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The leaf spot disease of Pongamia pinnata caused by an asperisporium-like asexual morph, which is usually referred to as Asperisporium pongamiae, is quite common during monsoon seasons in India. Phylogenetic analyses, based on LSU and rpb2 sequence data, and blast searches using ITS sequence data, revealed that this ascomycete forms a lineage within Mycosphaerellaceae distant from all other generic lineages. Pedrocrousiella gen. nov., with P. pongamiae comb. nov., based on Fusicladium pongamiae (≡ A. pongamiae), as type species is introduced for this lineage. This species has been considered the asexual morph of Mycosphaerella pongamiae (≡ Stigmatea pongamiae). However, this connection is unproven and was just based on the occasional association of the two taxa in some collections. Several attempts to induce the formation of a sexual morph in culture failed, therefore the putative connection between these morphs could not be confirmed. Asperisporium pongamiae-pinnatae is reduced to synonymy with P. pongamiae. Asperisporium pongamiae-pinnatae was introduced because of the wrong assumption that F. pongamiae had been described on another host, Pongamia globosa. But Fusicladium pongamiae was actually described in India on Pongamia glabra, which is a synonym of P. pinnata, and hence on the same host as Asperisporium pongamiae-pinnatae . Pedrocrousiella pongamiae clusters in a clade containing Distocercospora, Clypeosphaerella , and "Pseudocercospora "nephrolepidicola, a species which is not congeneric with Pseudocercospora. Phylogenetically, Pedrocrousiella is distant from the Asperisporium s. str. clade (type species A. caricae), which is more closely related to Amycosphaerella, Pseudocercosporella, Distomycovellosiella and Nothopassalora.

This may be the first attempt to correlate environmental parameters and soil ecology impacting disease situation in Nagpur mandarin due to Phytophthora. Fixed plot survey was undertaken at fortnightly intervals at six locations to analyse correlation between environmental factors and soil moisture with propagule density of Phytophthora as well as disease severity by using linear correlation. Rainfall, relative humidity and air temperature probes typically consist of three separate sensors packaged in a single instrument called as ‘SENSTUBE’ and that instrument was used for recording the data in field. Soil moisture was analysed in laboratory by using digital moisture meter. Fixed plot study indicated inoculum density of Phytophthora in the range of 5.2–29.6 cfu/g soil. Peak period of Phytophthora root rot in Nagpur mandarin was seen from June to September and mean disease intensity recorded in between 3.16 and 34.33%. Root rot in Nagpur mandarin gradually increased after heavy rainfall and progressed with faster rate when soil moisture with high humidity and low temperature and vice versa. Fortnightly study of gummosis disease intensity was in the range of 4.08–30.17%. Peak period of gummosis disease (August to November) was noted after one to two months of heavy rainfall having optimum temperature (below 30 °C) and high humidity. After heavy rainfall the pathogen population is drastically increased but oozing of gum was observed after monsoon. Phytophthora population and disease progression was directly proportional to environmental and soil parameters like rainfall, relative humidity, soil moisture, but inversely proportional to air temperature. This study will be helpful to the citrus growers to predict the timing of disease severity to take appropriate management practices in time.

The present investigation was carried out to study the bio-efficacy of insecticides against thrips infesting bitter gourd during rabi-summer season of 2017-18 at Centre of Excellence for Mango, College of Agriculture, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri (M.S). There were six insecticides tested against thrips infesting bitter gourd. The results regarding overall mean of three sprays against thrips infesting bitter gourd revealed that the treatment chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.005 per cent was the best treatment which recorded minimum (2.41) population of thrips and was at par with malathion 50 EC @ 0.05 per cent (2.84) and spinosad 45 SC @ 0.014 per cent (3.05). The next effective treatment was emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.002 (3.53) which was at par with treatments azadirachtin 1 EC @ 0.003 per cent (3.65) and lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC @ 0.0025 per cent (3.75). All the treatments were significantly superior over untreated control. The maximum (6.78) thrips population was observed in the untreated control.

