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This article investigates the factors that provoked the trial and death sentence of four witches in Bologna in 1559. That is, it aims to elucidate how a witch hunt (albeit a small one) was triggered in a context where demonology was present, but the persecution of witchcraft had been kept at a relatively moderate level (and continued to be so after that). Scholarly contributions on witchcraft and witch hunts are now innumerable, but in general, scholars have focused on the social relations between the alleged witches and the community in which they lived, on the theological culture of the judges, or even on the deep roots of the sabbath. An analysis of a series of trials for magical and superstitious practices held in Bologna shortly before the 1559 convictions reveals how it was possible to move from simple sorcery to actual witchcraft. This transition was accomplished both because of the malefic nature of some of the spells practiced by the defendants and because of the intervention of diocesan judges who, for various reasons, were more determined than their predecessors to prosecute witchcraft harshly. Although the link between simple superstition and witchcraft has already been explored to some extent, it emerges with particular clarity in these events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As acceleration toward the transition to a carbon-neutral energy production becomes an urgent imperative, universities are called to play a multifaceted role: to produce knowledge and cutting-edge research for the pursuit of energy transition; to transform infrastructures to promote circular economy practices and a more sustainable use of their building stock; and to promote energy citizenship through formal and informal education. The authors aim to move from these considerations to critically present some actions and programs in education, research, and campus operations in which the University of Bologna is engaged. The first part presents an overview of the role of universities in this transition, with a focus on the UI GreenMetric international standard for assessing the different dimensions of sustainability. In the core section, an empirical focus is provided on Bologna and its Cesena campus through three directions: the University's multicampus sustainable strategy (campus operations), the relevant research–action projects on energy justice and the energy transition (research), and the EN-ACTION project to foster energy citizenship and behavioral change in students and citizens (education). This study concludes that the comprehensive approach of the University of Bologna in integrating sustainability into its operations, education, and research while fostering student engagement in energy citizenship, provides a replicable model for other institutions. It highlights the need for consistent and ongoing support to ensure the long-term impact and effectiveness of sustainability initiatives. The integration of social components and engagement with civil society is crucial for fostering a collective behavioral shift toward low-carbon systems, which can be further supported by interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the Fascist Colonial Institute (ICF) of Bologna as a local space in which fascist ideals of empire, gender and class collided and were reproduced. Founded shortly before Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935, the ICF served to transmit colonial consciousness to the Italian people, and, most especially, to young middle-class women. Analysis of the local Bolognese ICF, however, reveals a more complex reality. Courses designed to create fascist imperialists out of middle-class women and forge a ruling settler class for the colonies evidence that the institute used the empire as a tool to shore up gender norms in fascist Italy. The author argues that an unintended outcome of these courses was that the ICF became a space of limited freedom and of social and professional mobility for its young women participants. In addition to learning transgressive skills, these women took advantage of their affiliation with the institute, using it as a springboard for further employment opportunities. The paper is based on a rich collection of sources from the Bolognese branch of the ICF, held in the Museo Civico del Risorgimento di Bologna in the Archivio dell'Istituto Fascista dell'Africa Italiana – Sezione di Bologna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying qualitative methods, this paper examines the burgeoning of quality assurance databases, processes and networks of actors in the field of higher education in Europe. Our main argument is that there has been a move from the Bologna Process being the near singular focus for European-level coordination and harmonisation of higher education, towards the making of a much more diverse and complex quality assurance and evaluation infrastructure. This infrastructure involves a range of distinct but interdependent actors and processes and contains explicit and implicit interlinkages with the production of wider policy agendas, such as the rise of the European Education Area. The aim of this paper is to analyse the growth and complexity of Quality Assurance (QA) in higher education (HE) in Europe, as a way of understanding the multifaceted and continuously developing process of Europeanisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass makes a substantial contribution to Italy’s renewable energy mix. In 2018, 19,235 GWh of energy were created, continuing a trend that began three years earlier. Italy’s demand for biofuel is expected to reach 2.8 million tonnes of oil equivalent by 2025 and remain constant until 2040. Biomass combustion frequently generates high temperatures (900–1000 °C), which justifies the construction of high-temperature heat recovery units such as steam Rankine or supercritical carbondioxide (SCO2) cycles. However, these methods are only economically practical on a medium to large scale. Small-scale units have high component costs because of the high specific volume of steam, while high turbomachinery costs mostly hamper small sCO2 systems. So, another alternative way is to use an organic Rankine cycle (ORC). This study uses thermodynamic analysis to determine how much power can be achieved in terms of energy, exergy, economy and what impact on sustainability is achieved at the Bologna ORC plant. From the study results, it was found that the Bologna unit has a capacity of 150 kWe. When data was collected, the maximum power obtained was 85 kW at a temperature and pressure of 153 °C and 1.84 MPa, respectively. Biomass-ORC investment is economically competitive, with NPV and LCOE values of 238 kE and 0.93 E/kWh, respectively, and a simple payback period of 24 years for residents with yearly energy needs of 2000 h.

