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In the course of reviewing publications on Lauraceae, several nomenclatural problems were found. Solving these problems led to the proposal of new names for Litsea pseudoelongata Kosterm. (L. siamensis van der Werff), Cryptocarya lancifolia Kosterm. (C. stenophylla van der Werff), and C. pauciflora Lauterb. & K. Schum. (C. oligantha van der Werff). Beilschmiedia velutinosa Kosterm. is a synonym of B. lanatella Kosterm., and Lindera spicata Kosterm. (1992) is a later homonym of L. spicata Kosterm. (1973). Nectandra roberto-andinoi (C. Nelson) C. Nelson is transferred to Damburneya Raf., and Ocotea ligulata van der Werff is transferred to Mespilodaphne Nees & Mart.

Lauraceae species are known as excellent essential oil (EO) producers, and their taxa are distributed throughout the territory of Brazil. This study presents a systematic review of chemical composition, seasonal studies, occurrence of chemical profiles, and biological activities to EOs of species of Licaria, Nectandra, and Ocotea genera collected in different Brazilian biomes. Based on our survey, 39 species were studied, with a total of 86 oils extracted from seeds, leaves, stem barks, and twigs. The most representative geographic area in specimens was the Atlantic Forest (14 spp., 30 samples) followed by the Amazon (13 spp., 30 samples), Cerrado (6 spp., 14 samples), Pampa (4 spp., 10 samples), and Caatinga (2 spp., 2 samples) forests. The majority of compound classes identified in the oils were sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenoids. Among them, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene, caryophyllene oxide, α-bisabolol, and bicyclogermacrenal were the main constituents. Additionally, large amounts of phenylpropanoids and monoterpenes such as safrole, 6-methoxyelemicin, apiole, limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, and camphor were reported. Nectandra megatopomica showed considerable variation with the occurrence of fourteen chemical profiles according to seasonality and collection site. Several biological activities have been attributed to these oils, especially cytotoxic, antibacterial, antioxidant and antifungal potential, among other pharmacological applications.

espanolSiete especies de Lauraceae de la Flora del Paraguay se vuelven a circunscribir y se comparan con las especies aparentadas: Nectandra angustifolia (Schrad.) Nees & Mart., Nectandra briquetii Hassl., Nectandra megaphylla Hassl., Ocotea catharinensis Mez, Ocotea floribunda (Sw.) Mez, Ocotea gracilipes Mez y Ocotea suaveolens (Meisn.) Hieron. Se proponen cinco sinonimos nuevos. EnglishSeven species of Lauraceae for the Flora of Paraguay are recircumscribed and compared with their close parents: Nectandra angustifolia (Schrad.) Nees & Mart., Nectandra briquetii Hassl., Nectandra megaphylla Hassl., Ocotea catharinensis Mez, Ocotea floribunda (Sw.) Mez, Ocotea gracilipes Mez and Ocotea suaveolens (Meisn.) Hieron. Five new synonyms are proposed.

Se registran 18 novedades para la flora vascular de Colombia a partir de ejemplares recolectados en la región de la Orinoquia. Los nuevos registros corresponden a: Duguetia riberensis Aristeg. ex Maas & Boon, Trigynaea duckei (R. E. Fr.) R. E. Fr. (Annonaceae); Tassadia medinae (Morillo) Morillo (Apocynaceae); Jaracanda orinocensis Sandw. (Bignoniaceae); Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lam. var. brasiliensis (Cambess.) Chodat & Hassl. (Caryophyllaceae); Murdannia burchellii (C. B. Clarke) M. Pell. y M. aff. triquetra (Wall. ex C. B. Clarke) G. Brückn (Commelinaceae); Enterolobium barinense L. Cárdenas & Rodr.-Carr., Machaerium tovarense Pittier, Muellera crucisrubierae (Pittier) M. Sousa y Tachigali davidsei Zarucchi & Herend. (Leguminosae), Nectandra bartlettiana Lasser (Lauraceae); Lindernia brachyphylla Pennell ex Steyerm. (Linderniaceae); Campomanesia aromatica (Aubl.) Griseb. (Myrtaceae); Christiana africana DC. (Malvaceae); Dulacia cyanocarpa Sleumer (Olacaceae); Phyllanthus microphyllus Kunth (Phyllanthaceae) y Gouania wurdackii Steyerm. (Rhamnaceae). Estas especies fueron recolectadas en los departamentos de Arauca y Vichada. Se discuten aspectos relacionados con la taxonomía y nomenclatura de estos nuevos registros, su distribución geográfica, sus afinidades con la flora presente en la Orinoquia venezolana y regiones con características florísticas similares. Se agrega una reseña histórica de las exploraciones en los llanos colombianos.

Available plastomes of the Lauraceae show similar structure and varied size, but there has been no systematic comparison across the family. In order to understand the variation in plastome size and structure in the Lauraceae and related families of magnoliids, we here compare 47 plastomes, 15 newly sequenced, from 27 representative genera. We reveal that the two shortest plastomes are in the parasitic Lauraceae genus Cassytha, with lengths of 114,623 (C. filiformis) and 114,963 bp (C. capillaris), and that they have lost NADH dehydrogenase (ndh) genes in the large single-copy region and one entire copy of the inverted repeat (IR) region. The plastomes of the core Lauraceae group, with lengths from 150,749 bp (Nectandra angustifolia) to 152,739 bp (Actinodaphne trichocarpa), have lost trnI-CAU, rpl23, rpl2, a fragment of ycf2, and their intergenic regions in IRb region, whereas the plastomes of the basal Lauraceae group, with lengths from 157,577 bp (Eusideroxylon zwageri) to 158,530 bp (Beilschmiedia tungfangensis), have lost rpl2 in IRa region. The plastomes of Calycanthus (Calycanthaceae, Laurales) have lost rpl2 in IRb region, but the plastome of Caryodaphnopsis henryi (Lauraceae) remain intact, as do those of the nonLaurales magnoliid genera Piper, Liriodendron, and Magnolia. On the basis of our phylogenetic analysis and structural comparisons, different loss events occurred in different lineages of the Laurales, and fragment loss events in the IR regions have largely driven the contraction of the plastome in the Lauraceae. These results provide new insights into the evolution of the Lauraceae as well as the magnoliids as a whole.