In central India the major cause of citrus decline is supposed to be because of Phytophthora causing diseases in citrus. The pathogen attack citrus plants right from nursery causing damping off of seedlings, decay of fibrous roots, crown rot, collar rot, foot rot and gummosis in mature orchards. Nagpur mandarins face short life span and low productivity because of these three species of Phytophthora viz. P. parasitica, P. citrophthora and P. palmivora. An intensive rapid roving survey of selected mandarin orchards was conducted during the year 2016 and 2017 to access incidence and intensity of Phytophthora diseases (root rot and gummosis). Total 83 orchards were surveyed during peak period of diseases (August to November) by using modified disease rating scale (0-9). According to rapid roving survey of root rot in selected orchards, pooled data indicate similar disease progress with root rot incidence in the range of 10.42 to 62.50% and intensity from 1.62 up to 23.48%. In case of gummosis pooled data indicate similar trend of disease development with gummosis incidence in the range of 14.58 to 64.58% and intensity in between 2.08 to 19.91%.

Fungal diversity notes is one of the important journal series of fungal taxonomy that provide detailed descriptions and illustrations of new fungal taxa, as well as providing new information of fungal taxa worldwide. This article is the 11th contribution to the fungal diversity notes series, in which 126 taxa distributed in two phyla, six classes, 24 orders and 55 families are described and illustrated. Taxa in this study were mainly collected from Italy by Erio Camporesi and also collected from China, India and Thailand, as well as in some other European, North American and South American countries. Taxa described in the present study include two new families, 12 new genera, 82 new species, five new combinations and 25 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions as well as sexual-asexual reports. The two new families areEriomycetaceae(Dothideomycetes, familyincertae sedis) andFasciatisporaceae(Xylariales, Sordariomycetes). The twelve new genera compriseBhagirathimyces(Phaeosphaeriaceae),Camporesiomyces(Tubeufiaceae),Eriocamporesia(Cryphonectriaceae),Eriomyces(Eriomycetaceae),Neomonodictys(Pleurotheciaceae),Paraloratospora(Phaeosphaeriaceae),Paramonodictys(Parabambusicolaceae),Pseudoconlarium(Diaporthomycetidae, genusincertae sedis),Pseudomurilentithecium(Lentitheciaceae),Setoapiospora(Muyocopronaceae),Srinivasanomyces(Vibrisseaceae) andXenoanthostomella(Xylariales, generaincertae sedis). The 82 new species compriseAcremonium chiangraiense,Adustochaete nivea,Angustimassarina camporesii,Bhagirathimyces himalayensis,Brunneoclavispora camporesii,Camarosporidiella camporesii,Camporesiomyces mali,Camposporium appendiculatum,Camposporium multiseptatum,Camposporium septatum,Canalisporium aquaticium,Clonostachys eriocamporesiana,Clonostachys eriocamporesii,Colletotrichum hederiicola,Coniochaeta vineae,Conioscypha verrucosa,Cortinarius ainsworthii,Cortinarius aurae,Cortinarius britannicus,Cortinarius heatherae,Cortinarius scoticus,Cortinarius subsaniosus,Cytospora fusispora,Cytospora rosigena,Diaporthe camporesii,Diaporthe nigra,Diatrypella yunnanensis,Dictyosporium muriformis,Didymella camporesii,Diutina bernali,Diutina sipiczkii,Eriocamporesia aurantia,Eriomyces heveae,Ernakulamia tanakae,Falciformispora uttaraditensis,Fasciatispora cocoes,Foliophoma camporesii,Fuscostagonospora camporesii,Helvella subtinta,Kalmusia erioi,Keissleriella camporesiana,Keissleriella camporesii,Lanspora cylindrospora,Loratospora arezzoensis,Mariannaea atlantica,Melanographium phoenicis,Montagnula camporesii,Neodidymelliopsis camporesii,Neokalmusia kunmingensis,Neoleptosporella camporesiana,Neomonodictys muriformis,Neomyrmecridium guizhouense,Neosetophoma camporesii,Paraloratospora camporesii,Paramonodictys solitarius,Periconia palmicola,Plenodomus triseptatus,Pseudocamarosporium camporesii,Pseudocercospora maetaengensis,Pseudochaetosphaeronema kunmingense,Pseudoconlarium punctiforme,Pseudodactylaria camporesiana,Pseudomurilentithecium camporesii,Pseudotetraploa rajmachiensis,Pseudotruncatella camporesii,Rhexocercosporidium senecionis,Rhytidhysteron camporesii,Rhytidhysteron erioi,Septoriella camporesii,Setoapiospora