26 results
Search Results
2. Black liquor gasification with calcium looping for carbon-negative pulp and paper industry
- Author
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Dawid P. Hanak, Vasilije Manovic, and Mónica P.S. Santos
- Subjects
Calcium looping ,Combined cycle ,business.industry ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Pulp and paper industry ,Pollution ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Industrial waste ,law.invention ,Cogeneration ,General Energy ,law ,Natural gas ,Black liquor gasification ,Carbon capture and storage ,Environmental science ,business ,Carbon capture ,Black liquor ,Negative carbon dioxide emission ,Techno-economic analysis ,Hydrogen - Abstract
Although considered one of the major energy-intensive industries (EIIs), the pulp and paper industry has also the potential for energy production from an industrial waste, black liquor. This study proposes black liquor gasification (BLG) coupled with calcium looping (CaL) as a CO2 capture route for the pulp and paper industry. BLG with H2 production (BLG-CaL-H2), BLG with gas turbine combined cycle (BLG-CaL-GT) or with solid oxide fuel cell (BLG-CaL-SOFC) were considered. The dependence of carbon capture and storage (CCS) cost on the natural gas, limestone, electricity imported and H2 sale prices aside the expenditures related with BLG-CaL were evaluated. The CCS route, based on CaL retrofitted to the pulp and paper plant, was found to have a lower cost of CO2 avoided (39.0 €/tCO2) when compared with BLG-CaL (48.8–57.1 €/tCO2). Between the BLG-CaL scenarios, BLG-CaL-H2 presented the lowest cost of CO2 avoided (48.8 €/tCO2) but the highest energy penalty. Based on the thermodynamic performance, it was shown that CaL retrofit and BLG-CaL-SOFC presented the best overall performance, turning the electricity importer reference plant into electricity exporter. The economic sensitivity showed that the capital requirement of BLG-CaL has a strong effect on the cost of CO2 avoided for all alternatives. The H2 production is also strongly affected by the H2 sale price while BLG-CaL-SOFC and BLG-CaL-GT are strongly dependent on natural gas price.
- Published
- 2021
3. Black liquor gasification with calcium looping for carbon-negative pulp and paper industry.
- Author
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Santos, Mónica P.S., Manovic, Vasilije, and Hanak, Dawid P.
- Subjects
SULFATE waste liquor ,PAPER industry ,SOLID oxide fuel cells ,CARBON sequestration ,CARBON dioxide ,CARBON nanofibers - Abstract
• Black liquor gasification was coupled with calcium looping. • Calcium looping for CO 2 capture and H 2 production was compared. • CO 2 capture route (39 €/t) was less expensive than H 2 production route (48.8 €/t). • CO 2 avoided cost was highly dependent on capital cost of black liquor gasification. • Export of H 2 had the lowest CO 2 avoided cost among black liquor gasification cases. Although considered one of the major energy-intensive industries (EIIs), the pulp and paper industry has also the potential for energy production from an industrial waste, black liquor. This study proposes black liquor gasification (BLG) coupled with calcium looping (CaL) as a CO 2 capture route for the pulp and paper industry. BLG with H 2 production (BLG-CaL-H 2), BLG with gas turbine combined cycle (BLG-CaL-GT) or with solid oxide fuel cell (BLG-CaL-SOFC) were considered. The dependence of carbon capture and storage (CCS) cost on the natural gas, limestone, electricity imported and H 2 sale prices aside the expenditures related with BLG-CaL were evaluated. The CCS route, based on CaL retrofitted to the pulp and paper plant, was found to have a lower cost of CO 2 avoided (39.0 €/tCO 2) when compared with BLG-CaL (48.8–57.1 €/tCO 2). Between the BLG-CaL scenarios, BLG-CaL-H 2 presented the lowest cost of CO 2 avoided (48.8 €/tCO 2) but the highest energy penalty. Based on the thermodynamic performance, it was shown that CaL retrofit and BLG-CaL-SOFC presented the best overall performance, turning the electricity importer reference plant into electricity exporter. The economic sensitivity showed that the capital requirement of BLG-CaL has a strong effect on the cost of CO 2 avoided for all alternatives. The H 2 production is also strongly affected by the H 2 sale price while BLG-CaL-SOFC and BLG-CaL-GT are strongly dependent on natural gas price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. CO2 emission and oil use reduction through black liquor gasification and energy efficiency in pulp and paper industry
- Author
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Joelsson, J.M. and Gustavsson, L.
- Subjects
PETROLEUM industry ,MASS (Physics) ,PAPER industry ,MILLS & mill-work ,WOOD pulp industry ,GAS industry - Abstract
Abstract: We examine consequences of new energy technologies in the pulp and paper industry with respect to net CO
2 emissions and oil use. The entire production chain from the extraction of primary resources is included in the analysis. Stand-alone production of electricity and transportation fuel from biomass is included to balance the systems compared, so that they produce the same CO2 emission and oil use reductions. The technologies considered are black liquor gasification (BLG) with electricity and motor fuels production in chemical pulp mills and increased energy efficiency in thermomechanical pulp mills. The technologies are evaluated with respect to net CO2 emission, oil use, primary energy use, biomass use and monetary cost. We find that BLG in chemical pulp mills is favourable compared to stand-alone production of fuels and electricity from biomass. It is more efficient to implement BLG with motor fuels production and stand-alone electricity production from biomass, than to implement BLG with electricity production and stand-alone production of motor fuels. Increased energy efficiency in refining of thermomechanical pulp gives CO2 savings more efficiently than stand-alone production of electricity from biomass. Sensitivity analysis indicates that our conclusions are robust with respect to energy and biomass prices and the choice of coal or natural gas for marginal electricity. Newsprint from thermomechanical pulp would require slightly less biomass and have lower costs than paper from chemical pulp, per metric ton (t) product, when the systems are also required to render the same oil use and CO2 emission reductions. Substituting mineral fillers for 25% of the chemical pulp changes the balance in favour of the chemical pulp paper. At an oil price of 40 US$/barrel, all studied pulp and paper mill technology improvements give unchanged or reduced monetary costs also when oil use and CO2 emissions are not balanced with stand-alone bioenergy plants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Black liquor gasification integrated in pulp and paper mills: A critical review
- Author
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Naqvi, M., Yan, J., and Dahlquist, E.
- Subjects
- *
SULFATE waste liquor , *BIOMASS gasification , *PAPER mills , *PULP mills , *SYNTHESIS gas , *ENERGY consumption , *LITERATURE reviews - Abstract
Abstract: Black liquor gasification (BLG) has potential to replace a Tomlinson recovery boiler as an alternative technology to increase safety, flexibility and energy efficiency of pulp and paper mills. This paper presents an extensive literature review of the research and development of various BLG technologies over recent years based on low and high temperature gasification that include SCA-Billerud process, Manufacturing and Technology Conversion International (MTCI) process, direct alkali regeneration system (DARS), BLG with direct causticization, Chemrec BLG system, and catalytic hydrothermal BLG. A few technologies were tested on pilot scale but most of them were abandoned due to technical inferiority and very fewer are now at commercial stage. The drivers for the commercialization of BLG enabling bio-refinery operations at modern pulp mills, co-producing pulp and value added energy products, are discussed. In addition, the potential areas of research and development in BLG required to solve the critical issues and to fill research knowledge gaps are addressed and highlighted. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Integrated Black Liquor Gasification Polygeneration System with CO2 Capture in Pulp and Paper Mills to Produce Methanol and Electricity.
- Author
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Zhang, Guoqiang, Yan, Jinyue, Jin, Hongguang, and Dahlquist, Erik
- Subjects
SULFATE waste liquor ,BIOMASS gasification ,CARBON sequestration ,CARBON dioxide ,PAPER mills ,METHANOL ,ELECTRICITY ,ELECTRIC power production - Abstract
Based on KAMa pulp and paper mill, a polygeneration system integrated with a black liquor gasifier is proposed. The effects of CO2 captured by oxygen-fuel combustion and Selexol absorption on the performance of the polygeneration system are studied in terms of both thermodynamic performance and cost assessment. Using the Aspen Plus simulator, the performance of the studied polygeneration systems are analyzed from the perspectives of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Compared with the reference system, the first law efficiency of the polygeneration system increased from 15.7% to 29.3%, with an investment increment of 17.9%. The investment incremental rates for CO2 capture by oxyfuel combustion and Selexol absorption are 15.1% and 16.7%, respectively. Energy penalty due to CO2 capture and compression is 0.61 MJ electricity/kg CO2, avoided in the oxygen-fuel method at a cost of $29.6/tonne CO2. However, energy penalty can reach 1.03 MJ product (electricity and methanol) per kg CO2, avoided in the Selexol absorption CO2 capture process at a cost of $46.0/tonne CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Systems aspects on new energy technologies in the pulp and paper industry
- Author
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Holmberg, Jonas M and Gustavsson, Leif
- Subjects
Other Environmental Engineering ,Annan naturresursteknik ,bioenergy ,black liquor gasification ,thermomechanical pulping ,energy efficiency ,climate change mitigation ,oil use reduction - Abstract
Concerns about energy security, energy prices, and the impact of energy use on the global climate have put focus on ways to reduce CO2 emissions and oil dependency. In this paper we examine consequences of new energy technologies in the pulp and paper industry and estimate the costs for achieving certain CO2 emissions and oil use reductions with different pulp mill technologies. Stand-alone production of electricity and transportation fuel from biomass is included to balance the systems compared, so that they produce the same CO2 emission and oil use reductions. The technologies considered are black liquor gasification (BLG) with electricity and motor fuels production in chemical pulp mills and increased energy efficiency in mechanical pulp mills. The entire production chain from the extraction of primary resources is included in the analysis. Changes in the production chain are assumed to affect energy production on the margin. The technology alternatives are evaluated with respect to five parameters: Net CO2 emission, oil use, primary energy use, biomass use and monetary cost. We find that BLG in chemical pulp mills is favourable compared to stand-alone production of fuels and electricity from biomass. If both CO2 emission reductions and oil use reductions are to be achieved, it is more efficient to implement BLG with motor fuels production and stand-alone electricity production from biomass, than to implement BLG with electricity production and stand-alone production of motor fuels. Increased energy efficiency in refining of thermomechanical pulp is found to achieve CO2 savings more efficiently than stand-alone production of electricity from biomass.