The genus Nectandra , composed by approximately 120 species that are distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania, belongs to the Lauraceae family. Plants from this genus, usually trees, have been used in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antifungal and antiprotozoal reagents; its biological potential has been reported in several studies conducted in vitro and in vivo. Chemically, the genus Nectandra contains different types of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids (aporphine, proaporphine, benzylisoquinoline, bisbenzylisoquinoline, and morphinandienone) and lignoids (furofuran, benzofuran, tetrahydrofuran, dihydrofuran, and 3,3-neolignan). Other compounds, such as terpenoids (mainly mono and sesquiterpenes), steroids, phenylpropanoids and flavonoids have been described in Nectandra genus. Other minor derivatives such as coumarins, benzoic acid derivatives, xanthone, benzophenones, lactones, sugars and fatty acids have also been isolated. Most of these studies associate biological aspects to isolated compounds. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the chemistry of the genus Nectandra and compile approximately 200 compounds isolated from different species, together with their therapeutic potential.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T15:31:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-09-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) PLRM Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Premise of research. The pantropical magnoliid family Lauraceae has an extensive macrofossil record that dates back to the Early Cretaceous. However, flower anatomy among extant species is relatively poorly known. We investigate flower structure and development in six Neotropical genera to elucidate the homologies of the floral parts, especially the prominent appendages that occur on the filaments of the inner fertile stamen whorl in some species. Methodology. We used SEM and LM to examine flower organization and development in 11 species of six genera (Aniba, Cryptocarya, Endlicheria, Licaria, Nectandra, Ocotea) and flower vasculature in two species (Cryptocarya moschata and Ocotea prolifera). Pivotal results. All the flowers examined are typical of Lauraceae: they are very small and possess two whorls of tepals that are similarly vascularized, with three bundles each (resembling bracteopetals), multiple androecium whorls, and a single carpel. Variation exists in some characters, especially in the androecium. A fourth (innermost) androecial whorl is present as staminodia in some species. The prominent stamen appendages are highly vascularized. Conclusions. The presence of three vascular bundles supplying both outer and inner tepals supports their potential homology as bracteotepals. Floral vasculature also indicates that the staminodia of the fourth androecial whorl are derived from stamens. A potential homology between the stamens and appendages remains debatable, because existing evidence is contradictory. Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Bot, BR-13506900 Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Inst Biociencias, Dept Bot, BR-31270901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Royal Bot Gardens, Richmond TW9 3AB, Surrey, England Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Bot, BR-13506900 Sao Paulo, Brazil FAPEMIG: APQ-01225-13 FAPESP: 2010/08382-1

espanolSe tipifican 15 nombres descritos en la familia Lauraceae a partir de colecciones de Paraguay en los generos Aiouea Aubl., Nectandra Rottb., Ocotea Aubl., Oreodaphne Nees & Mart. y Phoebe Nees. Seis lectotipos son designados: Nectandra lanceolata var. paraguariensis Hassl., Ocotea confusa Hassl., Ocotea gracilipes Mez, Ocotea lanceolata f. latifolia Hassl., Ocotea suaveolens var. robusta Hassl. y Oreodaphne suaveolens Meisn. Una lectotipificacion de segundo paso se realiza para Nectandra megaphylla Hassl. EnglishThe typification of 15 names described in the Lauraceae family from Paraguayan collections in the genera Aiouea Aubl., Nectandra Rottb., Ocotea Aubl., Oreodaphne Nees & Mart. and Phoebe Nees is presented. Lectotypes are designated for: Nectandra lanceolata var. paraguariensis Hassl., Ocotea confusa Hassl., Ocotea gracilipes Mez, Ocotea lanceolata f. latifolia Hassl., Ocotea suaveolens var. robusta Hassl. and Oreodaphne suaveolens Meisn. A second step lectotypification is made for Nectandra megaphylla Hassl.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T17:14:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-12-01 This study refers to specimens of Lauraceae collected in Brazil by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius between 1817 and 1820. He collected 57 currently accepted species of Lauraceae, which belong to nine genera: Aniba, Cassytha, Cinnamomum, Cryptocarya, Dicypellium, Licaria, Nectandra, Ocotea, and Persea, for which Martius is known to have made about 99 different collections. The vast majority of them are nomenclatural types and, taking into account the synonyms involved, encompassing 26 holotypes, 23 lectotypes, and 30 syntypes. Besides Martius himself, early descriptions and citations of these materials were made by Nees von Esenbeck, Meissner, and Mez, the first monographers of the family. Martius's collections were the basis for the Flora Brasiliensis, where the taxonomic treatment of Lauraceae was made by the Swiss botanist Carl Daniel Friedrich Meissner in 1866, being of particular interest for indicating all the collections examined and available at that time. Here, we provide an annotated and updated list of 60 entries with information on the status of the names and their types, currently accepted names, collections found in different herbaria, accompanied by an Index to Scientific names and an Index to Collections. Although there are no cases of specimens of Lauraceae collected by Martius from his Martii Herbarium Florae Brasiliensis, they are also listed here since they have been attributed to him in literature. Lectotypes for two names, Cryptocarya speciosa, and Nectandra nitidula var. maior, are designated, and a new synonymy is proposed. Universidade Estadual Paulista júlio de Mesquita Filho Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Botânica, Av. 24 A 1515, Bela Vista, Caixa Postal 199 Universidade Estadual Paulista júlio de Mesquita Filho Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Botânica, Av. 24 A 1515, Bela Vista, Caixa Postal 199

The process of storing liquor in wooden barrels is a practice that aims to improve the sensory characteristics, such as color, aroma and flavor, of the beverage. The quality of the liquor stored in these barrels depends on wood characteristics such as density, permeability, chemical composition, anatomy, besides the wood heat treatment used to fabricate the barrels. Brazil has a great diversity of forests, mainly in the north, in the Amazon. This region is home to thousands of tree species, but is limited to the use of only a few native species to store liquors. The objective of this study was to determine some of the physical and chemical characteristics for four Amazon wood species. The results obtained in this study will be compared with others from woods that are traditionally used for liquor storage. The species studied were angelim-pedra (Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke) cumarurana (Dipteryx polyphylla (Huber) Ducke), jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L.) and louro-vermelho (Nectandra rubra (Mez) CK Allen). The trees were collected from Precious Woods Amazon Company forest management area, in Silves, Amazonas. Analyzes such as: concentration of extractives, lignin amount, percentage of minerals (ash) and tannin content, density, elemental analysis (CHNS-O) and thermal analysis were done. It was observed that the chemical composition (lignin, holocellulose) and elemental analysis (percentage of C, H, N and O) of the woods have significant differences. The jatobá wood presented higher tannin content, and in the thermal analysis, was that which had the lowest mass loss. O processo de armazenamento de bebidas destiladas em barris de madeira é uma prática que visa à melhoria das características sensoriais da bebida, tais como cor, aroma e sabor. A qualidade da bebida destilada armazenada nesses barris depende de características da madeira como densidade, permeabilidade, composição química e anatomia, além do tipo de tratamento térmico dado à madeira durante a confecção dos barris. O Brasil possui uma grande diversidade florestal, principalmente no norte do país, na Amazônia. Essa região abriga milhares de espécies de árvores, porém, limita-se à utilização de pouco mais de duas espécies nativas e outras exóticas para o armazenamento de bebidas. Assim, objetivou-se, neste trabalho, determinar algumas das características físicas e químicas das madeiras de quatro espécies florestais da Região Amazônica. Os resultados obtidos para as espécies arbóreas aqui estudadas serão comparados com os de madeiras já utilizadas para o armazenamento de bebidas destiladas. As espécies estudadas foram angelim-pedra (Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke), cumarurana (Dipteryx polyphylla (Huber) Ducke), jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L.) e louro-vermelho (Nectandra rubra (Mez) C.K. Allen). As árvores foram coletadas em área de manejo florestal da Empresa Precious Woods Amazon, em Silves, Amazonas. Dentre as análises realizadas foram determinados: teores de extrativos totais, quantidade de lignina, porcentagem de minerais (cinzas) e teores de taninos, além de densidade básica, análise elementar (CHNS-O) e análise térmica. Observou-se que a composição química estrutural (teores de lignina, holocelulose) e elementar (porcentagem de C, H, N e O) das madeiras possuem diferenças significativas. A madeira do jatobá possui maior teor de taninos e, na análise térmica, foi a madeira com menor perda de massa.

