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Chaetophora lobata is the type species of the polyphyletic genus Chaetophora. Clarification of its species identification, phylogenetic relationships, and plastome characteristics is helpful for ta...

Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi is an essential traditional oriental medicine with therapeutic effects. In this study, we assembled the complete chloroplast genome of P. lobata. The total genome size was 153,442 bp in length, containing a large single-copy (LSC) region of 84,162 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) of 17,998 bp, and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 25,641 bp, and possessing 35.41% GC content. In addition, the whole chloroplast genome encodes a total of 129 genes, including 84 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Phylogenetic tree analysis of 48 species in the family Papilionoideae of Leguminosae indicated that P. lobata was belong to Papilionoideae and closely related to the genus, Pachyrhizus, Vigna and Phaseolus.

Current usage of the name Ulva lactuca, the generitype of Ulva, remains uncertain. Genetic analyses were performed on the U. lactuca Linnaean holotype, the U. fasciata epitype, the U. fenestrata holotype, the U. lobata lectotype, and the U. stipitata lectotype. The U. lactuca holotype is nearly identical in rbcL sequence to the U. fasciata epitype, a warm temperate to tropical species, rather than the cold temperate species to which the name U. lactuca has generally been applied. We hypothesize that the holotype specimen of U. lactuca came from the Indo-Pacific rather than northern Europe. Our analyses indicate that U. fasciata and U. lobata are heterotypic synonyms of U. lactuca. Ulva fenestrata is the earliest name for northern hemisphere, cold temperate Atlantic and Pacific species, with U. stipitata a junior synonym. DNA sequences from type specimens provide an unequivocal method for applying names to Ulva species. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Epiphytic orchids are important components of the tropical and subtropical forests. In the epiphytic environment these are subjected to many stressful conditions, among which stand out intermittent rainfall or even drought. The strategies these orchids employ to survive and develop in such conditions are of great interest between researchers. In the present study we investigated some of the effects of water deficit on the physiology, biochemistry and morphology of protocorms of the epiphytic orchid Laelia lobate Lindl. The protocorm is a post-embryonic stage of the orchids, considered a simple and unique structure which is particularly unprotected but with a high ability to survive in a highly constrained environment. To mimic water shortage conditions, we used three different osmotic treatments adding polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 to a previously selected culture medium. It was observed that the decrease in water potential increased the survival of the protocorms, their photosynthetic activity, dry matter, and induced both a large accumulation of cuticle waxes as well as deep changes in the waxes composition. Moreover, it was also observed that L.lobata protocorms have stomata on the whole surface and present values of δ13 (-15 % ~ -14 %) which indicated that they putatively display crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). On the other hand, the osmotic treatments provoked a marked reduction in the protocorms growth, in total soluble sugars content, cell wall monosaccharides, polyols and other carbohydrates, which are thought to be accumulated to act as osmoprotectans. The data contributes to a better understanding of the effects of water shortage on the protocorms of L.lobata and some of the tolerance mechanisms they display to cope with such stressful condition, highlighting that some responses differed from what was expected according to literature As orquídeas epífitas são componentes importantes das florestas tropicais e subtropicais. No ambiente epifítico estas estão sujeitas a várias condições estressantes, dentre as quais destacam-se as chuvas intermitentes ou até a seca. As estratégias empregadas por estas orquídeas para sua sobrevivência e desenvolvimento nessas condições são de grande interesse entre os pesquisadores. No presente estudo, investigamos os efeitos do déficit hídrico na fisiologia, bioquímica e morfologia de protocormos da orquídea epífita Laelia lobata Lindl. O protocormo trata-se de um estágio pós-embrionário do desenvolvimento das orquídeas, considerado como estrutura peculiar e que a despeito da sua simplicidade estrutural apresenta uma elevada capacidade de sobrevivência em um ambiente altamente restritivo. Para imitar as condições experimentais de restrição hídrica, foram empregados três tratamentos osmóticos diferentes, obtidos por meio da adição de polietilenoglicol (PEG) 6000 a um meio de cultura previamente selecionado. Foi observada que a diminuição do potencial hídrico aumentou a sobrevivência dos protocormos, sua atividade fotossintética, matéria seca e induziu um grande acúmulo de ceras de cutícula, além de profundas alterações nos componentes destas. Também foi observado que os protocormos de L. lobata possuem estômatos em toda a superfície e apresentam valores de δ13 (-15 % ~ -14 %) o que putativamente indicaria um metabolismo ácido das crassuláceas (CAM). No entanto, foi observado que os tratamentos osmóticos causaram decréscimos no crescimento dos protocormos, assim como nos teores de açúcares solúveis totais, monossacarídeos da parede celular, polióis e outros carboidratos, sendo que estes normalmente são acumulados para atuarem como osmoprotetores. Os dados obtidos contribuem para uma melhor compreensão dos efeitos da escassez de água sobre os protocormos de L.lobata e alguns dos mecanismos de tolerância que eles exibem para lidar com essa condição estressante, destacando que algumas das respostas diferem das esperadas segundo a literatura

The genus Salispina was recently described for saprotrophic estuarine oomycetes with aculeolate or spiny sporangia. The genus currently contains three species, S. intermedia, S. lobata, and S. spinosa, the latter two previously included in Halophytophthora. During a survey of mangrove-inhabiting oomycetes in the Philippines, an isolate of Salispina (USTCMS 1611), was obtained from a decaying mangrove leaf. This isolate differed from other species in the genus in a unique combination of morphological and biological characters. Phylogenetic analysis revealed it to be the sister lineage of S. lobata. Consequently, the new species name S. hoi is introduced for the isolate. In addition, Salispina spp. grouped with Sapromyces of Rhipidiales with strong support, but differs from all other known genera of the order in the weak formation of hyphal constrictions, and absence of basal thalli and a holdfast network. The new family Salispinaceae is, therefore, described to accommodate Salispina in the order Rhipidiales.

The partially reticulate sculpture of Molaspora aspera sp. nov., a marsileaceous megaspore from a Cenomanian deposit in western France, distinguishes it from other species of Molaspora. An acrolamella entirely surrounds and obscures a small tetrad scar, a feature that has been demonstrated hitherto within members of the genus only in M. fibrosa. It was also encountered for the first time in M. lobata, with which the new species is associated in the same French mesofossil assemblage. The ultrastructure of the sporoderm of M. aspera is similar to that of M. lobata, but differs particularly in that the inner epispore is markedly thicker and may also contain numerous large, homogeneous spherules or, alternatively, holes of comparable dimensions and only a few small spherules. It is possible that these are a response to some hostile bacterial or other activity when the developing sporoderm was partially permeable. The cavity replacing part of the epispore in one of the specimens, and in the specimen of...

