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Bamboos (Bambusoideae, Poaceae) are multiple-purpose perennial grasses, which display a growing production chain in Brazil. One of the main bottlenecks is high-quality supplying of plantlets, then requiring efficient mass propagation methods, such as micropropagation. Contamination by microorganisms is recurrent in bamboo in vitro cultures, although some of those manifestations are considered endophytes harboring plant growth promotion potential. The isolation of endophytic bacteria from in vitro cultures of Dendrocalamus asper and Bambusa oldhamii was performed to assess their potential growth-promoting effect in co-cultivation with in vitro plants of Guadua chacoensis, an economically promising bamboo species. Among the total bacterial collection (32 isolates), all of them showed growth-promotion potential as indole compounds-producers. Sequences of 16S rRNA genes from eight selected isolates were newly generated, and the BLASTn similarity test recovered four bacterial genera (Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Serratia, and Atlantibacter) and six species. The co-cultivation experiment was carried out with three isolates selected based on their low- (Ba16), medium- (Ba03), and high-yield (Ba24) production of indole compounds, and Bayesian inferences strongly supported them as Bacillus subtilis, Serratia marcescens, and Brevibacillus parabrevis, respectively. The co-cultivation with three bacterial isolates, and their dilution levels, did not influence shoot or root growth and, however, did not cause apparent impairment for G. chacoensis in vitro cultures. Taken together, the isolation of endophytic microorganisms from field-growth bamboo clump and its co-cultivation with in vitro cultures of bamboos is possible, encouraging a continuous discovery and improvement of micropropagation techniques.

Although karyotype features are useful data for evolutionary studies, cytogenetic data in Bambusoideae are mainly based only on chromosome counts. The first comparative cytogenetic analysis of three Neotropical woody bamboo species - Guadua chacoensis, G. angustifolia and Chusquea tenella - was undertaken based on new and reviewed chromosome counts, CMA/DAPI double staining, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with 35S and 5S rDNA probes, and genome size estimation. The two species of Guadua were found to have 2n = 46 chromosomes, while the first record for C. tenella was 2n = 44. Only one pair of CMA+/DAPI- was detected on the terminal region of metacentric chromosomes in all three species. Likewise, one pair of 5S and 35S rDNA sites was detected in all three species, with the 35S rDNA sites always collocated with the CMA+ bands. Genome sizes ranged from 2C ≈ 3.99 pg for the species of Guadua, to 2C = 4.77 pg for C. tenella. Considering the Miocene origin of Neotropical woody bamboos, the observed karyotype stability suggests that the analyzed species are diploidized paleopolyploids. The results reveal the conservative cytomolecular organization of Neotropical woody bamboo karyotypes, which helps to improve our understanding of the evolution of this group.

Background: The present study combines morphological and anatomical studies, cell wall chemical composition analysis, as well as assessment of the nutritional value of Guadua chacoensis foliage leaves.; Results: Foliage leaves of G. chacoensis are a promising source of forage because: (a) as a native woody bamboo, it is adapted to and helps maintain environmental conditions in America; (b) leaf anatomical studies exhibit discontinuous sclerenchyma, scarcely developed, while pilose indumentum, silica cells, prickles and hooks are also scarce; (c) it has a high protein content, similar to that of Medicago sativa, while other nutritional parameters are similar to those of common forages; and (d) glucuronoarabinoxylan, the major extracted polysaccharide, has one-third of the 4-linked β-d-xylopyranosyl units of the backbone substituted mainly with α-l-arabinofuranose as single stubs or non-reducing end of short chains, but also 5-linked α-l-arabinofuranose units, terminal β-d-xylopyranose and d-galactopyranose units, as well as α-d-glucuronic acid residues and small amounts of its 4-O-methylated derivative.; Conclusion: These results constitute the first report on this species, and as culms are utilized in constructions and crafts, the remaining leaves, when used as forage, constitute a byproduct that allows an additional income opportunity. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.; © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Fusoid cells have been interpreted as cells or intercellular spaces, according to different authors. Here, structural and ultrastructural evidence is provided relative to the origin and changes experimented by chlorenchyma cells (“arm cells”) to differentiate into fusoid cells with large intercellular spaces between them. Performed studies and observations were made using Light and Transmission Electron Microscopy. Fusoid cells in Guadua species die but do not remain intact; instead, they uniformly collapse, delimiting conspicuous intercellular spaces which are bigger and different in shape from these cells. In transverse sections of mature and expanded bamboo leaf blades, usually seen in anatomical descriptions, the socalled “fusoid cells” are actually conspicuous intercellular gas spaces delimited by successive collapsed (and rarely not collapsed) fusoid cells. Also, we hypothesize possible relations or links between fusoid cell shape, structural function and apoplastic transport in bamboo leaves. Fil: Vega, Andrea Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente. Cátedra de Botánica Agrícola; Argentina Fil: Castro, María A.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentina Fil: Guerreiro, Carolina Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina

Guadua chacoensis (Poaceae) is a woody bamboo native from the Atlantic forest biome. Morphogenetic and physiological studies are scarce in bamboos, and tissue culture-based biotechnologies tools can be used to investigate ultrastructure and physiological processes as well as to mass-propagate specific genotypes. This study evaluated the effect of light and dark conditions on chloroplast biogenesis as well as in the endogenous levels of zeatin (Z), abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellic acid (GA4), and jasmonic acid (JA) during in vitro culture of G. chacoensis. An increase was observed, followed by a decrease in starch content in response to light treatment, and in contrast, in darkness, an accumulation of starch which is associated to amyloplast formation at day 30 was observed. No etioplast formation was observed even in the dark and this was associated with the presence of fully developed chloroplast at the beginning of the experiment. Z levels quantified showed distinct behavior, as in light, no difference in the levels was observed, except at day 10, and in darkness, the levels increased along the evaluation time. ABA, GA4, and JA biosynthesis increased along the time of evaluation in light condition. In contrast, in darkness, the levels remained unaltered, excepted for an increase in JA levels at day 10, suggesting a strong relationship between light and these phytohormone levels. Possible reasons why light’s presence and absence cause changes in chloroplast ultrastructure and hormone endogenous levels in in vitro cultivated culms of G. chacoensis are discussed. Keywords Bamboos · Micropropagation · Transmission electron microscopy · Plant physiology · Phytohormone Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-02T00:37:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Polesi2019ArticleChloroplastUltrastructureAndHo.pdf: 1356355 bytes, checksum: 25b47e78e8251e1ff16794227f651cc5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-01-10

Stilobezzia enigma, a new Neotropical species, is described and illustrated from larvae, pupae and adults. Larvae and pupae were collected from internodes of two bamboo species, Guadua chacoensis (Rojas) and Guadua trinii (Ness) Ness ex Rupr (Bambuseae) in Misiones province, Argentina, and were examined in the laboratory with a scanning electron microscope. The generic placement of S. enigma is somewhat uncertain but we provide cladistic evidence indicating that it is probably an autapomorphic member of Stilobezzia. Fil: Ronderos, Maria Marcela. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Entomología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Spinelli, Gustavo Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Borkent, Art. No especifica

The complete plastome sequencing is an efficient option for increasing phylogenetic resolution and evolutionary studies, as well as may greatly facilitate the use of plastid DNA markers in plant population genetic studies. Merostachys and Guadua stand out as the most common and the highest potential utilization bamboos indigenous of Brazil. Here, we sequenced the complete plastome sequences of the Brazilian Guadua chacoensis and Merostachys sp. to perform full plastome phylogeny and characterize the occurrence, type, and distribution of SRRs using 20 Bambuseae species. The determined plastome sequence of Merostachys sp. and G. chacoensis is 136,334 and 135,403 bp in size, respectively, with an identical gene content and typical quadripartite structure consisting of a pair of IRs separated by the LSC and SSC regions. The Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses produced phylogenomic trees identical in topology. These trees supported monophyly of Paleotropical and Neotropical Bamboos clades. The Neotropical bamboos segregated into three well-supported lineages, Chusqueinae, Guaduinae, and Arthrostylidiinae, with the last two forming a well-supported sister relationship. Paleotropical bamboos segregated into two well-supported lineages, Hickeliinae and Bambusinae + Melocanninae. We identified 141.8 cpSSR in Bambuseae plastomes and an inferior value (38.15) for plastome coding sequences. Among them, we identified 16 polymorphic SSR loci, with number of alleles varying from 3 to 10. These 16 polymorphic cpSSR loci in Bambuseae plastome can be assessed for the intraspecific level of polymorphism, leading to innovative highly sensitive phylogeographic and population genetics studies for this tribe.