The essay addresses the issue of accessibility to heritage, starting from the analysis of educational practices proposed by museums and associations in the Bologna area and aimed at schools of all levels. In fact, from the study of the didactic and laboratory activities presented on the occasion of the Cosa abbiamo in Comune initiative (What we have in the Municipality) promoted, for several years, by the Municipality of Bologna, the article investigates the educational and training offers for an inclusive heritage education that foresee real and concrete connection between the diversity of heritages and people and in which the therapeutic value of cultural heritage is effectively made understandable. The survey results show that heritage education in schools and museums proves to be an important aspect of identity cohesion, also attested by international initiatives that involve the entire community and which have taken place in the area for over seventeen years, including events such as the "International Festival of History".

This proposal is based on the need to make future teachers more aware of the teaching of heritage from a relational approach based on the links and emotions woven with their territory, shaped by the richness of its places and traditions that bring people together and generate a common Bolognese identity. Heritage is particularly vulnerable to socio-cultural changes, to tourist overcrowding or to uncivic actions if we do not work on the value given to it by the people and their collective memory. Consequently, a specific transmission and training action is necessary to promote its valuation, care and, therefore, its survival and safeguarding. This proposal has been implemented in the Laurea Magistrale a Ciclo Unico in Scienze della formazione primaria of the University of Bologna and has resulted in a greater awareness among students of the important presence of heritage education in the classroom, as well as the knowledge of multiple educational possibilities for the use of the environment.

In the last decades, tourism in urban areas has been constantly increasing. The need for short-term accommodations has been coupled with the emergence of internet-based services, which makes it easier to match demand (i.e., tourists) and supply (i.e., housing). As a new mass tourist destination, Bologna, Italy, has been experiencing tensions between tourists and long-, mid-, or short-term renters. The possibility of easy profits for lessees has led to an increase in such housing, which can be rented out either for touristic reasons or not. This paper aims to unveil the contribution of short-term rental accommodations in distorting the real estate market and conditioning social and economic inequalities. To do this, multiple linear regression analyses (MLR) were performed between accommodation density, real estate market information, and indicators about social, economic, and demographic vulnerability and fragility. Analyses were based on official open data and datasets from a major web-based hospitality exchange platform, i.e., Airbnb, able to provide information on registered accommodations, e.g., type, characteristics (e.g., number of bedrooms and average rating), and location. Outputs of the analyses reveal the role of Airbnb in both rental market and social, economic, and demographic vulnerability and fragility and, hence, can be a solid tool for public policies, both housing- and tourism-related.

The Bologna Process represents the most significant extensive reform of higher education in Europe. The particular aspects of the Bologna Process still incite critical evaluations as regards the successfulness of its implementation. The theoretical part of the paper analyzes the fundamental principles defined in the Bologna Declaration, requirements and critical views of the Bologna Process, as well as the relevant research conducted on this issue used for the comparative analysis. The introduction of the Bologna Process into the Serbian university education has initiated numerous changes, the increase of the student mobility being the most striking one. The empirical part of the paper focuses on the study of the following problem: the manner in which students of social sciences and humanities perceive the Bologna Process fifteen years after its implementation into the Serbian university education. Consequently, the subject matter of the research is the observation and description of students’ attitudes to this phenomenon with the purpose of acquiring relevant information “firsthand”. The achievable objective of the presented research reviews the context and condition of the Bologna Process during 2019/2020 academic year and its feasible improvements, which can contribute to comparative study of similar researches in the time of the pandemics. The specific research tasks include the study of the Bologna requirements, attitudes to the Bologna Process, benefits and restrictions of this reform, and particularly the attempt to suggest the improvement of the Bologna Process realization from the perspective of students of social sciences and humanities. The research sample consisted of the Bachelor students of social sciences and humanities from the Faculty of Philosophy in Niš (N=150). The survey technique and the scaling technique with a rating scale questionnaire were used (BOL-JM-JOZ). The questionnaire had five closed-ended questions, while the Likert scale was comprised of 23 items. The test of the instrument consistency proved its reliability. The obtained results were shown by the chi square test, which proved a statistically significant difference in the respondents’ answers as regards the year of study, p

