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The article presents the research results of the genesis of the elements of the microsporangium wall, sporogenous tissue, microspores, megaspores, male and female gametophytes of the Platycodon grandiflorus . The types of formation of the structures mail generative sphere (dicotyledonous type of microsporangium wall formation, simultaneous type of the tetrad microspores development, 3-cells of the pollen grains with 6-th pores, Polygonum - type of the formation embryo sac) have been established. A high viability of pollen grains was established during pollination and possibility of obtaining complete seeds when growing this species in the conditions of the Southern Coast of the Crimea.

Growth and flowering of Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC. ‘Sentimental Blue’ was evaluated in growing media amended with pellets (P) processed with poultry feather keratins with and without application of slow-release fertilizer. Macro- and micro-nutrients in the media were analyzed in pellets before and after mixing them with peatmoss (PM) during plant growth and flowering. Peatmoss was mixed with pellets at the ratio of 4 to 1 by volume. Leachates and leaf tissues were analyzed during plant culture. Pellets were grouped into treatments of (a) pellets with shredded or powdered forms of poultry feather keratin, (b) pellets containing polyactide as a substitution for perlite, and (c) pellets enriched with urea to evaluate if these pellets function as a slow-release fertilizer when mixed with PM. The number of days to anthesis was shorter in PM medium supplemented with P45-1, P45-2, and P84 than in other media. The number of branches, flowers, and fresh weight was greater in the media with P45-2 mixed in with PM and Osmocote (OS) application. Pellet45-2 is recommended as an inert material to prepare a new soilless growing medium. Pellets made from long fiber or long fiber plus powder forms of feather keratin did not affect growth and flowering. Low levels of soluble salts (EC) in the media and leachates 60 days after seedling transplantation suggested that additional fertilizer is required during culture. Inferior plant growth and flowering in the medium containing polylactide was not observed with Osmocote application during 60 days of growth. The feasibility of testing pellets enriched with urea (P73 Urea) as a source of slow release nitrogen should be considered carefully due to the high concentration of NH4-N in the media. Based on the growth and flowering responses and on the concentrations of macro- and micro-nutrients in the media, leachates, and leaf tissue, P45-2 can be used to prepare a growing medium with PM. The suggested ranges compiled for general ornamental plants can be recommended for platycodon ‘Sentimental Blue’ based on concentrations of macro- and micro-nutrients in growing media, leachates, and leaf tissue.

Platycodon grandiflorus is the single genus plant in family Campanulaceae, which is distributed in areas of China, Japan, Korea, and Russia. In this study, we assembled and annotated the complete c...

Codonopsis lanceolata and Platycodon grandiflorus (order Asterales) originate from East Asia. Despite the high commercial availability of C. lanceolata and P. grandiflorus, limited genetic research has been performed on these plants. We applied a targeting enrichment method to detect genetic diversity in C. lanceolata and P. grandiflorus and recovered their chloroplast genomes from total DNA sequence data. Chloroplast DNAs (cpDNAs) were 61,154 bp (C. lanceolata) and 81,214 bp (P. grandiflorus) in length. Sixteen simple sequence repeats and 15 long repeat sequences were determined, which are useful as potential markers in both plant species. We surveyed the phylogenetic relationships with increased resolution in 14 plant species, including other 8 species from the order Asterales and 4 from the order Apiales. In addition, we demonstrated the availability of recovered chloroplast genomes through cpDNA marker development to determine the authenticity of food fraud at the DNA level of plant species.

Five structureless overwintering systems were evaluated for temperature moderation and protection of 18 container-grown herbaceous perennials from low-temperature injury. Two light-excluding treatments; 30-cm (1-ft) of straw between two layers of 4-mil white polyethylene, and 18-cm (7-in) deep, in-ground beds protected with one layer of 4-mil white polyethylene and 30-cm (1-ft) of woodchips, provided the greatest moderation of winter low and early spring high temperatures, but also resulted in severe etiolation. A bonded white polyethylene/microfoam overwintering blanket (thermoblanket) with translucent properties provided comparable plant survival percentages despite dramatic temperature extremes recorded beneath this cover and, in late winter, created an environment conducive to moderate plant growth without formation of etiolated tissue. Additional index words. Achillea taygetea xmillefolium L. "The Beacon', Coreopsis lanceolata L. "Goldfink', Coreopsis vertidllata L. "Moonbeam' and "Zagreb', Delphinium elatum L. "Giant Pacific Hybrid', Gaillardia xgrandiflora Van Houtte. "Goblin', Geum quellyon Sweet. "Mrs. Bradshaw', Heuchera sanguinea Engehn. "Bressingham Hybrids' and "Splendens', Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. "Pink Bouquet' and "Summer Snow', Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC. "Fuji Blue', Salvia xsuperba Stapf. "Stratford Blue', Sedum spectaUle x-telephium L. "Autumn Joy', Sedum spectabile Boreau. "Brilliant', Tanacetum coccineum WUld. "Robinson's Mix', Veronica repens Loisel., Veronica spicata L. "Icicle', etiolation, temperature monitoring, thermocouple, winter protection

