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The largest genus within the Phyllanthaceae family is a group called Phyllanthus L. Recent studies have shown, that Phyllanthus is paraphyletic with the genera Glochidion, Breynia and Synostemon nested within it. In this thesis, I study the evolution and systematics of Phyllanthus and how to solve the apparent paraphyly. First we explore past morphological subgroups to come to a subdivision, which was tested using molecular phylogenetics. Several species of Phyllanthus are also used in traditional medicine and by utilizing the living collections of the Hortus botanicus Leiden, we tested for antibacterial and antifungal bioactivity. The phylogeny resulting from this study is used to study the historical biogeography and diversification of the tribe and to propose a new classification where Phyllanthus is separated into several smaller genera.

The largest genus within the Phyllanthaceae family is a group called Phyllanthus L. Recent studies have shown, that Phyllanthus is paraphyletic with the genera Glochidion, Breynia and Synostemon nested within it. In this thesis, I study the evolution and systematics of Phyllanthus and how to solve the apparent paraphyly. First we explore past morphological subgroups to come to a subdivision, which was tested using molecular phylogenetics. Several species of Phyllanthus are also used in traditional medicine and by utilizing the living collections of the Hortus botanicus Leiden, we tested for antibacterial and antifungal bioactivity. The phylogeny resulting from this study is used to study the historical biogeography and diversification of the tribe and to propose a new classification where Phyllanthus is separated into several smaller genera.

The largest genus within the Phyllanthaceae family is a group called Phyllanthus L. Recent studies have shown, that Phyllanthus is paraphyletic with the genera Glochidion, Breynia and Synostemon nested within it. In this thesis, I study the evolution and systematics of Phyllanthus and how to solve the apparent paraphyly. First we explore past morphological subgroups to come to a subdivision, which was tested using molecular phylogenetics. Several species of Phyllanthus are also used in traditional medicine and by utilizing the living collections of the Hortus botanicus Leiden, we tested for antibacterial and antifungal bioactivity. The phylogeny resulting from this study is used to study the historical biogeography and diversification of the tribe and to propose a new classification where Phyllanthus is separated into several smaller genera.

The largest genus within the Phyllanthaceae family is a group called Phyllanthus L. Recent studies have shown, that Phyllanthus is paraphyletic with the genera Glochidion, Breynia and Synostemon nested within it. In this thesis, I study the evolution and systematics of Phyllanthus and how to solve the apparent paraphyly. First we explore past morphological subgroups to come to a subdivision, which was tested using molecular phylogenetics. Several species of Phyllanthus are also used in traditional medicine and by utilizing the living collections of the Hortus botanicus Leiden, we tested for antibacterial and antifungal bioactivity. The phylogeny resulting from this study is used to study the historical biogeography and diversification of the tribe and to propose a new classification where Phyllanthus is separated into several smaller genera.

A new species of Phlaeothripinae, Psephenothrips aporosae sp. n., is described based on specimens collected in leaf galls on Aporosa octandra [Phyllanthaceae] in China. The new species is characterized by the head being much shorter than wide, the tube slightly longer than the head, and the metanotum with close longitudinal reticulation.

Two new species of Pucciniales fungi on plants of the Fabid clade are described from samples deposited in the herbarium of Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, collected in the state of Amapá, in the Brazilian Amazon. They are Aecidium margaritariae found on Margaritaria nobilis (Phyllanthaceae), and Uromyces amapaensis on Jatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae). The microstructures of the specimens were analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Aecidium margaritariae is characterized by the presence of globose, subglobose to slightly ellipsoid aeciospores with warty walls and smooth areas usually in the basal portion. Uromyces amapaensis is distinguished by the presence of uredinia with paraphyses which are thickened and rounded at the tip, and pedicellate and smooth teliospores. Descriptions, illustrations, and taxonomic comments are presented for each species. RESUMO Duas novas espécies de fungos Pucciniales sobre plantas do clado das fabídeas são descritas a partir de amostras depositadas no herbário do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, coletadas no estado do Amapá, na Amazonia Brasileira. Aecidium margaritariae ocorrendo sobre Margaritaria nobilis (Phyllanthaceae) e Uromyces amapaensis sobre Jatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae). As microestruturas dos espécimes foram analisadas em microscópio óptico e em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Aecidium margaritariae se caracteriza por apresentar eciósporos globosos, subglobosos a levemente elipsoides, parede verrugosa com áreas lisas geralmente na extremidade basal. Uromyces amapaensis se diferencia por apresentar uredínios com paráfises engrossadas e arredondadas no ápice e teliósporos pedicelados, lisos. São apresentadas descrições, ilustrações e comentários taxonômicos para cada espécie.