Pueraria montana var. lobata is a traditional Chinese herb with various medicinal purposes. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of the P. montana var. lobata was obtained by using Illumi...

Eriocoma valdesiisp. nov., is described and illustrated. The new species was found growing on calcareous rocky slopes and hillsides between 1700–2721 m in Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, and Tamaulipas. The new species is morphologically similar to Eriocoma lobata but differs in having ligules (2–) 4.5–8.5 mm long with acute to narrowly acute and lacerate apices and florets with a sharp-pointed callus. In addition, we include a key to the species of Eriocoma in northeastern México.

We describe a water fern spore assemblage from the Maastrichtian La Colonia Formation, Chubut Province, Patagonia, Argentina. The assemblage includes three species of Azolla (A. andreisii sp. nov., A. coloniensis, and A. sp. 1), two species of Azollopsis (A. intermedia and A. tomentosa), Crybelosporites pannuceus, Gabonisporis cristata, Ghoshispora sp., Grapnelispora loncochensis, two species of Molaspora (M. lobata and M. reticulata), and Paleoazolla patagonica. A. tomentosa, A. intermedia, G. cristata, and M. reticulata are recorded for the first time in the Southern Hemisphere. Ghoshispora sp. constitutes the southernmost record of the genus and its first mention for Argentina. In addition, the genus Azollopsis is emended to include megaspore apparatuses with more than one megaspore. This water fern spore assemblage is one of the most diverse so far known for South America and substantiates the significant radiation that aquatic ferns underwent worldwide at the end-Cretaceous. Furthermore, it also implies that the presence of widespread suitable paleoenvironments allowed the establishment and rapid evolution of these plant communities in Patagonia.

Starch granule analysis is commonly used to describe the incorporation of plants into past human diets. However, assigning starch granules to particular plant taxa can be problematic. Here we take a statistical approach to analyzing multiple diagnostic characteristics of starch granules from three species of oak, Quercus agrifolia (coast live oak), Q. douglasii (blue oak), Q. lobata (valley oak) and one species of wild rye (Elymus elymoides) that were collected and consumed by hunter-gatherers in California. Results show significant differences in maximum length and the presence of morphological features (e.g., lamellae, extinction cross, mesial longitudinal clefts, fissures, shape, hilum position, etc.), suggesting that taxonomic assignment of archaeological starch granules can be made with measurable degrees of confidence.

A species of scale insect new to Florida is potentially one of the most devastating pests of trees and shrubs in the state's history. The lobate lac scale, Paratachardina lobata lobata (Chamberlin) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Kerriidae), a scale insect native to India and Sri Lanka, was found for the first time in Florida in August 1999 by personnel of the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry (DPI) (Hamon 2001). This document is EENY-276, one of a series of the Department of Entomology, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Date printed: November 2002. Revised: May 2004. EENY-276/IN471: Lobate Lac Scale, Paratachardina lobata lobata (Chamberlin) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Kerriidae) (ufl.edu)

Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S. Almeida) is a weedy, fabaceous vine that is native to and widely distributed in Asia where it is used for various medicinal purposes such as treating convulsions and fever (2). In the United States, especially the southeastern states, kudzu has become a problematic invasive species that overgrows nearly every substrate on which it occurs. Thus, biological control strategies for controlling this vine are of great interest (4). From October to November 2004, a disease of kudzu was observed in Gwangju and Pyeongtaek in Gyeonggi Province, Korea. The disease appeared on leaves and stems as numerous, discrete, small galls, which enlarged, becoming yellowish orange and eventually erupting into orange, pulverulent sori. Galls were scattered or gregarious, amphigenous, predominately hypophyllous, and sometimes formed along veins as well as on petioles and stems. Sori that formed from galls were solitary but sometimes became confluent, 0.1 to 1 mm in diameter, globose to subglobose, and orange to dark orange; walls were hyaline and thin. Sporangia were copious in sori, typically polyhedral due to compression or globose, 16 to 32 μm in diameter, with smooth, hyaline walls and orange contents. Zoospores were not observed during several failed attempts to germinate sporangia. On the basis of morphological descriptions and keys (3), the fungus was identified as Synchytrium minutum (Pat.) Gäum. (Chytridiomycota), the only species of Synchytrium known to occur on Pueraria (1,3). Comparison with specimens from China and New Guinea (BPI 794733 and BPI 1109528) confirmed this identification. Portions of the nLSU and nSSU rDNA from one of the two Korean specimens deposited as voucher material in the U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI 880898 and BPI 880899) were sequenced (GenBank Accession Nos. HQ324138 and HQ324139), and a subsequent BLAST search against GenBank confirmed placement in the genus Synchytrium with 95% similarity to S. decipiens. S. minutum is widespread in Asia and Oceania and also has been reported from California (1,3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. minutum in Korea (1) and is noteworthy to those interested in biological control of kudzu because S. minutum may have potential in this regard. References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , September, 2010. (2) H. S. Jung. M.S. thesis. Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, 1997. (3) J. S. Karling. Synchytrium. Academic Press Inc., New York, NY, 1964. (4) M. A. Weaver et al. Biol. Control 50:150, 2009.

When alien plant species arrive in a new environment, they develop novel interactions with native biota that can range from negative to positive. Determining the nature and strength of these interactions is integral to understanding why some aliens are suppressed and others become highly invasive pests. For introduced terrestrial plants, seed and seedling interactions with native biota are crucial, because most nascent populations start from seed. Herein, we explored interactions between native generalist rodent and bird consumers and seeds of the invasive wild cucumber Echinocystis lobata by conducting seed-offering experiments in Poland. We also evaluated how interspecific competition from native plants and intraspecific competition from clustering of E. lobata seed (clustering resembling consumer seed caching) affected survival of seedlings and young plants. Native consumers interacted strongly with E. lobata seeds, with rodents removing 98% of seeds from ground locations and birds removing 24% of elevated seeds. Camera and live traps indicated that striped field mice Apodemus agrarius were the predominant rodent removing seeds. Camera traps and visual observations indicated that great tits Parus major and European jays Garrulus glandarius were the primary bird species removing elevated seeds. While some level of seed removal was likely attributable to seed predation, as indicated by seed coat remains, we also observed evidence that rodents may cache E. lobata seeds and Garrulus glandarius are known to cache and disperse seeds. Monitoring of seedlings indicated that increasing cover of native plants and clustering of E. lobata seedlings both reduced survival of seedlings and young plants due to inter- and intraspecific competition, respectively. Hence, caching by generalist consumers may disperse E. lobata seeds, which are heavy and lack dispersal adaptations, but such caching may also reduce individual seedling survival rates. Fully understanding invasion success of the E. lobata will require evaluating the net effects of generalist consumers on its recruitment and dispersal.