thailandica,Srinivasanomyces kangrensis,Tetraploa dwibahubeeja,Tetraploa pseudoaristata,Tetraploa thrayabahubeeja,Torula camporesii,Tremateia camporesii,Tremateia lamiacearum,Uzbekistanica pruni,Verruconis mangrovei,Wilcoxina verruculosa,Xenoanthostomella chromolaenaeandXenodidymella camporesii. The five new combinations areCamporesiomyces patagoniensis,Camporesiomyces vaccinia,Camposporium lycopodiellae,Paraloratospora gahniaeandRhexocercosporidium microsporum. The 22 new records on host and geographical distribution compriseArthrinium marii,Ascochyta medicaginicola,Ascochyta pisi,Astrocystis bambusicola,Camposporium pellucidum,Dendryphiella phitsanulokensis,Diaporthe foeniculina,Didymella macrostoma,Diplodia mutila,Diplodia seriata,Heterosphaeria patella,Hysterobrevium constrictum,Neodidymelliopsis ranunculi,Neovaginatispora fuckelii,Nothophoma quercina,Occultibambusa bambusae,Phaeosphaeria chinensis,Pseudopestalotiopsis theae,Pyxine berteriana,Tetraploa sasicola,Torula gaodangensisandWojnowiciella dactylidis. In addition, the sexual morphs ofDissoconium eucalyptiandPhaeosphaeriopsis pseudoagavacearumare reported fromLaurus nobilisandYucca gloriosain Italy, respectively. The holomorph ofDiaporthe cynaroidisis also reported for the first time.

An unusual anamorphic dictyosporous species, Tubeufia sahyadriensis, was collected on decaying Bambusa bambos litter in the Tamhini Ghats in the northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra, India. This new species can be easily differentiated from allied Tubeufia species by its dark brownish to umber, maize corncob-like dictyoseptate conidia with reduced, simple cylindrical conidiogenous cells. Phylogenetic analyses using ITS, LSU and TEF1α sequence data delineated the new species within the genus Tubeufia under family Tubeufiaceae.

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Algeria, Phaeoacremonium adelophialidum from Vitis vinifera. Antarctica, Comoclathris antarctica from soil. Australia, Coniochaeta salicifolia as endophyte from healthy leaves of Geijera salicifolia, Eremothecium peggii in fruit of Citrus australis, Microdochium ratticaudae from stem of Sporobolus natalensis, Neocelosporium corymbiae on stems of Corymbia variegata, Phytophthora kelmanii from rhizosphere soil of Ptilotus pyramidatus, Pseudosydowia backhousiae on living leaves of Backhousia citriodora, Pseudosydowia indoor oopillyensis, Pseudosydowia louisecottisiae and Pseudosydowia queenslandica on living leaves of Eucalyptus sp. Brazil, Absidia montepascoalis from soil. Chile, Ilyonectria zarorii from soil under Maytenus boaria. Costa Rica, Colletotrichum filicis from an unidentified fern. Croatia, Mollisia endogranulata on deteriorated hardwood. Czech Republic, Arcopilus navicularis from tea bag with fruit tea, Neosetophoma buxi as endophyte from Buxus sempervirens, Xerochrysium bohemicum on surface of biscuits with chocolate glaze and filled with jam. France, Entoloma cyaneobasale on basic to calcareous soil, Fusarium aconidiale from Triticum aestivum, Fusarium juglandicola from buds of Juglans regia. Germany, Tetraploa endophytica as endophyte from Microthlaspi perfoliatum roots. India, Castanediella ambae on leaves of Mangifera indica, Lactifluus kanadii on soil under Castanopsis sp., Penicillium uttarakhandense from soil. Italy, Penicillium ferraniaense from compost. Namibia, Bezerromyces gobabebensis on leaves of unidentified succulent, Cladosporium stipagrostidicola on leaves of Stipagrostis sp., Cymostachys euphorbiae on leaves of Euphorbia sp., Deniquelata hypolithi from hypolith under a rock, Hysterobrevium walvisbayicola on leaves of unidentified tree, Knufia hypolithi and Knufia walvisbayicola from hypolith under a rock, Lapidomyces stipagrostidicola on leaves of Stipagrostis sp., Nothophaeotheca mirabibensis (incl. Nothophaeotheca gen. nov.) on persistent inflorescence remains of Blepharis obmitrata, Paramyrothecium salvadorae on twigs of Salvadora persica, Preussia procaviicola on dung of Procavia sp., Sordaria equicola on zebra dung, Volutella salvadorae on stems of Salvadora persica. Netherlands, Entoloma ammophilum on sandy soil, Entoloma pseudocruentatum on nutrient poor(acid)soil, Entoloma pudens on plant debris, amongst grasses. [...], Leslie W.S. de Freitas and colleagues express their gratitude