A new species of Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae: Eriococcus), P. sanatanadharmae, from the southern part of Western Ghats, India is described. Detailed taxonomic description and colour photographs are provided along with key to the section Eriococcus in Kerala region of Western Ghats.

We report here the rediscovery of Phyllanthus itatiaiensis Brade (Phyllanthaceae) after 50 years, as well as its occurrence in Minas Gerais State in southeastern Brazil. We provide a taxonomic diagnosis, in situ photographs, a distribution map, and a reassessment of its conservation status, which will contribute to our knowledge of this rare and endemic species as well as our ability to protect it.

The first record of Phyllanthus chacoensis for the Brazilian Amazon is presented, based on a specimen from Rondônia state. The species can be recognized by its cauliflorous inflorescence, staminate and pistillate flowers with 4 sepals, devoid of a floral disk, 4 stamens, 2-carpellary ovary, drupaceous, ellipsoidal fruits, with one seed per locule. The species was previously known only from the central-western and northeastern regions of the Caatinga and Pantanal domains in Brazil. We provide a list of synonyms, a detailed description, an updated geographic distribution map in Brazil, data on habitat and conservation status, illustrations of its reproductive characters, and detailed photographs. We also propose a lectotype for the species.

Six names in Phyllanthus sect. Phyllanthus subsect. Clausseniani are typified (P. amoenus, P. claussenii, P. claussenii var. oblongifolius, P. heteradenius, P. hypoleucus, and P. janeirenis). Phyllanthus atalaiensis is treated as a synonym of P. heteradenius.

A comprehensive taxonomic revision of the genus Glochidion J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. from Taiwan in China was carried out based on the examination of herbarium specimens and filed investigations. Eight species and three varieties are recognized, including a new species endemic to Taiwan, G. lanyuense Gang Yao & S.X. Luo, which is described and illustrated. Three names, viz. G. chademenosocarpum Hayata, G. kusukusense Hayata, and G. ovalifolium F.Y. Lu & Y.S. Hsu, are reduced to the new synonyms of G. rubrum Blume, G. lanceolatum Hayata, and G. ellipticum Wight, respectively. Two names, viz. G. lanceolatum Hayata and G. suishaense Hayata, are lectotypified here. A key to the Glochidion species in Taiwan is provided.

Two new species, Phyllanthus itamarajuensis and P. tuberculatus (Phyllanthaceae), currently restricted to the Atlantic Forest of Bahia State, Brazil, are described and illustrated. Phyllanthus itamarajuensis is distinguished by having long styles (2–2.2 mm long) associated with subshrubby habit, discretely asymmetrical basal leaves, and anthers with vertical dehiscence. Phyllanthus tuberculatus is characterized by glabrous leaves, a long pistillate pedicel (18–20 mm long), flowers of both sexes 5-merous, disk of the staminate flowers with five obtriangular segments with tuberculated surfaces, each being separated by a deep recess, and each with a central pore, anthers with non-divergent thecae, and a patelliform pistillate disk. The systematic position of both new species is discussed, and comments are provided on their morphological relationships, geographic distribution, conservation status, environmental preferences, and phenology.