Pueraria lobata is a traditional Chinese herb which has been used medically since ancient times. In this study, we sequenced the complete chloroplast genome of P. lobata based on next-generation sequencing and used the data to assess genomic resources. The chloroplast genome of P. lobata is 153,411 bp in length consisting of large and small single-copy regions of length 84,142 and 17,989 bp, separated by two IR regions of 25,640 bp. The overall GC content was 35.4%. De novo assembly and annotation showed the presence of 112 unique genes with 78 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. A maximum-likelihood phylogenomic analysis showed that Pueraria was sister to Pediomelum + Glycine.

Faculty of Integrated Korean Medicine Bioscience, Semyung University, Jecheon 27136, KoreaAbstract - The ethnobotanical study was conducted to record and conserve the traditional knowledge of botanical taxa in Hallyeo-Haesang National Park area, S. Korea from 2012 to 2013. According to the survey results, derived from 1,430 sheets of 183 residents at 70 places, the ethnobotanical plants in Hallyeo-Haesang National Park area consisted of a total 247 taxa; 82 families, 197 genera, 224 species, 3 subspecies, 19 varieties and 1 form. The analysis of usage for 247 taxa showed that the edible use was the highest with 166 taxa, followed by medicinal with 138 taxa, craft with 27 taxa, material with 16 taxa and ritual with 9 taxa respectively. The leaf of plant was the most useful part, followed by stem and fruit plant. Quantitative analysis of the ethnobotanical plants in Hallyeo-Haesang National Park area was performed by the basic values of FC, NU and UR, and indices of CI, RFC, RI and CV. As a result, The CI places Artemisia princeps in the first position, followed by Pueraria lobata, Taraxacum platycarpum. The RFC place A. princeps in first position, followed by Achyranthes japonica, Aster scaber . The RI places A. princeps in the first position, followed by P. lobata , Pinus densiflora . The CV places A. princeps in the first position, followed by P. lobata , A. japonica . Farfugium japonicum had been used as specific ethnobotanical plant in this area, for arthralgia, postpartum arthrodynia, circulatory disturbance.

Dietary specialists tend to be less susceptible to the effects of chemical defenses produced by their prey compared to generalist predators that feed upon a broader range of prey species. While many researchers have investigated the ability of insects to detoxify dietary allelochemicals, little research has been conducted in marine ecosystems. We investigated metabolic detoxification pathways in three species of butterflyfishes: the hard coral specialist feeder, Chaetodon multicinctus, and two generalist feeders, Chaetodon auriga and Chaetodon kleinii. Each species was fed tissue homogenate of the hard coral Porites lobata or the feeding deterrent compound homarine (found in the coral extract), and the expression and catalytic activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A-like and CYP2-like enzymes were examined after one-week of treatment. The P. lobata homogenate significantly induced content and catalytic activity of CYP2-like and CYP3A-like forms, by 2-3 fold and by 3-9 fold, respectively, in C. multicinctus. Homarine caused a significant decrease of CYP2-like and CYP3A-like proteins at the high dose in C. kleinii and 60-80% mortality in that species. Homarine also induced CYP3A-like content by 3-fold and catalytic activity by 2-fold in C. auriga, while causing non-monotonic increases in CYP2-like and CYP3A-like catalytic activity in C. multicinctus. Our results indicate that dietary exposure to coral homogenates and the feeding deterrent constituent within these homogenates caused species-specific modulation of detoxification enzymes consistent with the prey selection strategies of generalist and specialist butterflyfishes.

Este trabajo tuvo por objeto caracterizar y analizar, comparativamente, la producción de biominerales en especies del género Gunnera presentes en Argentina (G. apiculata, G. lobata, G. magellanica y G. tinctoria). Se describe y analiza cualitativa y cuantitativamente los biominerales tanto cálcicos como silíceos, ubicados en sus tejidos. Se ha identificado elementos anatómicos foliares con validez taxonómica que permiten diferenciar los taxa a nivel de especie o grupo de especies, como ser, la forma de los extremos de los ejes, tamaño y número de los calciofitolitos; morfotipos silíceos predominantes. Los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de las biomineralizaciones pueden relacionarse con las características del hábitat donde crecen estas plantas, pudiendo ser útiles como herramientas para el estudio ambiental y/o de vegetaciones pasadas de esas regiones. This study aimed to characterize and analyze comparatively, the biominerals of species of the genus Gunnera from Argentina (G. apiculata, G. lobata, G. magellanica and G. tinctoria). It is described and analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively calcium biominerals as siliceous, located in the leaf tissues. We identified taxonomic validity anatomical elements that distinguish the taxa to species or group of species, such as the shape of the ends axis, the size and number the dominant calcium and silica phytoliths morphotypes. The results obtained in the study of biomineralizations may relate to the characteristics of the habitat where plants grow and may be useful as tools for environmental assessment and/or past vegetation in these regions. Fil: Acosta Ricci, Yamila Celeste. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Fernández Pepi, María Gabriela. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Arriaga, Mirta Olga. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina

Twenty one new species are added to the leafhopper genus Erythrogonia from South America. Sixteen species, acuminata, ancora, anisa, apicalis, bidigitata, bispinata, clavata, elongata, expanda, gorgonica, grandis, lateralis, lobata, retosa, rotunda, and undulata, from Colombia; two species, guianae and rara, from French Guiana; two species, boliviana and dirhachis, from Bolivia; and one species, peruviana, from Peru. A list of species with new country records, and a key to the species of this genus is also included.

Nineteen new species are added to the Genus Taperinha Linnavouri from South America. The new species are Taperinha nuda, T. trigona, T. angulata, T. hamata, T. media, T. ungulata, T. lobata, T. anisota, T. lapayensis, T. odonta from Colombia; T. retusa, T. zanolae from French Guiana; T. dozieri, T. longicornis from Ecuador; T. elongata from Suriname; T. stypa from Venezuela; and T. bulba, T. stenostyla, T. peruviana from Peru. A key to the species known from Colombia is included.