- Published
- 2007
8. 生物质精炼技术与制浆造纸的结合.
- Author
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陈丽卿
- Abstract
Copyright of Transactions of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Material Characterization and Analysis for Selection of Refractories Used in Black Liquor Gasification
- Author
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Meisner, Roberta [University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK) & Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)]
- Published
- 2010
10. Feasibility of Carbon Capture in Kraft Pulp Mills
- Subjects
chemical-looping combustion ,Finnish pulp and paper industry ,bio-CCS ,SDG 13 - Climate Action ,lignin separation ,SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy ,black liquor gasification ,oxy-fuel combustion ,oxy-enrichment ,fuel switch ,pre-calcination ,monoethanolamine ab-sorption - Abstract
The purpose of this thesis was to assess the feasibility of carbon capture in Finnish Kraft pulp mills. The feasibilities of thirteen different technology options were evaluated based on their technical maturity, capture potential and estimated break-even price for emission allowance including biogenic emissions. Also the role of pulp and paper in-dustry in climate change mitigation was discussed. The study was conducted by comparing oxy-fuel combustion cases modelled with Balas software and a fuel switch option calculated based on mass and energy balances with results from previous studies. The technical maturity was evaluated based on previous studies and existing commercial activity. The break-even prices from literature were recalculated under the same assumptions for investment costs, commodity costs and supporting policies. Two price estimates were calculated: one including supporting pol-icies and possibly available revenue and another excluding them. The capture potential was estimated using a reference mill scaled to the pulp production rate of 1200 ADt/d. Part of the technologies require large structural changes and were considered available only if the mill is rebuilt. Thus the capture potential in the reference mill was scaled up based on either the capture potential in mills to be rebuilt by 2030 or the capture poten-tial in all Finnish pulp mills. The relevant capture potential was calculated based on the production capacities and the estimated age distribution of the chemical recovery sec-tions in Finnish pulp mills. The results from this thesis were subjected to qualitative and numerical sensitivity analyses. Carbon capture in pulp mills seems feasible only if other revenues than CCS supporting policies are available. These revenues could include by-products like biofuels, higher energy efficiency or increased pulp production. The cases of lignin separation and black liquor gasification to transportation fuels were most cost efficient, but the capture poten-tials were limited to 1.45 Mt(CO2)/a and 0.82 Mt(CO2)/a, respectively. Small scale car-bon capture for utilization could be achieved with pre-calcination, as the break-even price was only around 4.5-7.3 /t(CO2). Large scale implementation of carbon capture in the Finnish pulp mills with monoethanolamine (MEA) absorption had a capture po-tential of up to 12 Mt(CO2)/a, but the break-even price was around 70-80 /t(CO2) ex-cluding transportation and storage costs. Moreover, barriers in transportation and stor-age and in the lack of incentives for bio-CCS remain. In addition to CCS, the pulp and paper industry could mitigate the climate change by increasing the amount of carbon based products, sustainable forestry practices and investments in forestation.
- Published
- 2016
11. Feasibility of Carbon Capture in Kraft Pulp Mills:Master's thesis
- Author
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Kouri, Sampo
- Subjects
chemical-looping combustion ,lignin separation ,oxy-fuel combustion ,oxy-enrichment ,pre-calcination ,monoethanolamine ab-sorption ,Finnish pulp and paper industry ,bio-CCS ,SDG 13 - Climate Action ,SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy ,black liquor gasification ,fuel switch - Abstract
The purpose of this thesis was to assess the feasibility of carbon capture in Finnish Kraft pulp mills. The feasibilities of thirteen different technology options were evaluated based on their technical maturity, capture potential and estimated break-even price for emission allowance including biogenic emissions. Also the role of pulp and paper in-dustry in climate change mitigation was discussed. The study was conducted by comparing oxy-fuel combustion cases modelled with Balas software and a fuel switch option calculated based on mass and energy balances with results from previous studies. The technical maturity was evaluated based on previous studies and existing commercial activity. The break-even prices from literature were recalculated under the same assumptions for investment costs, commodity costs and supporting policies. Two price estimates were calculated: one including supporting pol-icies and possibly available revenue and another excluding them. The capture potential was estimated using a reference mill scaled to the pulp production rate of 1200 ADt/d. Part of the technologies require large structural changes and were considered available only if the mill is rebuilt. Thus the capture potential in the reference mill was scaled up based on either the capture potential in mills to be rebuilt by 2030 or the capture poten-tial in all Finnish pulp mills. The relevant capture potential was calculated based on the production capacities and the estimated age distribution of the chemical recovery sec-tions in Finnish pulp mills. The results from this thesis were subjected to qualitative and numerical sensitivity analyses. Carbon capture in pulp mills seems feasible only if other revenues than CCS supporting policies are available. These revenues could include by-products like biofuels, higher energy efficiency or increased pulp production. The cases of lignin separation and black liquor gasification to transportation fuels were most cost efficient, but the capture poten-tials were limited to 1.45 Mt(CO2)/a and 0.82 Mt(CO2)/a, respectively. Small scale car-bon capture for utilization could be achieved with pre-calcination, as the break-even price was only around 4.5-7.3 /t(CO2). Large scale implementation of carbon capture in the Finnish pulp mills with monoethanolamine (MEA) absorption had a capture po-tential of up to 12 Mt(CO2)/a, but the break-even price was around 70-80 /t(CO2) ex-cluding transportation and storage costs. Moreover, barriers in transportation and stor-age and in the lack of incentives for bio-CCS remain. In addition to CCS, the pulp and paper industry could mitigate the climate change by increasing the amount of carbon based products, sustainable forestry practices and investments in forestation.
- Published
- 2016
12. Energy conversion performance of black liquor gasification to hydrogen production using direct causticization with CO2 capture.
- Author
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Naqvi, M., Yan, J., and Dahlquist, E.
- Subjects
- *
SULFATE waste liquor , *CARBON sequestration , *ENERGY conversion , *HYDROGEN production , *PAPER industry , *BIOMASS energy - Abstract
This paper estimates potential hydrogen production via dry black liquor gasification system with direct causticization integrated with a reference pulp mill. The advantage of using direct causticization is elimination of energy intensive lime kiln. Pressure swing adsorption is integrated in the carbon capture process for hydrogen upgrading. The energy conversion performance of the integrated system is compared with other bio-fuel alternatives and evaluated based on system performance indicators. The results indicated a significant hydrogen production potential (about 141 MW) with an energy ratio of about 0.74 from the reference black liquor capacity (about 243.5 MW) and extra biomass import (about 50 MW) to compensate total energy deficit. About 867,000 tonnes of CO 2 abatement per year is estimated i.e. combining CO 2 capture and CO 2 offset from hydrogen replacing motor gasoline. The hydrogen production offers a substantial motor fuel replacement especially in regions with large pulp and paper industry e.g. about 63% of domestic gasoline replacement in Sweden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Biorefineries in Kraft pulp mills for biofuels production: A critical review.
- Author
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Oliveira, Kátia D., Cademartori, Pedro H. G., Muniz, Graciela I. B., Luz‐Junior, Luiz F. L., and Ávila‐Neto, Cícero N.
- Subjects
SULFATE pulping process ,PULP mills ,SULFATE waste liquor ,BIOMASS energy ,BIOMASS liquefaction ,SYNTHESIS gas ,GASWORKS ,BURN care units - Abstract
Kraft pulp production generates residues and by‐products of significant importance to the mill. Solid residues from forestry activities are commonly used to generate steam in power boilers. In the recovery cycle, black liquor generates steam (and subsequently energy) by burning in the Tomlinson boiler, while white liquor is regenerated. Well‐developed alternative technologies can use these residues and by‐products to generate different types of biofuels. This review addresses the use of such technologies integrated with Kraft mills, in the concept of biorefineries, showing advantages, disadvantages, and successful examples. Solid residues from forestry can be used to produce bio‐oil through processes such as fast pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction. Bio‐oils are currently used for heating through combustion in commercial/industrial boilers, but greater appreciation occurs if used as biofuels, which is done through catalytic upgrading processes. Black liquor gasification generates synthesis gas, which can be burned for energy co‐generation, used to produce synthetic fuels, or as a hydrogenating agent for bio‐oil or crude tall oil catalytic upgrading. Kraft biorefineries are gradually being implemented, justifying efforts to improve existing and new biomass conversion technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Comparison of options for utilization of a potential steam surplus at kraft pulp mills-Economic performance and CO2 emissions.
- Author
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Jönsson, Johanna, Pettersson, Karin, Berntsson, Thore, and Harvey, Simon
- Subjects
STEAM ,SULFATE pulping process ,PULP mills ,ELECTRIC power production ,CARBON dioxide ,CARBON sequestration ,BIOMASS energy - Abstract
SUMMARY This paper compares different energy-related investment options that can be implemented in a kraft pulp mill with a potential steam surplus. The options investigated include lignin extraction, electricity production, capturing of CO
2 and black liquor gasification with production of electricity or biofuels, here DME. The investment options are compared with respect to annual net profit and global CO2 emissions for different future energy market scenarios. A further analysis of how different parameters such as policy instruments and investment costs affect the different technologies also is included. The results show that, generally, for reasonable levels of biofuel support, the best economic performance among the studied technologies is achieved by extraction of lignin valued as oil. However, if the level of support for biofuels is high, black liquor gasification with DME production generally has the best economic performance among the studied options. All the investment options investigated decrease global CO2 emissions significantly. Capturing and storing CO2 from the recovery boiler flue gases result in the highest CO2 emissions reduction and also is an economically attractive option in scenarios with a high CO2 emissions charge. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Synthetic gas production from dry black liquor gasification process using direct causticization with CO2 capture
- Author
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Naqvi, Muhammad, Yan, Jinyue, and Dahlquist, Erik
- Subjects
- *
SULFATE waste liquor , *CARBON dioxide , *SYNTHETIC natural gas , *EMISSIONS (Air pollution) , *OXYGEN , *CIRCULATING fluidized bed combustion , *PULP mills , *BOILERS - Abstract
