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Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are prominent in nanomedicine, cosmetics, and environmental applications. However, their increasing production, use, and release into the environment raises concerns about their potential risks to aquatic life and human health. This study aimed to evaluate the bioaccumulation, as concentration of small, medium and large iron aggregates in the digestive tubules, histopathological changes, and inflammatory responses in the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata following chronic exposure to gluconic-acid functionalized IONPs (GLA-IONPs) compared to their dissolved counterpart (FeCl 3 ). The snails were exposed to both iron forms (1.0, 2.5, 6.25, and 15.62 mg L⁻ 1 ) for 28 days. The qualitative and quantitative histopathological assessment of digestive glands was conducted, followed by an analysis of histopathological indices. Both forms of iron accumulated in the digestive gland and induced inflammatory responses, vacuolization, necrosis of secretory cells, and atrophy of the digestive tubules. While FeCl 3 showed greater accumulation in the digestive tubules compared to GLA-IONPs (small: 1.92-6.55-fold; medium: 5.84 to 4.6-fold; large aggregates: 26.5 to 8.3-fold), the IONPs caused more severe histopathological changes, including increased atrophy of digestive tubules (1.0 mg L⁻ 1 : 1.94 -fold) and hemocyte infiltration (1.0 mg L⁻ 1 : 1.41-fold; 15.62 mg L⁻ 1 : 1.33-fold). Thus, this study indicates differential bioaccumulation between GLA-IONPs and dissolved Fe, with GLA-IONPs inducing more pronounced toxicity and histopathological damage in the digestive gland of B. glabrata, leading to a loss of digestive functions and confirming their potential risk to aquatic biodiversity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been applied in several sectors in the environmental field, such as aquatic nanoremediation, due to their unique superparamagnetic and nanospecific properties. However, the knowledge of chronic toxicity of IONPs on aquatic invertebrate remains limited. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze the chronic toxicity of gluconic acid-functionalized IONPs (GLA-IONPs) and their dissolved counterpart (FeCl 3 ) to freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata. GLA-IONPs were synthesized and characterized by multiple techniques, and the snails were exposed to both Fe forms at environmentally relevant concentrations (1.0-15.6 mg L -1 ) for 28 days. The bioaccumulation, mortality rate, behavior impairments, morphological alterations, fecundity and fertility of snails were analyzed. Results showed that GLA-IONPs induced high iron bioaccumulation in the entire soft tissue portion. Chronic exposure to GLA-IONP increased the behavioral impairments of snails compared to iron ions and control groups. Both Fe forms reduced the fecundity, while the mortality and reduced fertility were observed only after the exposure to GLA-IONPs at 15.6 mg L -1 . Overall results indicated the behavioral impairments and reproductive toxicity associated, possibly, to bioaccumulation of GLA-IONPs in the B. glabrata. These results can be useful for the development of eco-friendly nanotechnologies., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been applied in several commercial products due to their antimicrobial properties, while their molluscicide properties, mode of action and toxicity to snail species remain unclear. In this study, the comparative toxicity of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-functionalized Ag NPs and their dissolved counterpart (Ag ions) was analyzed during the early developmental stages of the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata, intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. Ag NPs were synthesized and characterized by multiple techniques, and the snail embryotoxicity was analyzed in terms of mortality, hatching, developmental stages and morphological alterations, while the acute toxicity to newly-hatched snails was analyzed by mortality and behavioral impairments. Results showed that both Ag forms induced mortality, hatching delay and morphological alterations (especially hydropic abnormalities) in snail embryos in a concentration and exposure time dependent patterns. Ag NPs showed low embryotoxic effects and similar toxicity for newly-hatched snails when compared to their dissolved counterparts, indicating that the nanotoxicity was dependent of snail developmental stages. The knowledge about the Ag NP toxicity to different early development stages of B. glabrata contributes to its potential use as molluscicide and control of neglected tropical diseases, including schistosomiasis., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper, (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Schistosomiasis is a disease that affects tropical and subtropical areas and is considered the second most prevalent parasitic disease in the world. One of the ways of combating this disease is the use of molluscicidal agents to eliminate or reduce the population of intermediate host snails. Polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB) is a chemical biocide commonly used as a disinfectant and antiseptic in the food industry and very successfully for the disinfection of swimming pools. The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) indicated the PHMB as low environmental risk. The present study aimed to evaluate the molluscicidal activity of the PHMB in freshwater snail (Biomphalaria glabrata), intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. The PHMB showed high toxicity against all stages of the snail B. glabrata: embryos, new-borns and adults. The LC 50 estimated was 0.98 mg L -1 ; 1.43 mg L -1 and 1.49 mg L -1 , respectively, after exposure of 144 h for embryos and 96 h for new-borns and adults. PHMB did not prevent the development of embryos within the egg mass, since at all concentrations evaluated 80% of the embryos managed to develop until the hypo-stage, which is the last stage of development before hatching. However, PHMB inhibited the hatching of embryos by 100% at all concentrations above 1.6 mg L -1 . PHMB proved to be a promising substance in the fight against schistosomiasis by eliminating the intermediate host (B. glabrata). This was the first study that makes an experimental observation of the molluscicidal activity of PHMB., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)