Chromolaena odorata is a widespread exotic weed in southern China and other regions of the world. To better understand its invasive strategies, we compared leaf pigment contents and gas-exchange traits of the invader with its two coexisting species (native Urena lobata and invasive Bidens pilosa) under combined conditions of irradiance (full, medium, and low) and nitrogen (full, medium, and low) supplies. The chlorophyll (Chl) a+b content of U. lobata was the highest and the Chl a/b ratio of C. odorata was the lowest among the three weed species. In most treatments, leaf pigment, light-saturated photosynthetic rate (P max), and light saturation point (LSP) of all the species increased, while their Chl a/b ratios decreased with the increasing nitrogen. The P max and LSP of U. lobata were greater than those of the coexisting weeds under full irradiance (FI), but significantly declined with the decreasing irradiance. The invasive weeds, especially C. odorata, showed lower P max and LSP under FI, but they showed slight decrease under low irradiance. Compared to U. lobata, C. odorata exhibited the lower light compensation point (LCP) in most treatments, higher LSP under low and medium irradiance, and lower dark respiration rate under FI. In addition, all the three species showed similar responses to different irradiance and nitrogen conditions, mean phenotypic plasticity index (MPPI) of most photosynthetic variables of the two invasive species was lower than that of U. lobata. These results suggested that C. odorata behaved as a facultative shadetolerant weed, being able to grow in moderately sheltered environments; the lower MPPI might be one of the important competitive strategies during its invasion. However, its invasion should be limited to some very shady habitats. In the field, control should be mainly directed against populations growing in the open or nutrient-rich habitats, where its expansion speed could be much faster. Deep shade by intact canopies or luxuriant forests might be an effective barrier against its invasion.

The objective of the present study is to estimate the removal capability of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora, Lobata) on cultures of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (Dinophyta, Gonyaulacales). For this purpose, observations on its clearance and survival rates were made in controlled experiments, using different A. tamarense cell concentrations. Mnemiopsis leidyi is able to remove dinoflagellates actively from the water column only at the lowest density tested (150 cells mL-1). Animals exposed to 300 cells mL-1 presented negative clearance and removal rates (survival= 67%). All ctenophores exposed at the highest concentrations of toxic dinoflagellates (600 cells mL-1) died after 4 h. Removal may occur mainly by incorporating and entangling cells in the mucus strands formed by the ctenophore, and in a lesser way by ingestion. Results indicate that higher concentrations of A. tamarense are fatally toxic to M. leidyi and that this ctenophore could control only the initial development of this dinoflagellate bloom. Fil: Bolasina, Sergio Nestor. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Pesquero; Argentina. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Benavidez, Hugo. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Pesquero; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Argentina Fil: Montoya, Nora Gladys. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Pesquero; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Argentina Fil: Carreto Iraurgui, Jose Ignacio. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Pesquero; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Argentina Fil: Acha, Eduardo Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Subsede Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero; Argentina Fil: Mianzan, Hermes Walter. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Subsede Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero; Argentina

1. Plants from different populations often display a variation in herbivore resistance. However, it is rarely understood what plant traits mediate such differences. 2. It was tested how leaf phenology affects herbivore populations in a 15-year-old common garden of valley oaks (Quercus lobata Nee) with different populations and maternal parents from throughout the Q. lobata range. 3. The abundance of leaf miners (Stigmella sp. Shrank) and leaf phenology of oaks in the common garden was measured. 4. Leaf miner abundance varied among provenance locations (population), but not among maternal parents within populations. Leaf phenology varied by provenance location and maternal parent, and trees that leafed out earlier accrued higher leaf-miner abundance. Path analysis indicated that leaf phenology was the likely driver of provenance and parental differences in resistance to leaf miners. 5. Understanding population differences is particularly important when considering transport of genotypes for ornamental or restoration purposes. The present study suggests that similarity in leaf phenology may be one factor that could be used to find genotypes with a similar herbivore resistance to local genotypes.

Background Kudzu, Pueraria montana var. lobata, is a woody vine native to Southeast Asia that has been introduced globally for cattle forage and erosion control. The vine is highly invasive in its introduced areas, including the southeastern US. Modern molecular marker resources are limited for the species, despite its importance. Transcriptomes for P. montana var. lobata and a second phaseoloid legume taxon previously ascribed to genus Pueraria, Neustanthus phaseoloides, were generated and mined for microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms. Results Roche 454 sequencing of P. montana var. lobata and N. phaseoloides transcriptomes produced read numbers ranging from ~ 280,000 to ~ 420,000. Trinity assemblies produced an average of 17,491 contigs with mean lengths ranging from 639 bp to 994 bp. Transcriptome completeness, according to BUSCO, ranged between 64 and 77%. After vetting for primer design, there were 1646 expressed simple sequence repeats (eSSRs) identified in P. montana var. lobata and 1459 in N. phaseoloides. From these eSSRs, 17 identical primer pairs, representing inter-generic phaseoloid eSSRs, were created. Additionally, 13 primer pairs specific to P. montana var. lobata were also created. From these 30 primer pairs, a final set of seven primer pairs were used on 68 individuals of P. montana var. lobata for characterization across the US, China, and Japan. The populations exhibited from 20 to 43 alleles across the seven loci. We also conducted pairwise tests for high-confidence SNP discovery from the kudzu transcriptomes we sequenced and two previously sequenced P. montana var. lobata transcriptomes. Pairwise comparisons between P. montana var. lobata ranged from 358 to 24,475 SNPs, while comparisons between P. montana var. lobata and N. phaseoloides ranged from 5185 to 30,143 SNPs. Conclusions The discovered molecular markers for kudzu provide a starting point for comparative genetic studies within phaseoloid legumes. This study both adds to the current genetic resources and presents the first available genomic resources for the invasive kudzu vine. Additionally, this study is the first to provide molecular evidence to support the hypothesis of Japan as a source of US kudzu and begins to narrow the origin of US kudzu to the central Japanese island of Honshu.

Megacopta cribraria (Kudzu Bug) (Hemiptera: Plataspidae) is an invasive insect in the Southeast. In Baldwin County, GA, we found adult Kudzu Bugs at high abundances throughout the summer, while juveniles showed peaks in early July and September. We conducted a series of choice-preference tests and determined that the insects preferred Glycine max (Soybean) over Phaseolus lunatus (Lima Bean). Additionally, they preferred Pueraria montana var. lobata (Kudzu) over Soybeans, highlighting the role of Kudzu as a primary host plant. Additionally, Kudzu Bugs continued to feed on Soybeans, even in the presence of Kudzu.