Abstract: Synthetic natural gas (SNG) production from dry black liquor gasification (DBLG) system is an attractive option to reduce CO2 emissions replacing natural gas. This article evaluates the energy conversion performance of SNG production from oxygen blown circulating fluidized bed (CFB) black liquor gasification process with direct causticization by investigating system integration with a reference pulp mill producing 1000 air dried tonnes (ADt) of pulp per day. The direct causticization process eliminates use of energy intensive lime kiln that is a main component required in the conventional black liquor recovery cycle with the recovery boiler. The paper has estimated SNG production potential, the process energy ratio of black liquor (BL) conversion to SNG, and quantified the potential CO2 abatement. Based on reference pulp mill capacity, the results indicate a large potential of SNG production (about 162MW) from black liquor but at a cost of additional biomass import (36.7MW) to compensate the total energy deficit. The process shows cold gas energy efficiency of about 58% considering black liquor and biomass import as major energy inputs. About 700ktonnes per year of CO2 abatement i.e. both possible CO2 capture and CO2 offset from bio-fuel use replacing natural gas, is estimated. Moreover, the SNG production offers a significant fuel replacement in transport sector especially in countries with large pulp and paper industry e.g. in Sweden, about 72% of motor gasoline and 40% of total motor fuel could be replaced. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Comparison of black liquor gasification with other pulping biorefinery concepts – Systems analysis of economic performance and CO2 emissions
- Author
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Pettersson, Karin and Harvey, Simon
- Subjects
- *
SULFATE waste liquor , *BIOMASS gasification , *PULPING , *PETROLEUM refineries , *CARBON sequestration , *ENERGY industries - Abstract
Abstract: Black liquor gasification (BLG) is being developed as an alternative technology for energy and chemical recovery in kraft pulp mills. This study compares BLG – with downstream production of DME (dimethyl ether) or electricity – with recovery boiler-based pulping biorefinery concepts for different types of mills. The comparison is based on profitability as well as CO2 emissions, using different future energy market scenarios. The possibility for carbon capture and storage (CCS) is considered. The results show that, if commercialised, BLG with DME production could be profitable for both market pulp mills and integrated pulp and paper mills in all energy market scenarios considered. Recovery boiler-based biorefinery concepts including extraction of lignin or solid biomass gasification with DME production could also be profitable for market and integrated mills, respectively. If the mill is located close to an infrastructure for CO2 collection and transportation, CCS significantly improves profitability in scenarios with a high CO2 emissions charge, for both combustion- and gasification-based systems. Concepts that include CCS generally show a large potential for reduction of global CO2 emissions. Few of the concepts without CCS achieve a significant reduction of CO2 emissions, especially for integrated mills. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. CO2 emission balances for different black liquor gasification biorefinery concepts for production of electricity or second-generation liquid biofuels
- Author
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Pettersson, Karin and Harvey, Simon
- Subjects
- *
CARBON dioxide mitigation , *SULFATE waste liquor , *ELECTRIC power production , *BIOMASS gasification , *LIQUID fuels , *PULP mills , *RENEWABLE energy sources , *ELECTRIC industries - Abstract
Abstract: Black liquor gasification (BLG) is currently being developed as an alternative technology for energy and chemical recovery at chemical pulp mills. This study examines how different assumptions regarding systems surrounding the pulp mill affect the CO2 emission balances for different BLG concepts. The syngas from the gasification process can be used for different applications; this study considers production of renewable motor fuels and electricity generation. Both a market pulp mill and an integrated pulp and paper mill are considered as host mill for the BLG plant. Furthermore, the consequences of limited availability of biomass are shown, i.e., increasing the use of biomass in a mill is not necessarily CO2-neutral. The results show that the potential to reduce CO2 emissions by introducing BLG is generally much higher for a market pulp mill than for an integrated pulp and paper mill. Electricity generation from the syngas is favoured when assuming high grid electricity CO2 emissions where as motor fuel production is favoured when assuming low grid electricity CO2 emissions. When considering the consequences of limited availability of biomass, the CO2 emission balances are strongly affected, in some cases changing the results from a decrease to an increase of the CO2 emissions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and oil use by DME (di-methyl ether) and FT (Fischer-Tropsch) diesel production in chemical pulp mills
- Author
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Joelsson, Jonas M. and Gustavsson, Leif
- Subjects
- *
GREENHOUSE gas mitigation , *METHYL ether , *FISCHER-Tropsch process , *TOTAL energy systems (On-site electric power production) , *DIESEL fuels industry , *PULP mills , *CARBON dioxide mitigation , *BIOMASS gasification - Abstract
Abstract: Using energy systems analysis, we examine the potential to reduce CO2 emissions and oil use by integrating motor biofuel production with pulp mills. BLG-DME (black liquor gasification with di-methyl ether production) is compared with solid biomass gasification with BIG-FT (solid biomass gasification with Fischer-Tropsch fuel production). The studied systems are expanded with stand-alone production of biomass-based electricity and motor fuel so that they yield the same functional unit in terms of motor fuel and electricity as well as pulp or paper product, in order to facilitate comparison. More motor biofuel can be produced in integration with the studied mills with BLG-DME than with BIG-FT because the black liquor flow is large compared with other fuel streams in the mill and the integration potential for BIG-FT is limited by the mill’s heat demand. When both systems are required to produce the same functional unit, the BLG-DME system achieves higher system efficiency and larger reductions in CO2 emissions and oil use per unit of biomass consumed. In general, integration of motor biofuel production with a pulp mill is more efficient than stand-alone motor biofuel production. Larger reductions in CO2 emissions or oil use can, however, be achieved if biomass replaces coal or oil in stationary applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Bio-refinery system in a pulp mill for methanol production with comparison of pressurized black liquor gasification and dry gasification using direct causticization
