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Данная статья посвящена исследованию процесса структурирования галактоманнана, выделенного из семян софоры японской с борат ионами. На основе галактоманнана, выделенного из семян софоры японской (лат. Styphnolobium japonicum), разработана основа для мягкой лекарственной формы. Оценены прочностные свойства сформированных гелевых структур на основе образующихся гелей галактоманнана в зависимости от природы вводимого в системы сшивающего агента. Предположено, что сетчатые структуры гелевыхсистем формируются засчет образования мостичных связей между функциональными группами галактоманнана и ионами бора. Изучены реологические свойства образующихся студней. Исследование процесса студнеобразования галактоманнана показали, что динамическая вязкость зависит от рН, концентрации сшивающего агента и концентрации раствора галактоманнана. Проведена пластификация геля и предположено, что присутствие глицерина разрушает химическое сшивание за счет образования комплексного соединения с тетраборатом натрия. Разработана мягкая лекарственная форма с добавлением в нее 10% пропиленгликоля в качестве пластификатора и раствора консерванта – 0.1%. В результате дальнейших исследований разработанной мягкой лекарственной формы выявлено, что после 6–12 месяцев хранения в естественных условиях при температуре +20±5°С исследуемый гель оставался стабильным. Данные исследования дали возможность применить исследуемый гель в медицине в качестве основы для мягкой лекарственной формы., This article is devoted to the study of the structuring of galactomannan isolated from Sophora japonica with borate ions. Based on the galactomannan isolated from the seeds of Sophora japonica (lat. Styphnolobium japonicum), a basis for a soft dosage form has been developed. It has been suggested that the network structures of gel systems are formed due to the formation of bridge bonds between the functional groups of the galactomannan and boron ions. Studied the rheological properties of the resulting jelly. The study of the process of gelation of galactomannan showed that the dynamic viscosity depends on the pH, the concentration of the crosslinking agent and the concentration of the solution of galactomannan. The gel was plasticized and it was assumed that the presence of glycerol destroys chemical crosslinking, due to the formation of a complex compound with sodium tetraborate. A soft dosage form has been developed with the addition of 10% propylene glycol as a plasticizer and a preservative solution – 0.1%. As a result of further research developed soft dosage forms revealed that after 6–12 months of storage in vivo at a temperature of +20±5°C, the studied gel remained stable. These studies made it possible to apply the studied gel in medicine as the basis for a soft dosage form.

Chiasmia cinerearia (Bremer et Grey) belonging to the subfamily Ennominae(Lepidoptera: Geometridae) is a new forestry pest attacking to Sophora japonica in Gyeonggi province. Chiasmia cinerearia oviposited about 250~300 eggs per female on leaves. Larva had five instar stages. Adults emerged twice a year in early May and late July. The period of one generation was about 48 days. Body length of larvae was 25~30 mm and body color was light green with dark yellow lateral lines in abdomen. The wingspan of adults was 30 to 35 mm in length. The color of forewings was greyish brown with quadrilateral patterns on outer lines.

Sophora japonica ‘JinhuaiJ2’ (Papilionaceae), known as Chinese Scholar Tree, is an important traditional herb with a long history of cultivation in China. It’s well known for its valuable medicinal values due to its flower buds contains abundant rutin. Here, we reported and characterized its complete chloroplast genome based on Illumina paired-end sequencing data. The complete plastid genome was 158,690 bp, which contained inverted repeats (IR) of 25,339 bp separated by a large single-copy (LSC) and a small single copy (SSC) of 88,978 bp and 19,034 bp, respectively. The cpDNA contains 129 genes, comprising 83 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. The overall GC content of the plastome is 36.1%. The phylogenetic analysis of 18 selected chloroplast genomes demonstrated that S. japonica ‘JinhuaiJ2’ was close to the species Tapiscia sinensis.