Determination of some seed characteristics provides important distinctive taxonomic data for species identification. In this study, seed characteristics such as measurements, weights and surface morphology of some unstudied taxa belonging to Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, Primulaceae, Violaceae, Rosaceae and Phyllanthaceae families native in Turkey, were investigated. Length and width of the seeds were measured with digital calliper using stereo-microscope. Seed weights were measured with Dikomsan precision scale. In addition to stereo microscope data, the surface ornamentation of the seeds was identified using scanning electron microscope. Accordingly, the smallest seeds were determined in Anagallis foemina (0.74 mm long and 1.11 mm wide) from Primulaceae family, while the largest seeds were determined in Rosa boissieri (4.95 mm long and 2.99 mm wide) from Rosaceae family. The heaviest seeds were measured in Rosa boissieri (0.0095 g) from the Rosaceae family and the slightest seeds in Anagallis foemina (0.0002 g) from the Primulaceae family. Mainly six types of the ornamentation were observed in SEM study of the species. The most common one was the reticulate ornamentation., Bazı tohum özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, türlerin tanımlanmasında önemli ayırt edici taksonomik veriler sağlar. Bu çalışma ile Türkiye'de yayılış gösteren Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, Primulaceae, Violaceae, Rosaceae ve Phyllanthaceae familyalarına ilişkin tohum özellikleri çalışılmamış bazı taksonların, en-boy ölçümleri, ağırlıkları ve yüzey morfolojileri çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada mikroskop ve milimetrik kumpas ile tohumların en-boy ölçümleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Dikomsan marka hassas terazi ile tohumların ağırlıkları tartılmıştır. Stereo mikroskop verilerine ek olarak, taramalı elektron mikroskobu ile tohumların yüzey ornamentasyonu belirlenmiştir. Buna göre, en küçük tohumlar Primulaceae familyasından Anagallis foemina’da (0,74 mm genişliğinde ve 1,11 mm uzunluğundadır), en büyük tohumlar ise Rosaceae familyasından Rosa boissieri’de tespit edilmiştir (2,99 mm genişliğinde ve 4,95 mm uzunluğundadır). En ağır tohumlar Rosaceae familyasından Rosa boissieri’de (0.0095 g) ve en hafif tohumlar Primulaceae familyasından Anagallis foemeina’da (0.0002 g) ölçülmüştür.

We described a new species of Phyllanthus currently known from a single fragment of Ombrophilous Dense Forest in the Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Phyllanthus pedicellatus is the second species of the genus with phylloclades found in the Atlantic Forest domain, once mostly Brazilian Phyllanthus with these kinds of specialized branches grow in open vegetation as “campos rupestres” and cerrado. The name is a reference to its remarkable pedicels of pistillate flowers. We present illustrations and photographs of the new species in its habitat, comments on its relationships to other Brazilian Phyllanthus, and its conservation status.

During a taxonomic study of Phyllanthaceae in northeastern Brazil, three new occurrences of Phyllanthus were recorded (P. augustini Baill, P. hyssopifolioides Kunth., and P. riedelianus Müll. Arg.), and diagnoses, distribution information, conservation statuses, as well as affinity comments are provided here. Additionally, the rare species Phyllanthus carvalhoi G.L. Webster was collected, which is endemic to the Atlantic Forest in Bahia State, and we provide an updated morphological description, conservation status, photographs, and unpublished illustrations.

Premise of research. The Caribbean is an important area of species diversity within the large pantropical genus Phyllanthus. With the goal of illuminating the evolutionary origins of Caribbean Phyl...

The flora of Papua New Guinea is amongst the richest in the world with an estimated 25,000 plant species. The extreme levels of biodiversity, climatic ranges and soil types suggest a high possibility of metal hyperaccumulator plants existing in Papua New Guinea. However, no hyperaccumulator plants have been reported from this region yet. The use of handheld X-ray fluorescence instruments is a non-destructive and effective method for the systematic quantitative assessment of hyperaccumulation in vast numbers of herbarium specimens. X-ray fluorescence scanning was undertaken at the Queensland Herbarium (Australia) on all Papua New Guinea specimens from seven major families (Celastraceae, Cunoniaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Proteaceae, Rubiaceae, Salicaceae and Violaceae), covering 3164 plant specimens. This preliminary survey revealed the existence of ten zinc hyperaccumulator species (> 3000 µg g−1 Zn), eight manganese accumulator species (> 5000 µg g−1 Mn) and one nickel hyperaccumulator species (> 1000 µg g−1 Ni). These results highlight the potential for discovery of numerous new metal hyperaccumulator plants from the flora of Papua New Guinea if larger-scale systematic screening efforts were undertaken.