Nectandra (Lauraceae) species have been used in folk medicine as an antidiarrheal, analgesic, antifungal, etc., and have many pharmacological proprieties.Investigation of the chemical composition and cytotoxicity of essential oil from Nectandra leucantha NeesMart. leaves. This is the first study involving N. leucantha reported in the literature.The essential oil of N. leucantha leaves was obtained by hydrodistillation. Its chemical composition was determined using a combination of GC/FID, GC/MS, and determination of Kovats index (KI). In vitro cytotoxic activity was evaluated against six cancer cell lines - murine melanoma (B16F10-Nex2), human glioblastome (U-87), human cervical carcinoma (HeLa), human colon carcinoma (HCT), human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7), and human cervical tumor (Siha) as well as against one non-tumorigenic cell line - human foreskin fibroblast (HFF).Thirty-three compounds were identified primarily sesquiterpenes (81.41%), the main compounds being bicyclogermacrene (28.44%), germacrene A (7.34%), spathulenol (5.82%), and globulol (5.25%). Furthermore, monoterpenes were also found in the analyzed oil (12.84%), predominantly α- and β-pinenes (6.59 and 4.57%, respectively). The crude essential oil displayed significant cytotoxic activity against B16F10-Nex2 (IC50 33 ± 1 μg/mL) and U87 (IC50 75.95 ± 0.03 μg/mL) and HeLa (IC50 60 ± 12 μg/mL) cell lines. The main identified compound, bicyclogermacrene, displayed IC50 ranging from 3.1 ± 0.2 to 21 ± 6 μg/mL.The results indicate that the crude oils from leaves of N. leucantha displayed cytotoxic activity being bicyclogermacrene, the main compound identified in the crude oil responsible, at least in part, for this potential.

The phytochemical study of Nectandra cuspidata led to the isolation and characterization of the new megastigmane 7-megastigmen-3b,6b,9x-triol (1), the aporphinoid alkaloids (� )-glaziovine (2) and (þ)-apoglaziovine (3), the sesquiterpene costic acid (4), polyprenols (5, 6 and 8), a-tocopherol (7) and the steroid b-sitosterol (9). The structures of the compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic data. This is the first description of the presence of megastigmanes in Nectandra genus. All compounds (1-9) were isolated for the first time from this species. The chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds was also summarized. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The genus Nectandra , composed by approximately 120 species that are distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania, belongs to the Lauraceae family. Plants from this genus, usually trees, have been used in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antifungal and antiprotozoal reagents; its biological potential has been reported in several studies conducted in vitro and in vivo. Chemically, the genus Nectandra contains different types of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids (aporphine, proaporphine, benzylisoquinoline, bisbenzylisoquinoline, and morphinandienone) and lignoids (furofuran, benzofuran, tetrahydrofuran, dihydrofuran, and 3,3-neolignan). Other compounds, such as terpenoids (mainly mono and sesquiterpenes), steroids, phenylpropanoids and flavonoids have been described in Nectandra genus. Other minor derivatives such as coumarins, benzoic acid derivatives, xanthone, benzophenones, lactones, sugars and fatty acids have also been isolated. Most of these studies associate biological aspects to isolated compounds. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the chemistry of the genus Nectandra and compile approximately 200 compounds isolated from different species, together with their therapeutic potential.

Fil: Poszkus Borrero, Pablo A. Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina. Fil: Bohren, Alicia V. Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina. Fil: Keller, Hector A. Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina. Fil: Keller, Hector A. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Fil: Keller, Hector A. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnica. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina. Fil: Grance, Luis A. Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina. Fil: Dummel, Claudio J. Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina. La arquitectura foliar de 12 especies leñosas de la familia Lauraceae que crecen en la Provincia de Misiones (Argentina) fueron estudiadas con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento de las mismas. Las especies se caracterizan por presentar hojas simples, pecioladas, de ápice generalmente acuminado y con o sin domacios. Los patrones de venación de primero, segundo, tercero, cuarto y quinto orden fueron descriptos e ilustrados para las especies estudiadas; éstas presentan una venación secundaria de varios tipos: broquidódroma (Nectandra megapotamica, Cryptocarya aschersoniana, Ocotea diospyrifolia, Endlicheria paniculata, Ocotea puberula y Ocotea sp.), acródroma suprabasal imperfecta-broquidódroma (Cinnamomum amoenum, Ocotea pulchella), craspedódroma (Ocotea acutifolia) y eucantódromo-broquidódroma (Nectandra lanceolata, Nectandra angustifolia, Ocotea lancifolia). La densidad de areolas fue observada como un carácter diagnóstico importante; no siendo el caso del número de lados que éstas poseen. Todas las especies presentaron estomas paracíticos. Los caracteres analizados, junto con los morfológicos y epidérmicos, permitieron la diferenciación de las 12 especies estudiadas, evidenciando la importancia de la arquitectura foliar en el reconocimiento en estado vegetativo. Por primera vez para la flora Argentina, Endlicheria paniculata es citada en esta contribución.

The species of Lauraceae collected by Ludwig Riedel, excluding Ocotea, are commented and contextualized according to the different itineraries he travelled in Brazil, from 1821 to 1836, indicating the localities and dates of collections, whenever possible. To complete this work, two diaries of Riedel have been consulted and the information from them cross-checked with the annotations found on specimen labels. An annotated list of 48 entries provides information on the status of species names and their types, currently accepted names, and collections found in different herbaria. Lectotypes for five names, Aydendron verrucosum var. attenuata, Aydendron parviflorum, Mespilodaphne parviflora, Nectandra spicata, and Oreodaphne fasciculata, are designated. The species of Ocotea collected by Riedel will be treated in part II of this series.