Cyamophila willieti (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is an important insect pest of Sophora japonica. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of C. willieti (GenBank accession number MN364946) was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq X Ten. The mitogenome is 15,809 bp long, and comprises 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and putative control region (CR). The nucleotide composition of C. willieti mitochondrial genome is 37.96% of A, 35.88% of T, 15.98% of C and 10.18% of G. Two rRNAs are located between tRNA-Leu and CR, separated by tRNA-Val. The CR, located between 12 s rRNA and tRNA-Ile, is 844 bp long. The length of 22 tRNAs range from 60 to 70 bp. Phylogenetic analysis showed that C. willieti belongs to Psyllinae, genetically close to other four species belonging to the same subfamily. Cyamophila willieti mitogenome provides an important data resource for further studies and contributes to our understanding of the phylogeny of this group.

Aim: Sophora japonica L. is one of the traditional medicines in the world for a long time. The major ingredients flavonoids are shown to various pharmacological and nutritional values. The study was performed to investigate the antinociceptive activity of methanolic extract (ME) and its main flavonoid quercetin from flower buds of S. japonica in the bee venom-induced rat model. Methods: The antinociceptive activity of the ME of flower buds from S. japonica (50-500 mg/kg) and the isolated compound quercetin (5-50 mg/kg) were evaluated by using bee venom-induced rat model after administrating respectively. Results: The administration of ME from S. japonica and quercetin significantly increased the tolerance to pain in SD rats in comparison to control. The ME of S. japonica and quercetin produced significant inhibition of both the early (neurogenic pain or acute pain, 0-10 min) and the late (inflammatory pain or tonic pain, 11-40 min) phases of bee venom-induced pain. Furthermore, the ME (100-500 mg/kg, i.p.) caused a significant increase in the latency to response in the hot-plate test. However, the quercetin (5-50 mg/kg, i.p.) had no significant effect in the hot-plate test. Conclusion: These results suggest that the ME of S. japonica and its main active ingredient quercetin appear to contribute for the antinociceptive property in the bee venom-induced rats. The investigation gives an evidence of potential uses of the flower buds extract of S. japonica and quercetin as medicines of adjunctive therapy pain. [J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 2014; 3(1.000): 9-14]

01 The influence of soil salt content on the photosynthetic characteristics of spring wheat with trickle irrigation Lei Pei, Zhenhua Wang, Jinzhu Zhang, Wenhao Li 02 Comparing growth of fast-growing and slow-growing endophytes in plants via ergosterol quantification Adeline SY Ting, Yiing Y Chow, Sadequr Rahman 03 Transcriptome and digital gene expression analysis identifies putative triterpene saponin-biosynthetic genes of Panax notoginseng Rongchang Wei 04 Chitosan-assisted isolation and antioxidant evaluation of flavonoids from Sophora japonica L. Zhang Hu, Sidong Li, Chuyan Li, Zijuan Li 05 Two kinds of new characteristics of the ektexine ornamentation of ginkgo pollen Guoxia Wang, Yuzhen Yang, Gang Chen, Qing Luo 06 Analysis of nutrient and medicinal ingredients of Ginkgo pollen in different regions Guoxia Wang, Ruixia Liu, Yuzhen Yang, Lipei Chen 07 Photosynthetic performance of greening seedlings of seven species to drought stress Zhiyang Lie, Tongtong Zhou, Weilong Huang, Li Xue 08 Changes of fluorescence parameters of greening seedlings of seven species under drought stress Jie Li, Zhuomin Wang, Li Xue 09 Mammalian sex hormone affects regeneration capacity and enzymes activity of Triticale L in vitro culture Ismail Bezirganoglu, Pinar Uysal 10 Fractional Fourier entropy increases the recognition rate of fruit type detection Shuihua Wang, Zhihai Lu, Jiquan Yang, Yudong Zhang, John Liu, Ling Wei, Shufang Chen, Preetha Phillips, Zhengchao Dong 11 Banana-peanut intercropping reduces Fusarium wilt disease in banana from enhancing soil bacterial microorganisms and leaf nutrition Hong Li, Xutong Wang, Fengliang Zhao, Guisheng Yang 12 Manganese stress impairs stem ureide nitrogen fixation in yardlong-bean plants in the acidic environment Hong Li 13 A new pest control method for Rhytidodera bowringii Larvae Haijie Huang, Li Zhao, Weijian Huang, Jinhui Wang, Zhongrun Zhang 14 Research on the seed-like Fruits of Subg. Sclarea of Salvia of Labiatae in China Xiaojuan Li, Ning Xu, Guofu Zhou, Ming Wan, Qi Lin, Fanyun Meng, Jianxiu Li 15 Three pulling resistance models of pioneer plant in landslide area Yichang Chen, Koayung Yu, Chunpin Chang 16 The comparison of physiological and biochemical mechanisms of Reaumuria soongorica and Salsola passerine in different growth pattern Zijuan Zhou, Peixi Su, Rui Shi, Tingting Xie 17 Resources use efficiency of the cosmopolitan plant Potentilla anserina L. in different alpine habitats in China Rui Shi, Peixi Su, Zijuan Zhou 18 Cloning of PPDK gene from Red Amaranand transformation of Alfalfa Xuelan Liu, Yan Zhang, Xiangfa Wei 19 Variation and cluster analysis of morphological characters and nutrient content of Chucrasia tabularis seed Chong Wu, Yanlei Yin, Lijuan Feng, Xuemei Yang, Fei Wang 20 Effect of the planting density of the areca nut on the growth of intercropped Vanilla Hua Wang, Huifa Zhuang, Zihui Zhu, Hui Wang