to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for scholarships provided to Leslie Freitas and for the research grant provided to André Luiz Santiago; their contribution was financed by the projects ‘Diversity of Mucoromycotina in the different ecosystems of the Atlantic Rainforest of Pernambuco’ (FACEPE–First Projects Program PPP/ FACEPE/CNPq–APQ–0842-2.12/14) and ‘Biology of conservation of fungi s.l. in areas of Atlantic Forest of Northeast Brazil’ (CNPq/ICMBio 421241/ 2017-9) H.B. Lee was supported by the Graduate Program for the Undiscovered Taxa of Korea (NIBR202130202). The study of O.V. Morozova, E.F. Malysheva, V.F. Malysheva, I.V. Zmitrovich, and L.B. Kalinina was carried out within the framework of a research project of the Komarov Botanical Institute RAS (АААА-А19-119020890079-6) using equipment of its Core Facility Centre ‘Cell and Molecular Technologies in Plant Science’. The work of O. V. Morozova, L.B. Kalinina, T. Yu. Svetasheva, and E.A. Zvyagina was financially supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research project no. 20-04-00349. E.A. Zvyagina and T.Yu. Svetasheva are grateful to A.V. Alexandrova, A.E. Kovalenko, A.S. Baykalova for the loan of specimens, T.Y. James, E.F. Malysheva and V.F. Malysheva for sequencing. J.D. Reyes acknowledges B. Dima for comparing the holotype sequence of Cortinarius bonachei with the sequences in his database. A. Mateos and J.D. Reyes acknowledge L. Quijada for reviewing the phylogeny and S. de la Peña- Lastra and P. Alvarado for their support and help. Vladimir I. Kapitonov and colleagues are grateful to Brigitta Kiss for help with their molecular studies. This study was conducted under research projects of the Tobolsk Complex Scientific Station of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (N АААА-А19-119011190112-5). E. Larsson acknowledges the Swedish Taxonomy Initiative, SLU Artdatabanken, Uppsala (dha.2019.4.3-13). The study of D.B. Raudabaugh and colleagues was supported by the Schmidt Science Fellows, in partnership with the Rhodes Trust. Gregorio Delgado is grateful to Michael Manning and Kamash Pillai (Eurofins EMLab P&K) for provision of laboratory facilities. Jose G. Maciá-Vicente acknowledges support from the German Research Foundation under grant MA7171/1-1, and from the Landes-Offensive zur Entwicklung Wissenschaftlich-ökonomischer Exzellenz (LOEWE) of the state of Hesse within the framework of the Cluster for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF). Thanks are also due to the authorities of the Cabañeros National Park and Los Alcornocales Natural Park for granting the collection permit and for support during field work. The study of Alina V. Alexandrova was carried out as part of the Scientific Project of the State Order of the Government of Russian Federation to Lomonosov Moscow State University No. 121032300081-7. Michał Gorczak was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education through the Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw intramural grant DSM 0117600- 13. M. Gorczak acknowledges M. Klemens for sharing a photo of the Białowieża Forest logging site and M. Senderowicz for help with preparing the illustration. Ivona Kautmanová and D. Szabóová were funded by the Operational Program of Research and Development and co-financed with the European Fund for Regional Development (EFRD). ITMS 26230120004: ‘Building of research and development infrastructure for investigation of genetic biodiversity of organisms and joining IBOL initiative’. Ishika Bera, Aniket Ghosh, Jorinde Nuytinck and Annemieke Verbeken are grateful to the Director, Botanical Survey of India (Kolkata), Head of the Department of Botany & Microbiology & USIC Dept. HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal for providing research facilities. Ishika Bera and Aniket Ghosh acknowledge the staff of the forest department of Arunachal Pradesh for facilitating the macrofungal surveys to the restricted areas. Sergey Volobuev was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF project N 19-77- 00085). Aleksey V. Kachalkin and colleagues were supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant No. 19-74-10002). The study of Anna M. Glushakova was carried out as part of the Scientific Project of the State Order of the Government of Russian