Platycodon grandiflorus is an important medicinal plant in China. Induction of polyploidy was successfully attempted in this medicinal plant using 0.05% colchicine semi-solid under 72 h by apical shoot tip treatment of young seedlings, and then 50% mutant plants were obtained. It was testified by the chromosome number in mitosis and its karyotype analysis for diploid control and obtained mutants. The results showed that the chromosome number of the diploid plant was 2n=2x=18, whereas the chromosome number of the obtained mutants was 2n=4x=36. The karyotype formula of mutant plant and diploid control were K=2n=4X=36=24m+12sm (4SAT) and K=2n=2X=18=12m+6sm (2SAT), respectively by karyotype analysis and they belonged to 2B and 2A karyotype. It was confirmed that the obtained mutant plants were tetraploid. Key words: Platycodon grandiflorus, Obtained mutants, karyotype analysis.

The distant hybridization was used in lodging-resistance breeding of Platycodon grandiflorus. The parents were Platycodon grandiflorus (♀) and Campanula medium (♂). 187 seeds of F1 were harvested by using the inter-generic hybridization in 2009 and 2010, 2 repeat, and 88 normal plants were obtained. The characteristics of leaves, stems and branches were the same as female for F1 generation, F2 generation, backcross generation and S1 generation, and there were some different characteristics with female which were flower colors, branching habit and plant height. A lodging-resistance plant was selected in F1, which was about 75 cm high, deep pink flower color and developed lateral branches. The DNA groups of each generation were separated by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis and there were not significant differences. Among the each generation many flower colors and forms were obtained.

A new species of Stemphylium causing leaf and flower blight of Platycodon grandiflorus in Korea was determined on the basis of phylogenetic analysis and morphology. Phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd), translation elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1α) and a combined dataset revealed that the fungus placed in a subclade distinct from the closely related Stemphylium species (S. lycopersici, S. xanthosomatis and S. subglobuliferum). The fungus morphologically differs from them by producing larger conidia and no brown pigment secreted on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Hence, the pathogenic fungus is proposed as Stemphylium platycodontis sp. nov.

Heilongjiang Province is one of the major medicinal plant-growing areas in China.In order to understand the population structure and distribution characteristics of fungal species in rhizosphere soil of cultivated medicinal plants,the authors investigated and collected 220 rhizosphere soil samples in the fields of 14 medicinal plants grown in Yichun,Tieli,Suihua,Harbin,Mudanjiang and Jiamusi regions of Heilongjiang Province during July to October,2010.The mainly investigated medicinal plants included Acanthopanax senticosus,Anemarrhena asphodeloides,Arctium lappa,Belamcanda chinensis,Bupleurum chinense,Carthamus tinctorius,Codonopsis pilosula,Dioscorea nipponica,Fritillaria ussuriensis,Leonurusa artemisia,Platycodon grandiflorus,Saposhnikovia divaricata,Schisandra chinensis,and Scutellaria baicalensis.In this paper,we took the traditional morphological methods to identify fungal species.This study is aimed at the following three aspects: to investigate the detailed species and distribution pattern of sporulating fungi in rhizosphere soil of cultivated medicinal plants in six regions of Heilongjiang Province,to analyze the fungal diversity in rhizosphere soil of different medicinal plants,to collect potentially economic fungal resources,and to understand ecological characteristics of rhizosphere soil fungi of medicinal plants in the studied areas. After fungal isolation by means of soil dilution plate and soil particle plate and culture on standard media,totally 1016 fungal isolates were obtained.Based on colony and spore production,86 fungal species belonging to 35 genera were morphologically identified,including ten species in seven genera of Zygomycetes(7.78%),two species in one genus of Ascomycetes(0.69%),and 74 species in 27 genera of anamorphic fungi(70.76%),the left 20.77% of all isolates were sterile on media.The results indicated that plentiful fungal diversity was present in the cultivated medicinal plant rhizosphere soil in Heilongjiang Province.Of which the species in Penicillium,Aspergillus,Trichoderma and Fusarium were the predominant groups of fungi,their relative isolating frequencies were 16.93%,14.76%,8.46% and 6.69% respectively.The species of Gliocladium,Chrysosporium,Mucor,Cladosporium,Acremonium and Rhizopus were the subdominant groups,their relative frequencies were 5.02%,4.23%,4.13%,3.74%,2.36% and 2.26% respectively.The fungal population structures and compositions were different in the rhizosphere soil of all the medicinal plants.Penicillium,Aspergillus,Trichoderma and Fusarium occured in all the 14 investigated medicinal plants,and they were the predominant groups,but their distribution frequencies were different in different medicinal plants.The plentiful fungal isolates of Trichoderma and Gliocladium cultured from the rhizosphere soil of various medicinal plants were of economical significance for bio-control of medicinal plants soil-borne diseases and bio-transformation of Chinese herbal medicines. The medicinal plants of Schisandra chinensis,Fritillaria ussuriensis and Bupleurum chinense were most extensively cultivated in Heilongjiang Province,and the fungal diversities in the rhizosphere soil of the above three medicinal plants all grown in six investigated regions were significantly different.Yichun was the highest in Shannon diversity index(H′=2.9574) and Margalef richness index(R=5.6683).Jiamusi was the highest in Pielou evenness index(J=0.9200).The fungal diversities in the six regions were different in similarity.It ranged from 0.3704 to 0.6315,and of which the similarity coefficient of fungal populations in medicinal plant rhizosphere soil was higher(Cj=0.6315) for Mudanjiang and Suihua,while it was lower for Mudanjiang and Harbin(Cj=0.3704).Our results showed that the factors such as cropping patterns of medicinal plants,climate and soil environment evidently affected the fungal diversity and similarity in the rhizosphere soil of medicinal plants.