This article aims to present aspects of the historical, social, and educational experience of the city of Bologna, in the Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy. From the recovery of its history and its organization, mainly after the Second World War, which favored democratic participation and decentralized management, the proposal of Educating City is presented. This is a qualitative study with document analysis and theoretical review. The conclusion is that the city's social context is propitious to democratic discussion and influences discussions about its definition as an Educating City, with projects and events in educational, cultural, and social training networks. By recognizing itself as an Educating City, it reaffirms its tradition as a place of social participation, important for thinking about the urban space for children and possibilities for effective participation in discussions of themes that affect them in their daily lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper addresses the deep renovation and enhancement of energy efficiency in existing urban areas, aiming to transform them into zero energy districts, utilizing renewable sources. This transformative process is essential to align with contemporary models for new buildings and to elevate existing structures to meet environmental housing standards mandated by current regulations. The proposed densification strategy is motivated by the necessity to augment the real estate value and enhance the architectural and performance quality of the existing building stock, all while minimizing additional land occupation. Its efficacy has been rigorously tested and demonstrated within the European Horizon 2020 project "ABRACADABRA". The key actions advocated for in this approach revolve around the incorporation of renewable energies, volumetric expansion, and completion volumes (urban infill), within the Positive Energy District. The validation of this process occurs on a district scale in a social housing urban block located in Bologna (Italy), with currently poor environmental performance. A multi-criteria analysis was employed to examine the architectural, climatic, and energy context. The meta-design phase successfully attained the energy and economic targets set by the project and by local and European regulations settings, offering an optimized design solutions for reshaping the built environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The whole development of the Italian commons implied since the early stages some kind of dialogue between communities of activists who have at heart the future of public property and local administrations experimenting with varied forms of dialogue with citizens. As elsewhere, the Italian commons movements do not come out of nowhere. They are instead deeply rooted in a context and history of civic and political activism within social movements and the third sector. Also dialog with institutions take place in the wake of a highly institutionalized tradition of interactions between state and civil society, which in Italy dates back to the early 1980s. Through two case studies – in Bologna and Naples – the paper shows two different ways of conceiving the commons. The first on the outcomes of the convergence between public administrations and commons movements in terms of services delivered, the second on the political process through which the commons is realised.

Este artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar aspectos da experiência histórica, social e educadora da cidade de Bologna, da Região da Emilia-Romagna, na Itália. A partir do resgate de sua história e de sua organização que privilegiou, principalmente após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, a participação democrática e uma gestão descentralizada, a proposta de Cidade Educadora é apresentada. Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem qualitativa com análise documental e revisão teórica. A conclusão é de que o contexto social da cidade é propício para discussão democrática e influencia as discussões sobre sua definição como Cidade Educadora, com projetos e eventos em redes de formação educacional, cultural e social. Ao se reconhecer como Cidade Educadora, ela reafirma sua tradição como local de participação social, importante para pensar o espaço urbano para as crianças e as possibilidades de participação efetiva nas discussões dos temas que as afetam em seu cotidiano.

Il rapporto tra l’architetto veronese Bernardino Brugnoli e Andrea Palladio può essere configurato considerando alcune comuni vicissitudini su cantieri veronesi ed emiliani. In particolare, i due architetti nel settimo decennio del Cinquecento ebbero incarichi simili, furono chiamati talvolta dagli stessi committenti e impiegarono spesso le stesse maestranze. Attraverso un’indagine sulle fonti e su inediti documenti d’archivio il saggio mira a mettere in luce il rapporto tra i due architetti, divenuto particolarmente stretto dopo la morte di Michele Sanmicheli nel 1559, con particolare riguardo per il coevo contesto veronese, segnato da una riconfigurazione del ruolo di architetto. Dallo studio emerge un rapporto continuativo tra i due architetti e la versatilità di Bernardino Brugnoli, non solo architetto, ma anche ingegnere, perito idraulico e militare, cartografo.

La vicenda dell’epurazione dello storico veronese Luigi Simeoni (1875-1952), docente all’Università di Bologna tra il 1927 e il 1950, è nota nelle sue linee generali, con un primo allontanamento dall’insegnamento universitario (giugno 1945) e il successivo reintegro (marzo 1947). Non è però mai stata approfondita la posizione politica effettivamente assunta dallo storico, in particolare nel passaggio alla Repubblica Sociale Italiana. Il fascicolo personale di Luigi Simeoni del fondo del Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione permette di indagare sulla sua posizione verso il fascismo repubblichino. Dalla documentazione emergono in particolare due episodi risalenti al 1944 che illustrano una mutata condotta dello storico nei confronti del regime: la presa di posizione contro la revoca dell’insegnamento a Giovanni Natali, colpevole di non essersi iscritto al Partito Fascista Repubblicano, e il contributo dato nella distruzione dell’archivio della brigata bolognese di Giustizia e Libertà per proteggere due suoi collaboratori, inservienti della biblioteca universitaria. Complessivamente, emerge come l’adesione al regime da parte dello storico evolva in un progressivo distacco dal fascismo di Salò.