Within the morphologically diverse pantropical genus Phyllanthus, many subgenera, sections and subsections are recognized. While most taxonomic revisions often focus on local floras, closely related and often resembling species are not always treated in full. Subgenus Macraea is here revised for the first time over its whole distribution, including an identification key and descriptions of its species with distributions, ecology, uses and vernacular names. The currently acknowledged varieties of Phyllanthus distichus are rejected due to inadequate morphological differences. Phyllanthus panayensis is synonymized with P. lancifolius. Phyllanthus alpestris has now become a variety of P. glaucophyllus because of the resemblance in morphology and distribution. The species complex around Phyllanthus virgatus remains taxonomically difficult, but Phyllanthus virgatus var. gardnerianus and Phyllanthus virgatus var. hirtellus are here recognized on the species level as P. gardnerianus, stat nov. and P. tararae, stat & nom. nov. A new species from the Philippines, Phyllanthus ridsdalei, is described.

Leptopus malipoensis, a new species of Phyllanthaceae from Southeast Yunnan Province, China, is described. The phylogenetic position of the new species within the genus Leptopus was analyzed based on nuclear ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrITS) and plastid matK sequence data. The results show that L. malipoensis is highly supported to be the sister of L. fangdingianus (P. T. Li) Voronts. & Petra Hoff., a species endemic to western Guangxi Province, China. Morphologically, the new species can be distinguished from all known congeneric taxa by its long and slim branches usually pendulous or procumbent, some of its leaf laminas up to 15 cm long and 7 cm wide. It further differs from its sister species by its hirsute stems, leaves and pedicel of female flowers, longer pedicel of male flowers, 3-locular ovary and three styles. A key to all 10 accepted Leptopus species is provided.

Family Phyllanthaceae is one of the largest segregates of the eudicot order Malpighiales and its species are herb, shrub, and tree, which are mostly distributed in tropical regions. Certain taxonomic discrepancies exist at genus and family level. Here, we report chloroplast genomes of three Phyllanthaceae species—Phyllanthus emblica, Flueggea virosa, and Leptopus cordifolius— and compare them with six others previously reported Phyllanthaceae chloroplast genomes. The species of Phyllanthaceae displayed quadripartite structure, comprising inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb) that separate large single copy (LSC) and small single copy (SSC) regions. The length of complete chloroplast genome ranged from 154,707 bp to 161,093 bp; LSC from 83,627 bp to 89,932 bp; IRs from 23,921 bp to 27,128 bp; and SSC from 17,424 bp to 19,441 bp. Chloroplast genomes contained 111 to 112 unique genes, including 77 to 78 protein-coding, 30 transfer RNA (tRNA), and 4 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that showed similarities in arrangement. The number of protein-coding genes varied due to deletion/pseudogenization of rps16 genes in Baccaurea ramiflora and Leptopus cordifolius. High variability was seen in number of oligonucleotide repeats while analysis of guanine-cytosine (GC) content, codon usage, amino acid frequency, simple sequence repeats analysis, synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions, and transition and transversion substitutions showed similarities in all Phyllanthaceae species. We detected a higher number of transition substitutions in the coding sequences than non-coding sequences. Moreover, the high number of transition substitutions was determined among the distantly related species in comparison to closely related species. Phylogenetic analysis shows the polyphyletic nature of the genus Phyllanthus which requires further verification. We also determined suitable polymorphic coding genes, including rpl22, ycf1, matK, ndhF, and rps15 which may be helpful for the reconstruction of the high-resolution phylogenetic tree of the family Phyllanthaceae using a large number of species in the future. Overall, the current study provides insight into chloroplast genome evolution in Phyllanthaceae.

The taxonomy and biology of the immature stages of two gelechiid species of Thiotricha Meyrick, 1886, found in the southeastern part of the Sino-Japanese region is presented. Thiotricha lumnitzeriella Kyaw, Ueda & Hirowatari sp. nov., from islands in southwestern Japan is described. The larva of this species feeds as a portable case maker on Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. (Combretaceae). Thiotricha gemmulans Meyrick, 1931 originally described from India is newly recorded from Japan, mainland China, and Thailand. This species feeds as a portable case maker on Glochidion zeylanicum var. lanceolatum (Hayata) and G. zeylanicum var. zeylanicum (Gaertn.) A. Juss (Phyllanthaceae). Thiotricha acrophantis Meyrick, 1936 is newly synonymized with T. gemmulans. Images of the adults of Thiotricha lumnitzeriella sp. nov. and T. gemmulans including genitalia, and images and illustrations of the larval chaetotaxy and pupa for both species are provided. Larval feeding habits are described in detail.

As the taxonomic report of Phyllanthus is about to be published for Flora of Brazil online 2020, we wish to formalize lectotypification for one species of Phyllanthus and make amendment to the epithet.

