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Processes that activate the immune system during lung transplantation can lead to primary graft dysfunction (PGD) or allograft rejection.We analyzed cytokine expression profiles after reperfusion and allograft outcomes in a cohort of patients (n=59) who underwent lung transplantation off-pump (n=26), with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB; n=18), or with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO; n=15). Peripheral blood was collected from patients at baseline and at 6 and 72 hours after reperfusion. To adjust for clinical differences between groups, we utilized a linear mixed model with overlap weighting.PGD3 was present at 48 or 72 hours after reperfusion in 7.7% (2/26) of off-pump cases, 20.0% (3/15) of ECMO cases, and 38.9% (7/18) of CPB cases (p=0.04). The ECMO and CPB groups had greater reperfusion-induced increases in MIP-1B, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL1-ra, TNF-alpha, RANTES, eotaxin, IP-10, and MCP-1 levels than did the off-pump group. Cytokine expression profiles after reperfusion were not significantly different between ECMO and CPB groups.Our data suggest that, compared with an off-pump approach, the intraoperative use of ECMO or CPB during lung transplantation is associated with greater reperfusion-induced cytokine release and graft injury.

The need to develop wearable devices for personal health monitoring, diagnostics, and therapy has inspired the production of innovative on-demand, customizable technologies. Several of these technologies enable printing of raw electronic materials directly onto biological organs and tissues. However, few of them have been thoroughly investigated for biocompatibility of the raw materials on the cellular, tissue, and organ levels or with different cell types. In addition, highly accurate multiday in vivo monitoring using such on-demand, in situ fabricated devices has yet to be done. Presented herein is the first fully biocompatible, on-skin fabricated electronics for multiple cell types and tissues that can capture electrophysiological signals with high fidelity. While also demonstrating improved mechanical and electrical properties, the drawn-on-skin ink retains its properties under various writing conditions, which minimizes the variation in electrical performance. Furthermore, the drawn-on-skin ink shows excellent biocompatibility with cardiomyocytes, neurons, mice skin tissue, and human skin. The high signal-to-noise ratios of the electrophysiological signals recorded with the DoS sensor over multiple days demonstrate its potential for personalized, long-term, and accurate electrophysiological health monitoring.