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A cage-like PbS nanostructure was functionalized with platinum nanoparticles, and the resulting material (PtNP@PbS) was deposited on a glassy carbon electrode in order to study the direct electron transfer to FADH in glucose oxidase (GOx) and further to construct a glucose biosensor. The PtNP@PbS nanostructure and the biosensor were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, UV-vis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and by cyclic voltammetry. Compared to the use of cage-like PbS alone, the PtNP@PbS nanostructure shows much higher electrochemical activity and an enhanced direct electron transfer rate. The GOx loaded onto the nanostructure displays good enzymatic activity and an apparent electron transfer rate constant of 3.0 s. The glucose biosensor is operated best at −0.4 V (vs. SCE) and then exhibits a linear range that extends from 4 μM to 1.1 mM, with a detection limit as low as 1 μM (at an S/N ratio of 3). The biosensor is selective, acceptably repeatable and stable. It was applied to the determination of glucose in human serum samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we reported an efficient platinum nanoparticles functionalized nitrogen doped graphene (PtNPs@NG) nanocomposite for devising novel electrochemical glucose biosensor for the first time. The fabricated PtNPs@NG and biosensor were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, static water contact angle, UV–vis spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectra and cyclic voltammetry, respectively. PtNPs@NG showed large surface area and excellent biocompatibility, and enhanced the direct electron transfer between enzyme molecules and electrode surface. The glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized on PtNPs@NG nanocomposite retained its bioactivity, and exhibited a surface controlled, quasi-reversible and fast electron transfer process. The constructed glucose biosensor showed wide linear range from 0.005 to 1.1 mM with high sensitivity of 20.31 mA M −1 cm −2 . The detection limit was calculated to be 0.002 mM at signal-to-noise of 3, which showed 20-fold decrease in comparison with single NG-based electrochemical biosensor for glucose. The proposed glucose biosensor also demonstrated excellent selectivity, good reproducibility, acceptable stability, and could be successfully applied in the detection of glucose in serum samples at the applied potential of −0.33 V. This research provided a promising biosensing platform for the development of excellent electrochemical biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A tetragonal columnar-shaped TiO2 (TCS-TiO2) nanorods are synthesized via a facile route for the immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx). A novel electrochemical glucose biosensor is constructed based on the direct electrochemistry of GOx at TCS-TiO2 modified glassy carbon electrode. The fabricated biosensor is characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectra and cyclic voltammetry. The immobilized enzyme molecules on TCS-TiO2 nanorods retain its native structure and bioactivity and show a surface controlled, quasi-reversible and fast electron transfer process. The TCS-TiO2 nanorods have large surface area and provide a favorable microenvironment for enhancing the electron transfer between enzyme and electrode surface. The constructed glucose biosensor shows wide linear range from 5.0×10−6 to 1.32×10−3 M with a high sensitivity of 23.2mAM−1 cm−2. The detection limit is calculated to be 2.0×10−6 M at signal-to-noise of 3. The proposed glucose biosensor also exhibits excellent selectivity, good reproducibility, and acceptable operational stability. Furthermore, the biosensor can be successfully applied in the detection of glucose in serum sample at the applied potential of −0.50V. The TCS-TiO2 nanorods provide an efficient and promising platform for the immobilization of proteins and development of excellent biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)–nanoflake-like SnS2 nanocomposite were designed for immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx). The direct electrochemistry of GOx and glucose sensing at MWCNTs–SnS2 modified glassy carbon electrode were studied. Compared with single MWCNTs or SnS2, the MWCNTs–SnS2 film has larger surface area and provides a more favorable microenvironment for facilitating the electron transfer between enzyme and electrode surface. The properties of GOx/MWCNTs–SnS2 were examined by scanning electron microscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The immobilized enzyme on MWCNTs–SnS2 composite film retained its native structure and bioactivity and showed a surface controlled, reversible two-proton and two-electron transfer reaction with a apparent electron transfer rate constant of 3.96s−1. The constructed glucose biosensor exhibits wider linear range from 2.0×10−5 M to 1.95×10−3 M, much lower detection limit of 4.0×10−6 M at signal-to-noise of 3 and higher sensitivity of 21.65mAM−1 cm−2 than our previous nanoflake-like SnS2-based glucose sensor. The proposed biosensor has excellent selectivity, good reproducibility, and acceptable operational stability and can be successfully applied in the reagentless glucose sensing at −0.43V. This MWCNTs–SnS2 composite provides a new avenue for immobilizing proteins and fabricating excellent biosensors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A novel urchin-like In2O3–chitosan modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) is for the first time prepared. The direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase (GOD) immobilized on the surface of modified GCE and biosensing are studied. The urchin-like In2O3 nanostructure-based matrix has large specific surface area and provides a favorable and biocompatible microenvironment for promoting the direct electron transfer between proteins and electrode surface. The properties of different modified electrode are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS), UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and cyclic voltammetry, respectively. The constructed glucose biosensor shows wide linear range (5.0×10−6 to 1.3×10−3 M), low detection limit (1.9×10−6 M), a Michaelis–Menten constant of 0.37mM. The proposed biosensor has good sensitivity, excellent selectivity, good reproducibility and stability. This urchin-like In2O3–chitosan matrix provides a new approach and efficient matrix for the direct electrochemistry of proteins and developing novel types of biosensors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A novel biosensor is developed based on immobilization of proteins on nanoflake-like SnS2 modified glass carbon electrode (GCE). With glucose oxidase (GOD) as a model, direct electrochemistry of the GOD/nanoflake-like SnS2 is studied. The prepared SnS2 has large surface area and can offer favorable microenvironment for facilitating the electron transfer between protein and electrode surface. The properties of GOD/SnS2 are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and cyclic voltammetry (CV), respectively. The immobilized enzyme on nanoflake-like SnS2 retains its native structure and bioactivity and exhibits a surface-controlled, reversible two-proton and two-electron transfer reaction with the apparent electron transfer rate constant (k s) of 3.68s−1. The proposed biosensor shows fast amperometric response (8s) to glucose with a wide linear range from 2.5×10−5 M to 1.1×10−3 M, a low detection limit of 1.0×10−5 M at signal-to-noise of 3 and good sensitivity (7.6±0.5mAM−1 cm−2). The resulting biosensor has acceptable operational stability, good reproducibility and excellent selectivity and can be successfully applied in the reagentless glucose sensing at −0.45V. It should be worthwhile noting that it opens a new avenue for fabricating excellent electrochemical biosensor. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A mesoporous silica nanoshpere (MSN) was proposed to modify glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the immobilization of protein. Using glucose oxidase (GOD) as a model, direct electrochemistry of protein and biosensing at the MSN modified GCE was studied for the first time. The MNS had large surface area and offered a favorable microenvironment for facilitating the direct electron transfer between enzyme and electrode surface. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were used to examine the interaction between GOD and the MSN matrix. The results demonstrated that the immobilized enzyme on the MSN retained its native structure and bioactivity. In addition, the electrochemical reaction showed a surface controlled, reversible two-proton and two-electron transfer process with the apparent electron transfer rate constant of 3.96s−1. The MNS-based glucose biosensor exhibited the two linear ranges of 0.04–2.0mM and 2.0–4.8mM, a high sensitivity of 14.5mAM−1 cm−2 and a low detection limit of 0.02mM at signal-to-noise of 3. The proposed biosensor showed excellent selectivity, good reproducibility, acceptable stability and could be successfully applied in the reagentless detection of glucose in real samples at −0.45V. The work displayed that mesoporous silica nanosphere provided a promising approach for immobilizing proteins and fabrication of excellent biosensors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this work, SrTiO 3 nanoparticles (SrTiO 3 NPs), a novel and effective perovskite-type material, are synthesized to modify electrode for the development of sensitive enzymatic electrochemical biosensor applications. The electrochemical behavior of glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized on SrTiO 3 NPs-modified glassy carbon electrode is investigated. Scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry are used to characterize the morphology and assay property of different modified electrodes. Results illustrate that SrTiO 3 NPs possess large surface area and apparently enhance the direct electron transfer between GOx and modified electrode. The SrTiO 3 NPs-based enzyme biosensor shows a high sensitivity of 15.6 mA·M − 1 ·cm − 2 , wide linear range from 0.01 mM to 1.2 mM, and a low detection limit of 3 μM (S/N = 3). Furthermore, the resultant glucose biosensor has excellent selectivity, acceptable repeatability, practicality and stability. The perovskite SrTiO 3 NPs provide a very attractive and potential electrode material to develop electrochemical biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, novel perovskite-type calcium titanate nanoparticles (CaTiO 3 NPs) were for the first time exploited for the immobilization of proteins and the development of electrochemical biosensor. The CaTiO 3 NPs were synthesized with a simple and cost-effective route at low temperature, and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic spectrum, electrochemical impedance spectrum, UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, and cyclic voltammetry, respectively. The results indicated that CaTiO 3 NPs exhibited large surface area, and greatly promoted the direct electron transfer between enzyme molecules and electrode surface. The immobilized enzymes on this matrix retained its native bioactivity and exhibited a surface controlled, quasi-reversible two-proton and two-electron transfer reaction with an electron transfer rate of 3.35 s −1 . Using glucose oxidase as model, the prepared glucose biosensor showed a high sensitivity of 14.10±0.5 mA M −1 cm −2 , a wide linear range of 7.0×10 −6 to 1.49×10 −3 M, and a low detection limit of 2.3×10 −6 M at signal-to-noise of 3. Moreover, the biosensor also possessed good reproducibility, excellent selectivity and acceptable storage life. This research provided a new-type and promising perovskite nanomaterials for the development of efficient biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel glucose electrochemical biosensor was constructed based on the immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) in cage-like PbS nanostructure. The fabricated biosensor was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry, respectively. The direct electrochemistry of GOx at cage-like PbS nanostructure modified glassy carbon electrode was for the first time studied. The cage-like PbS nanostructure has larger surface area and provides a favorable microenvironment for facilitating the direct electron transfer between enzyme and electrode surface. The immobilized enzymes on PbS cage-like nanostructure retains its native structure and bioactivity and shows a surface controlled, reversible two-proton and two-electron transfer reaction with a apparent electron transfer rate constant of 2.85s−1. The biosensor shows wide linear range for glucose from 5.0×10−5 M to 1.45×10−3 M with high sensitivity of 11.02mAM−1 cm−2. The detection limit was calculated to be 1.0×10−5 M at signal-to-noise of 3. Moreover, the proposed glucose biosensor displays excellent selectivity, good reproducibility, and acceptable operational stability and can be successfully applied in the detection of glucose in serum sample. The cage-like PbS nanostructure provides a promising approach for immobilizing proteins and fabricating excellent biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]