As acceleration toward the transition to a carbon-neutral energy production becomes an urgent imperative, universities are called to play a multifaceted role: to produce knowledge and cutting-edge research for the pursuit of energy transition; to transform infrastructures to promote circular economy practices and a more sustainable use of their building stock; and to promote energy citizenship through formal and informal education. The authors aim to move from these considerations to critically present some actions and programs in education, research, and campus operations in which the University of Bologna is engaged. The first part presents an overview of the role of universities in this transition, with a focus on the UI GreenMetric international standard for assessing the different dimensions of sustainability. In the core section, an empirical focus is provided on Bologna and its Cesena campus through three directions: the University’s multicampus sustainable strategy (campus operations), the relevant research–action projects on energy justice and the energy transition (research), and the EN-ACTION project to foster energy citizenship and behavioral change in students and citizens (education). This study concludes that the comprehensive approach of the University of Bologna in integrating sustainability into its operations, education, and research while fostering student engagement in energy citizenship, provides a replicable model for other institutions. It highlights the need for consistent and ongoing support to ensure the long-term impact and effectiveness of sustainability initiatives. The integration of social components and engagement with civil society is crucial for fostering a collective behavioral shift toward low-carbon systems, which can be further supported by interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research approaches.

Citizen and community-led initiatives have grown to tackle unmet social needs with alternative means than mainstream urban policies and planning. Over the years, the European city has become a field in which these civic, collective, social practices have consolidated, enabled by the fertile knowledge density of the urban environment. Several cities attempted to move from the management of the practices to one of political recognition. The city of Bologna is one of these, relying on its traditional attitude of working to fill the gap between the level of institutions and the one of civic instances, achieved with different degrees of success. Its administrative and urban planning process has led to recognize the city as a model in providing a fertile ground for the flourishing of innovative civic practices, some of which have been institutionalized over time, while others remain outside the political schemes. Delving into the narrative that has put forward Bologna as a model of good government, this contribution reflects on the trajectory that has shaped the city’s present capacity to enable spaces for dialogue, civic action, and co-planning with the constellation of urban practices in an analytical-evolutionary perspective that allows to trace its contextual and political configuration. The goal is to deconstruct and update Bologna’s narrative as a model, with a critical perspective on its development facing future urban challenges.

Costanzo Festa (ca. 1490–1545) and Jean Conseil (ca. 1498–1534) spent most of their life in the papal chapel and composed motets based on the same texts: 'Deus venerunt gentes’, probably written in response tothe sack of Rome in 1527, as well as 'Lumen ad revelationum / Nunc Dimittis’. The five-voice motet 'Dominator caelorum’ is ascribed both to Festa and to Conseil. Thus if 'Ecce advenit dominator’ was really composed by Costanzo Festa, a papal composer, and performed at the meeting between Charles V and Clement VII in Bologna, as Klaus Pietschmann persuasively demonstrates, could not 'Dominator caelorum’ have been Conseil’s small musical contribution to this event? If so, it may have been Conseil who composed 'Dominator caelorum’ to embellish the Bologna meeting as Festa did by composing 'Ecce advenit dominator’.

The current research work is based on an extended spatial analysis executed through the application of GIS, aiming at assessing the level of walkability in the city of Bologna (Italy). In particular, the research focused on walkability for children (aged between 5 to 13 years old), as they experience the city differently than adult pedestrians, since they are more vulnerable to road accidents and they need proper infrastructures to freely play outdoors and walk independently. The GIS analysis was based on a series of location-based data retrieved from different open source repositories and focused on the level of usefulness, comfort, safety, and attractiveness of Bologna for child pedestrians. The proposed Walkability for Children Index was aimed at identifying the neighborhoods characterized by the lowest level of pedestrian friendliness in relation to the childrens needs while walking. Results helped to identify and characterize a short list of suitable areas where to prioritize interventions focusing, for example, on guaranteeing the presence of relevant public services within a walkable distance of 15 minutes from place of residence and on the implementation of urban regeneration projects through the tactical urbanism approach.

We analysed the spatially explicit floristic information available in the herbarium of Ulisse Aldrovandi (1551–1586) to track floristic changes in the surroundings of Bologna across five centuries. Aldrovandi's data were compared with the Flora della Provincia di Bologna by Girolamo Cocconi (1883) and the Floristic Database of Emilia-Romagna (1965–2021). We explored potential variations in native range and life forms composition, and habitat affinity of the species in the three floras, also contrasting between native and alien species. Native species, mainly in terms of variations of hydro-hygrophytes, chamaephytes and therophytes, provide clear signals of human disturbance and habitat loss. Signals of climate change are provided by the high-mountain species, that were comparably rare between Aldrovandi and current flora and more represented in Cocconi, probably reflecting the effect of the Little Ice Age. Our findings also indicate the increasing importance of alien species from the Renaissance onwards. In this perspective, Aldrovandi's herbarium preserves the memory of the first signs of a radical transformation of the European flora and habitats. Finally, the study warns about the risk of dismissing herbaria and herbarium specimens collection, which would cause irreparable lacunas in our botanical memory, hindering our ability to predict biodiversity trajectories.