Platycodon grandiflorus is an important medicinal plant in China and its root has been used as medicine or food for centuries. Polyploids are usually valuable because they exhibit increased biomass and contain effective medicinal compounds. Polyploidy induction was successfully achieved in this plant in a previous study by apical shoot tip treatment of young seedlings for 72 h using semi-solid 0.05% colchicine. Polyploidy was further confirmed by meiosis behavior of pollen mother cells in this study. The meiosis of diploid controls is regular, with normal chromosome pairing, and diploids were identified with 2n = 2x = 18 chromosomes at metaphaseI, nine bivalents at diakinesis and 9–9 separation at meiosis I, then differentiating into tetrads that subsequently give rise to mature pollen grains. Induced tetraploids were cytogenetically distinguished from diploids by the occurrence of 36 chromosomes at diakinesis with different combinations of univalents, bivalents, trivalents, quadrivalents, and multivalent...

Platycodon grandiflorus is an important medicinal plant in China and its root has been used as medicine or food for centuries. Polyploidy may increase the amounts of functional compounds in vegetative organs for medicinal plants. So polyploid manipulation for medicinal plants is an effective approach of germplasm development. This research focused on tetraploid induction of P. grandiflorus by modified colchicine method. The diploid seedlings were induced under three treatments (24h, 48h and 72h) to test the best treatment time. Morphology and cytology identifications between obtained mutants and diploid controls were also conducted. The seedling growth and development of all mutants was more stunted than controls. According to preliminary morphological characteristics, mutant rates in different treatment times were statistically estimated and the highest mutant rate was 50% under the treatment of 72h. The chromosome number of most mutants was 36 (2n=4x), while the chromosome number of diploid con...

キキョウ‘五月雨紫’等の開花 2～5 日前の花蕾子房を縦に 8 分割した子房片を外植体として，NAA と BAPの両方を添加した MS 培地で培養すると不定芽が形成れた．1 mg·L−1NAA と 5 mg·L−1BAP 添加区で最も不定芽形成率が高かった．この不定芽を MS 培地に継代培養することで植物体が再生した．この植物体をポットで栽培した結果，再生個体の茎葉の形態，開花様相は親植物と同一であった．また，子房片からの不定芽形成率には品種間差異が認められた．

Nine herbaceous perennial species were evaluated for use as flowering potted plants for late winter and early spring sales. Plugs of `King Edward' Achillea × Lewisii Ingw. (yarrow), Arabis sturii Mottet. (rockcress), `Alba' Armeria maritima (Mill.) Willd. (common thrift), `New Hybrid' Bergenia cordifolia (Haw.) Sternb. (bergenia), Chrysogonum virgianum L. (goldenstar), `War Bonnet' Dianthus × Allwoodii Hort. Allw. (Allwood pinks), Phlox × chattahoochee L. (Chattahoochee phlox), `Sentimental Blue' Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC. (balloonflower), and Veronica L. × `Sunny Border Blue' (veronica) were established in 14-cm (0.8-liter) round plastic containers, grown for one season and covered with a thermoblanket for winter. Five plants of each species were transferred to a 21 ± 3C glasshouse for forcing under natural daylengths at six 10-day intervals beginning 1 Dec. 1993. Arabis sturii, Phlox × chattahoochee, Platycodon grandiflorus `Sentimental Blue', and Veronica × `Sunny Border Blue' flowered out of season without supplemental lighting. `Alba' Armeria maritima and Chrysogonum virginianum also flowered; however, their floral displays were less effective. `New Hybrid' Bergenia cordifolia did not flower and `King Edward' Achillea × Lewisii and `War Bonnet' Dianthus × Allwoodii only flowered sporadically, therefore, these perennials are not recommended for forcing out of season using our vernalization method.