To study the morpho-anatomy of the aerial parts of Trichosanthes lobata (Cucurbitaceae) to increase the knowledge and standardization parameters of these plants. Morpho-anatomical studies of leaves have been carried out by free hand. The different types of histochemical test were performed by using staining reagents. Phytochemical and quantitative estimation has been determined along with HPTLC fingerprinting. Leaves simple, reniform, or ovate, 5 lobbed and glabrous. Anomocytic stomata are present on lower epidermis. A single layer of elongated palisade cells are present below upper epidermis. Leaf bears covering trichomes unicellular to 3-4 celled long. The central region is occupied by arc shaped vascular bundles comprising of xylem vessels surrounded with phloem cells. Physicochemical paradigms such as; ash value, inorganic elements, moisture content and extractive values were determined to develop stringent Pharmacognostic standards. Qualitative, and Quantitative standardization and, HPTLC fingerprint study of alcoholic and aqueous extracts confirmed the presence of quercitin as biomarker polyphenolic compound. These studies provides referential information for correct identification, as well as assessment of purity, quality of this plant, which definitely gaining the relevance in plant drug research and establishment of plant monograph.

Pueraria lobata, Kudzu, is a perennial liana native in temperate to tropical East Asia. Introduced mainly as an ornamental plant into many (sub)tropical regions, and as a forage crop in the South-Eastern USA, it has spread vegetatively into adjacent forests and grasslands and has also been dispersed with garden waste. The objectives of this paper are: (i) to assess whether the ecology of P. lobata in Southern Switzerland is similar to that in the South-Eastern USA, where it causes great damage; (ii) to predict its further spread in Southern Switzerland. In Switzerland it already occurs in 32 sites covering 16 200 m2; the shoots grow ≤ 26 cm per day and ≤ 11 m per year, forming ≤ 2 m thick mats. P. lobata infested sites contain about half as many plant species as similar sites without it. This paper shows that the ecology of P. lobata in Southern Switzerland is similar to that described for the USA. The broad climatic requirements of the species suggest that it could establish in many regions of Southern and Central Europe. However, it is not expected to spread on a large scale in Switzerland because there appears to be no establishment from seed and because its stands are always near settlements and thus mostly controlled. Ecologie et repartition de la liane invasive du sud-est de l'Asie Kudzu, Pueraria lobata (Fabaceae) en Suisse meridionale Pueraria lobata, ou Kudzu, est une liane perenne originaire des regions temperees a tropicales de l'est de l'Asie. Introduite comme plante ornementale dans de nombreuses regions (sub)tropicales et comme plante fourragere dans le sud-est des Etats-Unis, elle s'est propagee vegetativement dans les forets et prairies adjacentes, et a aussi ete dispersee via des dechets de jardin. Les objectifs de notre article sont: (i) de determiner si l'ecologie de P. lobata en Suisse meridionale est semblable a celle au sud-est des Etats-Unis, ou elle cause des degâts importants; (ii) de faire des pronostics quant a sa possible dissemination en Suisse meridionale, ou il y a deja 32 peuplements couvrant 16 200 m2. Les tiges croissent ≤26 cm/jour et ≤11 m/an, formant des tapis d'une epaisseur ≤2 m. Dans les peuplements de P. lobata le nombre d'especes de plantes par site est environ deux fois plus faible que celui de sites semblables sans cette espece. Nos resultats montrent que l'ecologie de P. lobata en Suisse meridionale est semblable a celle decrite aux Etats-Unis. Les exigences climatiques de P. lobata sont tellement larges qu'elle pourrait s'etablir dans de nombreuses regions d'Europe meridionale et centrale. Cependant, elle ne se disseminera vraisemblablement pas a grande echelle en Suisse, d'une part parce que la germination de graines est limitee, d'autre part parce que ses peuplements sont proches de zones habitees et de ce fait controles Экoлoгия и pacпpocтpaнeннocть в южнoй чacти Швeйцapии инвaзивнoй лиaны кyдзy, Pueraria lobata (Fabaceae), пpoизpacтaющeй в Югo-Bocтoчнoй Aзии Pueraria lobata, кyдзy, являeтcя мнoгoлeтнeй лиaнoй, ecтecтвeннo пpoизpacтaющeй в paйoнe oт yмepeннoй дo тpoпичecкoй зoны Bocтoчнoй Aзии. Зaвeзeннaя глaвным oбpaзoм кaк дeкopaтивнoe pacтeниe вo мнoгиe (cyб) тpoпичecкиe paйoны, a тaкжe кaк фypaжнaя ceльcкoxoзяйcтвeннaя кyльтypa в югo-вocтoчныe oблacти CШA, этo pacтeниe pacпpocтpaнилocь нa близлeжaщиe лeca и пoля и былo тaкжe pacceянo вмecтe c caдoвoдчecкими oтxoдaми. Цeли нacтoящeй cтaтьи: (i) oцeнить, в кaкoй cтeпeни экoлoгия P. lobata в южнoй Швeйцapии aнaлoгичнa eгo экoлoгии нa югo-вocтoкe CШA, гдe этo pacтeниe нaнocит бoльшoй yщepб; (ii) cпpoгнoзиpoвaть eгo дaльнeйшee pacпpocтpaнeниe в южнoй чacти Швeйцapии. B этoй cтpaнe oн вcтpeчaeтcя yжe в 32 мecтax и oxвaтывaeт 16 200 кв.м; пoбeги пpиpacтaют дo 26 cм в cyтки и дo 11 м в гoд, oбpaзyя пoкpoв, дoxoдящий дo тoлщины в 2 мeтpa. Ha плoщaдяx, зaнятыx P. lobata, нaблюдaeтcя пpимepнo в двa paзa мeньшe видoв pacтeний пo cpaвнeнию c aнaлoгичными плoщaдями бeз нeгo. Cтaтья пoкaзывaeт, чтo экoлoгия P. lobata в южнoй чacти Швeйцapии aнaлoгичнa oпиcaннoй для CШA. Шиpoкий paзмax климaтичecкиx тpeбoвaний этoгo видa пoзвoляeт пpeдпoлoжить, чтo oн cпocoбeн aкклимaтизиpoвaтьcя вo мнoгиx oблacтяx Южнoй и Цeнтpaльнoй Eвpoпы. Oднaкo нe пpeдпoлaгaeтcя, чтo этo pacтeниe шиpoкo pacпpocтpaнитcя в Швeйцapии, тaк кaк нe былa oтмeчeнa eгo aкклимaтизaция из ceмян, a тaкжe eщe и пoтoмy, чтo eгo oбpaзoвaния вceгдa нaблюдaютcя в нeпocpeдcтвeннoй близocти oт пoceлeний и, тaким oбpaзoм, мoгyт в бoльшoй cтeпeни пoдвepгaтьcя бopьбe.