Our contribution discusses the practice of Panem et Circenses (Alessandra Ivul and Ludovico Pensato), an art collective whose work revolves around food and agriculture. After founding Panem et Circenses in Berlin, Ivul and Pensato opened an artist-run exhibition space devoted to food-based practices in Bologna. Since 2017, they have lived at Ca' Inua, a farm in Marzabotto, on the Bologna Apennines. Ivul and Pensato see their experimentation with regenerative and sustainable farming as a form of performance art, an embodiment of their engagement with philosophy and theory. Their work participates in discourses—with a range of variations that build on Indigenous sciences/knowledges, posthumanist and new materialist philosophies, and environmental arts and humanities—that recenter symbiosis, relationality, and human/more-than-human entanglements. Our methodological approach relies on critical, art historical, and visual studies tools and is informed by ethnographic observations on site as well as an interview with the artists published here. We begin to address the specificity of Panem et Circenses' relationship with the lands that they care for and locate their experience in the larger landscape of Art Farming practices. Panem et Circenses translate theoretical frameworks into everyday interactions, hands-on activities, community-building, and long-term planning for the ecology of Ca' Inua. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Garisenda Tower and the Asinelli Tower, also widely known as the Two Towers, are the best preserved and famous medieval towers in the city of Bologna (Northern Italy). Standing one close to the other, right in the heart of the city centre, the Two Towers are delicate remains of the old towered city, which counted more than 75 towers in the 12th century. The foundations of historic towers and the surrounding soil often hide major hazards for the long-term preservation of these heritage structures. The initial fundamental step to this aim is indeed a deep understanding of their original conception, foundations and subsoil. However, the idea that also such elements are an integral part of the overall structure, and thus subjected to the same conservation rules, is relatively new. The present paper outlines the investigation criteria applied to the soil-foundation systems of the Two Towers of Bologna and describes the authenticity of their characteristics, through the interpretation of new experimental data and the analysis of historical documents. A geotechnical perspective on this type of monuments turns out to be crucial in order to effectively understand the soil-structure interaction mechanisms, which govern their safety conditions over time. This study also aims to better understand the reasons why the Two Towers of Bologna, despite their numerous similarities, have reached completely different structural configurations. The methodology described to investigate this case study, which required the integration of several aspects, can be usefully applied to any historic tower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the likelihood of obtaining at least 1 euploid embryo for transfer in poor ovarian response (POR) diagnosed per Bologna and Patient-Oriented Strategies Encompassing IndividualizeD Oocyte Number (POSEIDON) criteria, and compare it between groups and with patients without POR. Retrospective cohort study. Women undergoing an ovarian stimulation cycle with intention to pursue preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy. Bologna criteria and the POSEIDON classification system were applied to characterize each stimulation cycle as POR or not. Cycles identified as POR by POSEIDON were subdivided into groups I, II, III, and IV as defined by this classification system. The proportion of cycles resulting in at least 1 euploid blastocyst. Other outcome measures included cycle yields (metaphase II oocytes, fertilized oocytes, blastocysts, and euploid blastocysts), and euploidy rate per embryo cohort. A total of 6,889 cycles were included, of which 3,653 (53.0%) were classified as POR per POSEIDON criteria: 1.5% (100/6,889) in group I, 3.2% (222/6,889) in II, 11.9% (817/6,889) in III, and 36.5% (2,514/6,889) in IV. Per Bologna criteria, 23.4% (1,612/6,889) of cycles were classified as POR. Group I had similar likelihood of obtaining at least 1 euploid embryo (97.0%; 95% confidence interval, 91.5%–99.2%) as cycles not deemed POR (91.9%; 95% confidence interval, 90.9%–2.8%), whereas this decreased significantly with each subsequent POSEIDON group (II: 77.9%, 72.0%–82.9%; III: 70.5%, 67.3%–73.5%; IV: 44.8%, 42.9%–46.7%) and those meeting Bologna criteria had the lowest rates (31.9%, 29.7%–34.3%). Cycle yields correlated with ovarian reserve testing results, whereas euploidy rates were associated with age. Although younger POSEIDON groups (I and III) have higher euploidy rates than older groups (II and IV), each incremental POSEIDON group poses a higher risk of having no euploid blastocysts; with POSEIDON I being no different from non-POSEIDON, and Bologna having the worst prognosis. Although ovarian reserve appears to have little impact on euploidy rates, it remains a key prognostic factor for having at least 1 euploid embryo available for transfer through its impact on oocyte yield. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide the odds ratio of this outcome depending on the degree of POR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the oldest scores of sacred music in the former Winiker's Music Library (Carl Winiker's Musikalien-Leih-Anstalt), whose surviving collection is now housed by the Moravian Library. The paper looks at some of its most valuable sheet music and explores nearly 200 manuscript and printed scores. Many of these can be traced to the well-known Leipzig conductor and composer Johann Gottfried Schicht (1753-1823), which is why the paper covers sheet music published or copied up to 1823, the date of Schicht's death. Besides the inventory of the scores, the paper offers an analysis of the repertoire as well as the provenance of all the identified copies. It draws on the surviving catalogues of Winiker's Library, the extant scores in the Moravian Library, and the auction catalogue of Schicht's collection after his death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the attributes and religious, social and political activities of local religious groups in three Italian cities across all religious traditions. This is the first application of Congregations Study methodology in Italy to analyze the social composition, structure and activities of religious communities. The research was conducted between 2020 and 2021 with a total number of 877 communities mapped in the cities of Bologna, Milan and Brescia, and their surroundings. All local religious groups in three cities and their surroundings were counted and one key informant per group was interviewed (N = 566) with a Congregations Study questionnaire. Based on the results of the interviews, we found that, during the last decade, the dynamics of growth of adults' and children's regular religious participation was distinct within the Muslim and Christian Orthodox communities. Social service for elderly, environmental programs and political activity were found to be promoted by the Catholic communities to a stronger degree, while activities linked to the support of migrants were endorsed stronger by Muslim and Orthodox groups. Moreover, this study assessed the theological, ethical and political orientation of religious communities, highlighting different trends across religious traditions. The article discusses various configurations of urban religious diversity by bringing similarities and contrasts between communities of dominant religious tradition and minority religions, thus questioning the applicability of City Congregations Study (CCS) methodology to the analysis of configurations of religious diversity in Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The church of the Santa Maria Annunziata in the village of Vedrana, near Bologna, is situated along the medieval road that connects Bologna with Ferrara, Padua, and Venice. Between 2008 and 2010, fragments of frescoes, dating from the second half of the 13th century, were uncovered in the church. In these frescoes, which originally adorned the upper parts of the central nave walls until the 18th-century reconstructions, decorative elements, busts of the apostles in the scene of the Last Supper, remnants of the figures of Christ and Judas, along with several soldiers in the Betrayal of Judas scene were identified. Early researchers noted that the frescoes exhibit a stronger influence from the Veneto region, particularly the Paduan culture, rather than the influences of the art of nearby Venice. However, these frescoes also display notable influences of Byzantine art from the region of the Balkan Peninsula, received directly or through Venice.

