.85). The relative importance of MPs was calculated by using UVI and Moringa oleifera showed highest (1.38), followed by Zanthoxylum armatum (1.25) and Withania somnifera (1.24) use-values. High UVI of plants depicts that these species are predominantly used in local health care system. The plants Phyllanthus emblica, Morus macruora, Justicia adhatoda and Melia azedarach depicted high values (1.00) of FL and RPL proving that these taxa are commonly used in indigenous medicines by local inhabitants and have better potential for drug discovery by ethnopharmacological analysis. Out of total, 26 species had more than 50% ROP index and Phyllanthus emblica and Flacourtia indica (ROP = 100) followed by Morus macruora (ROP: 97) were used to cure ‘hypertension and hyperlipidemia’ and ‘cough, chest infection’, respectively. It was found that 30% of total species were previously reported as medicinal while 70% plants were first time reported to be used in TEMs and authenticated by using of quantitative ethnobotanical tools. Ethnopharmacological potential of indigenous plants was confirmed by RIP and RPL indices which had been used to cure one or more body systems and were promulgated in the local herbal medicine system. The research provides clues to screen these plant species by using latest phytochemical and pharmacological analysis for novel drug discovery. This study will also be useful for conservation of bioculture traditional knowledge of indigenous communities and the most important is to conserve medicinal plants of the study area for future generations.

The protozoan parasite Eimeria causes avian coccidiosis, impacting the poultry industry worldwide. Resistance development to current anticoccidials are a concern and cost effective, environmentally friendly alternatives are needed. Anti-malarial effects of Phyllanthus emblica encouraged us to investigate its anticoccidial effects. Aqueous extracts and dried-powder of P. emblica leaf and fruit were tested for effect(s) on oocyst sporulation in vitro and oocyst infectivity in vivo. Eimeria tenella oocysts were randomly assigned to groups and treated with different concentrations (0.001, 0.1, 1, 5, 25, 50 and 100%) of P. emblica crude extracts in triplicates for three repeats. Sporulated, unsporulated, deformed and lysed oocysts were recorded at 24, 48 and 72 h. Broiler chicks (21 days old) were randomly assigned into four groups with 5 chicks each and experimentally infected on Day 0 with 1 × 104 oocysts/bird: (A) infected and un-supplemented diet, (B) infected and supplemented diet (P. emblica powder 1 g/bird/day), (C) infected with P. emblica-treated oocysts and un-supplemented diet and (D) infected and diet supplemented only from day14. In vivo experiments were terminated on day28. Significant sporulation inhibition and oocyst lysis (p

Emblica officinalis Gaertn. syn. Phyllanthus emblica L., universally known as ‘Amla’ or ‘Aonla’ or ‘Indian gooseberry’, is a popular fruit tree belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae and order Geraniales. It is said to be the very first tree that originated on earth, as claimed by age-old Indian mythology. Almost all parts of the tree i.e., root, bark, leaf, flower, fruit and seed are utilized in Ayurvedic and Unani medicinal formulations to improve the overall digestive process, decrease fever, act as a blood purifier, relieve asthma and cough, improve heart health, etc. This tree contains major secondary metabolites like emblicanin-A and emblicanin-B, and also is an affluent source of vitamin-C. Additionally, some other secondary metabolites like tannins, gallic acid, pyrogallol, and pectin are also present in significant amounts. Conventional propagation has been improved via suitable interventions of agrotechnology both in production and protection areas. However, the rate of propagation remains slower; therefore, attempts have been made for biotechnological advancements on E. officinalis. The present review makes an attempt to highlight the botanical description, geographical distribution, ethnopharmacological importance, conventional propagation and protection of this medicinal tree, describing the in vitro-based plant organ and tissue culture methods like direct and indirect organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis along with interventions of molecular marker-based biotechnology and nanotechnology. Further, the prospect of the yet-to-be-explored biotechnological methods for secondary metabolite enhancement like cell suspension, protoplast culture, genetic transformation, etc. and their potential for enhanced emblicanin production have also been discussed in this appraisal.