This study aimed to evaluate a technique to cool livestock buildings by covering it with kudzu vine ( Pueraria lobata ). Specifically, we first examined whether one-year-old nursery stocks of kudzu that were planted in spring can cover livestock buildings with standard size by summer in Japan. Then, we quantified the cooling effects of changes of kudzu vine covering on the room temperatures of fabricated livestock buildings under field conditions. Our results showed that the vines reached the roof of standard-sized livestock buildings by summer. The estimated average percentage coverages and the sorted room temperature reductions (RTRs) showed positively significant relationships under the global solar radiation on a horizontal surface greater than 0.2 kW m −2 . The maximum sorted RTR was 3.44 °C, when the estimated average percentage coverage was 43.9%. Thus, we conclude that the technique to cool livestock buildings using one-year-old nursery stocks of kudzu vine is applicable to livestock buildings.

A floristic-ecological monograph of the Myxomycetes of the Sudetes is made. In the years 1965-81 on an investigated area 112 species were recorded (104 species in the Western Sudetes, 80 - in the Central Sudetes, 68 - in the Waster Sudetes), among them 3 mountain species (Diderma ochraceum, Cribraria rubiginosa and C. ferruginea) and 37 species new for the Sudetes. Physarum listeri and Reticularia lobata in Poland are known only from this area.

Ten species are added to the leafhopper genus Fusigonalia Young. Six species are from Colombia, including F. lobata, F. chelata, F. clavata, F. spinata, F. delta, and F. bispinata, and four are from Peru, including F. plecta, F. ortha, F. aspra, and F. heppneri. Also included is a description of the female of F. caucaensis Young.

Summary Two Asian species of Thripidae are reported breeding in northern Florida on kudzu (Pueraria lobata), Salpingothrips aimotofus Kudo in the shoots, and Megalurothrips distalis Karny in the flowers, the latter being a new record for North America.

Five plant raw materials collected from South Eastern part of Nigeria were used for biofibre extraction and analysis to assess their suitability for biocomposite production. Lignocellulosic biofibres were extracted from young stems of Adenia lobata, Ampelocissus leonensis, Cissus palmatifida, Morinda morindoides and Urena lobata through natural water retting process for a period of 14 - 16 days and the resulting fibres were uniform with almost flat or circular cross sections. Phytochemical contents and extractives were determined on the untreated and treated fibres respectively. The %w/w cellulose contents of the pretreated biofibres were found to be 48.97± 1.33% for A. leonensis and 43.22±0.95% for A. lobata. The cellulose content of M. morindoides and C. palmitifida were found to be 55.76±1.40% and 55.20±1.59%, respectively. In all the plants studied, U. lobata had the greatest %w/w cellulose content of 58.94±1.05% while A. lobata had the least cellulose content of 43.22±0.95%. Estimation of %w/w hemicellulose contents showed A. leonensis to be 21.22±0.89% whilst the hemicelluloses content in A. lobata and U. lobata were observed to be 18.22±2.18% and 12.38±0.33% in that order. Lower hemicelluloses contents were obtained in C. palmitifida and M. morindoides as 10.32±1.27, 9.32±0.58 and 8.62±1.67%, respectively. The klason lignin contents were found to be 31.33±1.05% for C. palmitifida, 31.22±0.97% for M. morindoides, 28.22 ± 1.96% for A. lobata, and 24.91±0.61% for A. leonensis. The lignin content of U. lobata was found to be the least at 22.26±0.55%. Acid soluble lignin (ASL) content was greater in A. lobata (2.17±0.08%) while A. leonensis had the least value of 1.74±0.34%. ASL-derived products (vanillin, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid) ranged between 0.50±0.12% and 1.41±0.02% for vanillin; 0.03± 0.02% and 0.65±0.14% for p-coumaric acid; and ferulic acid was only detected in A. leonensis as 0.41±0.11%. The mechanical properties of most fibres used in this study are comparable to those of other biofibres already used in manufacturing and can even match those of some synthetic fibres. Results obtained revealed that fibres used in this study had comparable properties with those already established for manufacturing in biofibre industries.Keywords: Biofibre, biocomposite, cellulose, lignin, hemicelluloses.African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol 13(20), 2050-2057

Oaks are foundational species in much of California, and many oak populations in the state may be in jeopardy due to a lack of recruitment of young trees. Despite considerable interest in this problem, there have been few comprehensive surveys of all stages of oak development. We surveyed all stages of three oaks: Quercus lobata, Q. douglasii, and Q. agrifolia in a forest plot with mixed land-use in central coastal California. We found abundant seedlings of all oak species, but an apparent paucity of Q. lobata and Q. douglasii saplings. First year seedlings of all species were less abundant in parts of the study site with cattle grazing, but later-stage seedlings of Q. lobata and Q. douglasii were equally abundant across land-use types. Quercus agrifolia seedlings were associated with non-grazed areas; Quercus agrifolia late-stage seedlings in the grazed area were smaller and less abundant than in non-grazed areas. Quercus agrifolia seedlings of all stages tended to be clustered around conspecifi...

국내 자생하는 야생칡(Pueraria lobata)은 푸에라린, 다이드진, 다이드제인 등 다양한 이소플라본을 함유하고 있는 주요한 콩과 약용작물이다. 이들 이소플라본은 장내에서 특정 세균과 반응으로 생물전환이 일어나 디하이드로다이드제인, 테트라하이드로다이드제인을 거쳐 약리작용이 타 이소플라본 보다 월등한 이퀄로 물질대사가 이루어지는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내 야생칡으로부터 유도된 캘러스를 이용하여 배양배지, 배양조건 및 배양기간에 따른 캘러스의 증식과 이소플라본의 합성 정도를 구명하고 배양된 캘러스 추출물을 생물전환 능력이 있는 것으로 밝혀진 Pediococcus pentosaceus 균주와의 반응을 통하여 이퀄 전구체인 디하이드로다이드제인의 생합성을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 캘러스의 증식은 광조건에서 1.0 mg/L TDZ과 1.0 mg/L NAA가 첨가된 배지에서 12일 배양했을 때 가장 좋다. 푸에라린 함량은 암조건에서 2.0 mg/L kinetin과 1.0 mg/L NAA가 첨가된 배지에서 16일 배양했을 때 가장 높게 나타났으나, 다이드진과 다이드제인 함량은 처리에 따른 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 캘러스 추출물을 P. pentosaceus 균주와 반응하여 발효시켰을 때 생물전환에 의해 이퀄의 전구체인 디하이드로다이드제인이 성공적으로 생합성되는 것이 확인되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 국내 야생칡을 대상으로 캘러스의 대량증식을 통한 이퀄의 전구물질인 이소플라본의 대량생산에 기여할 수 있으며, 기내에서 생물전환을 통하여 이퀄을 생산하기 위한 기반이 될 것이다. 【Pueraria lobata, a medicinally important leguminous plant produces various isoflavones including puerarin, daidzin and daidzein which are metabolized to equol via dihydrodaidzein and tetrahydrodaidzein by the bacterial fermentation of natural isoflavone sources in human intestines. In this study, we described callus proliferation and isoflavone production in callus of Korean wild arrowroot and dihydrodaidzein biosynthesis in callus extract fermented with Pediococcus pentosaceus. Proliferation was the best at callus cultured in the medium containing 1.0 mg/L TDZ and 1.0 mg/L NAA at light condition for 12 days. Puerarin was significantly more produced at callus cultured in the medium containing 2.0 mg/L kinetin and 1.0 mg/L NAA at dark condition for 16 days, but daidzin and daidzein were not significant. Callus extract was successfully fermented with P. pentosaceus and dihydrodaidzein, which is one of equol precursors formed by biotransformation, was confirmed to be produced. These results will facilitate mass production of callus and isoflavones as equol precursors from Korean wild arrowroot and can be applied for the production of equol by biotransformation in vitro.】