- Author
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Naqvi, Muhammad, Yan, Jinyue, and Dahlquist, Erik
- Subjects
- *
CHEMICAL processes , *PULP mills , *METHANOL , *SULFATE pulping process , *BIOMASS energy , *ELECTRIC power production , *CLIMATE change , *RENEWABLE energy sources , *CARBON dioxide , *CHEMICAL reduction - Abstract
Abstract: Black liquor gasification (BLG) for bio-fuel or electricity production at the modern pulp mills is a field in continuous evolution and the efforts are considerably driven by the climate change, fuel security, and renewable energy. This paper evaluates and compares two BLG systems for methanol production: (i) oxygen blown pressurized thermal BLG; and (ii) dry BLG with direct causticization, which have been regarded as the most potential technology candidates for the future deployment. A key objective is to assess integration possibilities of BLG technologies with the reference Kraft pulp mill producing 1000air dried tonnes (ADt) pulp/day replacing conventional recovery cycle. The study was performed to compare the systems’ performance in terms of potential methanol production, energy efficiency, and potential CO2 reductions. The results indicate larger potential of black liquor conversion to methanol from the pressurized BLG system (about 77million tonnes/year of methanol) than the dry BLG system (about 30million tonnes/year of methanol) utilizing identical amount of black liquor available worldwide (220million tDS/year). The potential CO2 emissions reduction from the transport sector is substantially higher in pressurized BLG system (117million tonnes/year CO2 reductions) as compared to dry BLG system (45million tonnes/year CO2 reductions). However, the dry BLG system with direct causticization shows better results when considering consequences of additional biomass import. In addition, comparison of methanol production via BLG with other bio-refinery products, e.g. hydrogen, dimethyl ether (DME) and bio-methane, has also been discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Experimental investigation of an industrial scale black liquor gasifier. 1. The effect of reactor operation parameters on product gas composition
- Author
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Carlsson, Per, Wiinikka, Henrik, Marklund, Magnus, Grönberg, Carola, Pettersson, Esbjörn, Lidman, Marcus, and Gebart, Rikard
- Subjects
- *
SULFATE waste liquor , *BIOMASS gasification , *HIGH temperatures , *BIOSYNTHESIS , *CLIMATE change , *EXPERIMENTAL design - Abstract
Abstract: A novel technology to mitigate the climate changes and improve energy security is Pressurized Entrained flow High Temperature Black Liquor Gasification (PEHT-BLG) in combination with an efficient fuel synthesis using the resulting syngas. In order to optimise the technology for use in a pulp and paper mill based biorefinery, it is of great importance to understand how the operational parameters of the gasifier affect the product gas composition. The present paper is based on experiments where gas samples were withdrawn from the hot part of a 3MW entrained flow pressurized black liquor gasifier of semi industrial scale using a high temperature gas sampling system. Specifically, the influence of process conditions on product gas composition (CO2, CO, H2, CH4, H2S, and COS) were examined by systematically varying the operational parameters: system pressure, oxygen to black liquor equivalence ratio, black liquor flow rate to pressure ratio and black liquor pre-heat temperature. Due to the harsh environment inside the gasification reactor, gas sampling is a challenging task. However, for the purpose of the current study, a specially designed high temperature gas sampling system was successfully developed and used. The results, obtained from two separate experimental campaigns, show that all of the investigated operational parameters have a significant influence on the product gas composition and present valuable information about to the process characteristics. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Bio-refinery system of DME or CH4 production from black liquor gasification in pulp mills
- Author
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Naqvi, M., Yan, J., and Fröling, M.
- Subjects
- *
METHYL ether , *METHANE industry , *SULFATE waste liquor , *BIOMASS gasification , *PULP mills , *COMPARATIVE studies , *ELIMINATION reactions , *EVAPORATION (Chemistry) - Abstract
Abstract: There is great interest in developing black liquor gasification technology over recent years for efficient recovery of bio-based residues in chemical pulp mills. Two potential technologies of producing dimethyl ether (DME) and methane (CH4) as alternative fuels from black liquor gasification integrated with the pulp mill have been studied and compared in this paper. System performance is evaluated based on: (i) comparison with the reference pulp mill, (ii) fuel to product efficiency (FTPE) and (iii) biofuel production potential (BPP). The comparison with the reference mill shows that black liquor to biofuel route will add a highly significant new revenue stream to the pulp industry. The results indicate a large potential of DME and CH4 production globally in terms of black liquor availability. BPP and FTPE of CH4 production is higher than DME due to more optimized integration with the pulping process and elimination of evaporation unit in the pulp mill. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. System analysis of dry black liquor gasification based synthetic gas production comparing oxygen and air blown gasification systems.
