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Nesanirani gubitak zuba moţe dovesti do brojnih nepoţeljnih promjena na preostalim dijelovima ţvaĉnog sustava. Stoga je od izuzetne vaţnosti brza sanacija gubitka zuba, bez obzira na etiologiju. Djelomiĉna bezubost podrazumijeva brojnost razliĉitih kliniĉkih oblika s višestrukim mogućnostima protetske terapijske sanacije. U ovom radu pozornost je usmjerena na terapiju djelomiĉne bezubosti kombiniranim fiksno-mobilnim protetskim nadomjescima, osobito djelomiĉnim protezama retiniranim teleskopskim krunicama kao izvrsnom rješenju s aspekta retencije, stabilizacije, aksijalnog prijenosa sila, estetike i ugode pri nošenju. Noviji materijal u izradi konusnih krunica, prvenstveno primarne konusne krunice, je cirkonijoksidna keramika koja se pokazala iznimno dobrim materijalom. Cirkonijoksidne primarne krunice izraĊuju se kompjuteriziranom CAD/CAM tehnologijom. Najĉešće se izraĊuju u kombinaciji s galvanski postupkom stvorenom sekundarnom konusnom krunicom. Zbog brojnih biomehaniĉkih, funkcijskih i estetskih prednosti ove kombinacije materijala i tehnologija izvedbe, kao i smanjene cijene u odnosu na dvostruke zlatne krunice nastale konvencionalnom metodom, oĉekuje se porast u izradi djelomiĉnih proteza retiniranih konusnim krunicama iz cirkonijoksidne keramike i galvanski nanešenog zlata. Untreated tooth loss can lead to several unfavourable changes in other parts of the masticatory system. It is therefore of great importance to treat tooth loss immediately, regardless of its etiology. Partial edentulousness implies numerous various clinical cases with various possibilities of prosthetic treatment. In this study attention is directed to the treatment of partial edentulousness by means of combined fixed-removable prosthetic restorations, especially partial dentures retained by double conical crowns as an excellent solution in terms of retention, stabilization, axial loading of abutment teeth, esthetics and patient comfort while wearing. Zirconium oxide ceramics has newly been introduced as a material for fabrication of conical crowns, especially inner crowns, showing excellent features. Inner zirconia crowns are fabricated by means of a computerized CAD/CAM technology. They are most often fabricated in combination with secondary conical crowns made by galvanoforming. Due to numorous biomechanical, functional and esthetic advantages of this combination of materials and fabrication techniques, as well as due to lower prices in relation to double gold crowns made by a conventional method, fabrication of partial dentures retained by double conical crowns made of zirconia and galvanoformed gold is expected to rise.

Nadogradnje zuba su fiksnoprotetski nadomjestci na avitalnom zubu i uvijek služe kao potpora različitim vrstama krunica. Uvjet za izradu nadogradnje je pravilno endodontski izliječen zub. Indicirane su u svim kliničkim situacijama, gdje nadostaje dovoljno kliničke krune zuba, da bi se mogla retinirati krunica. Najčešće je potreba za izradom nadogradnje lom kliničke krune avitalnog zuba, ali i kod abrazije zuba se upotrebljavaju, gdje je snižena klinička kruna , uz uvjet da se zub predhodno endodontski liječi. Nakon punjenja kanala nadogradnjaom se produži klinička kruna zuba. U kliničkoj uporabi dolazi čitav niz nadogradnji koje se razlikuju po postupku izrade, materijalu i oblicima, ekstrakoronarnog i intraradikularnog dijela nadogradnje. Temeljna podjela nadogradnji je na individualne i konfekcijske. Individualne nadogradnje su puno preciznije jer nadogradnju prilagođavamo zubu. Postupak izrade nadogradnje uključuje suradnju zubotehničkog laboratorija i samim time produžuje terapijski postupak. Konfekcijske nadogradnje dolaze kao gotovi proizvodi u različitim oblicima i kod njih zub prilagođavamo nadogradnji. Postupak izrade je kraći, ali ostaje otvoreno pitanje dobrog postavljanja indikacije za ovu vrstu nadomjestka zbog veličine i oblika ekstrakoronarnog dijela. Preparacija zuba posebice intraradikularnog dijela nadogradnje je vrlo važan i precizan zahvat, pa zatijeva spretnost i vještinu doktora dentalne medicine. Postupak cementiranja također je izuzetno važan, kao i izbor vrste cementa ovisno o vrsti i materijalu nadogradnje. Dental post and cores are tooth upgrades as a part