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Ayodele Alaiya,1 Abeer Alshukairi,2 Zakia Shinwari,1 Mariam AL-Fares,3 Jawaher Alotaibi,4 Waleed AlOmaim,3 Ibtihaj Alsharif,5 Razan Bakheet,6 Layla Alharbi,5 Rabab Allam,1 Ayed Asiri,7 Ziad Memish,8 Khaldoun Alromaih,6 Maha Al-Mozaini5 1Proteomics Unit, Stem Cell and Tissue Re-Engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 3Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 5Immunocompromised Host Research Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 6Centre for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 7Critical Care Services, Al Imam Abdulrahman Al Faisal Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 8Research and Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Ayodele AlaiyaProteomics Unit, Stem Cell and Tissue Re-Engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, KFSH&RC, BOX 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi ArabiaTel +966 114424178Email aalaiya@kfshrc.edu.saMaha Al-MozainiImmunocompromised Host Research Unit, Department of Infection and Immunity, KFSH&RC, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaTel +966 114439632Email mmozaini@kfshrc.edu.saPurpose: This study aimed to understand the pathophysiology of host responses to infections caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/(COVID-19) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and to identify proteins for patient stratification with different grades of illness severity.Patients and Methods: Peripheral blood samples from 43 patients with different grades of COVID-19, 7 MERS-CoV patients admitted to the ICU, and 10 healthy subjects were analyzed using label-free quantitative liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS).Results: We identified 193 and 91 proteins that differed significantly between COVID-19 and MERS-CoV sample groups, respectively, and 49 overlapped between datasets. Only 10 proteins are diagnostic of asymptomatic cases, 12 are prognostic of recovery from severe illness, and 28 are prognostic of a fatal outcome of COVID-19. These proteins are implicated in virus-specific/related signaling networks. Notable among the top canonical pathways are humoral immunity, inflammation, acute-phase response signaling, liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor (LXR/RXR) activation, coagulation, and the complement system. Furthermore, we confirmed positive viral shedding in 11.76% of 51 additional peripheral blood samples, indicating that caution should be taken to avoid the possible risk of transfusion of infected blood products.Conclusion: We identified COVID-19 and MERS-CoV protein panels that have potential as biomarkers and might assist in the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The identified markers further our understanding of COVID-19 disease pathophysiology and may have prognostic or therapeutic potential in predicting or managing host cell responses to human COVID-19 and MERS-CoV infections.Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, expression proteomics, biomarkers

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a causative agent of tuberculosis ( TB). The ability of M. tuberculosis to be quiescent in the cell has caused the emergence of latent infection. A comprehensive proteomic analysis of M. tuberculosis H37 Rv over three growth phases, namely mid-log (14-day culture), early stationary (28-day culture), and late stationary (50-day culture), was performed in order to study the change in proteome from the mid-log phase to late-stationary phase. Combination methods of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2- DE) and tandem mass spectrometry were used to generate proteome maps of M. tuberculosis at different growth phases. Ten proteins were detected differentially expressed in the late-stationary phase compared with the other two phases. These proteins were SucD, TrpD, and Rv2161c, which belong to metabolic pathway proteins; FadE5, AccD5, DesA1, and Rv1139c are proteins involved in cell wall or lipid biosynthesis, whereas TB21.7 and Rv3224 are conserved hypothetical proteins with unknown function. A surface antigen protein, DesA1, was not detectable in the late-stationary phase, although present in both log and early-stationary phases. The changes in the expression levels of these proteins were in line with the growth environment changes of the bacteria from mid-log phase to late-stationary phase. The information gathered may be valuable in the intervention against latent TB infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human genome has been sequenced, and investigation of its products has become possible in a sequencebased framework. More than 200000 protein species are expressed in the body from ∼30 000 human genes. The term proteome, coined as a linguistic equivalent to the concept of genome, is used to describe the complete set of proteins that is expressed, and modified following expression, by the entire genome in a cell at any one time. Protein types and amounts expressed in a body vary greatly depending upon whether it is healthy or ill. Therefore, proteomics is attracting an increasing interest in its application to better understanding of disease processes, to development ol' new biomarkers for diagnosis and early detection of disease, and to accelerate drug development. There are numerous opportunities for medicine, although it is quite challenging to meet the needs for high sensitivity and high throughput required for disease-related investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]