A newly discovered nickel (Ni) hyperaccumulator plant, Breynia cernua (Phyllanthaceae) from the nickeliferous laterites of Acoje, Zambales, has elevated Ni concentrations. Its computed bioaccumulation factor is 1.7 and the translocation factor is 4.6. Leaf tissues which contain the highest Ni concentrations were analyzed using optical microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX). The results indicated that most of the Ni are stored in the epidermal cells of the leaves, followed by the mesophyll cells then the vascular bundles. The accumulation of Ni found in the subcellular locations, probably in the vacuoles, may prevent phytotoxicity that could affect the normal function of other cellular structures. A possible resistance mechanism through strain avoidance towards Ni accumulation makes B. cernua capable of tolerating elevated Ni concentrations in its tissues. The tolerance of B. cernua to Ni phytotoxicity suggests possible applications of this hyperaccumulator plant in phytoextraction technology.

Nine new eriophyoid mite species of the genus Diptilomiopus (Acari: Diptilomiopidae) from China and Malaysia are described and illustrated. They are D. broussonetus sp. nov. on Broussonetia sp. (Moraceae), D. callicarpus sp. nov. on Callicarpa bodinieri (Lamiaceae), D. fortunus sp. nov. on Alniphyllum fortunei (Styracaceae), D. keningaus sp. nov. on Stephania sp. (Menispermaceae), D. milletus sp. nov. on Adinandra milletii (Pentaphylacaceae), D. nobilus sp. nov. on Sterculia nobilis (Malvaceae), D. octandrus sp. nov. on Aporosa octandra (Phyllanthaceae), D. rotundus sp. nov. on Ilex rotunda (Aquifoliaceae), and D. sabahus sp. nov. on Morus sp. (Moraceae). All new species are vagrant on lower leaf surface. No damage to the host was observed.

Baccaurea ramiflora is a high economic value for the exploitation and utilization of wild fruit tree species with edible and medicinal values in Southeast Asia. In this study, the complete chloropl...

Flueggea acicularis(Phyllanthaceae) is endemic to the karst region of central China. Male specimens of this species were first collected in 1908. In 1989, female plants ofF. aciculariswere found for the first time, but misidentified as a new species. Throughout this period the male plants ofF. aciculariswere mismatched with female plants of other species, and male plants had not been collected since 1908. Then, in March, 2009, the authors rediscovered a wild population ofF. acicularisconsisting of both male and female plants in Wuxi county, Chongqing municipality, China. Based on field investigation and examination of specimens, we matched the correct female and male plants of this species for the first time since its initial publication a century ago. A complete and accurate morphological description, distribution, habitat and phenology of this species are also provided. Furthermore, the conservation status ofF. acicularisis assessed as “Near Threatened” (NT) according to the IUCN Red List criteria.

Two new whitefly species of the genus Aleuroclava Singh are described from the Andaman Islands, India. Empty puparia of Aleuroclava aporosaesp. nov. and Aleuroclava jarwaisp. nov. were found on the underside of the leaves of Aporosa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Vickery (Phyllanthaceae) and Syzygium sp. (Myrtaceae), respectively. Diagnostic characteristics differentiating the new species from the congeners are given. Descriptions of the new species include morphometrics, line drawings, images of habitus on leaf, holotypes and SEM microphotographs.

Bridelia tomentosa is a deciduous shrub in the family of Phyllanthaceae. It grows in the evergreen primary or secondary thickets or forests in the sea level from 1000 to 1500 m. It distributed in.south China (e.g., Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan etc) and other south Asian countries (e.g. Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia etc). Here, we report and characterize the complete plastome of B. tomentosa. The complete plastome is of 149,958 bp in length with a typical structure and gene content of angiosperm plastome, including two inverted repeat (IRs) regions of 26,354 bp, a large single-copy (LSC) region of 81,355 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 15,895 bp. The plastome contains 129 genes, consisting of 84 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, eight rRNA genes. The overall G/C content in the plastome of B. tomentosa is 36.0%. The complete plastome sequence of B. tomentosa will provide a useful resource for the conservation genetics of this species as well as for phylogenetic studies in Phyllanthaceae.