The article focuses on codex XXV held at the Biblioteca Capitolare di Vercelli, a partially illuminated copy of the early manuscript tradition of the Decretum Gratiani, originally titled as Concordia discordantium canonum, which became shortly after its composition in Bologna before the mid-twelfth century one among the main reference textbooks for studying and teaching canon law in theWestern MiddleAges.The codex inVercelli has been at the core of a complicate literature and well exemplifies the issues offered by the early illuminated manuscripts of the Decretum, especially those produced in Italy, particularly with regards to the creation place and the origin of the artists responsible for the illumination.

Starting from the case of Bologna, the present contribution aims at presenting in which accounting offices of the city, and to what extent, public money circulated between the end of the thirteenth century and the beginning of the fourteenth century. In fact, the study of two of the registers of the revisions of the accounts, from 1288 and 1310 respectively, has allowed us to reconstruct the administrative/accounting logic of the time and the political reasons for major changes.

The contribution analyzes the historical context in which is lowered the emperor Henry V’s diploma to Bologna (1116), which traditional historiography considers the act of legitimacy of the municipal autonomy of the city. While underlining the similarities with the acts of privilege of Salii emperors to the other cities of the Italy’s kingdom, the systematic reading of these diplomas immediately notes the differences in the diplomatic structure of “bolognese” document and allows us to hypothesize that it is only an informal and incomplete draft (how was convention) of the citizens to Henry on the basis of which the emperor’s chancellery should have drafted the solemn diploma. The signing of Irnerius iudex guaranted the regularity of the act and suggests it is possible a involvement of the great civilist at the drafting of bononienses desiderata. The diplomatic analysis of the preserved source – we must remember it is not the original act but an exemplum transcribed in cartulario of Bologna’s comune – allows us to affirm that the Henry’s act is not perfectum, reason why it is devoid of legal value.