In the course of reconstructing the Brazilian herbarium of Prince Maximilian of Wied, several species were found in the literature which need either correction or clarification. Problems include priority considerations, authority of species names, conflicting typifications and other errors. This paper reports 12 currently accepted species collected by Prince Maximilian in Brazil, commenting on their taxonomic status and nomenclature. Included are type specimens of Andromeda ambigua Schrad. (lecto and isolectotypes; = Agarista revoluta (Spreng.) Hook. f. ex Nied.), Andromeda crassifolia Nees (lecto and isolectotypes; = Agarista revoluta), Aphelandra marginata Nees & Mart. (lecto and isolectotypes), Aphelandra maximiliana (Nees) Benth. (lecto and isolectotypes), Ceiba ventricosa (Nees & Mart.) Ravenna (lectotype), Cinnamodendron axillare (Nees) Endl. ex Walp. (lecto and isolectotypes), Croton gnaphaloides Schrad. (lecto and isolectotype), C. klaenzei Mull. Arg. (holotype), Geissomeria nitida (Nees & Mart.) Nees & Mart. (lecto and isolectotypes), Nectandra squarrosa Nees var. pyrifolia Nees (lecto and isolectotypes; = Ocotea squarrosa (Nees) Mez), Ocotea squarrosa (lecto and isolectotypes), Pavonia semiserrata (Schrad.) Steud. (lecto and isolectotypes), Stenandrium serpens Nees (lecto and isolectotypes), Zollernia falcata Wied-Neuw. & Nees (lecto and isolectotypes; = Z. glabra (Spreng.) Yakovlev) and Z. splendens Wied-Neuw. & Nees (lectotype; = Z. glabra). Additionally, a new name, Aphelandra verrugensis P. L. R. Moraes, is proposed to replace Synandra amoena Schrad., which is the oldest name of the taxon currently known as Aphelandra ignea Nees.

Cuticular characters are epidermal or stomatal characters and are often used in the taxonomy and classification of fossil or extant Lauraceae. However, there is no consensus on their usefulness, especially as to which characters take priority and at which taxonomic level. This study compared the cuticular characters of species within the Neotropical genera of the Ocotea Aubl. complex to the reported molecular phylogeny. Species of the following genera are included in this study: Aiouea Aubl., Aniba Aubl., Dicypellium Nees & Mart., Endlicheria Nees, Kubitzkia van der Werff, Licaria Aubl., Nectandra Rol. ex Rottb., Ocotea, Paraia Rohwer, H. G. Richt. & van der Werff, Pleurothyrium Nees, Rhodostemonodaphne Rohwer & Kubitzki, Umbellularia (Nees) Nutt., and Urbanodendron Mez. Species groups based on cuticular characters, especially characters of the stomata, agreed well with the various clades in the molecular phylogeny, but did not agree with species grouped according to the traditional generic conce...

This study provides the first evidence for plant- insect associations from fossil leaf impressions of the San Jose and Palo Pintado formations, dated as middle and upper Miocene age, from northwestern Argentina. The size, shape and arrangement of leaf damage on several plant hosts consists of various chew marks made by mandibulate insects occurring along the leaf blades of Malvaciphyllum quenquiadensis Anzotegui and Cristalli (Malvaceae), hole feeding along the leaf edge of Nectandra saltensis Anzotegui (Lauraceae), mines within the internal tissues of M. quenquiadensis, and oviposition scars in Cedrela sp. (Meliaceae). Based on specific, identifiable features of the plant damage, the likely producers responsible for this damage include external foliage feeders such as Orthoptera, Phasmoptera and Coleoptera; leaf miners from the Lepidoptera but possibly Hymenoptera and Diptera; and ovipositing insects representing the Odonata. Many of these insect groups were previously known from earlier Paleogene deposits of Argentina, and similar ovipositional damage has been documented from the early Eocene of Rio Negro and middle Eocene of Chubut in Patagonia, indicating geochronological continuity and occurrence in marsh and open woodland plant communities under warm and seasonal climatic conditions.

Notes on the lecotypification of Nectandra sanguinea, the type of Nectandra, are presented, complementing the prior one proposed by Luciano Bernardi. This is necessary in order to clarify the confusion that arose after his analysis whereby the sheet designated by him as “holotypus” was subsequently altered, and because he mixed elements of two different sheets in the photographic plate indicated as being a single sheet of the “holotypus.” Corrections of authorship and the place and date of publication of the species name are also discussed, having been overlooked by most authors who were seemingly unaware of the existence of the original dissertation published by Rottboll in 1776.

The genus Persea consists of two subgenera, Persea (known as avocados) and Eriodaphne (known as aguacatillos, avocado-like species). The present study aimed to determine whether the genus Persea is a monophyletic group and whether the division into two subgenera is an artificial one. In conjunction with these goals, a hypothesis of the phylogenetic relationships among Persea species is proposed. Our results suggest that Persea is not a monophyletic group. Two clades of Persea can be recognized. The results suggest that Eriodaphne and Persea should be considered to be independent genera. Various leaf and floral characters contributed for separation into groups. The definition of Eriodaphne is based on fruit color, sessile glands at the base of the stamens, vein prominence and leaf shape. Persea is more closely related to genera Nectandra and Ocotea than Eriodaphne. The 11 species included in Persea are recognized as species. The group is defined by fruit flavor, mature leaf color, number of tertiary divergent veins, and pubescent bracts in the inflorescence. Within this group, a clade of six species in which P. guatemalensis is included is recovered by seed shape, venation pattern relief, and number of fruits per cluster. Moreover, the seed shape supports the separation of P. floccosa and P. zentmyerii. A molecular character analysis is necessary to support the Persea clades proposed herein. Nevertheless the phylogenetic relationships revealed by this study provide new bases for the selection and conservation of the species Persea.

O presente trabalho consiste de uma sinopse taxonômica dos gêneros da família Lauraceae no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Constatou-se a ocorrência de cerca de 109 espécies distribuídas em 16 gêneros: Aniba Aubl., Aiouea Aubl., Beilschmiedia Nees, Cassytha L., Cinnamomum Schaeff., Cryptocarya R. Br., Endlicheria Nees, Licaria Aubl., Mezilaurus Kuntze ex Taub., Nectandra Rol. ex Rottb., Ocotea Aubl., Persea Mill., Phyllostemonodaphne Kosterm., Pleurothyrium Nees, Rhodostemonodaphne Rohwer & Kubitzki e Urbanodendron Mez. Foi elaborada uma chave para identificação dos gêneros, fornecidos descrições e comentários sobre cada um deles, com distribuição geográfica, número de espécies no Brasil e no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, como também é disponibilizada uma lista preliminar das espécies ocorrentes no Estado.