Neotropical woody bamboos range from northern Mexico to southern Argentina and Chile. The most interesting aspect of bamboo biology is their flowering habit. The species that are the most intriguing are those that manifest a cyclic pattern of gregarious flowering after long vegetative periods. The flowering cycle has been described in very few species. The goal was to identify mass flowering events of woody bamboo species native to Argentina and neighboring areas, and to estimate the flowering cycle of each species. Sixteen species were surveyed: Chusquea culeou, C. deficiens, C. lorentziana, C. montana, C. quila, C. ramosissima, C. tenella, C. valdiviensis; Colanthelia rhizantha; Guadua chacoensis, G. paraguayana, G. trinii; Merostachys clausenii, M. multiramea, Rhipidocladum neumannii and R. racemiflorum. To reconstruct flowering dates, information from literature and herbarium collections was consulted and more than 990 records were gathered. Flowering cycles were estimated by recording the intervals between reported flowering events. Evidence of regular flowering cycles of ca. 30 years was found for most of the species considered. There is a remarkable concentration of flowering cycles about multiples of 15–16 years. Flowering synchrony among different species of woody bamboos was recorded for the first time in South America. Fil: Guerreiro, Carolina Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina

Guadua angustifolia Kunth is the largest and most economically important bamboo in the Western Hemisphere. It is the primary source of building material for urban and rural dwellings in many areas within its geographical range, especially in Colombia and Ecuador. Guadua aculeata Rupr. ex Fourn. from Central America and Bambusa (Guadua) chacoensis N. Rojas from Argentina and Paraguay are two closely related taxa that were often confused with or identified as G. angustifolia. These three taxa comprise the Guadua angustifolia complex

A new combination, Guadua chacoensis, is made. Based on morphological evidence, G. chacoensis appears closely allied to G. trinii. A detailed illustration of the species is included, and morphological descriptions and illustrations of the seedling and fruit are provided. Guadua was segregated from the genus Bambusa Schreber and described by Kunth (1822). Important diagnostic characters that distinguish this genus are triangular culm leaves in which the margins of the sheath and blade are usually contiguous, a distinctive band of short white hairs above and below the nodal line, synflorescences with 2to many-flowered pseudospikelets, a palea of firm texture with prominent wings emanating from the keels, and the presence of stomata and papillae on the adaxial surface of the leaf blades (Soderstrom & Ellis, 1987; Soderstrom & Londofio, 1987). Other characters useful in distinguishing among the species of the genus are the shape of culm and foliage leaf, the structure and shape of pseudospikelets, and the habit of the plant. Guadua occurs throughout tropical America, from Mexico to northern Argentina, and contains perhaps 30 species. Along with Guadua, four other genera are placed in the subtribe Guaduinae: Criciuma Soderstrom & Londoiio and Eremocaulon Soderstrom & Londoiio from Brazil, and Olmeca Soderstrom and Otatea (McClure & Smith) Calder6n & Soderstrom, from Mexico (Soderstrom & Ellis, 1987). Guadua chacoensis occurs in northern Argentina, southeastern Bolivia, and southern Paraguay and is one of the three southeasternmost species of the genus. It is frequently misidentified as G. angustifolia Kunth. The species was described in 1918 by the Argentinian botanist Nicolas Rojas Acosta as Bambusa chacoensis. A type specimen was not designated but the locality data (General Vedia, Depto. Bermejo, Prov. del Chaco-Argentina, and Ile de la Colonia Aquino, Rio Paraguay) and the common name "tacuara," distinguish it from two species that occur sympatrically, G. paraguayana Doell, "picanilla," and Guadua trinii (Nees) Ruprecht, "yatevo," "tacuaruzu," or "tacuara brava" (Nicora & Ruigolo, 1987; Young, 1985). McClure (1973), in his annotated checklist of species, included G. chacoensis under the heading of unresolved specific taxa. Young (1985) treated this species as one of two subspecies in the variable Guadua angustifolia Kunth complex and indicated a neotype. However, Young (1985) pointed out that "the two subspecies can be separated using a combination of vegetative and reproductive characters but since the morphological gap separating them is smaller than that separating most species in the subgenus, the taxa are considered here to be only subspecifically distinct." In this study, a comparison of floral and vegetative morphology among G. chacoensis, G. angustifolia, and G. trinii is presented. Based on complete material collected by Camilo Quarin, a botanist from the Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina, a detailed illustration of the habit of G. chacoensis and descriptions and illustrations of the seedling and fruit are provided. Guadua chacoensis (Rojas) Londofio & Peterson, comb. nov. Basionym: Bambusa chacoensis Rojas, Bull. Acad. Int. Geogr. Bot. 26: 157. 1918. TYPE: Argentina. Chaco: Departamento Bermejo, General Vedia, Riberas del Rio de Oro, 23 July 1974, Quarin et al. 2384 (neotype, designated here, CTES; isoneotypes, F, G not seen, MO, US). Figure 1. Woody, thorny bamboo. Rhizomes pachymorph. Culms 10-20 m tall, 8-15 cm diam., green, erect below and arching apically; internodes hollow; nodes solitary; bud solitary, covered by a prophyll, positioned 2-4 mm above the nodal line. Culm leaves NOVON 2: 41-47. 1992. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.163 on Sat, 19 Nov 2016 04:22:52 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms