Search

Quadruple-negative breast cancer (QNBC) presents with negative expression of estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors and of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. This BC subtype has the worst prognosis. In QNBC, there is a greater paucity of prognostic biomarkers than in androgen receptors-positive triple negative BC (TNBC). Absent androgen receptor expression confers a more aggressive QNBC course and correlates with the expression of cancer stem cell phenotype, COX-2, and basal markers such as CK5 and nestin. Basal-like phenotype is significantly associated with adverse prognostic markers including high KI-67, COX-2 expression, and cancer stem cell phenotype. Engrailed-1 expression is associated with unfavorable overall survival in QNBC patients. Non-coding ribonucleic acids play a significant role in BC tumourigenesis by virtue of their oncogenic and tumour-suppressive properties. The identification of QNBC-specific circulating microribonucleic acids may improve tumour detection and prognosis. There is an obvious necessity to intensify the problem-oriented interdisciplinary research on the hot topic of prognostic biomarkers of QNBC.

Recently, breast cancer (BC) continuously ranks first in the incidence rate of malignant neoplasms in womenworldwide. Quadruple negative BC (QNBC) is a recently identified subtype of triple negative BC (TNBC) presenting with negative androgen receptor expression. QNBC characterization and treatment is fraught with many challenges.There is cumulative evidence suggestingthat QNBC ishighly proliferative and immunogenic, rendering it anideal candidate for cytotoxic chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Several chemotherapeutic agents such as imatinib, cabozantinib, dasatinib, lucitanib,sunitinib, docetaxel, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamidein QNBCpatients are highlighted. Some subtypes and related pathway proteins are preferentially expressed in QNBC and may act as effective therapeutic targets such as acyl-CoA synthetase4, S-phase kinase associated protein 2, immune checkpoint inhibitors, kinesin family member C1,and epidermal growth factor receptor. Several recent investigations comparing the therapeutic approach to QNBC and TNBC are briefly reviewed. Further more intensive and problem-oriented research in this topic of rising socio-medical importance is needed.

Treatment of implant related infections after surgicalor dentalproceduresare challengingcomplicationsandmay have devastating results for patients.The ability of microorganisms to adhere and form biofilm on implant surface is one of the main reasons for treatment failure in infections. When used in human body implants provide a suitable surfacefor cell attachment and bacterial colonization. One of the most common bacteriathat is isolated in hospital-acquired infections is Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant subtype. When a biofilm is formed, bacteria acquire an arsenal of properties that allow them to survive in an adverse environment, increasing their resistance to antimicrobial agents. Recently, as treatment modalities bioactive glass is used in the treatment of infections with multiresistant bacteria types. Its mechanism of action is to stimulate osteogenesis by releasing biologically active ions and at the same time it has antibacterial functionon a number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria due to increasementin osmotic pressure and environmental pH without affecting host tissues. These properties make bioactive glass extremelly suitablefor the treatment of infectionin boneswith destruction and bone loss. The aim of the present study is to review the outcomesreported in the literature on the antimicrobial effectiveness of bioactive glass S53P4 on Staphyloccocus aureus(MRSA).

Purpose Numerous wild edible mushrooms are relatively well-known in Bulgaria and many countries all over the world. The objective of this inquiry study was to analyze some peculiarities of local knowledge of such mushrooms depending on inhabitants’ educational level in the Region of Varna, Bulgaria. Materials and methods We performed a study of 200 adult individuals, 100 males and 100 females, on the territory of the Region of Varna using anonymous inquiry with a set of 12 concrete items dealing with respondents’ knowledge of wild edible mushroom and focusing on the role of their educational level for this knowledge. Statistical data processing was carried out using descriptive, variation and correlation analysis. Statistical significance was considered at the level of p