- Author
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Naqvi, Muhammad, Yan, Jinyue, and Dahlquist, Erik
- Subjects
- *
SULFATE waste liquor , *BIOMASS gasification , *SYNTHETIC natural gas , *ENERGY consumption of pulp mills , *CHEMICAL pulp mills , *AIR flow , *ELECTRICITY - Abstract
Abstract: The black liquor gasification based bio-fuel production at chemical pulp mill is an attractive option to replace conventional recovery boilers increasing system energy efficiency. The present paper studies circulating fluidized bed system with direct causticization using TiO2 for the gasification of the black liquor to the synthesis gas. The advantage of using direct causticization is the elimination of energy-intensive lime kiln which is an integral part of the conventional black liquor recovery system. The study evaluates the effects of gasifying medium i.e. oxygen or air, on the fluidized bed gasification system, the synthesis gas composition, and the downstream processes for the synthesis gas conversion to the synthetic natural gas (SNG). The results showed higher synthetic natural gas production potential with about 10% higher energy efficiency using oxygen blown gasification system than the air blown system. From the pulp mill integration perspective, the material and energy balance results in better integration of air blown system than the oxygen blown system, e.g. less steam required to be generated in the power boiler, less electricity import, and less additional biomass requirement. However, the air blown system still requires a significant amount of energy in terms of the synthesis gas handling and gas upgrading using the nitrogen rejection system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Spatially Resolved Measurements of Gas Composition in a Pressurised Black Liquor Gasifier.
- Author
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Carlsson, Per, Gebart, Rikard, Grönberg, Carola, Marklund, Magnus, Risberg, Mikael, Wiinikka, Henrik, and Öhrman, Olov
- Subjects
BIOMASS gasification ,SULFATE waste liquor ,SYNTHESIS gas ,RENEWABLE energy sources ,SULFATE pulping process by-products ,WOOD pulp industries & the environment ,BIOLOGICAL nutrient removal ,RESEARCH methodology ,AIMS & objectives of measurement ,HIGH-speed photography - Abstract
The article discusses black liquor gasification which is a process for recovering the energy and chemicals in black liquor produced from the Kraft pulping process. The process, which can be combined with catalytic conversion of synthesis gas (syngas) into motor fuels, holds potential for the production of motor fuel from black liquor. The article focuses on the results obtained by spatially resolved measurements of the composition of gas in the DP-1 gasifier, which is a pressurized black liquor gasifier that contains a water cooled quench probe, in Sweden. Results from several detailed experiments using high-speed photography of black liquor sprays are also discussed in-depth.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Comparison of pulp-mill-integrated hydrogen production from gasified black liquor with stand-alone production from gasified biomass
- Author
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Andersson, E. and Harvey, S.
- Subjects
- *
BIOMASS production , *SULFATE waste liquor , *HYDROGEN , *SULFATE pulping process - Abstract
Abstract: When gasified black liquor is used for hydrogen production, significant amounts of biomass must be imported. This paper compares two alternative options for producing hydrogen from biomass: (A) pulp-mill-integrated hydrogen production from gasified back liquor; and (B) stand-alone production of hydrogen from gasified biomass. The comparison assumes that the same amount of biomass that is imported in Alternative A is supplied to a stand-alone hydrogen production plant and that the gasified black liquor in Alternative B is used in a black liquor gasification combined cycle (BLGCC) CHP unit. The comparison is based upon equal amounts of black liquor fed to the gasifier, and identical steam and power requirements for the pulp mill. The two systems are compared on the basis of total CO2 emission consequences, based upon different assumptions for the reference energy system that reflect different societal CO2 emissions reduction target levels. Ambitions targets are expected to lead to a more CO2–lean reference energy system, in which case hydrogen production from gasified black liquor (Alternative A) is best from a CO2 emissions’ perspective, whereas with high CO2 emissions associated with electricity production, hydrogen from gasified biomass and electricity from gasified black liquor (Alternative B) is preferable. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Analysing performance of bio-refinery systems by integrating black liquor gasification with chemical pulp mills
- Author
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Naqvi, Muhammad Raza
- Subjects
Energiteknik ,Bio-refinery ,Bio-fuel ,Black liquor gasification ,Integration ,CO2 ,Energy Engineering ,Biomass ,Synthesis gas ,Conversion efficiency ,Pulp mill - Abstract
Mitigation of climate change and energy security are major driving forces for increased biomass utilization. The pulp and paper industry consumes a large proportion of the biomass worldwide including bark, wood residues, and black liquor. Due to the fact that modern mills have established infrastructure for handling and processing biomass, it is possible to lay foundation for future gasification based bio-refineries to poly-produce electricity, chemicals or bio-fuels together with pulp and paper products. There is a potential to export electricity or bio-fuels by improving energy systems of existing chemical pulp mills by integrating gasification technology. The present study investigates bio-fuel alternatives from the dry black liquor gasification (BLG) system with direct causticization and direct methane production from the catalytic hydrothermal gasification (CHG) system. The studied systems are compared with bio-fuel alternatives from the Chemrec BLG system and the improvements in the energy systems of the pulp mill are analyzed. The results are used