Bacillus litoralis C44 can hydrolyze rutin to produce isoquercetin by the enzyme α- l -rhamnosidase. We report here the genome sequence and annotation result of strain C44. The genomic information will serve as references to the physiology, genetics, and evolution of this species and further genetic engineering research in this species.

Summary The dry flower bud of Sophora japonica L., generally called Huaimi in China, has been used as traditional Chinese medicinal materials and folk edible yellow pigment material for a long time. In this paper, the yellow pigment was extracted from Huaimi, and its chemical stability related with pH value, temperature and metallic ions was studied systemically. When pH values changed from 2.0 to 9.0, the yellow pigment revealed structural transformation and colour variations. According to its mathematic model of thermal stability, the yellow pigment had good thermal stability, with a half-life of 918.9 h at room temperature. Effect of metallic ions on the yellow pigment displayed a co-pigmentation influence. HPLC analysis indicated that the content of rutin in it was about 42.56%. These results may be helpful for the further application investigations into its commercial prospects in food pigment industry.

The dyes in several specimens of yellow-dyed silk objects in the collection of the Peabody Essex Museum (Salem, MA) were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector and mass spectrometric analysis, after mild extraction from the silk fibers. Most of these items were goods transported from southern China during the nineteenth century to the Americas on American China trade ships. The objectives of this study were (1) to identify the dyestuffs used in a specific geographical area within a specific time period (i.e. China in the nineteenth century) and (2) to use this knowledge to deduce information about the dyed textiles themselves. It was found that three distinct classes of dye were used: curcumin (from turmeric — Curcuma longa or a similar species), flavonoid (from pagoda tree buds — Sophora japonica) and protoberberine (from huangteng — a species of Fibraurea). Huangteng is unusual in that it actually contains no berberine, but rather the related dye, palmatine. Although huangteng has been reported as having been used as a dyestuff, this is the first report of its being detected in a specific dyed object.

Flavonoids represent a large group of polyphenols that have been recognized to exert a wide range of biological effects, such as anticancer, inflammation inhibition, anti-aging, and neuroprotective activities. In the forest industry, tree twigs have been treated as residues; however, tree twigs could be a rich source of high-value added compounds, which have been relatively unexplored. In this study, an investigation into the chemical constituent of extractives from S. japonica twigs resulted in the isolation of a new (Z)-caffeoyl flavonol glycoside that was elucidated as myricetin 3-O-(4′′-(Z)-caffeoyl)-α-rhamnopyranoside (IV). The structure of the new compound was established mostly on the basis of extensive spectroscopic techniques and other physiochemical evidences. Among the three known flavonoids extracted in this work, including isoquercitrin (I), isorhamnetin 3′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (II), and myricitrin (III), II and III have never been previously reported in the Sophora genus.

