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Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) shows great bioenergy potential and provides multiple ecological services. However, its severe seed shedding causes biomass waste and seed diffusion risk. Questions arise as to the production performance of switchgrass after panicle removal (PR), which remains unknown. We revealed switchgrass growth responses to PR and illustrated physiological reasons. Compared to the untreated switchgrass, PR significantly stimulated stem elongation (32.13%) and increased tiller number (39.70%), as well as aboveground biomass (24.69%). Importantly, PR significantly increased contents of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) in the stem, which was directly beneficial to the ethanol conversion, and in the rhizome and root. The chlorophyll contents, net photosynthetic efficiency, and photochemical quantum efficiencies of flag leaf increased significantly. PR switchgrass allocated more assimilates into the stem, root, rhizome, and NSCs. Activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, ribulose-1, 5-diphosphate carboxylase, sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) in flag leaf and adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) and SPS in the stem and rhizome all increased significantly. In contrast, activities of the AGPase in flag leaf and sheath decreased significantly. Contents of zeatin nucleoside, gibberellins, and indoleacetic acid in flag leaf, stem, and rhizome all increased. Abscisic acid contents in flag leaf and stem decreased significantly while increased significantly in the rhizome. In conclusion, growth-promoting hormones delayed plant senescence, enhanced leaf photosynthesis, and enhanced vegetative growth through regulating assimilates-metabolism-related enzymes, which increased biomass accumulation in PR switchgrass. This work provided new insights for yield and digestibility improvement in switchgrass through field management practices, hormones regulation, or genetic modification strategies. [Display omitted] • Panicle removal (PR) retarded plant senescence in switchgrass. • PR increased biomass dry weights of switchgrass. • PR increased contents of nonstructural carbohydrates in stem, root and rhizome. • AGPase and SPS facilitated storage and transport of C assimilates in PR switchgrass. • Growth promoting hormones played critical roles in delaying plant senescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Switchgrass is a photoperiod-sensitive energy grass suitable for growing in the marginal lands of China. We explored the effects of extended photoperiods of low-irradiance light (7 μmol·m-2·s-1, no effective photosynthesis) on the growth, the biomass dry weight, the biomass allocation, and, especially, the stem digestibility and cell wall characteristics of switchgrass. Two extended photoperiods (i.e., 18 and 24 h) were applied over Alamo. Extended light exposure (18 and 24 h) resulted in delayed heading and higher dry weights of vegetative organs (by 32.87 and 35.94%, respectively) at the expense of reducing the amount of sexual organs (by 40.05 and 50.87%, respectively). Compared to the control group (i.e., natural photoperiod), the yield of hexoses (% dry matter) in the stems after a direct enzymatic hydrolysis (DEH) treatment significantly increased (by 44.02 and 46.10%) for those groups irradiated during 18 and 24 h, respectively. Moreover, the yield of hexoses obtained via enzymatic hydrolysis increased after both basic (1% NaOH) and acid (1% H2SO4) pretreatments for the groups irradiated during 18 and 24 h. Additionally, low-irradiance light extension (LILE) significantly increased the content of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) while notably reducing the lignin content and the syringyl to guaiacyl (S/G) ratio. These structural changes were in part responsible for the observed improved stem digestibility. Remarkably, LILE significantly decreased the cellulose crystallinity index (CrI) of switchgrass by significantly increasing both the arabinose substitution degree in xylan and the content of ammonium oxalate-extractable uronic acids, both favoring cellulose digestibility. Despite this LILE technology is not applied to the cultivation of switchgrass on a large scale yet, we believe that the present work is important in that it reveals important relationships between extended day length irradiations and biomass production and quality. Additionally, this study paves the way for improving biomass production and digestibility via genetic modification of day length sensitive transcription factors or key structural genes in switchgrass leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, tassels of Cave-in-Rock (upland) and Alamo (lowland) were removed at or near tassel emergence to explore its effects on biomass production and quality. Tassel-removed (TR) Cave-in-Rock and Alamo both exhibited a significant (P<0.05) increase in plant heights (not including tassel length), tiller number, and aboveground biomass dry weight (10% and 12%, 30% and 13%, 13% and 18%, respectively by variety) compared to a control (CK) treatment. Notably, total sugar yields of TR Cave-in-Rock and Alamo stems increased significantly (P<0.05 or 0.01) by 19% and 19%, 21% and 14%, 52% and 18%, respectively by variety, compared to those of control switchgrass under 3 treatments by direct enzymatic hydrolysis (DEH), enzymatic hydrolysis after 1% NaOH pretreatment (EHAL) and enzymatic hydrolysis after 1% H2SO4 pretreatment (EHAC). These differences were mainly due to significantly (P<0.05 or 0.01) higher cellulose content, lower cellulose crystallinity indexes (CrI) caused by higher arabinose (Ara) substitution in xylans, and lower S/G ratio in lignin. However, the increases of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) concentration negatively affects the combustion quality of switchgrass aboveground biomass. This work provides information for increasing biomass production and quality in switchgrass and also facilitates the inhibition of gene dispersal of switchgrass in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant lignin is one of the major wall components that greatly contribute to biomass recalcitrance for biofuel production. In this study, total 79 representative Miscanthus germplasms were determined with wide biomass digestibility and diverse monolignol composition. Integrative analyses indicated that three major monolignols (S, G, H) and S/G ratio could account for lignin negative influence on biomass digestibility upon NaOH and H2SO4 pretreatments. Notably, the biomass enzymatic digestions were predominately affected by the non-KOH-extractable lignin and interlinked-phenolics, other than the KOH-extractable ones that cover 80% of total lignin. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between the monolignols and phenolics at p<0.05 level in the non-KOH-extractable only, suggesting their tight association to form the minor wall-networks against cellulases accessibility. The results indicated that the non-KOH-extractable lignin-complex should be the target either for cost-effective biomass pretreatments or for relatively simply genetic modification of plant cell walls in Miscanthus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant lignin is one of the major wall components that greatly contribute to biomass recalcitrance for biofuel production. In this study, total 79 representative Miscanthus germplasms were determined with wide biomass digestibility and diverse monolignol composition. Integrative analyses indicated that three major monolignols (S, G, H) and S/G ratio could account for lignin negative influence on biomass digestibility upon NaOH and H2SO4 pretreatments. Notably, the biomass enzymatic digestions were predominately affected by the non-KOH-extractable lignin and interlinked-phenolics, other than the KOH-extractable ones that cover 80% of total lignin. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between the monolignols and phenolics at p<0.05 level in the non-KOH-extractable only, suggesting their tight association to form the minor wall-networks against cellulases accessibility. The results indicated that the non-KOH-extractable lignin-complex should be the target either for cost-effective biomass pretreatments or for relatively simply genetic modification of plant cell walls in Miscanthus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]