Federation to Lomonosov Moscow State University No. 121040800174-6. Tracey V. Steinrucken and colleagues were supported by AgriFutures Australia (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation), through funding from the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, as part of its Rural Research and Development for Profit program (PRJ-010527). Neven Matočec and colleagues thank the Croatian Science Foundation for their financial support under the project grant HRZZ-IP-2018-01-1736 (ForFungiDNA). Ana Pošta thanks the Croatian Science Foundation for their support under the grant HRZZ-2018-09-7081. The research of Milan Spetik and co-authors was supported by Internal Grant of Mendel University in Brno No. IGAZF/ 2021-SI1003. K.C. Rajeshkumar thanks SERB, the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India for providing financial support under the project CRG/2020/000668 and the Director, Agharkar Research Institute for providing research facilities. Nikhil Ashtekar thanks CSIR-HRDG, INDIA, for financial support under the SRF fellowship (09/670(0090)/2020-EMRI), and acknowledges the support of the DIC Microscopy Facility, established by Dr Karthick Balasubramanian, B&P (Plants) Group, ARI, Pune. The research of Alla Eddine Mahamedi and co-authors was supported by project No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_017/0002334, Czech Republic. Tereza Tejklová is thanked for providing useful literature. A. Polhorský and colleagues were supported by the Operational Program of Research and Development and co-financed with the European fund for Regional Development (EFRD), ITMS 26230120004: Building of research and development infrastructure for investigation of genetic biodiversity of organisms and joining IBOL initiative. Yu Pei Tan and colleagues thank R. Chen for her technical support. Ernest Lacey thanks the Cooperative Research Centres Projects scheme (CRCPFIVE000119) for its support. Suchada Mongkolsamrit and colleagues were financially supported by the Platform Technology Management Section, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Project Grant No. P19-50231. Dilnora Gouliamova and colleagues were supported by a grant from the Bulgarian Science Fund (KP-06-H31/19). The research of Timofey A. Pankratov was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant No. 19-04-00297a). Gabriel Moreno and colleagues wish to express their gratitude to L. Monje and A. Pueblas of the Department of Drawing and Scientific Photography at the University of Alcalá for their help in the digital preparation of the photographs, and to J. Rejos, curator of the AH herbarium, for his assistance with the specimens examined in the present study. Vit Hubka was supported by the Charles University Research Centre program No. 204069. Alena Kubátová was supported by The National Programme on Conservation and Utilization of Microbial Genetic Resources Important for Agriculture (Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic). The Kits van Waveren Foundation (Rijksherbariumfonds Dr E. Kits van Waveren, Leiden, Netherlands) contributed substantially to the costs of sequencing and travelling expenses for M. Noordeloos. The work of B. Dima was supported by the ÚNKP-20-4 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, and by the ELTE Thematic Excellence Programme 2020 supported by the National Research, Development and Innovation Office of Hungary (TKP2020-IKA-05). The Norwegian Entoloma studies received funding from the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (NBIC), and the material was partly sequenced through NorBOL. Gunnhild Marthinsen and Katriina Bendiksen (Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway) are acknowledged for performing the main parts of the Entoloma barcoding work. Asunción Morte is grateful to AEI/FEDER, UE (CGL2016-78946-R) and Fundación Séneca - Agencia de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Región de Murcia (20866/PI/18) for financial support. Vladimír Ostrý was supported by the Ministry of Health, Czech Republic - conceptual development of research organization (National Institute of Public Health – NIPH, IN 75010330). Konstanze Bensch (Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht) is thanked for correcting the spelling of various Latin epithets.