The Malaysian state of Sabah on the Island of Borneo has recently emerged as a global hotspot of nickel hyperaccumulator plants. This study focuses on the tissue-level distribution of nickel and other physiologically relevant elements in hyperaccumulator plants with distinct phylogenetical affinities. The roots, old stems, young stems and leaves of Flacourtia kinabaluensis (Salicaceae), Actephila alanbakeri (Phyllanthaceae), Psychotria sarmentosa (Rubiaceae) and young stems and leaves of Glochidion brunneum (Phyllanthaceae) were studied using nuclear microprobe (micro-PIXE and micro-BS) analysis. The tissue-level distribution of nickel found in these species has the same overall pattern as in most other hyperaccumulator plants studied previously, with substantial enrichment in the epidermal cells and in the phloem. This study also revealed enrichment of potassium in the spongy and palisade mesophyll of the studied species. Calcium, chlorine, manganese and cobalt were found to be enriched in the phloem and also concentrated in the epidermis and cortex of the studied species. Although hyperaccumulation ostensibly evolved numerous times independently, the basic mechanisms inferred from tissue elemental localization are convergent in these tropical woody species from Borneo Island., Hyperaccumulators are rare plants that accumulate trace elements to extreme concentrations in their living shoots. This study focuses on the tissue-level distribution of nickel and other physiologically relevant elements in four different nickel hyperaccumulator plants from the Malaysian state of Sabah on the Island of Borneo. Even though nickel hyperaccumulation has ostensibly evolved numerous times independently in distant phylogenetic lineages in different areas around the world, the physiological mechanisms, as inferred from elemental localization, are convergent in the tropical woody species that were studied from Borneo Island.

Phyllanthus myrtifolius (Moon ex Wight) Müll.Arg. and Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb. (Phyllanthaceae) in Java. Floribunda 6(5): 188–194. — Phyllanthus L. is the largest genus in the Phyllanthaceae and consists of 1302 species that are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. There were 20 discovered species of Phyllanthus recorded in the Flora of Java. However, additional species of Phyllanthus in Java can still be discovered in the future. Therefore, this research was aimed to report any additional information on Phyllanthus of Java. Field exploration was conducted in Bandung, Bogor, Jakarta, Sumedang, and Situbondo. Field observation resulted in the findings of two Phyllanthus additional species within the Flora of Java, namely P. myrtifolius (Moon ex Wight) Müll.Arg. and P. tenellus Roxb. P. myrtifolius was widely cultivated as an exotic ornamental plant, while P. tenellus is a newly recorded alien species to Java. The discovery of these species would increase the number of Phyllanthus species in Java.

This study aims to determine types of weed existing on coffee plantations in Teras TerunjamVillage of Mukomuko. This research has been conducted from 8 February to 8 March 2018 in Teras Terunjam Village. Sampling is done by using the cruising sampling method on coffee plantation area of 2 ha , and all of them are made as research field. The results showed that the existing weeds in coffee plantations are consisted of 16 species and 12 families. The study found that the family of Amaranthaceae has 1 species ( Amaranthus spinosus L ), family of Apiaceae 1 species ( Centella asiatica ), the family of Asteraceae 3 species ( Ageratum conyzoides, Mikania micrantha, and Synedrella nodiflora L .), the family of Euphorbiaceae 1 species ( Euphorbia hirta L. ), the family of Fabaceae 1 species ( Mimosa pudica ), the family of Cyperaceae 1 species ( Cyperus rotundus ), the family of Melastomataceae 2 species ( Clidemia hirta and Melastoma affine ), the family of Phyllanthaceae 1 species ( Phyllanthus urinaria ), family of Poaceae 2 species ( Imperata cylindrica, and Lophatherum gracile ), Rubiaceae family 1 species ( Borerria alata ), Solanaceae 1 species family ( Physalis angulate L .), Verbenaceae family 1 species ( Stachytarpeta jamaicensis ). In addition, from the existing 16 species, the most commonly weeds found are from the family of Asteraceae, Melastomataceae , and Poaceae . Keywords: Weeds, Plantations, Coffee, Types, Teras Terunjam Village.