The Castilla-La Mancha Region (south-central Spain) is scarcely studied in terms of freshwater algae. However, both the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/CE) and the evaluation of the ecological state of European aquatic ecosystems have increased the intensity and frequency of water body monitoring, including the rivers, lakes and wetlands of this region. Thus, our knowledge on algal biodiversity and the geographical distribution of many species is rapidly increasing. In this study we describe the occurrence, ecological conditions and morphological characteristics of five algal species which are rare at the European level: Nostochopsis lobata Wood ex Bornet & Flahault, Batrachospermum atrum (Hudson) Harvey, Chroothece richteriana Hansg., Oocardium stratum Nägeli and Tetrasporidium javanicum Möbius. In addition, we include Hydrurus foetidus (Vill.) Trev., a more common alga in Spain, since this is the first record for the region. Finally, we compare morphological and ecological characteristics of the studied populations with other European records.El conocimiento sobre la biodiversidad algal de la región de Castilla-La Mancha, situada en la zona centro-sur de España, es escaso en comparación con el de otras regiones peninsulares. Sin embargo, la aplicación de la Directiva Marco del Agua (2000/60/CE), y la evaluación del estado ecológico de los ecosistemas acuáticos europeos, ha traído consigo un aumento en la frecuencia e intensidad en el muestreo de ríos, lagos y humedales. De esta forma, durante los últimos años se han producido nuevos hallazgos en la región que han permitido ampliar el conocimiento de la biodiversidad de algas así como de la distribución geográfica de muchas de sus especies. En este trabajo se describen las condiciones ecológicas y las características morfológicas de cinco especies que pueden considerarse raras a nivel europeo: Nostochopsis lobata Wood & Bornet & Flahault, Batrachospermum atrum (Hudson) Harvey, Chroothece richteriana Hansg., Oocardium stratum Nägeli y Tetrasporidium javanicum Möbius; y de una sexta especie, frecuente en España y Europa, pero que supone la primera cita para esta región, Hydrurus foetidus (Vill.) Trev. Finalmente, se comparan las características morfológicas y ecológicas de las poblaciones estudiadas con otras citas Europeas.

Premise of research. Fossils representing aquatic ferns with clear affinities to extant Regnellidium (Salviniales, Marsileaceae) are reported for the first time from Upper Cretaceous sediments of the La Colonia Formation, Chubut Province, Argentina.Methodology. Preserved organs including rhizomes bearing roots, compound leaves, and associated putative sporocarps were collected from the Cerro Bosta and Quebrada del Helecho localities of the La Colonia Formation. Spores were macerated for the macrofossil-bearing sediments of the Cerro Bosta locality and examined with SEM.Pivotal results. The macrofossils are morphologically similar to extant Regnellidium diphyllum. The fossil plants are rhizomatous, with the rhizomes bearing roots and leaves with two leaflets. The leaflets have dichotomizing venation and a marginal vein. Associated megaspores attributed to Molaspora lobata and microspores of the Crybeloporites type are also comparable to those of extant Regnellidium.Conclusions. These fossils represent the ...

The genus Nulapona DeLong and Freytag, new status, was first described as a subgenus of Hecalapona DeLong and Freytag. Characters are given to separate this genus from the genus Hecalapona. Eight previously described species are included in the genus, including N. crinata (DeLong and Freytag) new status, N. decora (DeLong and Freytag) new combination, N. incisura (DeLong) new status, N. inflamma (DeLong and Freytag) new status, N. lutea (DeLong and Freytag) new combination, N. quina (DeLong and Freytag) new status, N. sinata (DeLong) new status and N. spinara (DeLong and Triplehorn) new status. Also twenty two new species are added to the genus, including N. calliota, N. clavata, N. dista, N. guberna, N. kalota, N. liota, N. ornata, N. panicula, N. spinata and N. supera from Colombia, N. acrita and N. petiolata from Colombia and Ecuador, N. compta, N. heterosa, N. lobata and N. tega from Ecuador, N. bidens, N. jucunda and N. radiata from French Guiana, N. oncota from French Guiana and Brazil, N. ...

Lindgren, C. J., Castro, K. L., Coiner, H. A., Nurse, R. E. and Darbyshire, S. J. 2013. The Biology of Invasive Alien Plants in Canada. 12. Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Sanjappa & Predeep. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 71–95. Kudzu, Pueraria montana var. lobata, is a perennial climbing vine known for its rapid and competitive growth. Introduced to North America and promoted at various times as a crop, an ornamental, and an erosion prevention tool, its negative impacts have been varied and severe in the United States. Dense populations overtop and smother crops and native vegetation, alter nitrogen cycles, and have the potential to affect air quality. Kudzu is winter-deciduous in North America with stems re-growing each season. In Canada, growth occurs from May until September, long enough for production of viable seed. Although widely believed to be intolerant of winter temperatures typical in eastern Canada, underground structures may be able to withstand temperatures as low as −30°C, and northward range expansion is predicted by climate change models. Dispersal in North America is primarily through intentional planting by humans, with clonal propagation and limited seed production and germination contributing to local population expansion. Only one population is known in Canada, near Leamington, Ontario. Once established, kudzu is difficult to eliminate or control without repeated actions. Efforts to prevent the movement and sale of kudzu in Canada, along with early detection and rapid response, monitoring, and education, offer potential strategies for control. Depending on the age, size and location of the population, herbicides, burning, mowing and grazing can be effective control measures.

