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NS-Kaća, a new, very early soybean cultivar, has been created at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad by crossing domestic and foreign genotypes. The main traits of the cultivar are its early maturity, which placed it into the 000 maturity group, and excellent technological quality of grain. Due to the short vegetation period, it is primarily sown as the second crop in our country, or as the first crop in northern countries (Russia, Ukraine, Austria, Slovenia) and hilly regions. It provides economically justifiable yield gain during the second crop harvest if sowing is conducted by the end of early July, so each day of sowing delay significantly reduces yield. It achieved significantly higher yields in the multiannual macro- and micro-trials compared to standard cultivars from the same maturity group. Producers are advised to sow 600,000 germinated seeds per hectare. The cultivar is also suitable for narrow-row planting (with inter-row spacing of 12.5 cm or 25 cm), whereby the planting rate can be increased by 15-20%. Seed of the cultivar NS-Kaća can also be used as raw material in the production of products intended for human consumption, thanks to the high protein content which is usually between 44% and 47% (in absolutely dry grain). It is suitable for the production of soy milk and soy milk products, due to its large grain, coated with light-yellow seed coat without mottled appearance, and weak expression of hilum colour same as the seed coat, which provides a natural, milkywhite colour of the final products. Development and dissemination of the newly released cultivar NS-Kaća is a major step forward in soybean breeding, as the cultivar exhibited a significantly higher protein content while maintaining its high-yielding potential, despite the strong negative correlation of these traits.

The objective of this paper was to examine and present the results of soybean grain yield, protein and oil content during a two-year period (2009 to 2010) in agro-ecological conditions of Sombor, Serbia. Data were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance, using the method of two factorial trials (variety, year). LSD was used to compare means for significant differences. Significantly higher yields were recorded in 2010 compared to 2009. Average yield amounted to 4,196 kg ha-1 for analyzed soybean varieties, and ranged from 2,889 kg ha-1 (2009) to 5,503 kg ha-1 (2010). The year 2010 was favourable for protein synthesis. The highest protein content was achieved by Bečejka variety (38.38%) and Proteinka variety (38.33%) in 2010. Proteinka had statistically significantly higher average protein content compared to other tested varieties in the two-year average. The tested soybean varieties had average oil content of 20.93%. The highest oil content was found in Sava variety (23.03%) in 2009. Statistically significantly higher oil content was recorded in 2009 compared to 2010, while variety and their interactions had statistically significant effect (p

This paper presents an overview of the research on soybean resistance to pathogens. The review included most harmful agents of soybean diseases in Serbia, as well as those that are potentially harmful. Development and cultivation of resistant cultivars is the most efficient, economical and environmentally acceptable control measure for plant disease. It points to the variability in pathogenicity (physiological races) of parasites, especially expressed in Phytophthora sojae, Peronospora manshurica and Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea, which requires continuous breeding for resistance. Resistant, partially resistant and moderately susceptible genotypes, which are used as donors of resistance genes to different pathogens, are listed in this paper. Also, avirulent genes in the parasite and resistance genes in soybean are indicated. Gene mapping significantly contributes to better understanding of the mode of inheritance and consequently, more efficient breeding for disease resistance. Significant improvement is expected by using molecular techniques, especially in dealing with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea and Phomopsis longicolla. For these parasites only partial resistance has been reported but not complete resistance.

This paper presents the results of a two-year trial of yield, protein and oil content NS soybean cultivars of 0 and I maturity group. Average yield for all tested cultivars was 3,657 kg ha-1. Significantly higher yield was recorded in 2010 as compared to the 2009. Soybean cultivars Sava and Valjevka had the highest yield per unit area as compared to other tested cultivars. The protein content of all soybean cultivars was 38.04% on average. The 2010 protein content was significantly higher than the 2009. Cultivar Proteinka had significantly higher two-year average protein content (39.29%) as compared to the tested cultivars. Average oil content for all tested cultivars was 20.55%. Cultivars Valjevka and Sava had the highest average oil content, 20.88% and 20.87% respectively. The 2009 oil content was significantly higher than the 2010. Cultivar Sava had the highest protein and oil yield (1,445 kg ha-1 and 789 kg ha-1 respectively) as compared to other tested cultivars. There were statistically significant differences in yields, and protein and oil content and yield depending on cultivars and testing year. Environmental factors influenced the correlation between yield and protein oil and content.

Current NS soybean varieties are of satisfactory technological quality, and also significant technological diversity. Varieties Triumf and Venera possess higher oil content. Variety Sava has a balanced oil and protein content, and can be used for obtaining different soy products. Variety Rubin has the highest protein content and is suitable for new high protein products. Estimated processing value is a good parameter to describe the processing quality of soybeans. Based on several years and spatial analysis, it is possible to separate the geographic regions with prevailing favourable conditions for obtaining higher protein or oil content.

Grain protein content in five soybean cultivars was determined in a two-year field experiment. The soybean cultivars belong to different maturity groups (O, I and II) and they represent the current cultivars in our country. Significant differences were found in protein content depending on cultivar and year. It seems that this is a cultivar property, but is also under a very strong environmental influence. The results show that there are significant differences between cultivars, while the average protein content ranged from 36.52% (Venera) to 39.76% (Proteinka). The year 2008 was significantly more favourable than 2009 for protein synthesis. Considerable variability in protein content among cultivars (CV=3.04%) indicates the possibility of further increase of the analyzed property.

Results obtained from a network of large-plot trials conducted in 2009 and several previous years have shown that there are a number of newly released NS cultivars of soybean that can be recommended for large-scale commercial growing. We have placed on the market a broad range of new cultivars differing in their growth period duration (maturity groups 000, 00, 0, I, II) and other agronomic traits (growing requirements, chemical grain composition, etc.). For the next planting season, we have secured sufficient quantities of top quality seed of both our well-established cultivars and our new releases, including the new early varieties Alisa, Galina and Bečejka, the medium-maturing new cultivars Sava and Diva, and the late-maturing new cultivars Rubin and Idila. We will also have limited quantities of our latest releases available, the varieties Iskra (I), Victoria (I) and Trijumf (II). We have recently registered four very early cultivars, Gracija (000), Julija (00), Mercur (00) and Prima (00), all of which are particularly suitable for growing soybean as the second crop. Our recommendation is that the new cultivars be introduced gradually to large-scale production and we are hoping they will become popular with the growers. .

New late soybean cultivars Rubin, Idila and Trijumf have been developed at Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, by crossing domestic and American genotypes. They differ in morphological characteristics, requirements for growing conditions and the technological quality of grain. The cultivars Rubin and Trijumf are indeterminate, and Idila the determinate growth type. The newly approved cultivars have a high yield potential. Also, Rubin and Trijumf exhibit a high level of adaptability and achieve stable yields in different agroecological conditions. The cultivar Idila requires favorable conditions for realization of high yield potential. It is recommended for growing in humid regions, on fertile soils or in fields with irrigation facilities. Taking in account its length of growing season, the optimal sowing date is the first 10 days of April, using about 400,000 of viable seeds per hectare. The cultivar Rubin has best chemical composition of grain, with balanced contents of proteins and oil. Idila has a slightly lower content of both components than Rubin, while Trijumf is a typical high oil genotype. Owing to favorable chemical composition and organoleptic characteristics, the grain of the new cultivars is an excellent raw material for preparation of articles for human consumption. The cultivar Idila is most suitable for this purpose.

The work on soybean breeding conducted at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, results each year in the development of a number of new soybean lines that are tested in both Varietal Commission trials and in a macrotrial network which covers all important regions of soybean growing in the country. The purpose of die latter network was to test the reaction of new material to different agroecological conditions, so that most suitable variety can be recommended for each region. Adaptability and stability of genotypes were measured using genotype-yield regression coefficient related to the average yield of all genotypes in the locations investigated over three years. Growing conditions were different over the years, so that the investigated genotypes showed different stability levels, because mean value of all genotypes was used as standard, and, by definition, stability of the genotype applies only in relation to die other genotypes tested. However, die line NS-L-330219 showed stability above the average (b

Soybean was grown in our country since nineteen seventies. Around the same time, work on the development of domestic soybean varieties, adapted to the local agroecological conditions, began at die Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. Before that, introduced foreign varieties had been grown. The main breeding targets at that time were to develop varieties with high genetic yield potential, specified vegetation period, resistance to lodging, pod shattering and the major diseases. As the soybean acreage expanded, specific demands appeared extremely short vegetation period for soybean growing as a second crop, increased protein content, changed oil composition, etc. Thus far, 66 Institutes varieties were registered in our country and 10 abroad. In mid-eighties, soybean breeding programs commenced at Uljarice in Belgrade, which produced 8 soybean varieties, and at the Maize Institute in Zemun Polje, which rendered 3 varieties. .

Novosađanka is mid-maturing soybean variety (m.g. I), indeterminate growing type. It has been created at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, by crossing two domestic NS-lines (L-2026 and L-2022). More desirable agronomic traits are sublimated in this soybean ge­notype. Beside high genetic yield potential, it has extraordinary lodging resistance, which makes it very suitable for growing in optimal agro ecological conditions or irrigation appliance. It also has satisfactory resistance level to dominant leaf pathogens (Peronospora manshurica and Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea) and high protein content, few percents higher than standard varieties in the same maturity group. On the basis of statistically very significantly higheryield and significantly higher protein content in comparison to standard variety, federal varietals commission registered Novosađanka in 2000. We consider that by introducing this variety into production, existing soybean assortment will be significantly improved. .