Abstract: Ionising radiation has been an important modality in cancer treatment and its value is immense when surgical intervention is risky or might debilitate/adversely affect the patient. However, the beneficial effect of radiation modality is negated by the damage to the adjacent healthy tissue in the field of radiation. Under these situations, the use of radioprotective compounds that can selectively protect normal tissues against radiation injury is considered very useful. However, research spanning over half a century has shown that there are no ideal radioprotectors available. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) approved amifostine, or WR-2721 (Walter Reed-2721) [chemically S-2-(3-aminopropyl-amino) ethyl phosphorothioic acid] is toxic at their optimal concentrations. This has necessitated the need for agents that are safe and easily acceptable to humans. Background: Dietary agents with beneficial effects like free radical scavenging, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects are being recognized as useful and have been investigated for their radioprotective properties. Studies in these lines have shown that the fruits of Aegle marmelos (stone apple or bael), Emblica officinalis or Phyllanthus emblica (Indian gooseberry/amla), Eugenia jambolana or Syzygium jambolana (black plum/jamun), Mangifera indica (mango) and Grewia asiatica (phalsa or falsa) that are originally reported to be indigenous to India have been investigated for their usefulness as radioprotective agents. Objective: The objective of this review is to summarize the beneficial effects of the Indian indigenous fruits, stone apple, mango, Indian gooseberry, black plum, and phalsa, in mitigating radiation-induced side effects, emphasize the underlying mechanism of action for the beneficial effects and address aspects that merit detail investigations for these fruits to move towards clinical application in the near future. Methods: The authors data-mined Google Scholar, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for publications in the field from 1981 up to July 2020. The focus was on the radioprotection and the mechanism responsible for the beneficial effects, and accordingly, the articles were collated and analyzed. Results: This article emphasizes the usefulness of stone apple, mango, Indian gooseberry, black plum, and phalsa as radioprotective agents. From a mechanistic view, reports are suggestive that the beneficial effects are mediated by triggering free radical scavenging, antioxidant, anti-mutagenic and anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusion: For the first time, this review addresses the beneficial effects of mango, Indian gooseberry, black plum, stone apple and phalsa as radioprotective agents. The authors suggest that future studies should be directed at understanding the selective radioprotective effects with tumor-bearing laboratory animals to understand their usefulness as radioprotective drug/s during radiotherapy and as a food supplement to protect people from getting exposed to low doses of radiation in occupational settings. Phase I clinical trial studies are also required to ascertain the optimal dose and the schedule to be followed with the standardized extract of these fruits. The most important aspect is that these fruits, being a part of the diet, have been consumed since the beginning of mankind, are non-toxic, possess diverse medicinal properties, have easy acceptability, all of which will help take research forward and be of benefit to patients, occupational workers, agro-based sectors and pharma industries.

Groundwater is a vital resource in the northern region of Sri Lanka, as it is the only water resource used for domestic, agricultural and industrial activities in that area. However, due to excessive usage of synthetic fertilizer, the groundwater in this part of the country is highly contaminated with nitrates. In addition, due to the effect of underlain limestone aquifer, water hardness is also high. The present study aimed to study the effect of filtration through Terminalia arjuna mature leaf powder and Phyllanthus emblica bark powder on reducing nitrate concentration and hardness. The results indicated that 21.4% reduction of nitrate concentration can be achieved by filtration through Terminalia arjuna mature leaf powder and 9.3% reduction of total hardness by filtration through Phyllanthus emblica bark powder. Therefore, further research is recommended on testing the potential and side effects of using Terminalia arjuna mature leaf powder and Phyllanthus emblica bark powder as a combined home remedial treatment technique for treating nitrate contaminated hard water.

Cancer is a leading cause of death around the world. Apoptosis, one of the pathways of programmed cell death, is a promising target for cancer therapy. Traditional Tibetan medicine (TTM) has been used by Tibetan people for thousands of years, and many TTMs have been proven to be effective in the treatment of cancer. This paper summarized the medicinal plants with anticancer activity in the Tibetan traditional system of medicine by searching for Tibetan medicine monographs and drug standards and reviewing modern research literatures. Forty species were found to be effective in treating cancer. More importantly, some TTMs (e.g., Ophiocordyceps sinensis, Phyllanthus emblica L. and Rhodiola kirilowii (Regel) Maxim.) and their active ingredients (e.g., cordycepin, salidroside, and gallic acid) have been reported to possess anticancer activity by targeting some apoptosis pathways in cancer, such as Bcl-2/Bax, caspases, PI3K/Akt, JAK2/STAT3, MAPK, and AMPK. These herbs and natural compounds would be potential drug candidates for the treatment of cancer.

Background: The aim of the present review is to provide basic knowledge regarding the treatment of Coronavirus via medicinal plants. Coronavirus (COVID-19, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV) as a viral pneumonia causative agent, has infected thousands of people in China and worldwide. Currently, there is no specific medicine or vaccine available that can treat or prevent this virus and this has posed a severe threat to human health; therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a novel drug or anticoronavirus vaccine. However, natural compounds to treat coronaviruses are the most effective alternative and complementary therapies due to their diverse range of biological and therapeutic properties. Methods: We performed an open-ended, English restricted search of Scopus database, Web of Science, and Pubmed for all available literature from Jan-March, 2020, using terms related to phytochemical compounds, medicinal plants and coronavirus. Results: The view on anti-coronavirus (anti-CoV) activity in the plant-derived phytochemicals and medicinal plants gives a strong base to develop a novel treatment employing these compounds for coronavirus. Various phytochemicals and medicinal plant extracts have been revised and are considered as potential anti-CoV agents for effective control of the virus and future drug development. Herein, we discuss some important plants (Scutellaria baicalensis, Psorothamnus arborescens, Glycyrrhiza radix, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Lycoris radiate, Phyllanthus emblica, Camellia sinensis, Hyptis atrorubens Poit, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Erigeron breviscapus, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Amaranthus tricolor, Phaseolus vulgaris, Rheum palmatum, Curcuma longa and Myrica cerifera) that have emerged to have broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Conclusion: Nigella sativa has potent anti-SARS-CoV activity and it might be a useful source for developing novel antiviral therapies for coronavirus.