Sophora japonica L. of 10-20 m tall is a popular ornamental tree in Europe, North America and South Africa, grown for its white flowers, borne in late summer after most other flowering trees have long finished flowering. Phellodendron amurense Ruprecht commonly called the Amur cork tree is a major source of huang bo used in traditional Chinese medicine as a painkiller. In this study, staining patterns for the silk fiber by two natural stainers of Sophora japonica L., and Phellodendron amurense Ruprecht were compared and analyze. An analysis was made as to how various mordants changed the colors of the silk. Aluminum potassium sulfate induced a very shiny and distinct yellow color. Interestingly, two mordants of copper acetate and Iron II sulfate induced different colors of brown and khaki, respectively. Dried Phellodendron amurense Ruprecht was dark brown in the outer peel but was a distinct yellow inside the peel. Interestingly, copper acetate induced very different colors of khaki. Compared with Sophora japonica L. and Phellodendron amurense Ruprecht, copper acetate, as a mordant, had an effect on big color changes as compared with original and other mordants. Both natural plants of S. japonica L. and P. amurense Ruprecht are of interest for biomedical applications and fiber areas but they are not well studied. S. japonica L. and P. amurense Ruprecht will be very good candidates for biomedical approaches and become dyes for other fibers in the future.

Mating disruption treatments for the Chinese tortrix Cydia trasias (Meyrick) with synthetic sex pheromone were tested on a shade-tree, the Chinese scholar-tree (Sophora japonica L.), in Beijing, China, in 1999. Two test sites were treated three times each during the beginning of overwintering flight period, and during the first- and second-generation flight periods. Each tree was treated with six dispensers releasing the C. trasias sex pheromone (0.5 mg load per dispenser). Treatments were evaluated by petiole and seed pod injuries and by captures of males in traps baited with live virgin females or synthetic sex pheromone lures. A 2:3 two-component blend of E8,E10-dodecadien-1-ol (E8,E10–12:OH) and E8,E10-dodecadienyl acetate (E8,E10–12:Ac) was used for mating disruption. At site I, catches of males in female-baited traps were reduced by 100, 99.1, and 98.2% when compared with control plots, and catches in pheromone-baited traps were reduced by 98.2, 95.7, and 93.6%, during the three periods of ...

The development of a rapid, accurate, yet nondestructive technique for expressing whole-tree leaf area would be extremely useful in studying various growth phenomena in trees. The objective of this research was to evaluate the accuracy of an image analysis process adapted for estimating the leaf surface area of four broad-leafed tree species (Amelanchier L. `Robin Hill Pink', Tilia americana L. `Redmond', Sophora japonica L. `Regent', Fraxinus americana L. `Autumn Purple' and Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.). Video images of photographs taken of each tree canopy were quantified by an image analyzer into unitless surface area values or silhouette areas. The relationship between estimated leaf area as calculated from silhouette area and actual leaf area of these trees as determined by a leaf area meter was highly correlated. Use of this technique would enable a researcher, simply from serial photographs of the canopy, to retroactively estimate leaf or canopy area at crucial interim periods.

For the quantitative determination of triterpene glycosides in the fruit of the Japanese pagoda tree,Sophora japonica, and of other plants, gravimetric and spectrophotometric methods of analysis with an error of the determination of the total glycosides of about 10% are proposed.

Optimum parameters of the autohydrolysis of rutin to quercetin from Sophora japonica blossoms have been established. The process has been carried out as an 8-hour maceration at pH 4.5 and 60 °C. The obtained quercetin content, determined by HPLC is 4.4-fold greater compared to the control sample.

A flavonol tetraglycoside, kaempferol 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->2)- beta-D-glucopyranoside-7-O-alpha-L rhamnopyranoside, together with nine known compounds were isolated from the seeds of Sophora japonica L. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral and chemical evidence.