An expedition to Lasitae Protected Forest in District of Barru, South Sulawesi was undertaken to collect living plants for Pucak Botanic Garden, South Sulawesi. The aims were to investigate the diversity of the plants and as a dedication to the Expedition of the Republic of Indonesia Corridor Sulawesi. Using an explorative method, we collected the plants and recorded all data in the field following the tracks assisted by the field guide. A total of 179 collection-numbers have been collected from this dry lowland forest including the data for the local names. Many potential and valuable plants occur in the forest, 13 plants were highlighted in this paper for its conservation status, the potentiality for various purposes or its uniqueness: Diospyros celebica Bakh. or streak ebony (Ebenaceae), Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr. (Arecaceae), Phyllanthus lamprophyllus Mull.Arg. (Phyllanthaceae), Cycas rumphii Miq. (Cycadaceae), Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. (Lythraceae), Garcinia celebica L. (Clusiaceae), Nervilia aragoana Gaud. (Orchidaceae), Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume (Orchidaceae), Ophioglossum reticulatum L. (Ophioglossaceae), Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr. (Dilleniaceae), Derris trifoliata Lour., Phytocrene bracteata Wall. (Icacinaceae), and Dioscorea hispida Dennst. Buchanania arborescens (Blume) Blume and Ardisia elliptica Thunb. can easily be found and widely spread.

The extraordinary biodiversity of tropical regions has attracted many researchers. Despite an increasing number of genome size (GS) estimations, those of tropic flora remain poorly explored. In this study, we applied the glycerol-preserved nuclei protocol for GS estimation in the field conditions of a tropical rainforest in Brunei Darussalam, northern Borneo. Samples were prepared in the field following this protocol and subjected to the flow cytometry analysis in the laboratory approximately 1 month later. The glycerol-preserved nuclei protocol enabled us to perform GS estimations of thirty taxa of Euphorbiaceae s.l. (twenty taxa of Euphorbiaceae and ten taxa of Phyllanthaceae family, respectively), all representing first estimates of GS for respective taxa. We found 5.09-fold overall variation in GS, with the lowest value in Croton sp. (2C = 0.97 pg) and the highest value in Aporosa elmeri (2C = 4.94 pg). The vast majority of species presented very small GS (77%), while 23% of the species had small GS. Using available data of Euphorbiaceae s.l. from the Plant DNA C-values database, we also tested the correlations of GS with climate (tropical vs. temperate) and growth form (woody vs. herbaceous). Tropical taxa of Euphorbiaceae s.l. (incl. Euphorbiaceae s.s. and Phyllanthaceae) have significantly smaller GS values than temperate ones. No significant difference in GS between woody and herbaceous taxa was detected.

Glochidion plants and Epicephala moths played different roles and kept the balance in the mutualism. We studied the four coexisting Epicephala species on Glochidion sphaerogynum in detail and reconstructed the phylogenic tree of 40 Gracillariidae species. The results showed that one of them (Epicephala impolliniferens) did not pollinate G. sphaerogynum, because of lacking the specialized structure of carrying pollen. These results suggested that E. impolliniferens acted as a ‘cheater’ in the system. The phylogenetic analyses suggested that E. impolliniferens derived from a pollinating species, and had secondarily gave up the ability to pollinate. This is a typical phenomenon of mutualism reversal. The phenomenon exhibits the co-evolutionary diversification under selection pressures.

The whitefly genus Minutaleyrodes Jesudasan and David is revised based upon the examination of type specimens, and Minutaleyrodes andamanensis sp. nov. on Aporosa octandra (Phyllanthaceae), and Minutaleyrodes whisper sp. nov. on Psychotria andamanica (Rubiaceae) are described from the Little Andaman Island, India. The following taxonomic changes are proposed: Minutaleyrodes tricolorata Pushpa and Sundararaj syn. nov. is synonymized with Dialeurodes turpiniae (Meganathan and David), and Minutaleyrodes cherasensis (Corbett) syn. nov. with Minutaleyrodes minuta (Singh); Aleuroclava kolliensis (David) comb. nov. for Aleurotuberculatus kolliensis David, and Aleuroclava pearlis (Pushpa and Sundararaj) comb. nov. for Minutaleyrodes pearlis Pushpa and Sundararaj. A revised key to puparia of Minutaleyrodes and new host plant records are included. Habitus of the holotype of the new species illustrations, line drawings, microphotographs and scanning electron microscope images of the new and known species are provided.