Fixed plot survey was undertaken to plot correlation between environmental factors with population of Phytophthora spp. in soil and the disease intensity during June 2015 to May 2016. Agro-meteorological data was recorded by using wireless sensors (for air temperature 107 Temperature probe, for relative humidity HC2S3 and for rainfall measurement Texas Electronic rain gauge) in selected plots. All four orchards were found infected with Phytophthora in the range of 3.2–43.6 cfu/g of soil. There was consistent increase in pathogen population in all plots with increase in rainfall, relative humidity with decrease in temperature and vice versa. At high rainfall condition intensity of root rot was increased to 35.81 per cent in the month of August and gummosis (41.01%) was also increased in the month of October with average propagules of 25.84 cfu/g of soil. Increase in temperature decreased intensity of gummosis (26.29%) and root rot (20.09%) in the month of May, with the average propagules, i.e., 4.56 cfu/g of soil. Present findings suggest that, humidity and rainfall were significantly correlates with population dynamics of Phytophthora spp. and disease intensity, while temperature was found inversely proportional.

Penicillium paradoxum has an enigmatic Aspergillus-like anamorphic state; earlier named as Aspergillus paradoxus with a teleomorph state Hemicarpenteles paradoxus. The present paper describes the rediscovery of this species from India after five decades and includes a phylogenetic study of this strain. This is the first record of this strain from peninsular India including the Western Ghats.

In this paper we introduce a new species of Tamhinispora collected from Western Ghats of Maharashtra, India. This monotypic genus, belonging to Tubeufiaceae, was established based on the type species T. indica, collected from Tamhini Ghats of western India. The new species differs from the type species based on key characteristics, such as branched or Y-shaped conidial body and presence of arm-like conidial appendages. Single conidial cultures were developed and sporulation was established on MEA media following a long period of incubation. Phylogenetic analyses using ITS and LSU sequence data confirmed the position of T. srinivasanii along with T. indica in the Tamhinispora clade in Tubeufiaceae.

Serial passage of a clinical isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae, in the presence of moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin or gemifloxacin, gave rise to resistant isolates. Non-susceptibility as defined by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, formerly NCCLS) breakpoints arose on Days 10, 11, and 12 with gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, and moxifloxacin respectively. Moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin selected for a single step quinolone-resistant-determining-region (QRDR) mutation in DNA gyrase (GyrA) on Day 4 and 7 respectively, whereas gemifloxacin selected simultaneously for multi-step mutations in gyrase and topoisomerase IV (ParC) on Day 17 and activated a non-reserpine inhibited efflux mechanism by Day 4. As found in clinical isolates, mutations included Ser-81-Phe and Glu-85-Lys in GyrA and Ser-79-Phe or Asp-83-Tyr in ParC. At high MICs, moxifloxacin showed a previously unreported 4 amino-acid deletion in GyrB as well as a more unusual substitution Ser-79-Leu/Ile in ParC. Gemifloxacin showed a 2- to 16-fold greater activity than moxifloxacin or gatifloxacin against strains with two or more QRDR mutations, however, its potency did not translate to nonsusceptibility and gemifloxacin MIC values were either at or well above the CLSI nonsusceptible breakpoint concentration.