A new species of Nectandra Rol. ex Rottb. (Lauraceae) from Cajamarca, Peru, is described and illustrated. Nectandra ovatocaudata Rohwer appears to be related to N. amazonum Nees, but differs in its leaf shape, in having a receptacle that is densely pubescent inside, and in its habitat.

As árvores conhecidas popularmente por “canela”, pertencentes aos gêneros Ocotea e Nectandra (Lauraceae), são de difícil separação tanto em nível de gênero como de espécie, pela anatomia do seu lenho. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever os caracteres anatômicos macroscópicos e organolépticos do lenho e sua aplicação na identificação dos gêneros e das espécies desta família. Foram coletados discos do lenho à altura do peito (1,30 m) do tronco das árvores de Nectandra megapotamica, N. lanceolata, Ocotea porosa, O. puberula, O. pulchella e Ocotea sp. ocorrentes em quatro municípios do interior do estado de Santa Catarina. As características anatômicas macroscópicas e organolépticas do lenho foram descritas de acordo com as normas usuais para estudos em anatomia da madeira, cujos resultados indicam a possibilidade de separação de Nectandra e de Ocotea tais como visibilidade do parênquima axial, arranjo diagonal dos vasos, cor e cheiro do lenho. Apresenta-se, ainda, uma chave dicotômica que permite a separação das árvores das espécies de Lauráceas estudadas. No trabalho, conclui-se que as seis espécies analisadas podem ser identificadas pela estrutura anatômica observada macroscopicamente e propriedades organolépticas do seu lenho, não sendo encontrados, no entanto, caracteres que propiciem a distinção dos gêneros Ocotea e Nectandra entre si.

Resumen En una muestra de bosque de una hectarea ubicada en la region Junin, provincia de Satipo, a una altura 990 y 1050 m. Se registraron 775 arboles ≥ 10 cm de DAP, representados en 102 especies, 67 generos y 37 familias. Desde el punto de vista de la diversidad la zona de estudio posee una riqueza de especies moderada, en contraste a otras muestras estudiadas en selva central de Peru. El presente trabajo tambien incluye un analisis de siete parcelas de una hectarea ubicadas a lo largo de la gradiente altitudinal en selva central, establecidas en investigaciones previas. De las parcelas instaladas entre 900 y 1500 m en el piso premontano, el ensamblaje de especies muestra afinidades floristicas entre ellas y con los bosques de Amazonia baja. No obstante, por encima de los 2000 m, la mayor presencia de familias y generos altoandinos revela marcadas diferencias con el bosque premontano. Las familias Lauraceae, Moraceae, Rubiaceae, Melastomataceae, Urticaceae y Leguminosae, asi como, los generos Ocotea, Ficus, Nectandra, Inga y Miconia son los mas ricos en especies en los bosques de selva central del Peru. Diversity patterns and floristic composition of permanent evaluative plots in the Peruvian central forest Abstract A forest survey in Satipo Province, Region of Junin, from 990 to 1050 m.a.s.l. revealed the presence of 775 trees ≥ 10 cm dbh belonging to 102 species, 67 genera and 37 families. The study showed the most diverse families as being Moraceae, Lauraceae and Leguminosae, and the most diverse genera as Ficus, Ocotea, Miconia and Inga . A comparative analysis of 1 hectare plots located in premontane forests from 900 to 1150 m.a.s.l. was carried out. In the premontane altitude zone, the species ensemble shows floristic affinities between them and with lowland Amazon forests. However, over 2000 m.a.s.l., there are marked differences on account of greater numbers of high Andean families and genera. Lauraceae, Moraceae, Rubiaceae, Melastomataceae, Urticaceae and Leguminosae, as well as the genera Ocotea, Ficus, Nectandra, Inga and Miconia show high species richness in the montane and premontane forests of Central Peru.

Three new taxa with clear affinity to extant Lauraceae are described from the Santonian/Campanian ( c. 83 Myr, Late Cretaceous) Neuse River locality in North Carolina, U.S.A. A new lauraceous genus, Neusenia , is established to accommodate an excellently preserved flower with tetrasporangiate anthers and psilate pollen grains. Two additional lauraceous taxa are described but not named due to incomplete preservation. The fossil taxa described in this paper represent a variety of evolutionary lineages within Lauraceae with respect to inflorescence structure and anther morphology, including both distinctly pedicellate flowers and sessile, closely crowded flowers, as well as tetrasporangiate and disporangiate anthers. In light of the co-occurrence of both tetrasporangiate and disporangiate anthers in the Neuse River flora, the plesiomorphic state of lauraceous anthers is discussed. Mapped on a recent cladogram of Laurales, tetrasporangiate anthers appear to be primitive within Lauraceae. Thus, disporangiate 2-valvate anthers must have evolved independently at least three times in Laurales (in Lauraceae, Hernandiaceae, and Atherospermataceae/Gomortegaceae). In Hernandiaceae and Atherospermataceae/Gomortegaceae such anthers are interpreted to have originated from tetrasporangiate 2-valvate anthers through reduction of the septum in each theca, while in Lauraceae they may have originated in the same way and/or from reduction of two pollen sacs in a tetrasporangiate 4-valvate anther.

Se describe e ilustra Mocinnodaphne, un género nuevo de Lauraceae de México, que se diferencia por la presencia de estambres fértiles sólo en el tercer verticilo, por sus anteras biesporangiadas, estaminodios del cuarto verticilo bien desarrollados y cúpula del fruto con tépalos persistentes. El conjunto de caracteres que distingue a este género lo relaciona con el grupo cuyo centro está formado por Ocotea, Nectandra y Cinnamomum.

Leaves extracts and essential oil of Nectandra angustifolia were explored for the first time for neutralization of Bothrops neuwiedi diporus snake venom. The ethanol extract was the most active and inhibited both venom activities (hemolytic and coagulant), while the oil was only active on the coagulant activity. These observations confirmed that certain medicinal plants from Corrientes and Chaco Provinces possess significant snake venom neutralizing capacity and need further examination for their active constituents. Analysis by GC and GC-MS of the essential oil and the enantiomeric excess found for α-pinene, β-pinene and limonene allowed a better characterization of this species.