A research on radioprotective activity of an extract of Sophora – Sophora japonica L. was carried out at sharp gamma irradiation of seeds of tobacco and wheat. Preliminary treatment of seeds with these preparations resulted in stabilization of the maintenance of pigments of chlorophylls and carotinoids at sprouts of wheat and to decrease in number of chromosomal aberrations in apical meristem of sprouts of tobacco – Nicotiаna tabacum L. obtained from the irradiated seeds.

Early nodulin genes, such as ENOD2, may be conserved and could function as molecular markers for nodulation. Many nodulating and nonnodulating legumes must be analyzed before the role of such genes in nodulation can be determined. Japanese pagodatree and American yellowwood are closely related, ornamental woody legumes. Unsubstantiated reports of nodulation in Japanese pagodatree require confirmation, and American yellowwood has not been observed to nodulate. We investigated the presence of putative ENOD2 genes in these species, and we are studying differential and temporal expression. Genomic DNA of Japanese pagodatree and primers, derived from proline-rich pentapeptide repeats of conserved ENOD2 sequences, were used to obtain a 555-bp PCR fragment. This cloned fragment was used as a probe for Southern and Northern hybridizations. Genomes of Japanese pagodatree and American yellowwood contained sequences that are similar to ENOD2 sequences in other legumes. Treatments with either cytokinin or an auxin transport inhibitor may induce expression of the putative ENOD2 genes. New data on the characteristics of nodulin genes in woody legumes will clarify the nature and evolution of nodulation in legumes and may have implications for developing sustainable nursery production protocols.

Ten-week-oldSophora japonica seedlings were grown for 10 weeks at 17, 22, or 27°C and then exposed to 0 or 1.0 μl/SO2 for 48 hours. The seedlings were subsequently grown at 22°C and harvested 12 weeks later. Effects of preconditioning temperature and SO2 on leaf formation, seedling height and stem diameter, as well as dry weight increment and relative growth rates of leaves, stems, and roots were studied. The preconditioning temperature regime influenced growth and subsequently affected SO2 uptake and growth. However, the responses of seedlings to temperature and SO2 varied with the growth parameter measured. The need for greater standardization of methods and criteria for assessing pollution tolerance of plants is emphasized.

The results of comparative toxicity tests on rutins isolated from Sophora japonica (Papilionaceae) and Fagopyrum esculentum (Polygonaceae) are presented. The acute toxicity of S. japonica rutin when administered intravenously to mice does not differ from that of F. esculentum. The absorption spectra of the two rutins in the ultraviolet are identical.

Rutinose and sophorose were present in hydrolyzates of Sophora japonica pods, and rutinose was present in similar hydrolyzates of the leaves. Neither sophorabiose nor any other oligosaccharides were detected in these hydrolyzates. Similar hydrolyzates of Sophora tetraptera pods and leaves and Sophora microphylla and Sophora prostrata pods contained no oligosaccharides. Enzyme extracts of S. tetraptera pods but not those of S. japonica pods or leaves contained β-glucosidase activity. The method for the isolation of sophorose from S. japonica pods has been modified.

We separated rutin from the blossoms of Sophora japonica L. in the method of hot methyl alcohol extraction and examined its properties. We found that about one third of the dry matter of the blossoms consisted of rutin.

SUMMARY Thirty-six species of higher plants were found to contain substances in their fruit or seed extracts, which were heat stable and inhibitory for anti-Lea agglutinin. Both preparations partially fractionated from Sophora japonica and Euonymus Sieboldiana were also slightly inhibitory for anti-Leb agglutinin.

RUTIN (3-rhamnoglucoside of 5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxyflavanol) (I), one of the most widespread flavonoids, has been found in numerous plant materials1,2. On the commercial scale for pharmaceutical purposes it is usually manufactured by isolation from stalk and leaves of buck-wheat (Fagopyrum sagittatum)3,4 and from the Japanese pagoda tree (Sophora japonica)5. A chemically pure preparation is then obtained by repeated recrystallization of the crude product.

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