New Caledonia is a global biodiversity hotspot known for its metal hyperaccumulator plants. X-ray fluorescence technology (XRF) has enabled non-destructive and quantitative determination of elemental concentrations in herbarium specimens from the ultramafic flora of the island. Specimens belonging to six major hyperaccumulator families (Cunoniaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Salicaceae, Sapotaceae, Oncothecaceae and Violaceae) and one to four specimens per species of the remaining ultramafic taxa in the herbarium were measured. XRF scanning included a total of c. 11 200 specimens from 35 orders, 96 families, 281 genera and 1484 species (1620 taxa) and covered 88.5% of the ultramafic flora. The study revealed the existence of 99 nickel hyperaccumulator taxa (65 known previously), 74 manganese hyperaccumulator taxa (11 known previously), eight cobalt hyperaccumulator taxa (two known previously) and four zinc hyperaccumulator taxa (none known previously). These results offer new insights into the phylogenetic diversity of hyperaccumulators in New Caledonia. The greatest diversity of nickel hyperaccumulators occur in a few major clades (Malphigiales and Oxalidales) and families (Phyllanthaceae, Salicaceae, Cunoniaceae). In contrast, manganese hyperaccumulation is phylogenetically scattered in the New Caledonian flora.

A comprehensive morphotaxonomical evaluation of diverse angiospermic dicotyledonous leaf impressions recovered from the middle part of the Siwalik succession (Subansiri Formation: Pliocene) of Arunachal Pradesh, eastern Himalaya, India, shows that the leaf remains are comparable to modern Glochidion J. R. Forst. and G. Forst. (Phyllanthaceae), Bauhinia L., Callerya Endl. (Fabaceae), Mitragyna Korth. (Rubiaceae), Beilschmiedia Nees (Lauraceae), Uvaria L. (Annonaceae), Neolamarckia Bosser (Rubiaceae), Sorindeia Thouars (Anacardiaceae), Lagerstroemia L. (Lythraceae), and Premna L. (Lamiaceae). Among these taxa, seven species are new to the Neogene floras of the Indian subcontinent. Analyses of the floral assemblage, with respect to the present-day distribution pattern of modern equivalent taxa and the physiognomic characters of the recovered fossil leaves, suggest that a tropical evergreen forest was growing in a warm humid climate in the region at the time of deposition. This qualitative climatic data is also corroborated by our previously published quantitative data obtained from a CLAMP (climate leaf analysis multivariate program) analysis on the middle Siwalik floral assemblage. The presence of some Southeast Asian elements in the fossil assemblage provides clear evidence of free exchange of taxa across southern Asia in the Pliocene.

BOUMAN, R. W., KEßLER, P. J. A. & VAN WELZEN, P. C. 2019. Lectotypification and amended description of Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae) species described by Koorders from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 18(2): 97−103. — Two species of Phyllanthus collected and described by Koorders during his travels on the island of Sulawesi (Indonesia) are lectotypified, descriptions amended and their taxonomic affinity is discussed. Phyllanthus mindorensis was found to be too similar to P. celebicus and is placed in the synonymy of the latter. A key is provided to the species of Phyllanthus on Sulawesi.

Based on morphological studies performed on live plants in the field and specimens deposited in herbaria, a new species, Glochidionshanense Gang Yao & Shixiao Luo (Phyllantheae, Phyllanthaceae), is here described and illustrated. The species is morphologically most similar to G.ellipticum Wight, but can be distinguished from the latter by having hairy branchlets, longer pedicels, uniseriate and narrowly triangular sepals of female flowers, 4–5-locular ovaries, stout and cylindric persistent style on fruits.

We report fossil wood specimens from two Miocene sites in Panama, Central America: Hodges Hill (Cucaracha Formation; Burdigalian, c. 19 Ma) and Lago Alajuela (Alajuela Formation; Tortonian, c. 10 Ma), where material is preserved as calcic and silicic permineralizations, respectively. The fossils show an unusual combination of features: diffuse porous vessel arrangement, simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pitting, vessel–ray parenchyma pits either with much reduced borders or similar to the intervessel pits, abundant sclerotic tyloses, rays markedly heterocellular with long uniseriate tails, and rare to absent axial parenchyma. This combination of features allows assignment of the fossils to Malpighiales, and we note similarities with four predominantly tropical families: Salicaceae, Achariaceae, and especially, Phyllanthaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. These findings improve our knowledge of Miocene neotropical diversity and highlight the importance of Malpighiales in the forests of Panama prior to the collision of the Americas.