A new species, Geastrum episcopale, is described from Argentina. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of fresh and dry basidiomata are provided along with photographs of microscopic elements, such as spores, capillitium, calcium oxalate crystals, and exo- and endoperidium surfaces. This fungus is typical of the genus in its morphology and ecology but clearly differs from every known species. This species can be distinguished easily by the red-violet (to magenta) exoperidium and the lilac endoperidium. Specimens were collected on wet soil composed of a superficial layer of ca. 5 cm leaf litter and 15 cm of particulate and melanized lignocellulosic material (pH 6.5) under Eugenia uruguayensis and Nectandra sp. Fil: Kuhar, José Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Micología y Botánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Micología y Botánica; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Laboratorio de Micología Experimental; Argentina Fil: Papinutti, Víctor Leandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Micología y Botánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Micología y Botánica; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Laboratorio de Micología Experimental; Argentina

O trabalho apresenta o estudo taxonômico das espécies do gênero Nectandra no Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Baseados na análise morfológica dos espécimes coletados em diferentes regiões do Estado são confirmados oito espécies de Nectandra: N. amazonum Nees, N. cissiflora Nees, N. cuspidata Nees, N. falcifolia (Nees) J.A. Castigl. ex Mart. Crov. & Piccinini, N. gardneri Meisn., N. hihua (Ruiz & Pav.) Rohwer, N. megapotamica (Spreng.) Mez e N. psammophila Nees. É fornecida uma chave de identificação para as espécies e apresentados descrições morfológicas, dados de distribuição geográfica, habitat, aspectos fenológicos, comentários taxonômicos e ilustrações para cada espécie. ABSTRACT - This paper presents the taxonomic study of the species of Nectandra from Mato Grosso do Sul. Eight species of Nectandra were identified through the morphological analyses of specimens collected in different regions from the State: N. amazonum Nees, N. cissiflora Nees, N. cuspidata Nees, N. falcifolia (Nees) J.A. Castigl. ex Mart. Crov. & Piccinini, N. gardneri Meisn., N. hihua (Ruiz & Pav.) Rohwer, N. megapotamica (Spreng.) Mez and N. psammophila Nees. Identification key, morphological descriptions, geographic distribution, habitat, fenologic aspect, taxonomic comments, and illustrations are presented.

Phylogenetic relationships among 122 species of Lauraceae representing 44 of the 55 currently recognized genera are inferred from sequence variation in the chloroplast and nuclear genomes. The trnL-trnF, trnT-trnL, psbA-trnH, and rpll6 regions of cpDNA, and the 5' end of 26S rDNA resolved major lineages, while the ITS/5.8S region of rDNA resolved a large terminal lade. The phylogenetic estimate is used to assess morphology-based views of relationships and, with a temporal dimension added, to reconstruct the biogeographic history of the family. Results suggest Lauraceae radiated when trans-Tethyean migration was relatively easy, and basal lineages are established on either Gondwanan or Laurasian terrains by the Late Cretaceous. Most genera with Gondwanan histories place in Cryptocaryeae, but a small group of South American genera, the Chlorocardium-Mezilauruls lade, represent a separate Gondwanan lineage. Caryodaphnopsis and Neocinnamomum may be the only extant representatives of the ancient Lauraceae flora docu- mented in Mid- to Late Cretaceous Laurasian strata. Remaining genera place in a terminal Perseeae-Laureae lade that radiated in Early Eocene Laurasia. Therein, non-cupulate genera associate as the Persea group, and cupuliferous genera sort to Laureae of most classifications or Cinnamomeae sensu Kostermans. Laureae are Laurasian relicts in Asia. The Persea group and Cinnamomum group (of Cinnamomeae) show tropical amphi-Pacific disjunctions here credited to disruption of boreotropical ranges by Eocene-Oligocene climatic cooling. The Ocotea complex accommodates re- maining Cinnamomeae and shows a trans-Atlantic disjunction possibly derived from a Madrean-Tethyan ancestral distribution. These findings support Laurasian ancestry for most extant Lauraceae, with their considerable neotropical representation primarily derived from Early Miocene radiation of the Ocotea complex upon reaching South America.

In the course of preparing a treatment of the Ocotea helicterifolia group for Flora Mesoamericana, the existing treatment was found to be outdated. A review of the group is here presented and includes the description of the following new species: O. congregata van der Werff, O. corrugata van der Werff, O. gordonii van der Werff, and O. patula van der Werff, as well as the following new combinations: 0. betazensis (Mez) van der Werff, O. bourgeauviana (Mez) van der Werff, O. purpurea (Mez) van der Werff, and O. tonii (Lundell) van der Werff. A key to the species of the group is presented, new synonymy is given, and the specimens studied are listed. Among the species of Ocotea in Central America is a group characterized by the presence of an erect indument on the leaves (especially on the lower surface) that is discernible to the touch, with densely to moderately pubescent twigs, tepals that are partially papillose (sometimes only along the margin or near the tip), glabrous or somewhat papillose anthers with the four cells arranged in two superposed pairs and, at least in some species, relatively well-developed staminodia. The term papillose is used here for a dense cover of very short, curly hairs. In a few species the anthers each have a small, sterile tip and the anther cells do not fill the anther completely, as is the case in most species of Ocotea. Although this group is easy to recognize, its taxonomy is confused. The presence of well-developed staminodia has resulted in the inclusion of several species in Phoebe, and later those were transferred to Cinnamomum. Other species have been placed in Nectandra, sharing a common papillosity of the tepals and anthers. Nectandra belizensis (Lundell) Allen resembles in vegetative characters the O. helicterifolia group, but has typical Nectandra stamens (short, broad, with the anther cells arranged in a shallow arc, not in two superposed pairs as in Ocotea). Nectandra belizensis is known from Belize, Costa Rica, and Panama. Rohwer (1991) gave a brief discussion of the group and provided a list of taxa included in it. He also revised the species with the general flower structure of 0. helicterifolia, but which did not have the pubescent leaves and twigs. He noted that the O. helictertfolia group is related to the Ocotea sinuata group, which differs in having tongue-shaped anthers each with a conspicuous sterile tip. In the course of writing a treatment of Ocotea for Flora Mesoamericana, I found several undescribed species in the O. helicterifolia group and several other species that needed to be transferred to Ocotea. A few species of this group occurred outside the area covered by Flora Mesoamericana. In addition to the novelties, I decided it might be useful to publish a key to all species I recognize as belonging to the O. helicterifolia group, as well as new synonyms. In the most recent treatment of Central American Lauraceae (Allen, 1945), most species of the O. helicterifolia group were included in Phoebe, and these species were mostly separated based on leaf size and leaf shape. I found these characters less important than Allen did, and rely more on such characters as inflorescence type (racemose or paniculate-cymose), flower characters (flowers glabrous or pubescent; inner surface of tepals glabrous or pubescent; receptacles glabrous or pubescent inside), and leaf position (alternate or clustered). Use of these characters leads to better-defined species, although some of the species appear quite variable and may be further divided at some later point. Specifically, the Costa Rican specimens of O. helicterifolia seem slightly different and occur at lower altitudes than specimens collected north of Costa Rica. Likewise, specimens of 0. purpurea from Panama seem different (fewer lateral veins, for example) than those from Honduras northward. However, splitting these species can only be done using vegetative characters (leaf shape and size), and because I regard these characters as weak and not reliable, I am reluctant to further divide these rather variable species. In several species the upper rim of the receptacle carries a ring of hairs. These hairs are easily visible and may suggest the receptacle itself is pubescent or the tepals are pubescent on the inner surface. It is necessary to split a receptacle open in order to ascertain whether the receptacle is puNovoN 9: 571-583. 1999. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.103 on Tue, 27 Jun 2017 17:57:07 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

The wood anatomy of Nectandra lanceolata Nees et Mart. Ex Nees, Nectandra saligna Nees et Mart. ex Nees and Ocotea puberula Nees are studied in their general and microscopic features. The three species share the most important anatomical features, described in the literature for the Lauraceae family. Nectandra lanceolata may be easily set apart from the other two species by the absence of crystals in its wood. Nectandra saligna, on the other hand, distinguishes itself from Ocotea puberula by the abundance of crystals in the ray structure and by the presence of oil cells, both in axial and ray parenchyma.

The genus Sextonia is described; it consists of two species, the rather widespread S. rubra and the new species S. pubescens, restricted to eastern Peru. Ocotea is the largest genus of neotropical Lauraceae, including at least 300 species (van der Werff, 1991). It is not surprising that with such a large number of species the genus shows considerable morphological variation, is difficult to delimit, and is in much need of a modern revision. Oftentimes the genus has been used to accommodate species that could not be adequately placed in other, better defined genera. As information from other disciplines, most notably wood and bark anatomy (Richter, 1981), has become available, some of the anomalous species have been removed from Ocotea and recognized as distinct genera. Rohwer et al. (1991) created the genus Chlorocardium for two species previously placed in Ocotea and discussed some other problematical species. I propose to recognize one of those species, until now treated as Ocotea rubra, as belonging to a distinct genus and will describe a new species of this genus as well. Sextonia van der Werff, gen. nov. TYPE: Sextonia rubra (Mez) van der Werff. Figure 1. Arbores magnae. Folia ad apices ramulorum aggregata. Inflorescentiae axillares, racemosae vel paniculatae. Tepala 6, inaequalia, 3 exteriora quam 3 interiora minora, erecta; stamina 9, 4-locellata, 6 exteriora locellis in arcu non profundo dispositis, 3 interiora locellis in 2 paribus superpositis; staminodia 3; receptaculum profundum. Fructus cupula insidens, ab ea 13 vel fere omnino obtecta. Large trees, to 45 m tall. Twigs thick, corky, terete. Leaves alternate, clustered near the tips of the branches, pinnately veined, without domatia. Inflorescences axillary, racemose or paniculate, ultimate divisions of inflorescences frequently not strictly cymose, but racemose. Tepals erect, unequal, the outer three smaller than the inner three; stamens 9, 4-celled, the outer 6 with the cells in a shallow arc, the inner 3 with the cells placed in two pairs, the filaments short, as wide as the anthers, staminodia 3; receptacle deep. Fruit initially enclosed in the cupule, at maturity either 2/ exserted or almost completely enclosed in the cupule. The new genus Sextonia is readily recognized by having clustered leaves and flowers with unequal tepals, characters already mentioned by Rohwer et al. (1991). The differences in wood and bark anatomy between Ocotea and Sextonia (as O. rubra) were amply discussed by Richter (1981), and indeed the main reason that Rohwer et al. (1991) did not describe a new genus to accommodate O. rubra was their reluctance to describe another monotypic genus. In a genus as large as Ocotea it is not surprising to find individual species or groups of species that differ in one or more morphological characters from the rest of the species, and finding such differences is not a sufficiently strong argument for describing a new genus. However, when such morphological differences are supported by differences in wood and bark anatomy the argument for a new genus is stronger. Three reasons made me consider the generic status of 0. rubra again. The first is the recent discovery of an undescribed species closely related to O. rubra, sharing with it the clustered leaves and flowers with unequal tepals, but differing in having pubescent flowers and racemose inflorescences. This new species has wood and bark anatomy similar to O. rubra. Describing this species in Ocotea would clearly be incorrect. The second argument is that during a study of the embryology of Lauraceae (Heo et al., in prep.) Ocotea rubra was found to differ clearly from the other four investigated species of Ocotea in having the mature embryo sac protruding from the nucellus, a character state otherwise only found in Beilschmiedia, Caryodaphnopsis, Cryptocarya, Endiandra, and Potameia, but lacking in genera considered closely related to Ocotea, such as Aiouea, Aniba, Cinnamomum, Licaria, Mezilaurus, and Nectandra. The third is that the inflorescences of the two species of Sextonia are different from those found in Ocotea. In Ocotea the flowers are arranged in cymes, with the lateral flowers of a cyme strictly opposite. In Sextonia rubra, however, the flowers are not arranged in cymes. Frequently the ultimate branching of the inflorescences appears racemose and flowers are not strictly opposite. The inflorescence types of Lauraceae and their importance for the suprageneric classification are discussed in detail by van NovoN 7: 436-439. 1997. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.151 on Thu, 07 Jul 2016 05:31:01 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Volume 7, Number 4 van der Werff 437 1997 New Genus of Lauraceae