Invasion by the exotic herb Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. has become a serious agricultural and environmental problem and of increasing research interest as the species continues its southward spread into subtropical regions of China. To better understand the possible physiological and morphological adaptations of A. artemisiifolia in this region, we conducted a greenhouse experiment using seedlings of A. artemisiifolia and a comparative native species, Urena lobata L. (Caesar’s weed), which is an erect annual shrub in the Malvaceae that commonly co-occurs with A. artemisiifolia in open, disturbed habitats in southern China. Seedlings of both plants were grown under four irradiance regimes (10%, 30%, 55%, and 100% irradiance) from 14 May to 13 July 2010. Ambrosia artemisiifolia showed significantly higher total biomass, total leaf area, specific leaf area, relative growth rate, and net assimilation rate but lower leaf mass fraction than U. lobata at the 30%–100% irradiance levels. With decreasing irradiance, A. artemisiifolia significantly increased biomass allocation to stems and decreased allocation to roots. Meanwhile, A. artemisiifolia exhibited higher light-saturated photosynthetic rates and light saturation points with wide variances except at the 10% irradiance treatment. These findings suggest that A. artemisiifolia has generally higher irradiance plasticity for traits pertaining to biomass partitioning, growth, and plant structure than U. lobata. The ability of A. artemisiifolia to tolerate high shade conditions while maintaining high growth rates at elevated irradiance levels may afford it a competitive advantage and may help explain its recent colonization and spread in southern China.

Resveratrol production potential was determined in the leaves and berries of Vitis ficifolia Bunge var. lobata (Ebizuru) and V. ficifolia Bunge var. ganebu (Ryuukyuuganebu), wild grapes native to Japan. Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation was used to stimulate resveratrol production. Resveratrol levels in the nonirradiated leaf discs were 3.6 times higher in Ryuukyuuganebu than in Ebizuru, and levels in the Ryuukyuuganebu leaf discs were 4.4 times higher than Ebizru after UV-C irradiation. Resveratrol levels in the nonirradiated berries differed little between the varieties. The resveratrol level in immature berries of both varieties increased significantly 24 hr after 15 min of UV-C irradiation. However, the resveratrol production stimulated by UV-C had a different pattern. Resveratrol production in Ebizuru declined during berry development and maturation, whereas that of Ryuukyuuganebu declined until veraison before it increased to almost the same level as that found during the most immature stage at harvest. Increased resveratrol in the mature berries of Ryuukyuuganebu was also detected 48 hr after UV-C irradiation. UV-C irradiation had no effect on the piceid level of either variety. Ryuukyuuganebu is a wild grape with a distinctive resveratrol production pattern, especially in the berry.

Fifteen new species are added to the genus Perubala Linnavuori from South America. The new species are P. boliviano from Bolivia; P. chotai, P. dentata, P. elongata, P. hamata, P. lobata and P. torra from Colombia; P. egeri from French Guiana; and P. diata, P. nigropennis, P. ramosi, P. reversa, P. spina, P. stenostyla and P. sulca from Peru. A key to the species of Perubala is included.

Phenolic acids and derivatives of quercetin in Kudzu root were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector. The calibration curves were constructed using phenolic compounds standards (the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.9990–0.9997 for phenolic acids and 0.9989–0.9994 for flavonols. respectively). Ethanol was the most efficient solvent in extracting flavonols and phenolic acids from dried Kudzu roots at the optimal extraction time 60 min. Due to acidic hydrolysis the content of free phenolic acids was increasing. The predominant phenolic acid in Kudzu root determined by HPLC-PDA method with hydrolysis digestion is p-hydrozybenzoic acid (39.57 ± 1.44 mg/g d.m.), next one was: p-coumaric acid (6.20 ± 0.11 mg/g d.m.), followed by ferulic acid (11.52 ± 0.21 mg/g d.m.).On the other hand, the highest content of flavonols was found for routine (6.13 ± 0.11 mg/g d.m.). The contents of the other flavonols in kudzu root are between 0.73 – 2.52 mg/g d.m. for Rh and Q.

The lectotype of Santolina oblongifolia Boiss. is examined and discussed. Santolina heterophylla Willk. & Cut., S. oblongifolia Boiss. var. obtusifolia Willk., S. oblongifolia var. ceratophylla Willk., and S. lobata Jord. & Fourr. are lectotypified. Santolina oblongifolia Boiss. f. intermedia Pau is neotypified. The current status of these names is discussed. A new species from the Iberian Peninsula, S. orocarpetana sp. nov., is described.

In common with the single extant species of the water fern Regnellidium, Regnellidium diphyllum, megaspores of Eocene and Oligocene representatives of this genus are characterized by having twisted, leaflike folds forming an acrolamella around the triradiate suture. The fossil and modern megaspores also have very similar wall ultrastructure and sculpture, and the morphology of the attached microspores of both is indistinguishable. Specimens of one of the species of the Cretaceous megaspore genus Molaspora—namely, Molaspora lobata, with attached microspores from Spain—and spores in the sporocarp Regnellidium upatoiensis from Georgia, United States, share some characters with those of extant Regnellidium, but the surface ornament of the microspores and the ultrastructure of the megaspore and microspore walls are different. The inner layer of the inner perine of M. lobata megaspores is thinner than the outer layer and of more compact, spongiose construction than that of Eocene and Oligocene Regnellidium spor...

A new Triassic seed fern is described on the basis of a large collection of well-preserved plant compressions from the Upper Triassic of Mt. Falla, Queen Alexandra Range, central Transantarctic Mountains. The foliage is simple entire-margined to pinnatifid to partly pinnate and is assigned to Dejerseya lobata (Jones et de Jersey) Herbst emend. nov. Associated with these leaves occur two new reproductive structures. The ovulate organ Matatiella dejerseyi sp. nov. is a lax, conelike structure with primarily shield-shaped megasporophylls that are dissected into three to four narrow lobes, each bearing a single recurved, naked ovule. The pollen organ Townrovia polaris sp. nov. consists of a slender axis arising from a covered reproductive bud, bearing pinnately arranged, stalked, elongate receptacles each with ∼20 unilocular, clavate pollen sacs; the pollen is bisaccate nontaeniate with an irregular longitudinal sulcus and coarse saccus endoreticulations, corresponding to the dispersed pollen Falcisporites au...