In this article, we address the questions: How is the purpose of higher education constructed within policy texts from the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), England and Sweden? How does this position students in making the transition from Bachelor to Masters? We do this through analysis of two recent policy documents from each of the EHEA, England and Sweden, identifying key discourses including the meanings, oppositions, contradictions and logics that structure the texts. We look at what aspects of 'global policyspeak' are common across them, what are their particularities and how these are shaped by distinct histories. We argue that all the texts represent neoliberal policies in sharing an economic rationale for higher education and in individualising the benefits of university education. Students are, in their transition from Bachelor to Masters, expected to maximise their employability and their ability to contribute to the national and global knowledge economy. However, there are also differences between the policy documents, tensions within them and alternative discourses, such as a focus on dialogue and academic freedom that challenge the reduction of higher education to the economic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we aim to understand the implications of the structural changes of the Bologna process from a student perspective. We investigate how bachelor's degree students' in a post-Bologna era with three-year bachelor's degree and two-year master's degree units construct their post-bachelor's choice narratives in two different science degree programmes (chemistry and natural resources) at a Danish research-intensive university. We pay special attention to how science students' narrative repertoires and imagined futures interact with and set the scene for their choice narratives in specific disciplinary settings. We draw on theoretical ideas of science identities including 'narrative repertories' and 'imagined futures', combined with disciplinary cultures and institutional capital. The analysis draws on small-scale rich qualitative material including 12 narrative interviews and focus groups with 44 students, including reflective essays, drawings and word-cloud brainstorms. Results show that the post-bachelor's trajectory is a choice that students must relate themselves to in their identity negotiations. We document how students within the same faculty are presented with different narrative repertoires to construct and negotiate their choices from and as a result experience different choice processes and negotiations due to the different disciplinary settings they encounter. The implications for higher education institutions are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bologna process and the 3+2-degree structure presents students with several decision points in higher education, both which bachelor's programme to choose, and whether to continue beyond bachelor. Based on a small-scale survey containing both closed and open-ended questions, this paper studies reasons the students give for entering a master's programme. We compare students in Norway and Denmark who have entered a master's programme in educational studies. In both countries, students mention multiple reasons for choosing to enter the master's level, and reasons related to career and access to interesting jobs were most frequently mentioned. Additionally, academic motives and identity motives were mentioned. There are also differences between Norwegian and Danish students, but these differences are mainly linked to aspects of the transition. In Denmark, students who change institution when entering the master's level state different reasons, while in Norway, differences are related to whether students enter a master's programme directly or delayed. Further, differences in labour market structure also affects these transitions. These differences point to historical understandings of national status differences between degrees and institutions still being important, even if the implementation of the Bologna structure in the educational system should have led to a harmonisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Il mercato del cuoio rivestiva un ruolo di primo piano nelle città tardo-medievali. Attraverso lo studio degli acquisti di materie prime importate nella città di Bologna a inizio Trecento, questo contributo analizza in particolare il mercato di pellame, materiali concianti e calzature e il valore di questi oggetti. I prezzi dei materiali all’ingrosso sono stati individuati all’interno dei Memoriali, registri pubblici prodotti dal comune di Bologna dal 1265 al 1452. A partire da questi documenti l’articolo propone alcune riflessioni a proposito del valore di pelli, cuoio e calzature nell’ampio settore dell’abbigliamento, con particolare attenzione all’identità e al ruolo degli operatori coinvolti e alle tensioni che si creavano per il controllo del mercato all’ingrosso, che si manifestavano nelle politiche corporative e nelle dispute che le vedevano coinvolte. In conclusione, il contributo ricostruisce il percorso di formazione dei prezzi dell’industria del cuoio e della calzatura, per ragionare, attraverso la specifica lente dei prezzi e del valore, sugli elementi chiave del ciclo di produzio

I Libri Memoriali costituiscono una delle più ricche serie documentarie per la storia di Bologna, contenendo gran parte degli atti notarili rogati in città tra il 1265 e il Quattrocento inoltrato. Attraverso l’analisi di una selezione di documenti, questo breve contributo intende mettere in luce le potenzialità dei Libri Memoriali come fonte per la storia della produzione, dello scambio e del consumo dei tessuti e di altri oggetti dell’abbigliamento nella Bologna tardo medievale.

Si presenta il frutto di una ricerca sul valore economico delle vesti che circolavano a Bologna fra Due e Trecento indagate attraverso le denunce dei furti conservate presso il fondo dei Giudici ad maleficia dell’Archivio di Stato di Bologna. La storiografia ha evidenziato la funzione di succedanei del denaro dei capi di abbigliamento che entravano con facilità nel circuito dei beni impegnati, incrementando il mercato dell’usato. Parte delle vesti di seconda mano proveniva da furti. La scelta delle fonti di carattere giudiziario alla base di questa indagine si è rivelata in grado di restituire non solo descrizioni e valori economici ma anche informazioni sul traffico degli oggetti sottratti.