to identify the efficient route based on system performance indicators e.g. material and energy balances to compare BLG systems and the conventional recovery boiler system, potential biofuel production together with biomass to biofuel conversion efficiency, energy ratios, potential CO2 mitigation combining on-site CO2 reduction using CO2 capture and potential CO2 offsets from biofuel use, and potential motor fuel replacement. The results showed that the dry BLG system for synthetic natural gas (SNG) production offers better integration opportunities with the chemical pulp mill in terms of overall material and energy balances. The biofuel production and conversion efficiency are higher in the CHG system than other studied configurations but at a cost of larger biomass import. The dry BLG system for SNG production achieved high biomass to biofuel efficiency and considerable biofuel production. The energy ratio is significant in the dry BLG (SNG) system with less biomass demand and considerable net steam production in the BLG island. The elimination of the lime kiln in the dry BLG systems resulted in reduced consequences of incremental biomass import and associated CO2 emissions. Hydrogen production in the dry BLG system showed the highest combined CO2 mitigation potential i.e. on-site CO2 capture potential and CO2 offset from biofuel replacing fossil fuel. The results also showed that the motor fuel replacement potential with SNG as compressed natural gas (CNG) replacing gasoline in the transport sector is significantly high in countries with large pulp industry. QC 20120528
- Published
- 2012
26. Gasoline‐Ethanol‐Methanol (GEM) Ternary Fuel Blend as an Alternative Passenger Car Fuel in Sweden
- Author
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Tsirakos, Sebastiaan Nikolas
- Subjects
Sweden ,Gasoline‐Ethanol‐Methanol (GEM) ternary blend ,Distribution Network Biofuels ,2nd generation Ethanol ,Forestry Residue Fermentation ,Biofuels ,Methanol ,Teknik och teknologier ,Black Liquor Gasification ,Engineering and Technology ,Bioenergy ,GEM fuel ,E85 Flexible Fuel Vehicles - Abstract
This paper discusses the potential of gasoline, ethanol and methanol ternary blend as an alternative passenger car fuel in Sweden. Sweden has set various targets aimed to reduce its GHG emissions and to increase the share of renewables in the transportation sector. Nevertheless, the majority of the energy consumed in the road transportation sector still comes from fossil fuels. In order to replace the energy supply of fossil fuels by more renewable fuels, the potential of alternative renewable fuels needs to be explored. Therefore, the potential of a domestically produced ternary blend of Gasoline‐Ethanol‐ Methanol (GEM) fuel blend is analysed in this report. In order to test whether it has the potential to become a successful alternative fuel, an analysis is performed on the: methanol and ethanol production potential from domestic second‐generation feedstocks, the selection of the most suitable production pathways of the biofuels, the potential for a Swedish GEM fuel distribution infrastructure, the economic competitiveness of GEM fuel, and lastly on the environmental impact of the shift from cars running on neat gasoline to GEM fuel. In order to perform the analysis, two scenarios are developed for projecting the share of the GEM cars(cars running on GEM fuel blends) in the Swedish passenger car fleet, considering a time horizon from 2017 to 2030. In Scenario 1, a high share of passenger cars running on GEM fuel is obtained with 22 percent by 2030. In Scenario 2, a low share of cars running on GEM fuel is obtained with 17 percent by 2030. In both scenarios, the passenger cars running on GEM fuel take over the share of cars running on gasoline. The scenarios serve to project the energy demand for GEM fuels. By 2030, the projected energy demand for GEM fuels is 9.7 and 7.5 TWh for Scenario 1 and Scenario 2, respectively. From the biofuel potential studies, it can be concluded that the production potential of the alcohol fuels, derived from currently untapped domestic secondary resources, exceeds the projected energy demand of 9.7 and 7.5 TWh in 2030. According to this thesis, the production potential of 2nd generation ethanol and methanol are 36 and 61.1 TWh, respectively, by 2030. Moreover, the study shows that the majority of the existing fuel distribution network of E85 and gasoline, which is forecasted to have a significant overcapacity in the same time‐span as the scenarios, can be utilized in a GEM fuel distribution network. As a consequence, no major investments are required to develop a Swedish GEM fuel distribution network. Regarding the selection of the biofuel production pathways, this study indicates the most suitable way of producing methanol is by black‐liquor gasification. Regarding second‐generation ethanol, this thesis indicates that the fermentation forestry residues is the most beneficial production pathway. The biofuel production pathways are selected based on the energy yield ratios, the biofuel production cost and biomass feedstock cost. Moreover, this study demonstrates that under the current Swedish policies, GEM fuels blends are economic competitive with gasoline and E85. In order to test the economic competitiveness, a pay‐off curve was developed based on the pump price of gasoline and fuel economy of GEM fuel blends. This study shows the pump prices of GEM fuel blends pay‐off in comparison to gasoline. This analysis indicates that the pump prices of GEM fuel blends lays between 0.87 and 0.92 euro per liter. Regarding the environmental impact, this study indicates that the amount of GHG emissions avoided varies between 10.1 and 13.3 million metric tons CO2eq in Scenario 1. In Scenario 2, the amount of GHG emissions that can be avoided varies between 8.6 and 11.3 million metric tons CO2eq. Moreover, this study indicates that high methanol containing GEM fuel blend are more favourable in terms of biomass utilization, and high ethanol containing GEM fuel blends are more favourable in terms of economy and GHG savings.
- Published
- 2017
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