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miRandola database: The future of non-invasive diagnosis through circulating miRNA biomarkers

Biomarkers; Hypoxia; Neuron Biomarcadores; Hipoxia; Neurona Biomarcadors; Hipòxia; Neurona Hypoxia induces changes in the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in several non-neuronal cells and pathological conditions. EVs are packed with biomolecules, such as microRNA(miR)-21-5p, which respond to hypoxia. However, the true EV association of miR-21-5p, and its functional or biomarker relevance, are inadequately characterised. Neurons are extremely sensitive cells, and it is not known whether the secretion of neuronal EVs and miR-21-5p are altered upon hypoxia. Here, we characterised the temporal EV secretion profile and cell viability of neurons under hypoxia. Hypoxia induced a rapid increase of miR-21a-5p secretion in the EVs, which preceded the elevation of hypoxia-induced tissue or cellular miR-21a-5p. Prolonged hypoxia induced cell death and the release of morphologically distinct EVs. The EVs protected miR-21a-5p from enzymatic degradation but a remarkable fraction of miR-21a-5p remained fragile and non-EV associated. The increase in miR-21a-5p secretion may have biomarker potential, as high blood levels of miR-21-5p in stroke patients were associated with significant disability at hospital discharge. Our data provides an understanding of the dynamic regulation of EV secretion from neurons under hypoxia and provides a candidate for the prediction of recovery from ischemic stroke. We thank Benita Löflund and Pasi Laurinmäki (University of Helsinki) for technical assistance in cryoEM. The facilities and expertise of the HiLIFE CryoEM unit at the University of Helsinki, a member of Instruct-ERIC Centre Finland, FINStruct, and Biocenter Finland are gratefully acknowledged. This work was carried out with the support of UEF Cell and Tissue Imaging Unit, University of Eastern Finland, Finland. Moreover, we express our great appreciation to Seppo Ylä-Herttuala and Petri Mäkinen for the access to the NTA facilities (University of Eastern Finland, A.I. Virtanen Institute, Finland). Finally, we would like to extend our thanks to Dora Brites for the facilitation of the N9 cell line (University of Lisbon, Faculty of Farmacy, Portugal) and to Mark Ansel and Eric Wigton (University of California San Francisco, US) for technical help with HITS-clip sequencing. This work was supported by the University of Eastern Finland, Emil Aaltonen Foundation, Paavo Nurmi Foundation, Saastamoinen Foundation, Instrumentarium Science Foundation and Business Finland (Grant number 4399/31/2019). Work with clinical samples was supported by the European Regional Development Fund - Project INBIO (No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_026/0008451). Work with EVQuant was supported by the IMMPROVE Alpe d'HuZes grant of the Dutch Cancer Society (EMCR2015-8022) and the Daniel den Hoed Foundation grant for Erasmus MC Cancer Treatment Screening Facility. L.R. is supported by a predoctoral fellowship grant (IFI17/00012) and J.M. is the principal investigator of the grant PI18/804 ‘MULTI-BIO-TARGETS: a new strategy for stroke management combining outcome biomarkers and neuroprotection’, both from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III.