This article presents a dataset derived from a medieval archive inventory preserved in the State Archives of Bologna, the Liber seu memoriale of 1324. This source, resulting from the reorganization of an important portion of the archives of the ancient city commune, describes all the documents produced during the administrations of 54 different capitani del popolo, the foreign officers who, along with the podesta, governed the city, changing every six months. It offers a comprehensive view of the archival material produced by these officers from 1281 to 1308 and helps in understanding Italian city archives of the Middle Ages. The article delves into the 1324 inventory’s origin and structure, emphasizing its innovative system. Then it describes the methodology used to create a table in which individual items described in inventories are listed, along with other data provided by the identification of the descriptions with actual preserved registers. The resulting dataset, named Camera Populi 1324, includes detailed information on the archival units, the persons involved in their production, and the curie, the different teams of officers directed by every capitano. The dataset has been utilized for a critical edition of the Liber seu memoriale and a virtual reconstruction of the Popolo’s Archives. The reuses of this dataset span academic research, teaching, and broader applications, such as tracking specific individuals’ activities, reconstructing communal office contexts, and assessing the loss of medieval documentation over time. The simple and flexible dataset structure allows for adaptation to other medieval and premodern collections, enhancing its versatility for various archival history and research projects. Overall, this dataset provides a valuable resource for understanding medieval administrative practices and archival structures.

This paper addresses the deep renovation and enhancement of energy efficiency in existing urban areas, aiming to transform them into zero energy districts, utilizing renewable sources. This transformative process is essential to align with contemporary models for new buildings and to elevate existing structures to meet environmental housing standards mandated by current regulations. The proposed densification strategy is motivated by the necessity to augment the real estate value and enhance the architectural and performance quality of the existing building stock, all while minimizing additional land occupation. Its efficacy has been rigorously tested and demonstrated within the European Horizon 2020 project “ABRACADABRA”. The key actions advocated for in this approach revolve around the incorporation of renewable energies, volumetric expansion, and completion volumes (urban infill), within the Positive Energy District. The validation of this process occurs on a district scale in a social housing urban block located in Bologna (Italy), with currently poor environmental performance. A multi-criteria analysis was employed to examine the architectural, climatic, and energy context. The meta-design phase successfully attained the energy and economic targets set by the project and by local and European regulations settings, offering an optimized design solutions for reshaping the built environment.

Luigi Breventani (1847-1906), a distinguished scholar of Bolognese canon law, archeology and medieval topography, collected a series of drawings, mostly of architectural subjects, probably coming from the collection of Marcello Oretti (1714- 1787). Breventani attributed them to the architect Pietro Fiorini (Bologna, 1539-1629), but some sheets cannot be attributed to him, since the handwriting of notes and measures do not correspond. One of these sheets shows plan and cross section of a large chapel measured in Bolognese feet: a dimensional and formal analysis allows us to identify in it an unexecuted project for the Pepoli chapel in San Domenico in Bologna, under construction since 1551, merging Medieval and Renaissance elements, by the architect Antonio Morandi. In 1550, he had supplanted Vignola as master-builder of San Petronio’s Basilica. Probably, Filippo Pepoli, President of the Fabbriceria and belonging to one of the most influential families in the city, had first given the commission of the chapel to Vignola, later revoking it, for reasons of expediency, after his dismissal (1550). The chapel project, one of the few works dating back to the 1540s which can be attributed to Vignola, shows the successful fusion of ancient and modern sources, anticipating the research on ecclesiastical spaces with a central matrix that the architect was to develop later in Roman works.

The research discussed the new exhibition at the Archaeological Museum of Bologna, which was closed for 18 months due to maintenance work on the roof of the building. Despite the ongoing maintenance works. The exhibition was opened on the first floor after it was finished. The temporary exhibition was called “ The Archaeological Museum of Bologna and the Temporary Exhibition “ Family Portraits “ a Museum Facing Its Own History”, which was opened on February 19, 2018. This exhibition shows the personalities and collections the donated. Which influenced the history of Bologna city and established its archaeological museum. The staff of exhibition used special character methods, even if they were simple, but have their own art,. Which added fan and ease to the visitors, so the visitors acquaint not confine limit with the archaeological collections, but also on the photographs and history of important figures in the history of city and the country, each of them place with artifacts collection that donated to the museum, which was initially founded be collections donated by group of people. So the exhibition immortalizes these figures and presented the history of the Archaeological Museum of Bologna. The exhibition was not limited to persons with part of its collections, but the staff of museum also to divide the halls according to historical times. They gave each age a certain color, to be easy for visitor to know in any historical era look.

Chicken meat is recognized worldwide for its health benefits and its low cost, compared to pork, beef and lamb. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of variation in the proportions of water (15, 20 and 25 %), isolated soybean protein (1, 2 and 3 %) and potato starch (1.5, 2 and 2.5 %) in the elaboration of a chicken bologna, generating a product with acceptability compared to a commercial brand. For this, 30 different combinations were established according to the Box-Behnken type response surface design; the size of each experimental unit was 400 g and two repetitions per treatment were carried out to determine texture, color, and water activity. The data obtained were analyzed using a complete quadratic model, observing the optimal formulation with a desirability of 0.8350. The product was chemically characterized achieving a humidity of 67.97 %, protein of 21.16 %, fat of 23.13 %, and ash of 1 %. The elaborated product is presented as a reliable alternative to the consumer and to the laying hen processing industry, due to its high protein and mineral content and it did not show syneresis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]