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• With the help of SERS, urine can largely reflect the metabolic status of the body. • Co-analysis of supernatant and sediment makes the diagnosis more accurate. • The present results suggest high potential for SERS to detect BCa from urine. Metabolites present in urine reflect the current phenotype of the cancer state. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can be used in urine supernatant or sediment to largely reflect the metabolic status of the body. Materials & methods: SERS was performed to detect bladder cancer (BCa) and predict tumour grade from urine supernatant, which contains various system metabolites, as well as from urine sediment, which contains exfoliated tumour cells. Results & discussion: Upon combining the urinary supernatant and sediment results, the total diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of SERS were 100% and 98.85%, respectively, for high-grade tumours and 97.53% and 90.80%, respectively, for low-grade tumours. Conclusion: The present results suggest high potential for SERS to detect BCa from urine, especially when combining both urinary supernatant and sediment results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detecting cancers through testing biological fluids, namely, "liquid biopsy", is noninvasive and shows great promise in cancer diagnosis, surveillance and screening. Many metabolites that may reflect cancer specificity are concentrated in and excreted through urine. In this study, urine samples were collected from healthy subjects and patients with bladder or prostate cancer. By using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with silver nanoparticles, urine sample spectra from 500–1800 cm−1 were obtained. The spectra were classified by principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA). The results showed that the classification accuracy of the model for healthy individuals, bladder cancer patients and prostate cancer patients was 91.9%, and the classification accuracy of the test set was 89%, which indicated that SERS combined with the PCA-LDA diagnostic algorithm could be used as a classification and diagnostic tool to detect and distinguish bladder cancer and prostate cancer through testing urine. Unlabelled Image • Detecting cancers through testing biological fluids is noninvasive. • Raman spectroscopy is a fast and lossless analytical tool. • The spectra were classified by principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]