of fixed-prosthetic treatment on the non vital tooth. They always serves as support for different types of crowns. The condition for upgrading the tooth structure and made post and core is a properly endodontically cured tooth. They are also indicated in all clinical situations, where there is a lack of clinical tooth crowns for the retintion the crown. Most commonly clinical situations for indication for posta and cores are non vital tooth crown fractures . They can be also needed in the abrasion of the teeth, where the reduction of the crown length is present, providing extension of the clinical crown length after endodontic procedure. Nowadays there are a lot of clinical procedures with the whole range of upgrades that differ in the manufacturing process, material and form, extracoronary and intraradular part of the upgrade. The basic clasiffication of the tooth upgrades is on individual post and cores and ready-made post and cores. Individual post and cores are much more precise because the upgrade is adjust to the tooth. The process of upgrading involves the co-operation of the dnetal laboratory thus extending the clinical procedure. Ready made upgrades comes as finished products in various shapes and materials and the tooth is needed to be adapted to them . The clinical procedure is shorter, but the open question remains, are we difined good indication of this type of substitution due to the size and shape of the extracoronal part of the ready made post and cores. The preparation of the tooth, especially of the intraradicular part of the upgrading is a very important and accurate procedure, and needs a skill of the doctor of dental medicine. The cementing process is also extremely important as well as the choice of cement types depending on the type and material of the post and core upgrade of the tooh.

Mnogobrojne mogućnosti oštećenja zuba iziskuju potrebu za liječenjem različitim pristupom. Stupanj oštećenja polazna nam je točka u određivanju terapije. Ispuni su adekvatni kod manjih zubnih kvarova, dok kod oštećenja, koja zahtijevaju nadogradnju izgubljenog tkiva, koristimo nadogradnje i krunice. Načine otiskivanja i preparacije terapeut odlučuje u skladu sa svojim mogućnostima i znanjem. Materijal, koji koristimo pri nadoknadi, često nam određuje položaj defekta. Estetski prihvatljiviji materijali se koriste u području prednjih zubi, dok straga neovisno o estetici moramo zadovoljiti druge uvjete. Danas najčešće izrađujemo nadogradnje i krunice. Nadogradnje mogu biti konfekcijske i individualne, a razlikuje se način izrade. Krunice se izrađuju od različitih materijala i različitim načinima izrade. Bilo da se izrađuju od metal keramike sustavom navoštavanja ili potpune keramike CAD-CAM tehnikom cilj im je isti. Glavni je cilj terapije nadomještanje funkcije, estetike, profilakse i zaštite preostalog dijela. Mogućnosti postizanja precizne izrade daju nam dobre kliničke rezultate. Redovitim kontrolama i održavanjem postiže se oralno zdravlje i dugogodišnja funkcija. Due to numerous potential dental damages, it is necessary to take a different approach in treatment. The extent of damage serves as the starting point in determining the course of therapy. Dental fillings are appropriate for cases of common tooth decay, whereas crowns and bridges are used to restore the lost dental tissue. Impressions and preparations are determined by the therapist according to best of his abilities. The material used in restoration often determines the location of the defect. The aesthetically acceptable materials are ideal for anterior teeth, while restoring posterior teeth requires meeting other requirements. The most common procedures today include restorations and crowns. The former are either direct or indirect, with differences in the choice of materials. The crowns are fabricated from various materials in different ways. Whether they are made from metal ceramics using wax-up techniques or from all-ceramic materials using the CADCAM technique, the aim remains the same – restoring the function, aesthetics, prophylaxis and protection of the remaining part of the tooth. The ability to perform precise restorations yields favorable clinical results. Regular check-ups and preservation are essential for oral health and long-term dental function.