Ocotea pharomachrosorum (Lauraceae), of the Ocotea helecterifolia-group from Costa Rica and Panama, is described here. Within the large genus Ocotea Aublet (Lauraceae), this new species belongs to the Ocotea helecterifolia-group. This group contains numerous borderline cases between the genera Ocotea, Nectandra, and Phoebe (Rohwer, 1991; 1992 in litt.). However, its outer tepals are glabrous inside, the inner ones have only a few papillae and the anthers are fleshy and smooth, not papillate, nor hood-shaped; these are all Ocotea-like characters. Although this species was collected for the first time several years ago, the material was insufficient to describe it. This collection was treated by Rohwer (1991) as Ocotea sp. A and by Burger & van der Werff (1991) as "a species of uncertain position." Ocotea pharomachrosorum Gomez-Laurito, sp. nov. TYPE: Costa Rica. San Jose: Dota, San Gerardo, Finca de Efrain Chacon, 10?32'20"N, 83?49'05"W, 2,100-2,200 m, 10 feb. 1992, J. Gomez-Laurito, J. A. Lopez, A. Mora & W. Barillas 12160 (holotype, CR; isotypes, F, MO, K, USJ). Figure 1. A speciebus quas Rohwer ad species e turma helecterifolia ascripsit combinatione indumenti densissimi crispati cum basibus foliorum inaequilateralibus et nervis lateralibus utroque 3-5 distinguenda. Trees 8-12 m tall, 30-40 cm D.B.H., trunk straight, terete; bark grayish with transverse lenticels; inner bark yellowish; wood hard. Leafy branchlets densely grayish tomentulous with curled and matted hairs. Leaves alternate, distant; petioles 2.53.5 cm long; lamina 9-19 cm long, 5-7.5 cm broad, narrowly ovate to ovate-elliptic or ovate-oblong, tapering to a short-acuminate apex, obtuse to rounded at the base, the sides of lamina unequal at the base with the sides 2-6 mm distant on the petiole, drying stiffly chartaceous or subcoriaceous, the upper surface glabrous and lustrous but with hairs above the slightly elevated proximal major veins, tertiary venation slightly elevated, lower surface densely yellowish gray or whitish gray tomentulous, the hairs minute (0.1-0.3 mm) and curved, with 3-5 major secondary veins on each side, the basal secondaries often strongly ascending, central secondaries arising at ngles of 35?-500. Young leaves very dense brownish tomentose. Inflorescences solitary and axillary to distal leaves or undeveloped leaves near the shoot tip, paniculate with short lateral branches subtended by conspicuous (4-7 mm) oblong bracts, peduncle, rachis and bracts densely brownish gray omentulous. Flowers white, delicately scented; 6 te als 4-5 mm long, 3 mm wide, externally pubescent, internally scarcely papillose; 9 fertile stamens, 6 outer, 3 inner, subsessile, thick, fleshy, smooth with hairs at base of filaments; glands sessile, 0.6 mm long. Ovary ovoid, glabrous. Style 1 mm long; stigma capitate. Cup 8-13 mm long, obconic, redtinged. Berry ellipsoid, 3.5 cm long, up to 2 cm wide, green to purple at maturity. This new species and other Lauraceae are an important food source of one of the most beautiful birds in Central America: the resplendent quetzal (Pharomachros mocinno), hence the name. Ocotea pharomachrosorum is easily distinguished by its dense gray tomentum of branchlets and undersides of leaves; unusual long petioles to 3.5 cm long; subcoriaceous leaves with only 3-4 pairs of major veins and sides of the lamina unequal at the base. Moreover, the young leaves and shoots are conspicuously dense brownish tomentose. It is presently known from the Pacific slope of the Cordillera de Talamanca in Costa Rica, and adjacent Chiriqui highlands in Panama, from 1,600 to ca. 2,300 m elevation. Paratypes. Same locality as type: Julio Sdnchez s.n. (CR, USJ). PANAMA. CHIRIQUI. Vic. of Boquete, Finca Collins, El Velo, 12 Mar. 1963 (US) Steam et al. 1985. Acknowledgments. I am grateful to William C. Burger (Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, U.S.A.) and Jens G. Rohwer (Institut fur Systematische Botanik und Pflanzengeografie, Heidelberg, Germany) for critical readings of the manuNOVON 3: 31-33. 1993. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.11 on Mon, 17 Oct 2016 05:33:49 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

Limataphalara brevicephala gen. et sp. nov. is described from Florida. Its separation from other New World Aphalarinae is discussed and a key to genera is provided. The probable host plant is Nectandra coriacea (Lauraceae).

Phialophora parasitica , originally described as a cause of phaeohyphomycosis in man, has also been isolated from diseased specimens of Nectandra sp. in Costa Rica, Phoenix dactylifera in Iraq, Prunus armeniaca in Tunisia and Quercus virginiana in Texas. A very similar but possibly distinct fungus is associated with diseased Vitis vinifera in California.

Seven neolignans, isolated from a C 6 H 6 extract of Nectandra miranda (Lauraceae) trunk wood, included the hitherto undescribed (2 S , 3 S , 3a S )- and (2 S , 3 S , 3a R )-5-allyl-3a-methoxy-2-(3′, 4′, 5′-trimethoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-2, 3, 3a, 6-tetrahydro-6-oxobenzofurans (respectively mirandin-A and mirandin -B), 7-allyl-6-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2-(3′, 4′, 5′-trimethoxyphenyl)-3-methylbenzofuran and (2 R , 3 R )-7-methoxy-2-(3′, 4′, 5′-trimethoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-5 -( E )-propenyl-2, 3-dihydrobenzofuran (licarin C).

The trunk wood of an Amazonian Nectandra (Lauraceae) species contains one bicyclo[3.2.1]octanoid and four hydrobenzofuranoid neolignans. The latter comprise representatives of the mirandin, the rearranged burchellin and the burchellin types. The former was characterized as (1 S , 4 R , 5 S , 6 R , 7 R )-3-allyl-4-hydroxy-1-methoxy-(3′, 4′, 5′-trimethoxyphenyl)- 7-methyl-8-oxobicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-ene macrophyllin-B), a new representative of the seemingly rare macrophyllin type.

The sporoderm ultrastructure of some genera in theLauraceae, Hernandiaceae andGomortegaceae (Laurales) was re-investigated. This and a comparison with some Zingiberalean genera (Canna, Heliconia, Strelitzia) leads to a re-interpretation of the peculiar pollen wall structure of the Lauralean families recently described in this journal (Kubitzki 1981). Their pollen is now interpreted as being nearly exine-less: The (sporopollenin-containing) exine consists only of a thin, skin-like, coherent layer ornamented with spines and globules. The (cellulosic) intine is composed of an unstratified inner and a thick, channelled outer layer. The striking similarity of the pollen ultrastructure between theLaurales studied and some members of theZingiberales can be interpreted as an example of convergent evolution in angiosperm pollen walls.

In a paper read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh in April 1843, Dr Maclagan described the general properties of the alkaloid, whose presence had been indicated in the bark of the bebeeru or greenheart tree, by Dr Rodie of Demerara, and described the mode of preparation of its sulphate for medicinal use. The fact that bebeerine appeared to possess marked antiperiodic properties, rendered its careful chemical study desirable, and accordingly the alkaloid, purified as far as possible, was subjected to analysis by Drs Maclagan and Tilley. It resulted from this research that bebeerine is an uncrystallisable base, very soluble in alcohol, less so in ether, and very sparingly so in water. It forms with acids salts which are all uncrystallisable. With perchloride of gold, mercury, copper, and platinum, it gives precipitates which are soluble to a certain extent in water and alcohol, but which are deposited in a non-crystalline form when the solution cools. To this base the author assigned the formula C35H20N2O6(C = 6). Von Planta subsequently attempts to purify further the alkaloid, and assigned to it the formula C36H21O6N(C = 6) or C18H21O3N(C = 12.)

Bebeerine is a vegetable alkaloid, discovered by Dr Rodie of Demerara, in the bark of the Bebeeru tree,Nectandra Rodiei, Schomburgk. The properties of the alkaloid and its application in the form of sulphate, in the treatment of disease, were formerly described by Dr Maclagan in a paper read before the Society, and published in their Transactions, vol. xv., part 3.

The wood of Nectandra polita contains sitosterol, O -methyleugenol, eugenol, dehydrodieugenol, O -methyldehydrodieugenol and di- O -methyldehydrodieugenol, whose isolation from a natural source is reported here for the first time.